Albanian–Soviet split

1034:"came to Tirana with the mission of seizing not only the eight submarines ... but even the submarines which we had taken over earlier. We told him bluntly: Either you hand the submarines over to us according to the agreement, or within a short time (we set the date) you must withdraw immediately from the bay ... He did not hand over the submarines, but went to Vlora, boarded the command submarine and lined up the others in fighting formation. We gave orders to close the Sazan Narrows and to train the guns on the Soviet ships. Admiral Kasatonov, who had wanted to frighten us, was frightened himself. He was caught like a rat in a trap and if he attempted to implement his plan he might find himself at the bottom of the sea. In these conditions the admiral was obliged to take only the submarines with Soviet crews, and he sailed out of the bay back home with his tail between his legs." 926:

Khrushchev replied, "If our ambassador said such a thing, he was foolish." Hoxha in turn replied, "He was no fool. He committed this 'foolishness' following the Bucharest Meeting." The subject eventually came to the Vlora naval base, which was the subject of a Soviet–Albanian dispute to become acute months later. Khrushchev threatened Hoxha, saying, "We can dismantle the base if you like." Hoxha replied, "If you dismantle the base you will be making a big mistake. We have fought empty-bellied and bare-footed, but have never kowtowed to anybody." As the meeting's atmosphere became increasingly hostile Khrushchev declared, "You flare up in anger. You spat on me; no one can talk to you." The meeting ended after Kapo declared, "I do not agree that the talks should be conducted like this."

242: 746:, the Soviet Defense Minister who was visiting the country with him, "Look, how marvelous this is! An ideal base for our submarines could be built here. These old things should be dug up and thrown into the sea ... We shall have the most ideal and most secure base in the Mediterranean. From here we can paralyze and attack everything." He was also said to have remarked to Hoxha to turn his country "into a flourishing garden," suggested he make it an attractive holiday spot for Soviet tourists, and rather than produce grain, Albania should focus on growing oranges for export. Khrushchev allegedly said, "The Soviet Union has such an abundance of grain that the mice eat more than you can produce here." 897:

means that the danger which the Khrushchev group represents for the world communist movement is not understood. It does not depend on us whether this group should continue in power or not, but it is essential that we, should expose this group with Khrushchev at the head, as they deserve ... we shall not allow ourselves to be impressed by those who say: 'How can one attack the glorious Soviet Union or the great Communist Party of Lenin for the faults of a few rascals?' We say: Precisely to defend the Soviet Union and the Party of Lenin, these 'rascals' must be exposed, and there must be no toning down of criticism or covering up of the deviationists."

844:, remarked to an Albanian military delegation that they would not get military equipment agreed upon beforehand, saying, "You are only in the Warsaw Pact for the time being, anyway." Attempts were made to inoculate anti-government views in Albanian students studying abroad in the USSR and to convince the armed forces to go against the government. According to an Albanian account, the Soviet embassy in Albania also "carried out intensive diversionist activity in order to create an atmosphere of uncertainty and ideological confusion about the correct line of the PLA ." In July, a military plot headed by Soviet-trained Rear Admiral 194: 154: 293: 282: 130: 254: 630:

the line of the Party of Labour, calling for a review of the case of Xoxe along with other political and economic policies and phenomena. However, Hoxha entered the conference and managed to defeat these proposals. The Third Congress of the Party of Labour was convened a month later, electing a Central Committee and Politburo "composed of staunch Hoxha loyalists" while also demonstrating "Hoxha's first public defiance of the Soviet Union" by refusing to rehabilitate Xoxe and other persons linked with, or otherwise supportive of, rapprochement with Yugoslavia.

722:

Griffith wrote that "the statement leaned strongly toward the Russian position but usually was sufficiently ambiguous so that the Chinese and Albanians could (and did) interpret it in their favor." In a notable example, the Albanian and Chinese view that revisionism was the "principal danger in the communist world" existed alongside the Soviet view that the 20th Party Congress "opened a new stage in the international communist movement," but despite this the declaration was considered overall by both Albania and China as an ideological victory.

140: 1015:

countries ... On April 5, 1961, in a letter addressed to the governments of the Soviet Union and the East-European states it resolutely reaffirmed that it accepted only one solution of the problem: the base of Vlora belonged to Albania and all the naval means that were its property should be handed over to Albanian crew as soon as possible. Any other solution was an act which would lead to the unilateral violation on the part of the Soviet Union of the existing Albanian–Soviet agreements of the years 1957 and 1959."

810:

the differences which had emerged between China and the Soviet Union would be discussed ... we had heard only one side of the argument, the Soviet side, and we were not acquainted with the objections of the Chinese ... They had to be thrashed out thoroughly, they had to be studied carefully, and time was required for this. Therefore our Party sent Comrade Hysni Kapo to Bucharest to discuss only the date of the future meeting," for decisions besides this date were not to be taken at the Conference itself.

934:

from us, either by means of political and economic pressure, or by means of threats and names they might call us." According to Alia, Khrushchev "tried to appear calm" when first replying, reading his written text "almost mechanically" in regards to China but as soon as he began to reply to Hoxha's speech "he lost his head and began to shout, scream and splutter." Khrushchev was said to have angrily remarked, "Comrade Hoxha, you have poured a bucket of filth over me: you are going to have to wash it off again."

468: 206: 318: 307: 169: 180: 218: 529:

Albania did not generate enough return for Soviet interests and their strategic interests'. Reacting to early post-Stalin Soviet pressure on the East European countries to pursue economic and political reforms, Albania announced slight changes in planning priorities and some willingness to improve state relations with Yugoslavia as the Soviets were doing. There was also a reshuffling of political portfolios in line with the Soviet re-emphasis on the principle of

918:

voluminous material against China before the meeting, in order to prepare the terrain and to brainwash the delegations of other parties, and to intimidate the Chinese, to compel them to take a moderate stand, if they would not submit. This anti-Chinese material did not surprise us, but it strengthened the conviction we had in the correctness of the line and the Marxist–Leninist stands of our Party in defence of the Communist Party of China."

230: 735:

of pressuring Albania's leadership into building up Yugoslav–Albanian and Soviet–Albanian ties and also to, in the words of historian Miranda Vickers, "focus their economy on the growing of citrus fruits rather than concentrate on industrialization and the expansion of their oil industry ... Khrushchev's visit was clouded by an atmosphere of mistrust, which culminated in a hurried departure two days earlier than scheduled."

595:

polemic with modern revisionism, have their official beginning in Khrushchev's report to the 20th Congress ... we saw how the Khrushchevites, in order to consolidate their power, operated allegedly with "a great party spirit", "free from the fear of Stalin" ... Every good thing of the past was distorted, allegedly in light of the "new situations", "new developments", "new roads and possibilities", in order to go ahead.

750:

began applying its first signs of economic pressure on Albania in March 1960, stating its intention to alter a scholarship agreement for Albanians to study in the USSR in which the Soviets paid 60 percent of tuition costs and upkeep for the students. This threat was subsequently retracted on the eve of the Bucharest Conference in June that year, possibly in an attempt not to push Albania further into the Chinese orbit.

