Speed limit enforcement

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the effect on crashes. All 28 studies found a lower number of crashes in the speed camera areas after implementation of the program. In the vicinity of camera sites, the reductions ranged from 8% to 49% for all crashes, with reductions for most studies in the 14% to 25% range. For injury crashes the decrease ranged between 8% and 50% and for crashes resulting in fatalities or serious injuries the reductions were in the range of 11% to 44%. Effects over wider areas showed reductions for all crashes ranging from 9% to 35%, with most studies reporting reductions in the 11% to 27% range. For crashes resulting in death or serious injury reductions ranged from 17% to 58%, with most studies reporting this result in the 30% to 40% reduction range. The studies of longer duration showed that these positive trends were either maintained or improved with time. Nevertheless, the authors conceded that the magnitude of the benefit from speed cameras "is currently not deducible" due to limitations in the methodological rigor of many of the 28 studies cited, and recommended that "more studies of a scientifically rigorous and homogenous nature are necessary, to provide the answer to the magnitude of effect."

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expected, drivers traveling at higher speeds over the limit received higher fines. What drivers said to the police also affected the amount of the fine. 46% percent of drivers in the study reported offering an excuse (e.g. "I didn't realize the speed I was driving"), which was the most common type of verbal response. Excuses, justifications, and denials did not reduce the amount of the fine. Almost 30% of drivers expressed remorse (e.g., "I'm sorry") and received a considerable reduction in fines. Offers of remorse were most effective at higher speeds over the limit. For example, American speeders who offered remorse for traveling at higher speeds over the limit (21 mph) received fines that were US$ 49 lower than drivers who were speeding the same amount, but did not offer an apology. Although this research indicated that apologies can be related to lower fines for speeding, most drivers who offered remorse were still punished to some degree. To maintain a relatively normal sample of speeders, a small percentage of drivers who reported extreme speeds (80 km/h (50 mph) or more over the limit) or very severe fines (US$ 500 or more) were excluded.

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they are; a review of speed limits to see whether they are soundly based is for another day. What it has done is to show that at camera sites, speeds have been reduced, and that as a result, collisions resulting in injuries have fallen. The government has said that a decision on whether speed cameras should be funded must be taken at a local level. With the current pressure on public funds, there will be – indeed there already are – those who say that what little money there is can be better spent. This report begs to differ. The devices are already there; they demonstrate value for money, yet are not significant revenue raisers for the Treasury; they are shown to save lives; and despite the headlines, most people accept the need for them. Speed cameras should never be the only weapon in the road safety armoury, but neither should they be absent from the battle."

294: 547: 706:(Mexico City) and traffic law enforcement officers (Guadalajara) may enforce speed laws only when a car is speeding above reasonable speeds in regard of the amount of traffic. Maximum speed for all Mexican highways is 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph). Speeding fines are given to those going 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph) and up to 220 kilometres per hour (140 mph). Police may however place a squad car as a pace car so drivers behind cannot exceed 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph); this is common during Summer and Winter holiday season. 36: 1377: 1015: 286: 1071:, has been cited on the National Motorists Association's speedtrap.org website as having one of the nation's most active speed traps. City police regularly conceal their patrol cars behind trees along Arizona Highway 82 where motorists enter the city's outskirts. The legal speed limit drops in a short space from 55 mph to 30 mph, leading to some drivers who are not alert to be caught. The minimum fine for exceeding the posted speed limit even by 1 mph is $ 146. 1363: 218: 860: 679:

speed is and where the offense occurred. Speeding in built-up areas invariably carries higher fines than outside city limits. While fines for minor offenses tend to be moderate, speeds in excess of 20 km/h (12 mph) above the limit in built-up areas result in distinctly higher fines and points on the driver's license, and, depending on the speed at which the offender was clocked, may lead to a driving ban of at least one month.

1185: 496: 112:, which required a man with a red flag to walk 60 yards (55 m) ahead of qualifying powered vehicles. The distance ahead of the pedestrian crew member was reduced to 20 yards (18 m) in 1878 and the vehicles were required to stop on the sight of a horse. The speed limit was effectively redundant as vehicle speeds could not exceed the speed at which a person could walk. 838:

found the majority of fixed-speed cameras had a proven road safety benefit. The report also concluded that it was "too early" to conclude if mobile speed cameras affected road safety, although early results indicated drivers might be speeding less. To address public concerns, the RTA would now monitor the effectiveness of individual fixed-speed cameras annually.

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where there are people about who might be in danger, but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country" and were "manifestly absurd as a protection to the public, and they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages".

1287:(For your safety, automatic controls) and marked in French motorway maps. On non-motorway roads, sometimes there is a sign; however, in other locations an electronic sign showing your speed may indicate a fixed speed camera further along the road. Average speed cameras now operate in some areas. It is forbidden there to use speed camera detectors. 167:. Subsequently, the organisation developed a coded warning system which was used until the 1960s whereby a patrolman would always salute the driver of a passing car that displayed a visible AA badge unless there was a speed trap nearby, on the understanding that their officers could not be prosecuted for failing to salute. 1580:

entirely in sympathy with what the noble Earl said with regard to police traps. In my opinion they are manifestly absurd as a protection to the public, and they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages.

713:, "experience has shown that speed limits set arbitrarily below the reasonable and prudent speed perceived by the public are difficult to enforce, produce noncompliance, encourage disrespect for the law, create unnecessary antagonism toward law enforcement officers, and divert traffic to lesser routes". 163:) against an Automobile Association patrolman and a potentially speeding motorist—the judge ruled that where a patrolman signals to a speeding driver to slow down and thereby avoid a speed trap, that person would have committed the offence of "obstructing an officer in the course of his duty" under the 2272:

Support for speed cameras is running at an all-time high, a poll by the AA has suggested. According to the motoring organisation's survey of members in October, 75% now believe that the use of speed cameras is 'acceptable' – including 30% who believe their use is 'very acceptable'. This compares with

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The main report says that fixed cameras reduce deaths and serious injuries by 50 percent and mobile cameras by 35 percent. It calculates that cameras prevent 1,745 deaths or serious injuries a year across Britain. But once the regression to the mean was taken into account, fixed cameras were found to

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abandoned the use of fixed cameras in 2009, questioning their cost-effectiveness with the cameras being replaced by vehicle-activated warning signs and enforcement by police using mobile speed cameras: in the nine months following the switch-off there was a small reduction in accident rates which had

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A recent study conducted in Alabama reveals that Red Light Cameras (RLCs) seem to have a slight impact on the clearance lost time; the intersections equipped with RLCs are half a second less in use compared with those without cameras; and highway capacity manual estimates a shorter lost time and thus

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study on Red Light Running (RLR), "RLR automated enforcement can be an effective safety countermeasure....t appears from the findings of several studies that, in general, RLR cameras can bring about a reduction in the more severe angle crashes with, at worst, a slight increase in less severe rear-end

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Opposition groups have formed in some locations where automated traffic enforcement has been used. In the US city of Scottsdale, Arizona, an activist group CameraFraud was formed and staged sign-wave protests and petition drives to oppose the use of speed limit enforcement cameras ('photo radar').

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legislature approved such a program in January 2006. In 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009 the California legislature considered, but did not pass, bills to implement speed limit enforcement cameras. Tennessee legislators are also considering expanding their speed limit enforcement cameras after successes in

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reported that speed cameras were an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties, noting however that most studies to date did not have satisfactory control groups. In 2003 Northumbria Police's Acting Chief Inspector of motor patrols suggested that cameras didn't

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The 2010 Cochrane Review of speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths reported that all 28 studies accepted by the authors found the effect of speed cameras to be a reduction in all crashes, injury crashes, and death or severe injury crashes. "Twenty eight studies measured

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is a device that semi-automates the timing and average speed calculation of the original manually operated "speed trap". An observer on the ground, in a vehicle or in the air simply presses a button as a vehicle passes two landmarks that are a known distance apart, typically several hundred metres.

