1961:
1189:; Armitage-Caplan, C.; Arnaud, M.; Ashdown, M.; Atrio-Barandela, F.; Aumont, J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Banday, A. J.; Barreiro, R. B.; Bartlett, J. G.; Bartolo, N.; Battaner, E.; Battye, R.; Benabed, K.; Benoît, A.; Benoit-Lévy, A.; Bernard, J. -P.; Bersanelli, M.; Bielewicz, P.; Bobin, J.; Bock, J. J.; Bonaldi, A.; Bonavera, L.; Bond, J. R.; Borrill, J.; Bouchet, F. R.; Bridges, M.; et al. (2013). "Planck 2013 results. XXV. Searches for cosmic strings and other topological defects".
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deficit δ is linearly related to the string tension (= mass per unit length), i.e. the larger the tension, the steeper the cone. Therefore, δ reaches 2π for a certain critical value of the tension, and the cone degenerates to a cylinder. (In visualizing this setup one has to think of a string with a finite thickness.) For even larger, "super-critical" values, δ exceeds 2π and the (two-dimensional) exterior geometry closes up (it becomes compact), ending in a conical singularity.
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623:. It is now known that string theory contains, in addition to the fundamental strings which define the theory perturbatively, other one-dimensional objects, such as D-strings, and higher-dimensional objects such as D-branes, NS-branes and M-branes partially wrapped on compact internal spacetime dimensions, while being spatially extended in one non-compact dimension. The possibility of
1985:
147:. The quantum field theory and string theory cosmic strings are expected to have many properties in common, but more research is needed to determine the precise distinguishing features. The F-strings for instance are fully quantum-mechanical and do not have a classical definition, whereas the field theory cosmic strings are almost exclusively treated classically.
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Arzoumanian, Zaven; Brazier, Adam; Burke-Spolaor, Sarah; Chamberlin, Sydney; Chatterjee, Shami; Christy, Brian; Cordes, Jim; Cornish, Neil; Demorest, Paul; Deng, Xihao; Dolch, Tim; Ellis, Justin; Ferdman, Rob; Fonseca, Emmanuel; Garver-Daniels, Nate; Jenet, Fredrick; Jones, Glenn; Kaspi, Vicky; Koop,
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Superstrings, D-strings or the other stringy objects mentioned above stretched to intergalactic scales would radiate gravitational waves, which could be detected using experiments like LIGO and especially the space-based gravitational wave experiment LISA. They might also cause slight irregularities
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The exterior geometry of a (straight) cosmic string can be visualized in an embedding diagram as follows: Focusing on the two-dimensional surface perpendicular to the string, its geometry is that of a cone which is obtained by cutting out a wedge of angle δ and gluing together the edges. The angular
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such a geometrical defect must be in tension, and would be manifested by mass. Even though cosmic strings are thought to be extremely thin, they would have immense density, and so would represent significant gravitational wave sources. A cosmic string about a kilometer in length may be more massive
650:
that the expanding
Universe could have stretched a "fundamental" string (the sort which superstring theory considers) until it was of intergalactic size. Such a stretched string would exhibit many of the properties of the old "cosmic" string variety, making the older calculations useful again. As
445:
of a galaxy by a straight section of a cosmic string would produce two identical, undistorted images of the galaxy. In 2003 a group led by
Mikhail Sazhin reported the accidental discovery of two seemingly identical galaxies very close together in the sky, leading to speculation that a cosmic string
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Note that most of these proposals depend, however, on the appropriate cosmological fundamentals (strings, branes, etc.), and no convincing experimental verification of these has been confirmed to date. Cosmic strings nevertheless provide a window into string theory. If cosmic strings are observed,
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In field theory, the string width is set by the scale of the symmetry breaking phase transition. In string theory, the string width is set (in the simplest cases) by the fundamental string scale, warp factors (associated to the spacetime curvature of an internal six-dimensional spacetime manifold)
118:
The formation of cosmic strings is somewhat analogous to the imperfections that form between crystal grains in solidifying liquids, or the cracks that form when water freezes into ice. The phase transitions leading to the production of cosmic strings are likely to have occurred during the earliest
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contemplated on the possibility of fundamental superstrings having been produced in the early universe and stretched to macroscopic scales, in which case (following the nomenclature of Tom Kibble) they would then be referred to as cosmic superstrings. He concluded that had they been produced they
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predicts that the gravitational potential of a straight string vanishes: there is no gravitational force on static surrounding matter. The only gravitational effect of a straight cosmic string is a relative deflection of matter (or light) passing the string on opposite sides (a purely topological
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studied the quasar and found that during the period between
September 1994 and July 1995 the two images appeared to have no time delay; changes in the brightness of the two images occurred simultaneously on four separate occasions. Schild and his team believe that the only explanation for this
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Furthermore, various dualities that have been discovered point to the conclusion that actually all these apparently different types of string are just the same object as it appears in different regions of parameter space. These new developments have largely revived interest in cosmic strings,
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However, this static geometry is unstable in the super-critical case (unlike for sub-critical tensions): Small perturbations lead to a dynamical spacetime which expands in axial direction at a constant rate. The 2D exterior is still compact, but the conical singularity can be avoided, and the
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effect of this intermediate galaxy bends the quasar's light so that it follows two paths of different lengths to Earth. The result is that we see two images of the same quasar, one arriving a short time after the other (about 417.1 days later). However, a team of astronomers at the
439:. An important open question is to what extent do the pinched off loops backreact or change the initial state of the emitting cosmic string—such backreaction effects are almost always neglected in computations and are known to be important, even for order of magnitude estimates.