1046:'for 30 pieces of silver' ... They would rather die honourably on their feet than live in shame on their knees." Nicholas C. Pano noted that " pronouncements , at least insofar as the Soviet leadership was concerned, had made the policies of de-Stalinization, peaceful coexistence, and reconciliation with Yugoslavia adopted at the 20th Congress of the CPSU binding upon the members of the communist system." 958:

repudiation of revisionist theses ... condemned the Yugoslav form of 'international opportunism which is a concentrated expression of the theories of modern revisionism.' ... the Soviet revisionists and the revisionists in other countries and parties demonstrated their opportunistic character by completely disregarding the principles set forth in a document they had found it expedient to sign."

1050:

demanding that the personnel of the Albanian embassy and the Albanian commercial adviser should leave the territory of the Soviet Union." "Thus," the Albanian account continues, "the Khrushchev revisionist group, consistent in its line, cut off all relations with socialist Albania at a time when it maintained contacts with and was drawing ever closer to the most reactionary regimes of the world."

1062:

ideological disagreements to the field of state relations and began to behave with the PRA as towards an enemy country ... he aims to intimidate and subjugate the PLA, to shift it from its revolutionary Marxist–Leninist positions, to shake the confidence of our people in the PLA and its leadership, to upset the feelings of friendship of the Albanian people towards the Soviet Union ...

922:

going to follow these parties, but without mentioning any names ... wanted to keep all the communist and workers' parties of the world under his conductor's baton, under his dictate." On November 12, a private meeting was held between members of the Albanian delegation including Hoxha and members of the Soviet leadership, which "showed that no compromise between them was possible."

893:. Alia later recalled: "the aim of the Soviets was to ensure that our Party did not come out against their party and Khrushchev, did not bring the fight out in the open, and speak about Bucharest and the contradictions which existed. To this end, they created around our delegation a harsh and dangerous atmosphere, in which open threats were combined with cunning flattery." 832:

for the Albanian People's Army, from food and clothing to weapons and technical equipment whose delivery had been approved by the Joint Command of the Warsaw Treaty. The countries of Eastern Europe, too, set out on the course of aggravating relations with the PRA and created a difficult situation by setting up a blockade on Albania jointly with the Soviet government.

667:, Hoxha defended Stalin's legacy and attacked the Yugoslavs – but not the Soviet leadership by name. He added that, "In blackening Stalin, the enemies are not concerned about him as a person, but their aim is to discredit the Soviet Union, the socialist system, and the international communist movement, consequently, to undermine the workers' faith in socialism." 1011:

and Navy, Antonov, and the deputy chief of the Supreme Staff of the Soviet Navy, Sergeyev. They came allegedly 'to reach agreement', but in fact they brought us an ultimatum: The Vlora base must be put completely and solely under Soviet command, which was to be subordinate to the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty."

999:

friends and brothers have a right to benefit." On August 19, the Soviet ambassador to Albania left Tirana "and was never to return." On August 26, "only five days before the beginning of the fall semester," the Soviets canceled scholarships for Albanian students studying in the USSR; these students were given a deadline to leave by October.

946:

measures ... Hysni and Ramiz stayed on in Moscow, as they had to sign the declaration" while Hoxha left the Soviet Union by train and "arrived in Austria, went down by train through Italy and from Bari returned safe and sound to Tirana on our own aircraft and went directly to the reception organized on the occasion of the

679:

Stalin did, which caused all these things we know about." The meeting became increasingly acrimonious and when the subject of rehabilitating disgraced Albanian politicians came up Khrushchev eventually concluded, "You are like Stalin who killed people," to which Hoxha replied, "Stalin killed traitors, and we kill them, too."

561:

Khrushchev sent a letter to the leaders of the parties of the Eastern Bloc in which the Cominform resolutions denouncing Yugoslavia in the 1948–1949 period were criticised for allegedly forcing Tito and the rest of the Yugoslav leadership "into the arms of the United States and Great Britain and had led to Yugoslavia's

578:

with all the parties interested in this issue." With only Albania among the Eastern Bloc states opposing Khrushchev's move, the Soviets succeeded in unilaterally rehabilitating Tito's standing within the international communist movement and apologized for past Soviet activities in relation to Yugoslavia.

974:

According to an Albanian account, "Right after the 4th Congress of the PLA, when it became clear that its attempts at imposing its will on Albania were futile, the Soviet leadership cut off all the credits envisaged in the agreements between the two countries." The Congress, which was the last one in

921:

On November 10, 1960, the second International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties was convened. As Hoxha recalled, "In his speech Khrushchev expressed the revisionist views completely and attacked the Communist Party of China and the Party of Labour of Albania, as well as those who were

805:

took his place. The stated purpose of the Conference was to have "the character of a preliminary meeting of the representatives of the communist and workers' parties, mainly for the purpose of 'exchanging opinions' and taking a joint decision on the date and place of a future meeting of the communist

734:

At the end of 1958, Comecon had begun to push for what was later termed an "international socialist division of labor," in which Albania was relegated to "the task of supplying the member states with agricultural and mineral raw materials." In May 1959, Khrushchev paid a visit to Albania with the aim

678:

He once more said that the Yugoslav leadership failed to understand "any of its grave mistakes and deviations," to which Khrushchev replied that Yugoslavia did not betray Marxism–Leninism though it had "slipped" from its positions. "According to you," Khrushchev continued, "we ought to return to what

573:

Tito, a move which encouraged reformist and dissident trends in Eastern Europe. The Albanian government had received a letter two days before the Soviet delegation was to leave Moscow. The Soviets requested the Albanians approve a statement drawn up by Khrushchev in the name of the Information Bureau

452:

on its soil. A combination of these factors led Stalin to initially have been "both curious and suspicious about the only leader of a Communist regime in the Soviet bloc who escaped from any historical ties or contact with the Soviet Union." This, Halliday continues, "was true not just of Hoxha as an

1118:

In July 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc and political upheaval in Albania itself, Alia announced the restoration of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. In an official communiqué the Soviets "attributed the normalisation to the better political climate in Europe, and the state radio

1114:

Writing in 1988, Ramiz Alia reiterated the Albanian view that, "The revisionist current most dangerous to the world communist movement has been and still is Soviet revisionism" and that, "To oppose the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which had great political and theoretical authority, meant to

1084:

in which he stated that, "Despite the fact that Khrushchev was the head of modern revisionism, his political liquidation as a person does not mean the liquidation of his political, ideological, economic and organizational course ... Khrushchevite revisionism is not dead, his ideology and policy

1006:

Military pressure was stepped up still further; during summer "the training of all Albanian officers, cadets, and noncoms in the Soviet Union or the East European satellite countries was brought to a stop. Since then, there has been not a single Albanian studying at a military academy in the Eastern

1002:

An Albanian account of the economy during this period states observes "the foreign specialists left unfinished about 40 important objects of the 2nd Five-year Plan in the industrial sector alone. Difficulties increased even more after the cessation of military aid. Thus in the first years of the 3rd

674:

Hoxha later recalled the meeting as follows: Khrushchev advised the Albanians to improve their relations with Yugoslavia, to which Hoxha replied, "We have always wanted to have good relations with Yugoslavia, but to put it bluntly, we do not trust the Yugoslav leaders, because they speak against the

604:

believed to be a means to separate the world into influential provinces in which each side would occupy complete control. One anti-revisionist author described Khrushchev's policy as follows: "Khrushchev made it clear that he was prepared to give up international class struggle, renouncing on behalf