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In the United States, it is common for all installation, operation, and verification procedures to be carried out by private companies that in some States receive payment based on the number of infringements they issue, and often under no testing regime whatsoever; however, these units are required

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Victoria achieved record-low road fatalities in both 2008 and 2009. Newspaper reports credited a coordinated and well-funded campaign that focused on higher risk young drivers, more aggressive policing, increased police activity, drink driving, and in 2009, a 50% increase in the use of mobile speed

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in Australia allows for only a 3 km/h (1.9 mph) tolerance for mobile speed cameras and 2 km/h (1.2 mph) for fixed cameras on the basis that, although the increased risk is lower, there are very many more drivers involved, which creates a substantial risk across the road network.

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Some jurisdictions, such as Australia and Ohio, allow prosecutions based on a subjective speed assessment by a police officer. In the future, there is the potential to track speed limit compliance via GPS black boxes for recidivist speeders identified in the Australian National Road Safety Strategy

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Speed limits were originally enforced by manually timing or "clocking" vehicles travelling through "speed traps" defined between two fixed landmarks along a roadway that were a known distance apart; the vehicle's average speed was then determined by dividing the distance travelled by the time taken

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a pocket-sized instrument is being produced by Marchant House Limited of New Street, Oadby, Liecester, to be used in motor vehicles to give instant warning of a police radar speed trap ... Anyone wishing to use this type of apparatus would require a licence under the Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1949.

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Some jurisdictions in the United States have been found to fine motorists merely to generate revenue, rather than purely to assure safe driving, taking advantage of their unfamiliarity of the area or unwillingness to fight an out-of-town traffic ticket to assure them a constant stream of municipal

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request found that 52% of speed cameras in the UK were switched on. The report showed that four out of the 45 police forces in the UK had no working speed cameras and that West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, Kent and Cheshire police forces had a quarter or less active cameras. The

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per 100 million miles driven over this time has been due to robotic enforcement. In the seven-month period following speed cameras in Oxfordshire being switched off in August 2010, fatalities increased from 12 to 18, a figure not out of line with the variation in fatalities over a ten-year period.

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was therefore tasked with investigating all 141 fixed speed cameras in use throughout the state. Following the release of the report, 38 speed cameras, located primarily on highways, were switched off after the Auditor-General determined that they had no significant road safety benefit. The report

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by Richard Allsop includes the following in the foreword by Stephen Glaister, director of the RAC (Royal Automobile Club). "While this report fully lays out the background to the introduction of speed cameras and the need for speed limits, its job is not to justify why the national limits are what

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on motorcars in the UK reported in 1907 and raised concerns about the manner in which speed traps were being used to raise revenue in rural areas rather than being used to protect lives in towns. In parliamentary debates at the time it was observed that "Policemen are not stationed in the villages

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A worldwide review of studies found that speed cameras led to a reduction of "11% to 44% for fatal and serious injury crashes". The UK Department for Transport estimated that cameras had led to a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions and 42% fewer people being killed or seriously injured at

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Camera sites had lower than expected numbers of injurious crashes up to 300 metres using circles and up to 500 metres using routes. Routes methods indicated a larger effect than the circles method except in the 100 metres nearest sites. A 500-metre route method was used to investigate the effect

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I regard the abolition of the speed limit as the most important recommendation of the Royal Commission... Policemen are not stationed in the villages where there are people about who might be in danger, but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country... I am

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to force towns to moderate their speed enforcement policies. These communities have had mixed results regarding campaigns against AAA to have their names removed from the list under the threat of economic ruin should motorists bypass those towns altogether. Many of the communities have also been

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Initially, Illinois used photo enforcement for construction zones only. There was legislation on the books to expand that throughout the state. However, Chicago has expanded its red light camera program and is planning to put speed cameras in school zones. Some suburbs (e.g. Alsip) already have

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A study of over 1,000 drivers caught speeding in the U.S. and in Canada examined factors that predicted fines issued by police officers. In both countries, drivers were stopped for speeding on average 16 mph (26 km/h) over the speed limit and received fines of approximately US$ 144. As

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In Germany, at least a 3 km/h tolerance (3% of measured speed when speeding over 100 km/h) in favor of the offender is always deducted. This tolerance can increase up to 20% depending on the method of measurement. Fines for speeding depend on how high above the speed limit the measured

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by slowing down before entering an enforcement zone. The legal standing of these type of devices varies by jurisdiction. For example, they are legal in most of the United States, but not in most of Canada. Active devices might also be used—in this instance, radar or LIDAR signals are typically

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in the UK set speed limits for vehicles, and later codified enforcement methods. The first Locomotive Act, passed in 1861, set a speed limit of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) in uninhabited areas, and 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) within towns. This act also included the value of fines for

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It has been announced that Arizona will not renew its contract with Redflex, the company that operates the cameras. However, many towns in Arizona (e.g. Chandler, Mesa, Scottsdale, Paradise Valley, Superior) still have red light and/or speed cameras. Photo enforcement is illegal in the town of

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The 2010 report, "The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras A review of evidence", by Richard Allsop concludes "The findings of this review for the RAC Foundation, though reached independently, are essentially consistent with the Cochrane Review conclusions. They are also broadly consistent with the

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introduced, and efforts have been made in the U.S. to ban this practice. Some police forces have even been forced to disband as a result of overzealous enforcement. However, a meta-analysis of studies finds automated ticketing machines that enforce speed limits may have reduced the number of

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highlighting earlier findings across the whole of Wiltshire that there had been a 33% reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured generally and a 68% reduction at camera sites during the previous 3 years. In 2012, the town had the fewest accident rates per 1,000 registered

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Existing research consistently shows that speed cameras are an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties. The level of evidence is relatively poor, however, as most studies did not have satisfactory comparison groups or adequate control for potential

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more narrowly as a place where "traffic enforcement is focused on extracting revenue from drivers instead of improving safety". When highway speed limits drop suddenly just as the road enters a municipality that collects large amounts of revenue from traffic tickets, a safety hazard can be

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The change from analogue "wet film" to digital technology has revolutionised speed cameras, particularly their maintenance and the back-office processing required to issue penalty notices. Images from digital cameras can be uploaded in seconds to a remote office over a network link, while

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Officers in some jurisdictions may also use pacing, particularly where a more convenient radar speed measuring device is not available—a police vehicle's speed is matched to that of a target vehicle, and the calibrated speedometer of the patrol car used to infer the other vehicle's speed.

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read the vehicle's licence or registration plate. A computer system reads vehicle registration plates at two or more fixed points along a road, usually hundreds of meters or even kilometers apart, then uses the known distance between them to calculate a vehicle's average speed. From the

929:, Alberta, erupted in scandal when it was alleged that two police officers accepted bribes from private contractors who received lucrative contracts to provide speed limit enforcement cameras. The officers and contractor involved now face criminal charges that remain before the courts. 616:

provide mobile information to drivers on speed traps and traffic conditions. These applications rely on users to keep the databases current. In addition to mobile applications that might be considered evasion-centric, there are other similar mobile applications that are classified as

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In December 2005 the Department for Transport published a four-year report into Safety Camera Partnerships which concluded that there was a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions and 42% fewer people being killed or seriously injured following the installation of cameras.