178:, or smaller. Given that this scale is much smaller than any cosmological scale, these strings are often studied in the zero-width, or Nambu–Goto approximation. Under this assumption, strings behave as one-dimensional objects and obey the
390:
Realistic cosmic strings are expected to have tensions around 6 orders of magnitude below the critical value, and are thus always sub-critical. However, the inflating cosmic string solutions might be relevant in the context of
419:
fluctuations. These precise observations therefore tend to rule out a significant role for cosmic strings and currently it is known that the contribution of cosmic strings to the CMB cannot be more than 10%.
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remarks, "string theory cosmologists have discovered cosmic strings lurking everywhere in the undergrowth". Older proposals for detecting cosmic strings could now be used to investigate superstring theory.
284:
During the expansion of the universe, cosmic strings would form a network of loops, and in the past it was thought that their gravity could have been responsible for the original clumping of matter into
387:
embedding picture is that of a growing cigar. For even larger tensions (exceeding the critical value by approximately a factor of 1.6), the string cannot be stabilized in radial direction anymore.
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which is a real possibility for a wide range of cosmological string models, this would provide the first experimental evidence of a string theory model underlying the structure of spacetime.
506:(LISA) will search for gravitational waves and are likely to be sensitive enough to detect signals from cosmic strings, provided the relevant cosmic string tensions are not too small.
1296:
Michael; Lam, Michael; Lazio, Joseph; Levin, Lina; Lommen, Andrea; Lorimer, Duncan; Luo, Jin; Lynch, Ryan; Madison, Dustin; McLaughlin, Maura; McWilliams, Sean; et al. (2015).
491:
observation is that a cosmic string passed between the Earth and the quasar during that time period traveling at very high speed and oscillating with a period of about 100 days.
450:
in
January 2005 showed them to be a pair of similar galaxies, not two images of the same galaxy. A cosmic string would produce a similar duplicate image of fluctuations in the
646:, a string theory construction of the early universe that gives leads to an expanding universe and cosmological inflation. It was subsequently realized by string theorist
1762:
Schild, R.; Masnyak, I. S.; Hnatyk, B. I.; Zhdanov, V. I. (2004). "Anomalous fluctuations in observations of Q0957+561 A,B: Smoking gun of a cosmic string?".
1242:
Schild, R.; Masnyak, I. S.; Hnatyk, B. I.; Zhdanov, V. I. (2004). "Anomalous fluctuations in observations of Q0957+561 A,B: Smoking gun of a cosmic string?".
1111:
Sazhin, M. V.; Capaccioli, M.; Longo, G.; Paolillo, M.; Khovanskaya, O. S.; Grogin, N. A.; Schreier, E. J.; Covone, G. (2006). "The true nature of CSL-1".
1132:
Fraisse, Aurélien; Ringeval, Christophe; Spergel, David; Bouchet, François (2008). "Small-angle CMB temperature anisotropies induced by cosmic strings".
297:
The standard model of a cosmic string is a geometrical structure with an angle deficit, which thus is in tension and hence has positive mass. In 1995,
865:
Cramer, John; Forward, Robert; Morris, Michael; Visser, Matt; Benford, Gregory; Landis, Geoffrey (1995). "Natural wormholes as gravitational lenses".