1130:

In 2020, the building of the former state security house and headquarters of Albania's KGB was opened for public visitation. The 'Museum of Secret Surveillance' commemorates Albania's popular experience of World War Two and Cold War Secret Surveillance that occurred during their 1944-1991 relations

1010:

Hoxha later recalled: "When we returned from Moscow , the provocations at the base were increased and in order to exert pressure on and impress us, the Soviet deputy foreign minister, Firyubin, came to Tirana with two other 'deputies': the first deputy-chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Army

970:

At the Fourth Congress of the Party of Labour held in February 1961, Hoxha declared—although still not mentioning the Soviets by name—that, "During the past few years, our Party and other Marxist–Leninist parties have waged a successful struggle against the views of modern revisionists ... But

933:

According to Khrushchev, Hoxha said—amongst other things—that the Party of Labour and Albania itself "should merely applaud and approve, but express no opinion of its own. But this is neither Marxist nor acceptable. Marxism–Leninism has granted us the right to have our say, and no one can take this

909:

From November 3–25, Enver Hoxha headed the Albanian delegation which would present its case at the Second International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties together with Kapo, Alia, and others. Alia later noted, "The Soviets' aim was to ensure that Comrade Enver did not speak openly in

896:

Hoxha once again communicated via radiogram, writing to Kapo on October 13: "We are not of the same opinion as those who are trying to smooth out the problems by means of phrases in resolutions or declarations ... We are for carrying the matter through to the end. If this is not understood, it

831:

cut systematically all economic aid to Albania. It delayed and in some cases ceased altogether the delivery of goods and industrial equipment to Albania, refused to ship the grain our people were in urgent need of ... sell not through clearing but in free currency ... stopped all supplies

809:

In his memoirs Hoxha describes the Conference as being a "putsch" and adds, "The revisionist renegades needed another meeting of international communism to gain approval for their old plan for the final legitimization of modern revisionism," he did not attend because " suspected that the problem of

716:

would take part as a "party of a socialist country", but if possible also, to ensure that Tito would reach agreement with Khrushchev over the platform ... Each side wanted to exploit the meeting for its own aims: Khrushchev, to declare "unity", even with painful concessions to satisfy and draw

670:

As a result of the February plenum of 1957, which was seen as directly rebuffing many post-Stalin Soviet views, the Soviet leadership invited Hoxha to visit Moscow in April that year allegedly for consultations. Instead, Khrushchev called on Hoxha to rehabilitate and reinstate party members who had

633:

Although the Third Party Congress did not openly criticize the 20th Party Congress of the CPSU partly because "the real aims of were still not fully recognized", and because of a perceived necessity to preserve the unity of the international communist movement, it did declare the line of the Party

495:

From that point onward, relations between Albania and the Soviet Union were relatively close until March 5, 1953, following the death of Stalin. In the words of historian Nicholas C. Pano, "by the beginning of 1949, Albania had progressed from the status of a sub-satellite to that of a full-fledged

1106:

excluded from the Pact since 1961, "on September 13, 1968, at an extraordinary session the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Albania decided to denounce this Treaty and exonerate Albania from any obligation deriving from it." In the 1970s, the alliance between Albania and China against

1061:

The real cause must be sought in the revisionist views of Khrushchev and in his anti-Marxist efforts to impose them on the other parties by any means ... with a view to silencing our Party, to subjugating it and giving a lesson to anyone that would dare to oppose him, Khrushchev extended the

1049:

Despite Albanian calls for the continued existence of state relations between the two countries, the Soviet government formally withdrew its ambassador on November 25, and on December 3, withdrew "the whole personnel of its embassy and commercial representation from the PRA, while at the same time

929:

Hoxha delivered his speech to the Conference on November 16, where he spoke "of the tremendous Soviet pressures to which the Albanian party and government had been subjected after the Bucharest meeting ... The only crime his régime had committed, the Albanian leader added, was that it did not

925:

During the meeting Hoxha noted that " has asked to whom the Albanian army will be loyal. This question he addressed to our generals at the airport, in the presence of one of your generals. Our officers replied that our army would be loyal to Marxism–Leninism, to the Party of Labour and socialism."

629:

of Bulgaria; Hoxha was also an obvious target for removal due to his intransigent position on Yugoslavia. The Soviets sought without success to force Hoxha to rehabilitate Koçi Xoxe. In April 1956, a party conference was held in Tirana: various delegates, inspired by Khrushchev's actions, attacked

594:

all the distortions of the major issues of principle, such as those about the character of our epoch, the roads of transition to socialism, peaceful coexistence, war and peace, the stand towards modern revisionism and towards imperialism, etc., etc., which later became the basis of the great, open

577:

On May 25, the Central Committee of the Party of Labour sent a letter to its Soviet counterpart, stating among other things, "In our opinion such a hasty (and ill-considered) decision on an issue of great importance and of principle" was conducted "without first making a profound analysis together

560:

Jon Halliday noted that Moscow and Tirana's relationship was observably good until late 1950s, but Khrushchev's rapprochement with Yugoslavia in 1955 and his denunciation of Stalin in 1956 were the two main issues responsible for the deterioration of relations between the two states. In June 1954,

1065:

But Khrushchev is trying in vain ... Under the leadership of the PLA, the Albanian people have scored historic victories in the course of these 20 years: they liberated the country from the fascist invaders and established the people's state power, reconstructed the war-ravaged country,

1045:

He further stated that "The imperialists are always prepared to pay 30 pieces of silver to those who split the Communist ranks." To this Hoxha replied in a November 7 speech, "the Albanian people and their Party of Labor will even live on grass if need be, but they will never sell themselves

1041:

in October that year, Khrushchev openly attacked the Albanian leadership, proclaiming Hoxha a "leftist nationalist deviationist" and calling for his overthrow, declaring that, "We are certain the time will come when the Albanian communists and the Albanian people will have their say, and then the

1022:

in the process. As the Albanian account describes it, "The Soviet sailors and officers carried out numerous provocations, trying by all manner of means to create a pretext for the Soviet military intervention in Albania ... On May 26, it seized in a demonstrative manner eight submarines, the

1014:

An Albanian account describes the dispute as follows: "By violating the formal Albanian–Soviet agreements signed in September 1957 and May 1959, the Soviet government did everything in its power to put under its control this Albanian base which at the same time served the defence of the socialist

937:

Jon Halliday states "on this occasion Hoxha truly succeeded in putting himself and Albania on the world map. His denunciation of Khrushchev made headlines round the world and even his harshest critics usually concede Hoxha turned in an able performance and showed personal courage." In retirement,

868:

While in China Belishova made contact with the Soviet embassy there, telling them what the Chinese had told her without authorization from the Albanian Politburo. Belishova and Koço Tashko, Chairman of the Central Auditing Committee, shared leadership of the pro–Soviet faction. Foreign journalist

749:

By the beginning of 1960, Albania and China had concurred "on such questions as Yugoslav revisionism, global strategy, and de-Stalinization", and the Albanian leadership made "little secret of their sympathies for the Chinese stand." With the Sino-Soviet split also deepening the Soviet leadership

725:

In Hoxha's view, "The whole concern of the Soviet Khrushchevites was 'to preserve unity', to keep the socialist countries and the communist parties of different countries in check ... They retreated, held back temporarily, in order to gather strength and take their revisionist revenge in the

453:

individual, but of almost the entire leading group in Albania." Despite this, however, for Halliday, Hoxha's cult of personality made him "the quintessential Stalinist". Halliday considers that many of the reasons used by Nikita Khrushchev to denounce Josef Stalin, were applicable to Enver Hoxha.