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thin strips of land far away from, and barely connected to, contiguous municipal limits to extend their authority along the highway to police stretches in isolated areas far away from any settlement or problem stretch of road which may justify a slower speed limit. In 2017

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Plans had been made to switch the cameras back on by November 2010, on the basis of increased speeds at camera sites, which occurred in April 2011. Oxfordshire had followed the lead of Swindon, which encountered a decline in casualties, serious injuries, and fatalities.

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Photographs are typically time-stamped by a high-resolution timing device so that a vehicle's speed can be checked manually after the fact if necessary using the secondary method of calculating its speed between a series of calibrated lines painted on the road surface.

1299:, it is strictly forbidden to announce speed controls. If the software of navigation equipment includes the locations of fixed speed cameras, the devices can be seized and destroyed. This also applies to mobile phones or handheld devices with the appropriate function. 850:

raised A$ 114 million from speed limit enforcement activities. The SA government are resisting moves by their opposition to commission an inquiry into whether speed cameras are being used effectively and efficiently: to improve road safety, to raise revenue, or both.

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In 2001 the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved "virtually complete compliance" on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras, across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations, KSI (Killed / Seriously Injured) figures have fallen by an average of

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An alternative view is that police devices are accurate to 1 km/h, and that a 2–3 km/h tolerance is the minimum margin that police require to defeat any challenge in court regarding the accuracy of their speed measurement equipment. Speed tolerance in

702:, the maximum speed limit is 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) on urban freeways on other urban roads. However, fines are only given when speeding above 90 kilometres per hour (56 mph), thus giving a 10 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph) tolerance. The 987:

report found that City of London, Metropolitan Police/TfL, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, Suffolk and Northern Ireland police forces said that all of their cameras are active. The reason for this has been a cut in funding and many cameras, most notably many

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Speed limits may not be enforced for speeds close to the legal limit. In the United States, speeding enforcement tolerance is usually up to the discretion of the arresting officer. Some states (such as Pennsylvania and Florida) have official tolerances.

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After a growing number of complaints about incorrect and inappropriate fines, Victoria's Auditor-General plans to investigate whether speed cameras are being used primarily to raise revenue for the state government rather than to improve road safety.

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In recent years many jurisdictions began using cameras to record violators. These devices detect vehicles that are exceeding the speed limit and take photos of these vehicles' license plates. A ticket is then mailed out to the registered owner.

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vehicles: a result linked by the Local Authority Member for Council Transformation, Transport and Strategic Planning to the removal of speed cameras and resultant additional funding for road safety, alongside close working with the police.

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As of 2009, speed cameras existed in 48 communities in the United States, including in Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, Washington, and Washington, D.C.

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findings of a meta-analysis reported in the respected Handbook of Road Safety Measures, of 16 studies, not including the four-year evaluation report, of the effects of fixed cameras on numbers of collisions and casualties."

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The number of designated traffic officers fell from 15 to 20% of Police force strength in 1966 to seven percent of force strength in 1998, and between 1999 and 2004 by 21%. It is an item of debate whether the reduction in

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In September 2012, Edmonton police chief Rod Knecht proposed that "excessive speeders" should have their vehicles seized and impounded, after a rash of high speeding drivers were charged, many driving 50 – 100 km/h

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Kevin Richardson proposed the idea of rewarding drivers travelling at or below the posted limit with a cash lottery, funded by the fines on speeding drivers. This was demonstrated in Stockholm, Sweden, in November 2010.

182:' which was described as "a revolutionary speed-measuring device". Developed initially for improving his race times, it was later marketed as police speed enforcement tool. Gatsometer claims to have developed the first 464:

A report published by the RAC Foundation in 2010 estimated that an additional 800 more people a year could be killed or seriously injured on the UK's roads if all speed cameras were scrapped. A survey conducted by

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and the ensuing increase in insurance premiums follow the driver home. The general principle of such interstate, inter-provincial, and/or international compacts is to guarantee the rule 'one license, one record.'

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reduce deaths and serious injuries by only 873, or 24 percent for fixed and 17 percent for mobile cameras. While still impressive, these reductions are lower than could be achieved by other road safety measures.

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The use of speed limits predates both motorized vehicles and enforcement of the laws. Facing the invention of the automobile, many nations enacted speed limit laws, and appropriate measures to enforce them. The

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lifted some of the restrictions introduced by the 1865 Act, notably raising the speed limit for "light locomotives" under 3 tonnes to 14 miles per hour (23 km/h). The speed limit was lifted again by the

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sedan travelling at 158 km/h, but testing found this vehicle only capable of 117 km/h. A Victorian state government inquiry found that maintenance and accuracy checks had not been done regularly.

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Authorities are not able to monitor every vehicle on every road—limited resources generally mean that enforcement needs to be targeted. A New Zealand study concluded that actual enforcement as well as the

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for use with road traffic in 1971, but this claim is undermined by evidence that radar detectors were already for sale in 1967. Gatsometer BV produced the world's first mobile speed traffic camera in 1982.

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controversially published a road map that included the location for thousands of speed cameras—the first time such information was available in printed form, although more accurate and frequently updated

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Drivers may flash their lights to approaching drivers to warn them of a speed trap. The legal standing of this action also varies by jurisdiction. In the United States, it is common for motorists with

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changed slightly in similar periods before and after the switch off (Before: 1 fatal, 1 serious and 13 slight accidents. Afterwards: no fatalities, 2 serious and 12 slight accidents). The journalist

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A controversial decision by the AA to publish its first map of speed traps has provoked a storm of protest from safety experts, who accuse the organisation of encouraging motorists to break the law.

1319:, the fixed speed cameras on motorways and highways are announced with a sign no less than 250 meters before (no less than 150 meters on urban roads and no less than 80 meters on the other roads): 958:

There has also been debate as to whether the use of such cameras in order to force a driver to confess to the crime of speeding is in violation of European basic human rights; however, in 2007 the

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in requiring the keepers of cars caught speeding on camera to provide the name of the driver, or to be subject to criminal penalty of an equivalent degree of severity if they failed to do so.

267:, we know that the vehicle's speed must equal its average speed at some time between the measurements. If the average speed exceeds the speed limit, then a penalty is automatically issued. 308:

Instantaneous speed cameras measure the speed at a single point. These may either be a semi-permanent fixture or be established on a temporary basis. A variety of technologies can be used:

3463: 1663: 2178: 1451: 818:(RTA) produce an expert witness who could prove the photographs were tamper-proof, but the RTA was unable to provide such evidence. The defendant was acquitted and awarded court costs. 675:

guidelines recommend a tolerance level of the speed limit "×10% +2 mph" (e.g., a maximum tolerance in a 30 mph (50 km/h) zone of 30 + (30 × 10% = 3) + 2 = 35 mph).

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Gilbert, Arizona. Tempe, Arizona has removed all of its red light cameras. Baker, Louisiana still contracts with Redflex. This association is the subject of legislative action.

3904: 2312: 507:(ANPR) average-speed camera systems, their use is more commonly restricted to evidence gathering where speeding offences are detected by various other types of sensors such as 2113:

within strata of time after intervention, time of day, speed limit, and type of road user injured. The number of injurious crashes after intervention was substantially reduced

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where non-resident drivers are treated like residents when they are stopped for a traffic offense that occurs in another jurisdiction. They also ensure that penalties such as

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study in 2017 found that "adding another 1,000 cameras to British roads could save up to 190 lives annually, reduce up to 1,130 collisions and mitigate 330 serious injuries."

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A Toronto man is upset he was ticketed for flashing his headlights to tip off oncoming drivers of a radar speed trap, especially since police admit the act is not illegal.'