1003:
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in spacetime characterized by an angular deficit: a circle around the outside of a string would comprise a total angle less than 360°. From the
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Sazhin, M.; Longo, G.; Capaccioli, M.; Alcala, J. M.; Silvotti, R.; Covone, G.; Khovanskaya, O.; Pavlov, M.; Pannella, M.; et al. (2003).
997:
Sazhin, M.; Longo, G.; Capaccioli, M.; Alcala, J. M.; Silvotti, R.; Covone, G.; Khovanskaya, O.; Pavlov, M.; Pannella, M.; et al. (2003).
572:
During the early days of string theory both string theorists and cosmic string theorists believed that there was no direct connection between
198:. (In string theory, the universe is either 10- or 11-dimensional, depending on the strength of interactions and the curvature of spacetime.)
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483:
431:. These in turn cause parts of the string to pinch off into isolated loops. These loops have a finite lifespan and decay (primarily) via
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2046:
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Sazhin, M.; Capaccioli, M.; Longo, G.; Paolillo, M.; Khovanskaya, O. (2006). "Further
Spectroscopic Observations of the CSL 1 Object".
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that are partially wrapped on compact cycles associated to extra spacetime dimensions so that only one non-compact dimension remains.
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in the cosmic microwave background, too subtle to have been detected yet but possibly within the realm of future observability.
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Cosmic strings, if they exist, would be extremely thin with diameters of the same order of magnitude as that of a proton, i.e.
154:
theory, the role of cosmic strings can be played by the fundamental strings (or F-strings) themselves that define the theory
926:
580:). The possibility of cosmic strings being produced in the early universe was first envisioned by quantum field theorist
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Until 2023 the most sensitive bounds on cosmic string parameters came from the non-detection of gravitational waves by
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proposed that cosmic strings could theoretically also exist with angle excesses, and thus negative tension and hence
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mission. However, a 2013 analysis of data from the Planck mission failed to find any evidence of cosmic strings.
1711:"CSL-1: Chance projection effect or serendipitous discovery of a gravitational lens induced by a cosmic string?"
999:"CSL-1: Chance projection effect or serendipitous discovery of a gravitational lens induced by a cosmic string?"
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data. The first detection of gravitational waves with pulsar timing array was confirmed in 2023. The earthbound
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Gott, J. Richard (1991). "Closed timelike curves produced by pairs of moving cosmic strings: Exact solutions".
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would have either disintegrated into smaller strings before ever reaching macroscopic scales (in the case of
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289:. It is now calculated that their contribution to the structure formation in the universe is less than 10%.
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A piece of evidence supporting cosmic string theory is a phenomenon noticed in observations of the "double
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strings is problematic; however, they suggested that if a negative mass string were to be wrapped around a
269:
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proposed that spacecraft equipped with magnet coils could travel along cosmic strings, analogous to how a
1824:
Lo, Amy S.; Wright, Edward L. (2005). "Signatures of Cosmic
Strings in the Cosmic Microwave Background".
704:
601:
451:
412:
1944:
1412:
Sarangi, Saswat; Tye, S.-H.Henry (2002). "Cosmic string production towards the end of brane inflation".
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in 1979, the double image of this quasar is caused by a galaxy positioned between it and the Earth. The
1951:
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whose tension would force the strings to collapse rather than grow to cosmic scales (in the context of
435:. This radiation which leads to the strongest signal from cosmic strings may in turn be detectable in
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in the universe, but all that is known today through galaxy surveys and precision measurements of the
1355:
https://news.yale.edu/2023/06/28/astrophysicists-present-first-evidence-gravitational-wave-background
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in the early universe, such a wormhole could be stabilized sufficiently to exist in the present day.
1298:"The NANOGrav Nine-year Data Set: Limits on the Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background"
1886:
Agol, Eric; Hogan, Craig; Plotkin, Richard (2006). "Hubble imaging excludes cosmic string lens".
1058:
Agol, Eric; Hogan, Craig; Plotkin, Richard (2006). "Hubble imaging excludes cosmic string lens".
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432:
340:
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Niedermann, Florian; Schneider, Robert (2015). "Radially stabilized inflating cosmic strings".
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It was once thought that the gravitational influence of cosmic strings might contribute to the
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and collaborators predicted the production of cosmic superstrings during the last stages of
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Copeland, Edmund J; Myers, Robert C; Polchinski, Joseph (2004). "Cosmic F- and D-strings".