917:

On November 5, a 125-page letter was sent from the Central Committee of the CPSU to its Chinese counterpart ignoring the existence of Albania as a socialist country and "malign the Party of Labour of Albania." Later noting this letter in regards to China, Hoxha wrote that, "They distributed this

905:

and Kapo, in which the former asked, "Are you Hysni Kapo?! I've heard so much about you ..." Kapo replied, "For good or bad?" to which Furtseva stated, "You have attacked the Soviet Union, but you are heading for trouble on that course," getting "the reply she deserved" from Kapo, with Alia

691:

to Albania in late-1957 for Albania's Third Five-Year Plan and among other things forgave $ 105 million in past debts Albania owed the Soviet Union. These efforts proved unsuccessful in persuading the Albanians to change their course. James S. O'Donnell observed that the Soviets, then in an

1099:

An Albanian account discussing the invasion notes, "Albania resolutely denounced this act, calling it 'an aggression of the fascist type' which 'represented the greatest debasement of the honour and authority of the Soviet Union and the Soviet people on the part of the Khrushchevite revisionist

957:

At the Conference itself the Albanian delegation played a leading role together with its Chinese counterpart in giving the draft declaration "Marxist–Leninist content", and despite "serious flaws" (in the view of these delegations) "the Declaration eventually signed by the 81 parties was a

550:

should be appointed first secretary of the party ..." Hence, right from the start Khrushchev was for pushing Bierut aside in the leadership of the party ... were giving the green light for all the revisionist elements, who, up till yesterday, were wriggling and keeping a low profile,

528:

A meeting with Soviet leaders held in June that year further raised his suspicions about the intentions of the new leadership, as did a reduction in Soviet and Eastern Bloc aid to Albania in early-1954 as Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev 'generally believed that the trade cost for the support of

1115:

isolate oneself, at least for a time, from most of the communist parties of the world. Precisely here lies the heroism of the Party of Labour of Albania, the majesty of its decision, and its courage and determination for the cause of Marxism–Leninism, for the cause of socialism and communism."

1069:

On this course, marching shoulder to shoulder with the sister Marxist–Leninist parties and the fraternal peoples of the socialist countries, as well as with all the revolutionary forces of the world, our Party and people will score complete victory over the imperialist and revisionist enemies.

998:

sent a letter five days later which effectively signaled the end to Soviet–Albanian trade agreements. Among other things it stated that "It is understandable that the Albanian leadership cannot expect in the future that the USSR will help it as it has in the past, with aid from which only true

826:

After the Conference ended, Khrushchev stepped up economic pressure on Albania, delaying a reply concerning 50,000 tons of requested grain to offset an acute food shortage caused by drought, and then issuing significant reductions in the amount of grain shipments. According to an Albanian

813:

In the words of Nicholas C. Pano, "Khrushchev attempted to transform the Bucharest Conference into a communist summit meeting for the purpose of securing the condemnation of the Chinese" with Kapo being the only representative of a European party "to refrain from criticizing Peking, to attack

721:

The Albanian delegation led by Hoxha worked with the Chinese and other like-minded delegations to the Conference in drafting a declaration alongside the CPSU and the pro–Soviet parties, with the resulting document being described by some Western observers as a compromise; historian William E.

541:

Khrushchev told us that the other sister parties had been told of the Soviet "experience" of who should be first secretary of the party and who prime minister in the countries of people's democracy. "We talked over these questions with the Polish comrades before the congress of their party,"

961:

On December 19, Hoxha delivered his report to a plenum of the Central Committee of the Party concerning the Moscow Conference, remarking on the mutual defenses Albania and China provided for each other at Bucharest and Moscow and adding, "In the future our Party will strengthen its ties and

817:

During the Conference Hoxha communicated with Kapo via radiogram, stating for instance on June 24, in response to a lengthy document distributed at the Conference by the Soviets attacking the Chinese, "When you make your speech at the meeting you should declare: 'I am not authorized to make

945:

Alia relates that during the Conference a Soviet security officer had said to both him and Kapo that the Soviet leadership might have been contemplating Hoxha's assassination. For this reason, as Hoxha relates in his memoirs, "The Khrushchevites were capable of anything and we took our own

765:

to the Greeks by the Albanians ... It is likely that Khrushchev used the meeting with Venizelos as a way to pay back Hoxha for snubbing him during his visit to Albania." Griffith added: "Hoxha viewed this move by Khrushchev as an implicit threat to partition Albania – the overwhelming

978:

On January 20 that year, the Soviets announced a withdrawal of their oil specialists within a seven- to ten-day period. The Albanians later claimed the specialists had sabotaged Albania's oil installations before departing. Although Khrushchev had symbolically delivered blueprints for the

900:

On October 22, after the work of the commission had ended, Khrushchev invited the delegates to a dinner which, according to Alia, was used "to threaten those parties which might oppose the line of the Soviets in November." He gave as an example an exchange between Soviet Politburo member

860:

visited China, giving a speech on June 6 which, in the words of Griffith, "could hardly have made her pro–Soviet sympathies clearer," having been full of praise for the Soviet Union, with said praise being omitted when the text was published the day after in the Party newspaper

818:

statements on these matters because our leadership knows that these matters will be discussed at the forthcoming Meeting of representatives of the parties, as we have all agreed.' ... We understand your difficult situation, but don't worry at all, for we are on the right road."

814:

Yugoslav revisionism, and to refuse to alter his stand on the Chinese and Yugoslav issues despite Soviet pressure. Khrushchev's hopes of bringing the Albanians to heel by means of peaceful persuasion were certainly shattered by the time the Bucharest Conference had come to an end."

512:

In his memoirs, Hoxha recounts the apprehension he and others had about the post-Stalin leadership, just days after Stalin's death. "The way in which the death of Stalin was announced and his funeral ceremony was organized created the impression ... that many members of the

1079:

In his memoirs Khrushchev described the Albanian leadership as "monsters," saying that, "The rift which developed between the Soviet Union and Albania stemmed mainly from the Albanians' fear of democratisation." The downfall of Khrushchev in 1964 saw Hoxha write an article for

761:. O'Donnell comments: "The obvious purpose of this discussion was to infuriate Enver Hoxha as Albanian–Greek relations were strained at this time. It became known that Khrushchev had hinted to Venizelos that the Soviet Union would not be against territorial and/or 971:

in spite of all the crushing blows and defeats it has received, revisionism ... remains the main danger to the international communist movement ... a resolute and uncompromising struggle must be waged against revisionism until it is utterly destroyed."

648:

denouncing Tito for encouraging the activity of the rebels, though the Soviets rebuked Hoxha for his harsh tone soon after. Soviet efforts to improve relations with Yugoslavia resumed before long, prompting a further deterioration in Soviet–Albanian relations.