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a 69% approval rating in a poll conducted in November last year, and is the highest level reached in ten years of monitoring public sentiment for the devices, the AA says.

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Aside from the issues of legality in some countries and states and of sometime opposition the effectiveness of speed cameras is very well documented. The introduction to

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to travel it. Setting up a speed trap that could provide legally satisfactory evidence was usually time-consuming and error-prone, as it relied on its human operators.

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reported that this research showed that the department had been previous exaggerating the safety benefits of speed cameras but that the results were still 'impressive'.

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graded states on road safety measures such as automated enforcement of speeding or red light cameras, interstate speed limits, and lower speed limits in school zones.

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including average and instantaneous speed cameras; however, eight counties are to switch off or remove cameras and a further two counties are considering such action.

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technologies that are considered too compliance centric and in Australia both National and State Road Safety Strategies encourage the adoption of such technologies.

4040: 4037:"Valley activists working to protest photo radar cameras - Phoenix Arizona news, breaking news, local news, weather radar, traffic from ABC15 News | ABC15.com" 1144:

area freeways capturing drivers doing speeds greater than 11 mph over the posted speed limit. Over 100 new cameras were expected to be up and running by 2009.

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In June 2011, in Victoria, the road fatalities for the year so far was reported to be "significantly higher"" than it was for the same period of the previous year.

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used to protect the digital photograph from tampering was not robust enough to guarantee that it had not been altered. Magistrate Lawrence Lawson demanded that the

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controversially tried to use a contractual clause in the rental agreement to issue speeding fines to any of its customers that exceeded speed limits as detected by

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successfully bypassed by states with divided highways rerouted to avoid these stretches of road after constituent complaints in addition to safety concerns.

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was investigated and prosecuted by state authorities for breaking state law by generating more than 30% of town revenue through traffic citations. In 2014,

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of laser pulses to make a series of timestamped measurements of a vehicle's distance from the laser; the data is then used to calculate the vehicle's speed.

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but not speed limit enforcement cameras ('photo radar'), have now approved, or are considering, the implementation of speed limit enforcement cameras. The

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confounders. Controlled introduction of speed cameras with careful data collection may offer improved evidence of their effectiveness in the future.

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million will be raised from fines levied on drivers breaking Victorian road rules, a large proportion being from speed limit enforcement, in 2011.

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crashes. However it noted that "there is not enough empirical evidence based on proper experimental design procedures to state this conclusively."

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A notable example is in the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot where virtually complete compliance was achieved on the major ring road into the city

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reduce casualties but did raise revenue – an official statement from the police force later re-iterated that speed cameras do reduce casualties.

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In Spain and Portugal, devices are used to detect drivers who drive too fast, and consequently traffic lights turn to red to stop the vehicle.

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recently reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries in their vicinity and recommended wider deployment. An

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Police in some countries like France have been known to prosecute drivers for speeding, using an average speed calculated from timestamps on

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Baratian-Ghorghi, Fatemeh; Zhou, Huaguo; Wasilefsky, Isaac (2015). "Effect of Red-Light Cameras on Capacity of Signalized Intersections".

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In Germany, radar detectors are prohibited; however, current mobile controls are mentioned by some radio stations, which is not illegal.

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reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries and recommended wider deployment. In February 2005 the

3930: 3044:"Local Photo Enforcement Vandalism is Child's Play Compared to Destruction of Speed Cameras Elsewhere – Phoenix News – Valley Fever" 2663: 4683: 1206: 156: 3752: 3132: 2204: 1854:, Dunne, Jeremy G., "Laser-based speed measuring device", published 1996-05-28, assigned to Laser Technology Inc. 4000: 3153: 1137:

found a 50% reduction in the total crash frequency, with injuries falling by 40%; however, rear-end collisions increased by 55%.

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at regular intervals on major radio stations. Conversely, announcing the exact location of a speed trap is illegal in France.

4251: 4094: 2907: 2533: 1905: 1820: 919: 3953:"National Safety Council (2017). The State of Safety - A State-by-State Report. Itasca, IL. pg. 18. Accessed at www.nsc.org" 3331: 2745: 4910: 4678: 672: 609: 3043: 2443: 4849: 3287: 1263:

had its police department disbanded after the police were found to be issuing speeding tickets based on a quota system.

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and would therefore be exempt from the need for a preceding pedestrian. A test case was brought by motoring pioneer

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Day, M. V.; Ross, M. (2011). "The value of remorse: How drivers' responses to police predict fines for speeding".

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Doug Georgianni, 51, was shot as he operated a photo radar van on a Phoenix freeway and later died at a hospital.

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The firm in question has recently been informed that I am not prepared to issue a licence for such purposes

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In France, the fixed speed cameras on motorways are announced with a sign about half to 2 km before:

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Wilson C, Willis C, Hendrikz JK, Le Brocque R, Bellamy N; Willis; Hendrikz; Le Brocque; Bellamy (2010).

867:. The camera is mounted on the passenger side dash, whilst the black box on the front is the radar unit. 49:

are enforced on most public roadways by authorities, with the purpose to improve driver compliance with

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US Department Of Transportation Federal Highway Administration – Traffic Enforcement Camera Regulations

2560: 1114: 593: 466: 400: 148: 88: 3968: 3592: 2509: 1851: 4915: 4827: 4405: 4360: 4244: 337: 4900: 4706: 4648: 4378: 2715: 1195: 482: 3089: 2690:"Toleranzabzüge bei standardisierten Messverfahren zur Feststellung von Geschwindigkeitsverstößen" 1750: 4744: 4541: 4131: 1413: 1390: 1199: 1152: 1130: 1104: 829:

million over the previous five years from speed cameras. The Roads Minister accused the previous

779:

Retribution attacks on photo enforcement equipment have become commonplace throughout the world.

703: 625: 446: 83: 16:

Effort made by appropriately empowered authorities to improve driver compliance with speed limits

1922:"Police officer's visual estimate of speed is enough for a conviction, Ohio Supreme Court rules" 4799: 4734: 4711: 4673: 4493: 4420: 2052: 1870: 1247: 1123: 830: 743: 692: 3065: 2334: 2071: 624:

In Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands, the location of speed traps are announced using the

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While digital cameras can be used as the primary means of speed detection when combined with

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Across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations, KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65%

4895: 4890: 4838: 4809: 4516: 4441: 4237: 3980: 3489: 3182:"PARLIAMENT is facing a renewed push for a top-level inquiry into the use of speed cameras" 2775: 2285: 2021: 683: 3848: 1270:

has published lists of 'speed trap towns' that motorists should avoid, to use an economic

995:

speed cameras, still used older film technologies rather than newer digital technologies.

8: 4864: 4854: 4668: 4635: 4383: 4264: 4115: 3516: 1658: 1134: 864: 581:

with counter emissions. These devices are more frequently illegal than passive devices.

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Speed enforcement using average speed measurement is expressly prohibited in California.

109: 1167:

won an election for sheriff after making a campaign promise to eliminate speed cameras.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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was an election issue in 2011, following a move by the budget committee of the previous

589:(CB) radios to report the location of speed traps over the CB radio to other motorists. 4822: 4794: 4620: 4581: 4368: 3756: 3207: 2871: 2098: 2073: 1256: 1068: 1054: 264: 175: 133: 120: 35: 2689: 2396: 2151: 2126: 1511: 906:

Speed limit enforcement cameras were a substantial election issue in the provinces of

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Development of Strategies for Best Practice in Speed Enforcement in Western Australia

2156: 2103: 1901: 1816: 1618: 1473: 1432: 1050: 876: 760: 598: 586: 440: 3730: 2875: 1470:

Criminal on the Road: A Study of Serious Motoring Offences and Those Who Commit Them

4843: 4598: 4556: 4466: 4373: 4300: 2855: 2609: 2605: 2146: 2138: 2093: 2085: 2017: 1428: 1424: 1340: 1141: 975: 911: 646: 341: 198: 140: 27: 4153: 2537: 2072:

S M Christie; R A Lyons; F D Dunstan & S J Jones in Injury Prevention (2003).