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Vafaei Sadr, A; Movahed, S M S; Farhang, M; Ringeval, C; Bouchet, F R (2017-12-14).
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and hence be diluted away with the expansion of the universe and not be observable.
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The violent oscillations of cosmic strings generically lead to the formation of
1965:
1917:
1467:"Peak–peak correlations in the cosmic background radiation from cosmic strings"
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Vafaei Sadr, A; Farhang, M; Movahed, S M S; Bassett, B; Kunz, M (2018-05-01).
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158:, by D-strings which are related to the F-strings by weak-strong or so called
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There are many attempts to detect the footprint of a cosmic strings network.
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1534:"A Multiscale pipeline for the search of string-induced CMB anisotropies"
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and cosmic strings (the names were chosen independently by analogy with
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in 1976, and this sprouted the first flurry of interest in the field.
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544: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
354: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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effect). A closed cosmic string gravitates in a more conventional way.
236: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The prototypical example of a field theory with cosmic strings is the
111:. Their existence was first contemplated by the theoretical physicist
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100:
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1203:
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958:
734:
Kibble, Tom W K (1976). "Topology of cosmic domains and strings".
502:(LIGO) and especially the space-based gravitational wave detector
1531:
1465:
Movahed, M. Sadegh; Javanmardi, B.; Sheth, Ravi K. (2013-10-01).
1598:
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allows strings with tension much lower than the Planck scale.
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Much has changed since these early days, primarily due to the
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theory), or having a characteristic energy scale close to the
1838:
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1110:
577:
396:
1708:
996:
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Cosmic string loop stabilised by a fermionic supercurrent:
707:(e.g. of 1-dimensional topological defect: a cosmic string)
499:
399:(corresponding to our universe) in a six-dimensional bulk.
1984:
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1704:
http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/cs_interact.html
1601:"Cosmic string detection with tree-based machine learning"
1370:
1241:
1937:
Spacetime Warps and the
Quantum: A Glimpse of the Future.
864:
454:, which it was thought might have been detectable by the
768:
1464:
107:
manifold associated to this symmetry breaking was not
1949:
138:
1809:Kibble, T. W. B. (2004). "Cosmic strings reborn?".
943:
600:theory), they would always appear as boundaries of
509:
500:
45:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1715:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1605:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1538:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1471:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1004:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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1885:
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119:moments of the universe's evolution, just after
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1377:Witten, Edward (1985). "Cosmic Superstrings".
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736:Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General
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123:, and are a fairly generic prediction in both
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446:had been found. However, observations by the
1945:Cosmic strings and superstrings on arxiv.org
484:Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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1694:An artistic perspective of Cosmic Strings
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560:Learn how and when to remove this message
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370:Learn how and when to remove this message
264:A string is a geometrical deviation from
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
182:, which is classically equivalent to the
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
57:, without removing the technical details.
16:Speculative feature of the early universe
1823:
1366:https://physics.aps.org/articles/v16/118
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927:"Searching for a 'Subway to the Stars'"
415:(CMB) fits an evolution out of random,
2034:
1808:
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395:, where the string is promoted to a 3-
1185:Planck Collaboration; Ade, P. A. R.;
55:make it understandable to non-experts
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542:adding citations to reliable sources
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352:adding citations to reliable sources
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234:adding citations to reliable sources
205:
29:
2042:Large-scale structure of the cosmos
186:that defines the bosonic sector of
13:
703:2-dimensional topological defect:
697:0-dimensional topological defect:
504:Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
139:Theories containing cosmic strings
14:
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2047:Hypothetical astronomical objects
1687:
688:train travels along a rail line.
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1746:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06568.x
1036:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06568.x
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510:String theory and cosmic strings
437:gravitational wave observatories
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929:(Press release). Archived from
529:needs additional citations for
339:needs additional citations for
221:needs additional citations for
99:in the early universe when the
92:which may have formed during a
88:are hypothetical 1-dimensional
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771:Journal of High Energy Physics
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612:they would be produced before
409:large-scale clumping of matter
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1:
1699:A simulation of cosmic string
1667:"Alternate View Column AV-19"
1444:10.1016/S0370-2693(02)01824-5
801:10.1088/1126-6708/2004/06/013
717:
635:starting in the early 2000s.