565:

with two NATO members." Hoxha, however, disagreed with this view, later writing, "even if the Yugoslav leadership had been unjustly condemned in 1949, as Khrushchev was claiming, nothing could permit or justify its falling into the lap of imperialism."

888:

In October 1960, a preparatory Commission for the upcoming International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties scheduled for November that year was held from October 1–21, with the Albanian delegation being led by Hysni Kapo and

536:

Hoxha regarded Soviet pressure as acting in the service of ulterior, revisionist aims in an effort to unseat or otherwise undermine "Stalinist" leaders. Thus in a meeting with Khrushchev on the issue of collective leadership, he recalled:

930:

agree that the Chinese communist party should be summarily and unjustly condemned. For this it had been treated in a manner that was shabby, anti-Marxist and uncomradely. Hoxha's speech had a shattering effect on the Moscow gathering."

675:

social system in our countries and are opposed to the foundations of Marxism–Leninism. In all their propaganda, they do not say one word against imperialism, on the contrary, have joined the chorus of the Western powers against us."

574:

even though he had not convened it. The move was refused by the Albanians 'with reasoning that the Yugoslav leadership had had no change since its condemnation in 1948 by the communist and workers' parties represented on the Bureau'.

484:, the head of the pro–Yugoslav faction. Hoxha was threatened on the basis of his opposition to the pro–Yugoslav line, as Xoxe's final goal was to overthrow Hoxha and to incorporate Albania into Yugoslavia as its Seventh Republic. The 605:

of the colonial peoples any right to liberate themselves from oppression and reassuring capitalist governments by emphasising 'peaceful transition to socialism' or the Parliamentary road ..." He then quoted Khrushchev as saying

910:

Moscow, that, at the most, he should restrict himself to general criticisms on a theoretical plane ... they brought all-sided pressure to bear on our delegation ... even us the official reception for the celebration of

869:

Harry Hamm was told by Albanian functionaries that "Belishova and Tashko had never made any secret of their pro–Soviet leanings, and that they had maintained their attitude long after the decision had been made to move closer to

447:

intellectual traditions" were the most significant force behind the foundation of the Communist Party of Albania. Albania was also the only Eastern European country liberated from Axis occupation without the presence of the

1131:

with the Soviet Union. An example of transitional justice and of how states in the former Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact alliance grappled with the socialist era, the museum won the Council of Europe's Museum Prize in 2020.

671:

been sacked for their support of Yugoslavia and the theses of the 20th Party Congress; Hoxha refused. In response to this Khrushchev accused Hoxha of sectarianism and of being "hell-bent on pursuing Stalinist policies."

1119:

reported that, as the Soviet Union was on course for reform, 'there has been a marked trend recently towards democratisation of Albanian society'." In June 1991, the ruling Party of Labour became the social-democratic

641:

in November 1956, relations between Albania and the Soviet Union improved somewhat due to Yugoslavia's part in the event, which caused friction in Yugoslav–Soviet relations. On November 7, Hoxha wrote an article for

599:

A notable event at the Congress was the promotion of the policy of "peaceful coexistence" by Khrushchev, which officially was a policy to increase East–West collaboration against the threat of nuclear war, but which

1066:

liquidated the centuries-old backwardness and achieved great successes in the construction of socialist society ... Our Party is fighting for a great cause, for the truth of Marxism–Leninism ...

551:

awaiting the opportune moments. Now these moments were being created by Khrushchev who, with his actions, stands and "new ideas", was becoming the inspirer and organizer of "changes" and "reorganizations".

514: 1007:

Bloc. It has been impossible, therefore, for the Tirana Government to keep its army up-to-date on military theory." In March, Albania had not been invited to attend a meeting of the Warsaw Treaty states.

975:

which Soviet and East European representatives from other parties would attend, "confirmed that the rift with Russia was almost complete and the alliance between China and Albania an accomplished fact."

962:

friendship with the Communist Party of China and the great Chinese people, always upholding the teachings of Marxism–Leninism and the correct line always pursued by the Central Committee of our Party."

373: 705: 1023:

floating base 'Kotelnikov', as well as the Albanian warships that were laid for repair in the port of Sevastopol. On June 5, the personnel of Soviet advisers left the base at Vlora, too."

1003:

Five-year Plan the fulfillment of the plan in many sectors of the economy was made very difficult and to a certain extent the development of the Albanian economy as a whole was impaired."

590:

in February 1956, Khrushchev issued—in addition to his main report—his "Secret Speech" denouncing Stalin. In addition to its attack on Stalin, Hoxha later stated about the Congress that:

942:, an old revolutionary and a devoted worker in the Communist movement, got up indignantly and said, very much to the point, that Hoxha was like a dog who bites the hand that feeds it." 4330: 480:

Within the leadership of the Communist Party of Albania tensions arose between pro– and anti–Yugoslav factions and personalities, with the latter increasingly coming under attack by

2938: 5665: 692:

early stage of the Sino-Soviet split, may have also tried to demonstrate Soviet "generosity" in an effort to counteract the amount of trade Albania was conducting with the

876:

Tashko, asked to speak on his own behalf, had his text prepared beforehand by the Soviet embassy and, having gotten confused, accidentally read the punctuation mark for a

518: 488:

in 1948, however, had allowed Albania to break from Yugoslav dominance, and it became the first state to side with the Information Bureau (better known in the West as the

1038: 587: 717:

in Tito, while the latter, to urge the others to openly and finally abandon Marxism–Leninism, the struggle against modern revisionism and any principled stand.

4516: 1151: 3947: 5835: 1100:

Brezhnev–Kosygin clique' ... the Warsaw Treaty had completely been transformed from a means of defence into a means of aggression" and having been

983:

on the occasion of his 1959 visit, all Soviet construction efforts on it ceased by April 1961. A shipment of materials for the Palace, which arrived in

3995: 621:

One of Tito's preconditions for improving relations with the Soviets was for a Soviet-backed removal of "Stalinist" leaders in Eastern Europe, such as

1092:, writing in support of the Albanian position, "The final proof of the correctness of Albania's characterisation of Soviet revisionism came with the 938:

Khrushchev recalled the Conference and said Hoxha "bared his fangs at us even more menacingly than the Chinese themselves. After his speech, comrade

5650: 5177: 3927: 1042:

Albanian leaders will have to answer for the harm they have done their country, their people and the cause of socialist construction in Albania."

3494: 726:

future." O'Donnell states that after the Moscow Conference any trouble in Soviet–Albanian relations "was kept strictly private" until June 1960.

358: 1846: 873:'s general line. Their stubborn attitude was bound to lead to their expulsion from the Party and to their being relieved of all their offices." 5736: 3245: 3054: 1896: 456:

Following Albania's liberation, the country's economic and foreign policies were dominated by its neighbour Yugoslavia under the leadership of

2814: 5726: 492:) with its resolution attacking the Yugoslav leadership for allegedly pursuing a road of nationalist deviation and capitalist restoration. 708:, the goal of which was to establish the general line and common positions of the international communist movement. As Hoxha later wrote: 5810: 5700: 4587: 1018:

In May 1961, the Soviets began dismantling the base and tried to seize the submarines, seizing some Albanian ships undergoing repairs at

464:." During this period ties with the Soviet Union remained limited, though formal diplomatic relations were established in December 1945. 1179:

Mihai Croitor, Sanda Croitor (2020), Sub zodia Dragonului: Lungul marș către ruptura sovieto-albaneză (1956-1961), Editura Mega, p.35-39

1096:

in 1968 – 'Khrushchevism without Khrushchev', since Brezhnev who succeeded the deposed revisionist leader followed the same line."