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to measure the time taken for a vehicle to cover a known distance. More recently,

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state government to abolish the 3 km/h margin in order to increase revenue.

688: 326: 226: 101: 2142: 1631: 1452:"Speed cameras reduce road accidents and traffic deaths, according to new study" 1412:

Wilson, C; Willis, Hendrikz; Le Brocque, Bellamy (2010). Wilson, Cecilia (ed.).

469:

in May 2010 indicated that speed cameras were supported by 75% of their members.

4833: 4756: 4488: 4456: 4427: 4295: 1260: 566: 562: 555: 551: 478: 330: 320: 194: 3778: 3235: 3156:

Media Release The Hon Duncan Gay MLC Minister for Roads and Ports 27 July 2011

2859: 127:, who was subsequently convicted of using a locomotive without a licence. The 4884: 4761: 4610: 4478: 4473: 4305: 3531: 2969: 992: 872: 709:

Speed limit policy can affect enforcement. According to a 1994 report by the

570: 531: 508: 3827:"Speed cameras catch police chief's interest » Knoxville News Sentinel" 3358:"Speeding and disobedient drivers deliver a windfall for government coffers" 2802: 1592: 4483: 4431: 4415: 4340: 4280: 3597: 2973: 2867: 2824: 2617: 2160: 2107: 1436: 1324: 652:

Further information on the group, Front National Anti Radar in France:

569:

to detect police radar or LIDAR signals, with the intention of avoiding or

58: 4095:"Redflex challenges private investigators ruling – The Independent Weekly" 2827:. American Association of State Transport Highway Officials. 19 April 1994 730:

chance of being caught both contributed to changes in drivers' behaviour.

4869: 4771: 4603: 4531: 4503: 4345: 4229: 4175: 4072: 3700: 2249: 2074:"Are mobile speed cameras effective? A controlled before and after study" 1411: 1382: 1336: 1296: 1164: 1060: 915: 756: 668: 573: 50: 46: 1107:, documenting a vehicle alleged to be traveling 50 mph in a 25 mph zone. 217: 4817: 4615: 4451: 4446: 4436: 4315: 3849:"City Red Light, Speeding Cameras Bring In $ 158,811 In First 3 Months" 3362: 2089: 1614: 1368: 1251: 808: 285: 116: 20: 2594:"Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths" 1414:"Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths" 859: 763:

its cars. The company actions were challenged and defeated in court.

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Science, London School of Economics and Political (25 October 2017).

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such as generating $ 158,811 in revenue in the first three months.

1118: 926: 605: 495: 171: 3804:"Action/Legis – Red Light Cameras & Photo Radar in California" 2475:"AA causes fury by publishing its first-ever map of speed cameras" 4726: 4260: 3168:

Caradvice 27 July 2011 (includes locations of cameras turned off)

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The National Safety Camera Programme: Four Year Evaluation Report

1715: 1565: 1537: 1271: 907: 473: 222: 202: 3066:"Microsoft Word - Photo Enforcement Final Report Feb 9 2006.doc" 807:, a speed camera photograph was challenged on the basis that an 3464:"Speed cameras will stay – but no more maintenance | News" 2964:(1). Department of Rhetoric, University of Minnesota: 131–144. 804: 699: 297:

Traffic Speed Interceptor - Vehicles with speed camera used by

248: 190: 74: 2825:"AASHTO Policy Resolution: The National Statutory Speed Limit" 2007: 1316: 988: 535: 527: 351: 302: 183: 179: 39: 4198:"Multe nulle autovelox: quando le sanzioni vanno contestate" 3753:"Lawsuit Over Red-Light Cameras Heads To Ohio Supreme Court" 1961:. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. p. 12. 2899: 2203:(Report). UK Department for Transport. 2005. Archived from 2124: 1900:. Vol. 2004. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2004. p. 15. 1053:

to issue citations based on speed cameras was heard by the

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The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly

57:

set up and operated by the police and automated roadside '

3905:"Drivers concerned about 100 new speed cameras in Valley" 3550:"Section 21, traffic officer numbers reduction in the UK" 3444:"Lack of police funds could end South West speed cameras" 2772:

Making travel safer: Victoria's speed enforcement program

2250:"RAC Foundation report backs speed camera safety benefit" 1494:"MVRUS – Legislation: A summary of important legislation" 1049:, the issue of whether a city has jurisdiction under the 115:

By 1895, some drivers of early lightweight steam-powered

3466:. This is Gloucestershire. 3 August 2010. Archived from 1343:

are often combined with speed cameras in the same unit.

871:

In 2004, in a Poltech fixed speed camera on Melbourne's

833:

government of using speed cameras to raise revenue; the

3727:"Woman's Lawsuit Threatens To Remove Red-Light Cameras" 3154:

Report finds speed cameras are an effective safety tool

2958:

ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies

408:

The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras A review of evidence

151:

was formed to help motorists avoid police speed traps.

3532:"CASE OF O'HALLORAN AND FRANCIS v. THE UNITED KINGDOM" 3017:"Speed-camera van target of suspected firebomb attack" 1159:

by law to take at least two pictures of each vehicle.

350:

light sensors located perpendicular to the road, e.g.

336:

Sensors embedded in the roadway in pairs, for example

2444:"Driver upset after ticketed for flashing headlights" 19:"Speed trap" redirects here. For the jazz album, see 1358: 894:

The Victoria government forecasts that a revenue of

766: 667:

As older vehicle construction regulations allowed a

499:

UK fixed speed camera with road calibration markings

3631:"Speeding fine numbers double with cameras back on" 26:"Speedtrap" redirects here. For the 1977 film, see 4132:"Carte des radars fixes et automatiques en France" 3674:"Half of Britain's speed cameras are switched off" 3117: 3115: 3113: 2473: 1496:. UK Department of the Environment. Archived from 947:Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom 523:software can record vehicle registration numbers. 280: 2951:"Critical GPS: Toward a New Politics of Location" 2579:"Florida 'speed trap' town disbands police force" 1766:"Speed Camera Lottery Wins VW Fun Theory Contest" 1113:Some U.S. states that formerly allowed red-light 119:assumed that these would be legally classed as a 4882: 3701:"Half of UK road speed cameras are switched off" 3306:"A-G to probe use and integrity of road cameras" 3266:"State's road toll dips to its lowest on record" 3176: 3174: 1456:London School of Economics and Political Science 1407: 1405: 966:, found there was no breach of article 6 of the 951:The United Kingdom uses a variety of methods to 774: 601:was freely available for some time before that. 4073:"No details yet for end to state's photo radar" 3593:"Oxfordshire cops switch speed cameras back on" 3281: 3279: 3259: 3257: 3110: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2501: 2296: 1937:"Speed Traps: Saving Lives or Raising Revenue?" 1934: 1140:As of late 2008, cameras were placed along all 61:' systems, which may incorporate the use of an 4702:Commercial Driver's License Information System 4215: 4154:"Radarwarner: Bundesgericht kennt keine Gnade" 4001:"MyFox Phoenix | Fox 10 News | KSAZ" 3512:"Speed camera switch-off sees fewer accidents" 2305:"Speed camera switch-off sees fewer accidents" 1711:"Radar Speed Trap Warning Apparatus (Licence)" 1533:"Debate on the Royal Commission on Motor Cars" 1163:In the 2008 elections in nearby Pinal County, 1103:Two images from a speed enforcement camera in 1065:The court ruled in favor of Kelly Mendenhall. 289:Automatic traffic speed measurement in Denmark 4750:Disabled parking permits of the United States 4245: 3171: 2896:European Conference of Ministers of Transport 2302: 1402: 733: 720: 431:may overestimate the intersection's capacity. 3613:"Plan to return Oxfordshire's speed cameras" 3571:"page 147 Transport statistics 2009 edition" 3276: 3254: 3166:NSW Government switches off 38 speed cameras 3131:. Fairfax Media. 2 June 2011. Archived from 2922: 2734: 2630:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2118: 750: 237: 65:system. Traditionally, police officers used 2845: 2558: 2394: 2125:Paul Pilkington & Sanjay Kinra (2005). 1421:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1285:Pour votre sécurité, contrôles automatiques 1213:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 671:accuracy of +/- 10%, in the United Kingdom 511:, piezo strips, infrared or laser devices. 4259: 4252: 4238: 3505: 3503: 2534:"What is a Speed Trap? | Speed Traps" 2471: 2363: 2193: 1956: 1808: 319:signal that is directed at a vehicle; the 3332:"As road toll jumps, police urge caution" 2989: 2925:"State Puts Brakes on GPS Speeding Fines" 2268:"Speed camera support 'at all-time high'" 2150: 2097: 1815:. Langenscheidt Publishers. p. 318. 1654:"AA ballots on first strike in 105 years" 1233:Learn how and when to remove this message 794:Road speed limit enforcement in Australia 4684:List of countries by minimum driving age 3851:. The Chattanoogan.com. 14 November 2007 3649:"Half UK speed cameras are switched off" 3384: 3236:"Government acts on fixed speed cameras" 3208:"Victoria's speed camera saga continues" 2898:at OECD/ECMT Transport Research Centre. 2001: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 858: 545: 541: 494: 292: 284: 216: 34: 3509: 3500: 3366:. Herald and Weekly Times. 11 June 2011 3312:. Australia: Fairfax Media. 25 May 2011 3263: 3123:"'Cash cow' speed cameras raise $ 350m" 2598:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2507: 2335:"Tory Boy Racers | George Monbiot" 2225: 1763: 1504: 1449: 1443: 1059:Kelly Mendenhall et al. v. The City of 964:O’Halloran and Francis v United Kingdom 165:Prevention of Crimes Amendment Act 1885 4883: 3285: 3098:. Melbourne, Australia. 10 August 2005 2992:"Photo-Radar Van Driver Shot to Death" 2948: 2800: 2315:from the original on 18 September 2016 1764:Schultz, Jonathan (30 November 2010). 4233: 4224:RAC Foundation. Retrieved 2024-07-21. 3414:"Police set sights on super speeders" 3411: 3216:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3041: 2746:"Greater Leeway for Speeding Drivers" 2366:"Town tops league for safest driving" 2053:"Permanent Casualty Reduction Scheme" 2010:Journal of Transportation Engineering 1850: 1670: 1666:from the original on 26 January 2023. 1346: 1321:Controllo elettronico della velocità, 1129:A 2007 study of speed cameras on the 1057:on 18 September 2007, in the case of 490: 225:checking speed with a tripod-mounted 136:to 20 miles per hour (32 km/h). 3824: 3288:"Victoria's road toll at record low" 2406:Accident Research Centre. p. 6. 2345:from the original on 30 January 2011 2260: 2036:"Annex 6 TECHNOLOGY FOR ENFORCEMENT" 1973:"The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras" 1735: 1211:adding citations to reliable sources 1178: 1008: 4222:"Speed Limits A review of evidence" 3590: 2581:. Associated Press. 2 October 2014. 2376:from the original on 15 August 2016 1935:Alan Buckingham (17 October 2003). 1784:"Specs spies on speeding motorists" 1585: 863:Gatso Mobile Speed Camera, used in 159:brought a test court case in 1910 ( 13: 4740:Decriminalised parking enforcement 3490:"Town ditches fixed speed cameras" 3385:Edmonton, The (19 February 2006). 2561:"End of the Road for Speed Traps?" 2472:Bloomfield, Steve (26 June 2005). 2286:"Town ditches fixed speed cameras" 2022:10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000804 1989:from the original on 15 April 2016 1871:"Police Speed Enforcement Cameras" 1075:cameras at various intersections. 841: 798: 782: 505:automatic number plate recognition 481:claimed that the results were not 258:(ANPR) systems that use a form of 256:Automatic number plate recognition 244:Automatic number plate recognition 170:Gatsometer BV, founded in 1958 by 63:automatic number plate recognition 14: 4927: 4547:Category: Speed limits by country 4351:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 3931:"Speed cameras on U.S. highways?" 3755:. Weathernet5.com. Archived from 3286:Sexton, Reid (27 December 2009). 3264:Dowling, Jason (1 January 2009). 2990:Davenport, Paul (20 April 2009). 2744:Alexandra Smith (31 March 2011). 2228:"Speed camera benefits overrated" 2226:Webster, Ben (16 December 2005). 1749:. 9 February 1968. Archived from 1005:Speed limits in the United States 940: 914:, and were abolished by Premiers 767:Photo-enforcement employee deaths 108:Stricter regulations came in the 4190: 4168: 4146: 4124: 4109: 4087: 4065: 4055: 4029: 4019: 3993: 3974: 3962: 3945: 3923: 3897: 3510:Barrett, David (7 August 2010). 3387:"Charges won't halt photo radar" 2716:"Geschwindigkeitsüberschreitung" 2559:Brad Tuttle (2 September 2013). 2486:from the original on 24 May 2022 2420:. Whistler Group. Archived from 1840:CVC 40801 Speed Trap Prohibition 1375: 1361: 1183: 1093: 1082: 1013: 998: 394: 389: 129:Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 53:. Methods used include roadside 4176:"Autovelox e Tutor: dove sono?" 3887: 3863: 3841: 3818: 3796: 3771: 3745: 3719: 3693: 3666: 3641: 3623: 3605: 3584: 3563: 3542: 3524: 3482: 3456: 3436: 3405: 3378: 3350: 3324: 3298: 3228: 3200: 3159: 3147: 3082: 3058: 3035: 3009: 2983: 2949:Propen, Amy D. (10 June 2006). 2942: 2916: 2902:Publishing. 2006. p. 155. 2882: 2839: 2817: 2794: 2764: 2708: 2682: 2656: 2638: 2585: 2571: 2552: 2526: 2510:"The Camera That Wears a Badge" 2465: 2436: 2410: 2388: 2357: 2327: 2303:David Barrett (7 August 2010). 2278: 2242: 2219: 2171: 2065: 2045: 2028: 1965: 1950: 1928: 1914: 1888: 1863: 1844: 1829: 1802: 1776: 1757: 1743:"The Highway: Versatile VASCAR" 1716:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1703: 1646: 1624: 1566:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1538:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1472:. Routledge. 1964. p. 64. 1268:American Automobile Association 281:Instantaneous speed measurement 4694:Traffic violations reciprocity 3536:European Court of Human Rights 3042:Stern, Ray (1 December 2008). 2778:. 20 July 2006. Archived from 2610:10.1002/14651858.CD004607.pub3 2181:. The Journal. 