621:second superstring revolution
169:
1399:10.1016/0370-2693(85)90540-4
1191:Astronomy & Astrophysics
589:first superstring revolution
320:Super-critical cosmic string
270:general theory of relativity
194:and/or the size of internal
7:
1221:10.1051/0004-6361/201321621
844:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.1126
691:
469:. Originally discovered by
452:cosmic microwave background
413:cosmic microwave background
293:Negative mass cosmic string
10:
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1918:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.087302
1794:10.1051/0004-6361:20040274
1764:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1333:10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/13
1274:10.1051/0004-6361:20040274
1244:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1164:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.043535
1090:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.087302
976:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.064010
18:
1841:The Astrophysical Journal
1302:The Astrophysical Journal
756:10.1088/0305-4470/9/8/029
1940:Lecture slides and audio
897:10.1103/PhysRevD.51.3117
625:large compact dimensions
308:. The stability of such
162:, or higher-dimensional
19:Not to be confused with
1786:2004A&A...422..477S
1266:2004A&A...422..477S
1213:2014A&A...571A..25P
433:gravitational radiation
1671:www.npl.washington.edu
676:Potential applications
614:cosmological inflation
448:Hubble Space Telescope
403:Observational evidence
287:galactic superclusters
121:cosmological inflation
1935:, ITP & Caltech.
1636:10.1093/mnras/sty1055
1569:10.1093/mnras/stx3126
1502:10.1093/mnras/stt1284
668:Cosmic string network
606:heterotic superstring
443:Gravitational lensing
587:In 1985, during the
538:improve this article
473:, Bob Carswell, and
348:improve this article
230:improve this article
125:quantum field theory
1910:2006PhRvD..73h7302A
1863:2006ApJ...636L...5S
1737:2003MNRAS.343..353S
1627:2018MNRAS.478.1132V
1560:2018MNRAS.475.1010V
1493:2013MNRAS.434.3597M
1436:2002PhLB..536..185S
1391:1985PhLB..153..243W
1324:2016ApJ...821...13A
1156:2008PhRvD..78d3535F
1082:2006PhRvD..73h7302A
1027:2003MNRAS.343..353S
968:2015PhRvD..91f4010N
889:1995PhRvD..51.3117C
836:1991PhRvL..66.1126G
793:2004JHEP...06..013C
748:1976JPhA....9.1387K
496:pulsar timing array
164:D-, NS- or M-branes
145:Abelian Higgs model
90:topological defects
598:Type I superstring
479:gravitational lens
278:general relativity
266:Euclidean geometry
196:compact dimensions
188:superstring theory
1888:Physical Review D
1414:Physics Letters B
1134:Physical Review D
1060:Physical Review D
867:Physical Review D
699:magnetic monopole
648:Joseph Polchinski
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180:Nambu–Goto action
94:symmetry-breaking
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23:, the subject of
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2026:Solar System
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618:
602:domain walls
586:
574:superstrings
571:
556:
547:
536:Please help
531:verification
528:
493:
471:Dennis Walsh
467:Q0957+561A,B
460:
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385:
381:
366:
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346:Please help
341:verification
338:
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228:Please help
223:verification
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2014:Outer space
2002:Spaceflight
1187:Aghanim, N.
705:domain wall
475:Ray Weymann
202:Gravitation
152:superstring
2036:Categories
1721:(2): 353.
1676:2024-08-15
1618:1801.04140
1551:1710.00173
1315:1508.03024
1011:(2): 353.
777:(6): 013.
718:References
653:Tom Kibble
627:and large
582:Tom Kibble
170:Dimensions
113:Tom Kibble
1978:Astronomy
1926:119450257
1645:0035-8711
1578:0035-8711
1511:0035-8711
1484:1212.0964
1308:(1): 13.
1204:1303.5085
1172:119145024
1147:0708.1162
1098:119450257
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959:1412.2750
680:In 1986,
651:theorist
640:Henry Tye
638:In 2002,
465:" called
160:S-duality
1879:10176938
1802:16939392
1755:18650564
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1229:15347782
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913:42837620
905:10018782
852:10044002
692:See also
417:gaussian
314:wormhole
276:However
101:topology
63:May 2021
1966:Physics
1952:Portals
1906:Bibcode
1859:Bibcode
1782:Bibcode
1733:Bibcode
1623:Bibcode
1586:5825048
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1197:: A25.
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486:led by
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299:Visser
176:~ 1 fm
105:vacuum
1990:Stars
1922:S2CID
1896:arXiv
1875:S2CID
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1826:arXiv
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1798:S2CID
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429:kinks
425:cusps
397:brane
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