5690: 778:

doctrine of qualified sovereignty as a fascist policy adopted by the Soviet government, and called for the immediate withdrawal of the

5779: 687:

In an effort to persuade the Albanian leadership to reconcile itself with the Soviets, the USSR gave a loan of $ 160 million in

134: 5731: 3764: 354: 2842: 5167: 3811: 2828: 2888: 987:, was "withdrawn at once on the pretext that the materials 'had been loaded by mistake and were not really intended for Albania. 443:

commented "it was set up without any known direct contact with Moscow." Halliday argues that "middle-class intellectuals" with "

338: 5660: 3932: 1093: 609:'if any mad man wanted war, we , the two strongest countries in the world, would have but to shake our fingers to warn him off. 5655: 3590: 3277: 3255: 1872: 880:

in Russian amid a burst of laughter from those present. Both Belishova and Tashko were expelled from the Party in September.

17: 4678: 5820: 4497: 4422: 4082: 3682: 2701: 906:

further writing "her mission was just to transmit the signal. Throughout the whole dinner she did not speak to us again."

411:, the Soviet–Albanian split culminated in the termination of relations in 1961, however Albania did not withdraw from the 5695: 4102: 3235: 789:

At the opening of the Bucharest Conference on June 21, 1960, which was held on the occasion of the Third Congress of the

522: 342: 183: 3344: 3272: 5805: 5784: 5137: 4232: 3210: 3095: 3049: 3044: 2990: 713: 4869: 4432: 3702: 3643: 2782: 856:

Within the Party itself an effort was also made by pro–Soviet elements to overthrow Hoxha. In June, Politburo member

110: 3440: 4572: 4567: 4062: 4025: 3754: 3200: 696:. Albania's passive trade balance with China had grown from 4.2 percent in 1955 to 21.6 percent in 1957. 500:

in 1949, and joined the Warsaw Treaty upon its founding in 1955. In addition the Soviets built a submarine base at

432: 199: 4250: 4112: 3796: 5292: 4673: 4602: 4502: 4380: 4152: 4142: 3729: 3116: 1124: 841: 346: 211: 66: 4067: 3954: 3942: 435:

of the country, with the majority of its members including its leader, Enver Hoxha, having no connection to the

4723: 4492: 4072: 3974: 3707: 3151: 3146: 247: 235: 4392: 4122: 3633: 3405: 704:

Relations between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia deteriorated further following Tito's refusal to attend the

5670: 4685: 4638: 4402: 4325: 4057: 693: 4117: 3826: 3749: 3420: 774:

Albanian officials called for the Soviet Naval presence to be removed from the Mediterranean, denounced the

634:

of Labour had been "followed up to now", and thus tacitly rejected Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policies.

5830: 4703: 4663: 4633: 4582: 4442: 4360: 4356: 4227: 4157: 3922: 3739: 3505: 3400: 3332: 2889:"Communist Relations in Crisis: The End of Soviet-Albanian Relations, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1961" 2856: 1851:. Indiana University: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 35. 5675: 5147: 5142: 4859: 4537: 4265: 4010: 3969: 3913: 3816: 3697: 3655: 3560: 3085: 3039: 980: 259: 5845: 5840: 5512: 4733: 4718: 4708: 4562: 4162: 3650: 3453: 3220: 1967: 1900: 1120: 790: 638: 428: 416: 143: 5815: 5741: 5617: 5562: 5382: 4370: 4077: 3250: 3167: 947: 485: 569:

In May 1955, Khrushchev led a Soviet delegation to the Yugoslav capital of Belgrade with the aim of

5367: 4934: 4197: 4087: 3841: 3385: 951: 570: 5107: 4597: 4542: 4527: 4467: 4275: 4255: 4015: 3692: 3297: 3500: 5387: 4891: 4285: 3959: 3435: 3195: 3190: 2983: 1108: 5597: 5622: 4906: 4901: 4668: 4557: 4512: 4472: 4407: 4351: 4270: 4052: 3866: 3744: 3662: 3570: 3535: 3445: 3390: 3287: 3128: 1145: 762: 530: 622: 5825: 5162: 4929: 4784: 4738: 4653: 4648: 4447: 4346: 4295: 4290: 4182: 4137: 4092: 4030: 3861: 3836: 3786: 3714: 3628: 3478: 3080: 3059: 392: 8: 5607: 5522: 5517: 5417: 5280: 5077: 4961: 4876: 4764: 4617: 4612: 4592: 4577: 4487: 4482: 4387: 4320: 4310: 4222: 4217: 4207: 4107: 4047: 4020: 3846: 3831: 3801: 3779: 3565: 3555: 3282: 3205: 3175: 3159: 1156: 902: 754: 400: 85: 4462: 4375: 994:

On April 23, a Sino-Albanian trade agreement was concluded; Soviet First Deputy Premier

5761: 5557: 5542: 5467: 5447: 5442: 5427: 5274: 5022: 4774: 4658: 4412: 4315: 4300: 4212: 4202: 4177: 4172: 3937: 3891: 3806: 3791: 3734: 3550: 3473: 3349: 3240: 3230: 2916: 2762: 1890: 1531: 1085:

expressed in the line of the 20th and 22nd Congresses of the CPSU are not liquidated."

1027: 911: 562: 5457: 5286: 663: 543: 372:

However, the Albanian–Soviet split did not become public until 1960, when, during the

5774: 5627: 5572: 5547: 5502: 5432: 5407: 5372: 5362: 5331: 5218: 5102: 5072: 4809: 4799: 4713: 4607: 4452: 4167: 3964: 3821: 3774: 3672: 3623: 3597: 3575: 3415: 3395: 3339: 3327: 3141: 2976: 2920: 2908: 2778: 1878: 1868: 1140: 794: 758: 743: 408: 381: 350: 311: 139: 47: 5751: 5422: 365:, including efforts to extend these policies into Albania as was occurring in other 5537: 5462: 5392: 5377: 5357: 5304: 5087: 5082: 5062: 5012: 5002: 4829: 4794: 4779: 4728: 4457: 4397: 4237: 3896: 3876: 3585: 3527: 3521: 3488: 3468: 3458: 3307: 3108: 3100: 2900: 939: 626: 601: 362: 81: 2904: 5756: 5612: 5602: 5587: 5567: 5552: 5527: 5472: 5237: 5205: 5097: 5057: 4819: 4814: 4754: 4695: 4427: 4305: 4132: 4097: 4005: 4000: 3724: 3618: 3292: 3225: 3215: 3180: 3136: 3123: 3075: 1031: 883: 798: 658: 542:

Khrushchev told us. "We thrashed matters out thoroughly and thought that Comrade

461: 457: 404: 322: 3719: 467: 5582: 5507: 5497: 5492: 5352: 5092: 4881: 4804: 4532: 4437: 4187: 4127: 3759: 3677: 3580: 3540: 3510: 3410: 3365: 1864:

Naval policy and strategy in the Mediterranean : past, present, and future

1123:, dropping its prior commitment to Marxism–Leninism, and in December 1991, the 995: 857: 837: 100: 738:

According to Hoxha, Khrushchev displayed contempt for Albanian archaeology in

661:

of the Central Committee of the Party subsequently published in the newspaper

5799: 5746: 5592: 5487: 5452: 5437: 5397: 4939: 4769: 4507: 4417: 4280: 4260: 4147: 3908: 3886: 3851: 3430: 3425: 3380: 3302: 3262: 3011: 2912: 2039: 1882: 1107:

perceived Soviet revisionism gradually began to break down, resulting in the

688: 396: 1070:

Marxism–Leninism cannot be vanquished! Socialism and communism will triumph!