25 October 2003 1607: 1553: 1525: 1486: 1462: 1429:10.1002/14651858.CD004607.pub3 1330: 1290: 1174: 960:European Court of Human Rights 740:traffic violations reciprocity 638:National Motorists Association 631: 1: 4717:Non-Resident Violator Compact 4659:Inter-American Driving Permit 3557:UK Parliamentary publications 3338:. Fairfax Media. 10 June 2011 1812:Insight Guide: French Riviera 1396: 953:enforce its road speed limits 848:Government of South Australia 823:Government of New South Wales 816:Roads & Traffic Authority 775:Reprisal attacks on equipment 658: 521:optical character recognition 260:optical character recognition 4664:International Driving Permit 4522:Assured clear distance ahead 4336:School bus traffic stop laws 4321:Left- and right-hand traffic 4286:Assured clear distance ahead 4156:. 20min.ch. 17 December 2008 3907:. Archive.is. Archived from 3389:. Canada.com. Archived from 3188:. News Limited. 27 June 2011 3090:"NSW Speed Cameras in Doubt" 2923:Robert Lemos (2 July 2001). 2395:Max Cameron (10 June 2008). 2364:Katie Bond (21 March 2012). 1687:. Gatsometer. Archived from 825:was reported to have raised 787: 755:In 2001, Acme-Rent-a-Car in 619:Intelligent speed adaptation 604:Mobile applications such as 384:Intelligent speed adaptation 344:strips a set distance apart. 323:is used to derive its speed. 77:systems have come into use. 7: 4911:Traffic enforcement cameras 4679:Driving licences by country 4644:Commercial driver's license 4390:Rules of the Road (Ireland) 3578:Department for Transport UK 3046:. Blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com 2508:Sharkey, Joe (4 May 2008), 2143:10.1136/bmj.38324.646574.AE 1632:"Road Traffic – 1900– 1929" 1354: 854: 812:cryptographic hash function 738:Many jurisdictions operate 10: 4932: 4654:Graduated driver licensing 4527:National Maximum Speed Law 3591:Fae, Jane (1 April 2011). 1302: 1002: 944: 791: 734:Jurisdictional reciprocity 721:Law enforcement approaches 651: 467:The Automobile Association 401:Traffic enforcement camera 398: 367: 241: 212: 149:The Automobile Association 94: 25: 18: 4808: 4780: 4725: 4692: 4634: 4587:Mobile phones and driving 4555: 4502: 4398: 4359: 4271: 4097:. Theind.com. 19 May 2008 3336:The Sydney Morning Herald 3240:Media Release 14 May 2004 2860:10.1007/s10979-010-9234-4 2776:Victorian Auditor General 1278: 1022:This article needs to be 901: 875:recorded a four-cylinder 751:Extrajudicial enforcement 594:UK Automobile Association 561:Some drivers use passive 483:statistically significant 358: 338:electromagnetic induction 238:Average speed measurement 4850:"How's my driving?" sign 4707:Driver License Agreement 4649:European driving licence 4379:The Highway Code (Malta) 3871:"study of speed cameras" 2137:(12 February): 331–334. 1615:'Obstructing the Police' 1310: 526:Types of camera include 376: 4906:Road traffic management 4745:Disabled parking permit 4542:Speed limits by country 4537:Speed limit enforcement 4121:. Retrieved 2024-07-21. 3294:. Melbourne, Australia. 3272:. Melbourne, Australia. 3242:. Office of the Premier 1561:"MOTOR CAR LEGISLATION" 1391:Speed limits by country 1153:National Safety Council 1131:Arizona State Route 101 1105:Mount Rainier, Maryland 626:Highway location marker 447:British Medical Journal 382:2011 - 2020 section on 105:violations of the law. 84:British Medical Journal 4828:Drivers' working hours 4800:Clunk Click Every Trip 4735:Alternate-side parking 4712:Driver License Compact 4421:Field sobriety testing 3969:San Diego Court Ruling 2848:Law and Human Behavior 2179:"Cameras are for cash" 1248:Southern United States 984:Freedom of Information 868: 704:Mexican highway patrol 558: 500: 418:According to the 2003 305: 290: 230: 43: 4592:Texting while driving 4512:85th percentile speed 4326:Bidirectional traffic 4311:New Zealand Road Code 4291:Australian Road Rules 3128:Sydney Morning Herald 2418:"Radar detectors FAQ" 2370:Thisiswiltshire.co.uk 1836:CVC 40802 Speed Traps 1045:In the U.S. state of 968:Human Rights Act 1998 862: 599:GPS-based information 549: 542:Avoidance and evasion 498: 296: 288: 220: 38: 4839:Epilepsy and driving 4517:Advisory speed limit 4442:Road traffic control 3806:. Highwayrobbery.net 3759:on 28 September 2007 2803:"Inaccurate Speedos" 1512:"History of Farnham" 1500:on 3 September 2009. 1207:improve this section 4865:Slow moving vehicle 4855:Old age and driving 4406:Parking enforcement 4178:. Poliziadistato.it 3990:, 9 December 2008. 3911:on 16 December 2008 3883:on 4 December 2008. 3733:on 16 December 2008 3517:The Daily Telegraph 2805:. trafficlaw.com.au 2720:bussgeldkatalog.org 2664:"Speed Enforcement" 2424:on 4 September 2010 2309:The Daily Telegraph 2256:. 24 November 2010. 1959:NCHRP Synthesis 310 1957:Hugh McGee (2003). 1809:Brian Bell (2001). 1753:on 29 October 2010. 1662:. 3 February 2010. 1659:The Daily Telegraph 1115:enforcement cameras 865:Victoria, Australia 803:In August 2005, in 636:Groups such as the 221:Police officers in 110:Locomotive Act 1865 4823:Digital tachograph 4795:Click It or Ticket 4621:Vehicular homicide 4582:Distracted driving 4007:on 15 January 2009 3986:9 May 2009 at the 3933:. CNN. 4 June 2009 3619:. 2 November 2010. 3393:on 8 November 2012 2694:verkehrslexikon.de 2090:10.1136/ip.9.4.302 1980:Racfoundation.ortg 1770:The New York Times 1347:Spain and Portugal 1257:Damascus, Arkansas 1250:, some towns have 1069:Patagonia, Arizona 1055:Ohio Supreme Court 925:In February 2006, 869: 821:In June 2011, the 761:GPS tracking units 559: 501: 491:Evidence gathering 306: 291: 265:mean value theorem 231: 205:by February 1968. 176:Maurice Gatsonides 134:Motor Car Act 1903 121:horseless carriage 81:camera sites. The 44: 4878: 4877: 4782:Automotive safety 4767:Parking violation 4626:Wrong-way driving 4557:Moving violations 4273:Rules of the road 4202:Quotidiano Motori 4134:. Linternaute.com 3707:. 4 November 2017 2909:978-92-821-0377-7 2782:on 2 October 2009 2540:on 28 August 2015 2450:. 30 January 2008 2404:Monash University 2078:Injury Prevention 1907:978-0-13-114957-1 1897:Police Technology 1822:978-1-58573-148-0 1341:red light cameras 1266:For decades, the 1243: 1242: 1235: 1051:Ohio Constitution 1043: 1042: 976:traffic accidents 937:the speed limit. 873:Western Ring Road 441:Injury Prevention 125:John Henry Knight 4923: 4916:Road speed limit 4844:Hours of service 4669:Learner's permit 4636:Driver licensing 4599:Reckless driving 4565:Impaired driving 4411:Impaired driving 4384:Road Users' Code 4374:The Highway Code 4361:Road user guides 4301:Green Cross Code 4254: 4247: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4128: 4122: 4119:TheNewspaper.com 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4039:. Archived from 4033: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4003:. Archived from 3997: 3991: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3876:. Archived from 3875: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3729:. Archived from 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3470:on 6 August 2010 3460: 3454: 3453: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3420:. Archived from 3418:Edmonton Journal 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3178: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3119: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3019:. Archived from 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2996:MyFoxPhoenix.com 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2972:. Archived from 2955: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2891:Speed Management 2886: 2880: 2879: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2604:(11): CD004607. 2589: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2536:. Archived from 2530: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2477: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2341:. 26 July 2010. 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2207:on 29 March 2010 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2154: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2101: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1988: 1977: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1842: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1691:on 10 March 2010 1681: 1668: 1667: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1628: 1622: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1423:(10): CD004607. 1418: 1409: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1246:funding. In the 1238: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1187: 1179: 1097: 1086: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1017: 1016: 1009: 912:British Columbia 897: 846:In 2010/11, the 828: 647:traffic injuries 327:LIDAR speed guns 313:Radar speed guns 178:, produced the ' 141:royal commission 28:Speedtrap (film) 4931: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4901:Law enforcement 4881: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4804: 4776: 4721: 4688: 4630: 4551: 4498: 4437:Pretextual stop 4394: 4369:Driver's manual 4355: 4267: 4258: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4043:on 13 June 2009 4035: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3988:Wayback Machine 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3825:Humphrey, Tom. 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3589: 3585: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3538:. 29 June 2007. 3530: 3529: 3525: 3508: 3501: 3496:. 31 July 2009. 3488: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3452:. 22 July 2010. 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3424:on 11 July 2014 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3284: 3277: 3262: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3213:The 7.30 Report 3206: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3121: 3120: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3023:on 20 June 2011 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2742: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2623: 2622: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2506: 2502: 2489: 2487: 2480:The Independent 2470: 2466: 2453: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2297: 2292:. 31 July 2009. 2284: 2283: 2279: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2123: 2119: 2070: 2066: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1762: 1758: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1722: 1720: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1692: 1683: 1682: 1671: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1572: 1570: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1448: 1444: 1416: 1410: 1403: 1399: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1349: 1333: 1313: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1239: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1204: 1188: 1177: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1018: 1014: 1007: 1001: 949: 943: 920:Gordon Campbell 904: 895: 857: 844: 842:South Australia 835:Auditor-General 826: 801: 799:New South Wales 796: 790: 785: 783:Regional issues 777: 769: 753: 736: 723: 689:New South Wales 661: 656: 634: 567:LIDAR detectors 563:radar detectors 544: 493: 403: 397: 392: 379: 370: 361: 283: 246: 240: 227:LIDAR speed gun 215: 161:Betts v Stevens 102:Locomotive Acts 97: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4929: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4841: 4836: 4834:Drowsy driving 4831: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4790:Seat belt laws 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4757:Double parking 4754: 4753: 4752: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4604:Brake checking 4596: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4491: 4489:Traffic ticket 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4428:Highway patrol 4425: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4296:Boulevard rule 4293: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4257: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4234: 4227: 4226: 4214: 4189: 4167: 4145: 4123: 4116:"HLS 09RS-632" 4108: 4086: 4064: 4054: 4028: 4018: 3992: 3973: 3961: 3944: 3922: 3896: 3886: 3862: 3840: 3829:. Knoxnews.com 3817: 3795: 3770: 3744: 3718: 3692: 3665: 3640: 3622: 3604: 3583: 3562: 3541: 3523: 3499: 3481: 3455: 3435: 3412:Wittmeier, B. 3404: 3377: 3349: 3323: 3297: 3275: 3253: 3227: 3199: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3135:on 4 June 2011 3109: 3081: 3057: 3034: 3008: 2982: 2979:on 9 May 2009. 2941: 2915: 2908: 2881: 2854:(3): 221–234. 2838: 2816: 2793: 2763: 2733: 2707: 2681: 2655: 2637: 2584: 2570: 2551: 2525: 2514:New York Times 2500: 2464: 2435: 2409: 2387: 2356: 2326: 2295: 2277: 2259: 2241: 2218: 2192: 2170: 2117: 2084:(4): 302–306. 2064: 2044: 2027: 2000: 1964: 1949: 1927: 1924:. 2 June 2010. 1913: 1906: 1887: 1875:Safer motoring 1862: 1843: 1828: 1821: 1801: 1790:. 14 July 2005 1775: 1756: 1734: 1719:. 2 March 1967 1702: 1669: 1645: 1623: 1606: 1584: 1569:. 16 July 1907 1552: 1524: 1503: 1485: 1478: 1461: 1442: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1372: 1356: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1332: 1329: 1323:and marked in 1312: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1292: 1289: 1280: 1277: 1261:Waldo, Florida 1241: 1240: 1191: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1102: 1101: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1041: 1040: 1021: 1019: 1012: 1000: 997: 945:Main article: 942: 941:United Kingdom 939: 903: 900: 856: 853: 843: 840: 800: 797: 792:Main article: 789: 786: 784: 781: 776: 773: 768: 765: 752: 749: 744:demerit points 735: 732: 722: 719: 660: 657: 633: 630: 587:Citizen's Band 556:LIDAR detector 543: 540: 492: 489: 488: 487: 479:George Monbiot 470: 462: 452: 436: 432: 428: 424: 416: 412: 399:Main article: 396: 393: 391: 388: 378: 375: 369: 366: 360: 357: 356: 355: 345: 342:Piezo-electric 334: 331:time of flight 324: 321:Doppler effect 282: 279: 239: 236: 214: 211: 195:North Carolina 193:was in use in 157:Lord Alverston 96: 93: 73:and automated 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4928: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4762:Parking chair 4760: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:Street racing 4609: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4575:United States 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Traffic guard 4477: 4475: 4474:Traffic court 4472: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306:Move over law 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4223: 4218: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4177: 4171: 4155: 4149: 4133: 4127: 4120: 4117: 4112: 4096: 4090: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3954: 3948: 3932: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3844: 3828: 3821: 3805: 3799: 3784: 3783:Speedtrap.org 3780: 3774: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3637:. 5 May 2011. 3636: 3632: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3439: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3280: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3067: 3061: 3045: 3038: 3022: 3018: 3012: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2826: 2820: 2804: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2633: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2580: 2574: 2566: 2565:Time magazine 2562: 2555: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2468: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2405: 2398: 2391: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2180: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2048: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2004: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1968: 1960: 1953: 1938: 1931: 1923: 1917: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1805: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1634:. swarb.co.uk 1633: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1594: 1588: 1581: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1541:. 24 May 1906 1540: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1513: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1359: 1352: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1308: 1300: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1237: 1234: 1226: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1192:This section 1190: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1151:In 2017, the 1149: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1096: 1085: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1037: 1025: 1020: 1011: 1010: 1006: 999:United States 996: 994: 993:Truvelo Combi 990: 985: 980: 977: 971: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 948: 938: 936: 930: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 899: 892: 889: 885: 881: 878: 874: 866: 861: 852: 849: 839: 836: 832: 824: 819: 817: 813: 810: 806: 795: 780: 772: 764: 762: 758: 748: 745: 741: 731: 729: 718: 714: 712: 707: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 685: 682:The state of 680: 676: 674: 670: 665: 655: 650: 648: 643: 639: 629: 627: 622: 620: 615: 611: 607: 602: 600: 595: 592:In 2006, the 590: 588: 582: 580: 575: 572: 568: 564: 557: 553: 548: 539: 537: 533: 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