5532: 5482: 5412: 5402: 5256: 5244: 5231: 5037: 4864: 4365: 3613: 3463: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3018: 2091: 581: 547: 440: 366: 297: 223: 179: 174: 70: 1862: 757:

and reacted positively to the latter's suggestion of greater autonomy for

481: 5577: 5182: 5152: 5007: 4997: 4896: 4759: 4552: 4041: 3871: 3856: 3667: 3515: 3483: 3370: 3185: 3090: 3029: 2810: 779: 412: 388: 286: 5336: 5047: 5017: 4971: 4886: 4854: 4846: 4789: 4477: 4192: 3881: 3769: 3375: 2730: 1019: 890: 845: 802: 377: 3990: 460:, and Albania became in the words of historian Miranda Vickers a "sub- 349:, which occurred in the 1956–1961 period as a result of Soviet leader 5632: 5477: 5326: 5299: 5112: 5067: 4976: 4944: 4924: 4916: 4245: 4035: 1645: 1590: 877: 712:

Khrushchev and Co. made feverish efforts not only to ensure that the

489: 436: 984: 5211: 5052: 4949: 4824: 4643: 4547: 3687: 3545: 2999: 2521: 2447: 2445: 1102: 1089: 775: 706:

1957 International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties

616: 449: 89: 43: 4331:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

2170: 376:

of Communist and Workers Parties, the Albanian delegation, led by

5157: 5042: 5032: 4981: 4522: 3267: 1257: 870: 836:

The Soviets also attempted to threaten the Albanians with force;

739: 497: 2702:"Albania's Museum of Secret Surveillance: The "House of Leaves"" 2442: 5225: 5027: 4966: 3901: 2794:

The Columbia History of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century

2573: 769: 644: 546:

should remain chairman of the Council of Ministers and Comrade

2645: 2597: 2537: 2509: 1907: 1741: 1739: 1666: 1664: 1556: 1554: 1357: 1333: 884:

International Conference of the Communist and Workers' Parties

431:

after 1948—was founded in November 1941 in the context of the

5710: 5666:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

5172: 4955: 3034: 2657: 1991: 1931: 1633: 1321: 501: 159: 2485: 2414: 5250: 5132: 3024: 2968: 2390: 2306: 2246: 1736: 1676: 1661: 1551: 1495: 1435: 1297: 1230: 496:

satellite of the Soviet Union." Albania became a member of

2160: 2158: 1401: 1399: 1374: 1372: 5705: 5685: 5680: 2609: 2549: 2497: 2461: 2430: 2402: 2378: 2055: 2027: 1919: 1700: 1578: 1273: 2585: 2366: 2258: 2210: 2131: 1724: 1688: 1483: 1423: 1247: 1245: 1039:

22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

588:

20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

582:

20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

380:, did not support Khrushchev's ideological views on the 2669: 2561: 2318: 2294: 2222: 2155: 2143: 2015: 1751: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1396: 1369: 2864:(Second ed.). Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 2342: 2234: 2067: 1955: 1826: 1814: 1763: 1712: 1519: 1507: 1384: 1345: 2621: 1792: 1790: 1285: 1242: 1194: 1152:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

2940:

The History of the Socialist Construction of Albania

2681: 2354: 2330: 2186: 1775: 1606: 1459: 1218: 753:

Early in June, Khrushchev met with Greek politician

2744:

Pickaxe and Rifle: The Story of the Albanian People

2633: 2270: 2198: 2119: 2107: 1943: 1802: 1471: 1411: 2850:. Vol. 3. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 2836:. Vol. 2. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 2761: 2473: 2282: 2079: 2003: 1787: 1566: 1447: 1309: 1094:invasion and military occupation of Czechoslovakia 1206: 1182: 5797: 5651:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 851: 766:traditional fear of all Albanian nationalists." 617:Third Congress of the Party of Labour of Albania 4088:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 3495:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 2775:The Artful Albanian: The Memoirs of Enver Hoxha 391:perceived Khrushchev's policies as contrary to 27:Deterioration of bilateral relations, 1956–1961 99:Propaganda, arrest of Soviets in Albania, and 2984: 2927: 2579: 2491: 2312: 2097: 2045: 1981: 1977: 1913: 1745: 1682: 1670: 1541: 1501: 1363: 1339: 1303: 1236: 842:Supreme Commander of the Warsaw Treaty forces 407:. Occurring within the context of the larger 5727:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 3278:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 914:against our delegation for these purposes." 770:Albanian attack on the Soviet naval presence 427:The Communist Party of Albania—known as the 399:as an opportunistic act meant to legitimize 4588:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 2880:The Albanians: Europe's Forgotten Survivors 793:, Hoxha was not among the various heads of 5691:United States involvement in regime change 3246:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 2991: 2977: 2936: 2930:A Coming of Age: Albania under Enver Hoxha 2651: 2603: 2543: 2515: 2467: 2384: 2033: 1997: 1925: 1895:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1584: 1327: 1267: 1074: 555: 525:had been awaiting his death impatiently." 2955:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press. 2816:Albania Challenges Khrushchev Revisionism 848:was uncovered and the plotters executed. 2877: 2772: 2759: 2750: 2567: 2531: 2451: 2436: 2408: 2396: 2300: 2252: 2228: 2176: 2061: 2021: 1973: 1832: 1820: 1706: 1651: 1627: 1600: 1596: 1560: 1537: 1525: 1441: 1405: 1279: 1224: 1200: 475: 466: 415:until 1968, mainly as a reaction to the 3817:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 2959: 2675: 1848:Albania and Sino-Soviet Relations, 1971 1769: 1655: 1545: 1251: 1026:Hoxha's account is as follows: Admiral 784: 374:Bucharest Conference of Representatives 14: 5836:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 5798: 5661:Russian espionage in the United States 3933:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2964:. New York: I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd. 2932:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2796:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2753:Economic Warfare in the Communist Bloc 1844: 5656:Soviet espionage in the United States 3812:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 3591:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 3256:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 2972: 2946:. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 2886: 2854: 2840: 2826: 2809: 2737:. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 2627: 2615: 2555: 2503: 2372: 2360: 2336: 2264: 2240: 2216: 2192: 2180: 2137: 2101: 2073: 1961: 1937: 1781: 1730: 1694: 1639: 1615: 1489: 1465: 1429: 1390: 1351: 5732:Soviet Union–United States relations 4083:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 2950: 2868: 2803:Albania: China's Beachhead in Europe 2800: 2791: 2729: 2699: 2687: 2663: 2591: 2527: 2479: 2424: 2324: 2288: 2276: 2204: 2164: 2149: 2125: 2113: 2085: 2049: 1985: 1949: 1867:. John B. Hattendorf. London. 2000. 1808: 1757: 1572: 1477: 1417: 1378: 1315: 1291: 1263: 1212: 1188: 806:and workers' parties of the world." 699: 5696:Soviet involvement in regime change 2777:. London: Chatto & Windus Ltd. 2741: 2639: 2455: 2420: 2348: 2009: 1796: 1718: 1513: 1453: 523:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 343:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 101:attack on the Soviet naval presence 24: 5737:Soviet Union–United States summits 3211:1947 Polish parliamentary election 3096:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 2768:. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press. 714:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 507: 25: 5857: 4498:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 4433:United States invasion of Grenada 3703:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 3644:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 2805:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. 2746:. London: Howard Baker Press Ltd. 652: 111:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 4573:United States invasion of Panama 4423:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 4063:1971 Turkish military memorandum 4026:Communist insurgency in Thailand 3996:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 3928:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 3755:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 3683:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 3201:Restatement of Policy on Germany 2953:The People's Republic of Albania 2893:The International History Review 2822:. New York: Gamma Publishing Co. 2764:Albania and the Sino-Soviet Rift 2693: 801:in attendance; Politburo member 729: 409:split between China and the USSR 405:international communist movement 316: 305: 291: 280: 252: 240: 228: 216: 204: 192: 178: 167: 152: 138: 128: 5293:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4674:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 4603:Fall of the inner German border 4503:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 4153:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 4143:Spanish transition to democracy 4103:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 3730:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 3236:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 3117:Occupation of the Baltic states 2962:The Albanians: A Modern History 2755:. New York: Praeger Publishers. 2723: 1855: 1838: 657:In a February 1957 speech to a 5811:Albania–Soviet Union relations 4073:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 3708:Mozambican War of Independence 3147:Indonesian National Revolution 2882:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 2871:The Search for Greater Albania 1173: 965: 821: 471:Geopolitical situation in 1956 387:The Albanian leadership under 13: 1: 5671:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 4686:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 4639:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 4361:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 4326:Seven Days to the River Rhine 4058:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 3345:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 3273:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 2937:Omari, L.; Pollo, S. (1988). 2905:10.1080/07075332.2019.1620825 1162: 852:Pro–Soviet faction in Albania 563:conclusion of a military pact 422: 337:was the gradual worsening of 4664:Fall of communism in Albania 4634:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 4583:Polish Round Table Agreement 3923:1968 Polish political crisis 3740:Eritrean War of Independence 3506:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3401:East German uprising of 1953 3333:Chinese Communist Revolution 2998: 2873:. London: C. Hurst & Co. 347:People's Republic of Albania 7: 5821:Cold War history of Albania 4538:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 4266:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 4011:Corrective Movement (Syria) 3975:New People's Army rebellion 3970:Sino-Soviet border conflict 3698:Angolan War of Independence 3561:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 3441:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 3086:Jamaican political conflict 1134: 981:Palace of Culture of Tirana 827:account, the Soviet Union: 10: 5862: 4734:Sino-Indian border dispute 4563:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 4493:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 4251:1976 Argentine coup d'état 4163:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 4113:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 3797:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 3765:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 3454:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 3221:Asian Relations Conference 2773:Halliday, J., ed. (1986). 1148:, or Yugoslav–Soviet split 1125:Soviet Union was dissolved 694:People's Republic of China 429:Party of Labour of Albania 417:Invasion of Czechoslovakia 5806:Battles involving Albania 5770: 5719: 5641: 5618:William Appleman Williams 5563:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 5345: 5317: 5266: 5198: 5191: 5125: 4990: 4915: 4845: 4838: 4747: 4694: 4626: 4339: 4078:Bangladesh Liberation War 4068:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 3983: 3955:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 3943:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 3606: 3381:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 3358: 3068: 3006: 2928:O'Donnell, J. S. (1999). 1845:Prifti, Peter R. (1971). 393:Marxist–Leninist doctrine 275: 270: 121: 116: 106: 95: 77: 61: 53: 41: 36: 4393:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4228:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4198:1978 Somali coup attempt 4158:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 4123:1973 Chilean coup d'état 3948:Revolutionary Government 3842:South African Border War 3634:1960 Turkish coup d'état 3551:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 3406:1953 Iranian coup d'état 3386:1952 Egyptian revolution 2878:Logoreci, Anton (1977). 2760:Griffith, W. E. (1963). 2751:Freedman, R. O. (1970). 2666:, pp. 236, 238–239. 1940:, pp. 394, 400–401. 1642:, pp. 364–365, 374. 1167: 682: 395:and his denunciation of 4598:Fall of the Berlin Wall 4543:People Power Revolution 4528:Central American crisis 4468:1986 Black Sea incident 4118:1973 Afghan coup d'état 4016:Western Sahara conflict 3827:1966 Syrian coup d'état 3750:1963 Syrian coup d'état 3693:Portuguese Colonial War 3656:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 3421:1954 Syrian coup d'état 3298:Annexation of Hyderabad 3241:1947–1949 Palestine war 2855:—— (1984). 2841:—— (1980). 2827:—— (1975). 1075:Subsequent developments 791:Romanian Workers' Party 556:Beginnings of the split 4892:Neoclassical economics 4403:Gulf of Sidra incident 3960:1969 Libyan revolution 3651:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 3436:1954 Geneva Conference 3196:Turkish straits crisis 3191:Corfu Channel incident 2792:Held, J., ed. (1992). 2652:Omari & Pollo 1988 2604:Omari & Pollo 1988 2544:Omari & Pollo 1988 2516:Omari & Pollo 1988 2468:Omari & Pollo 1988 2385:Omari & Pollo 1988 2034:Omari & Pollo 1988 1998:Omari & Pollo 1988 1926:Omari & Pollo 1988 1585:Omari & Pollo 1988 1328:Omari & Pollo 1988 1268:Omari & Pollo 1988 1109:Albanian-Chinese split 1072: 1057:article, Hoxha wrote: 834: 719: 597: 553: 472: 353:'s rapprochement with 5742:Russia–NATO relations 5623:Jonathan Reed Winkler 4907:Democratic capitalism 4902:Supply-side economics 4870:American conservatism 4669:Breakup of Yugoslavia 4558:Bougainville conflict 4473:South Yemen civil war 4408:Martial law in Poland 4271:Nicaraguan Revolution 4246:Dirty War (Argentina) 4053:1971 JVP insurrection 3867:Years of Lead (Italy) 3745:North Yemen civil war 3663:Berlin Crisis of 1961 3639:Albanian–Soviet split 3571:1959 Tibetan uprising 3536:Syrian Crisis of 1957 3391:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 3251:1948 Arab–Israeli War 2887:Marku, Ylber (2019). 1899:) CS1 maint: others ( 1059: 829: 763:political concessions 710: 592: 539: 531:collective leadership 486:Soviet–Yugoslav split 476:Soviet–Yugoslav split 470: 335:Albanian–Soviet split 84:of the Soviet Union, 37:Albanian-Soviet split 18:Soviet-Albanian split 5163:Non-Aligned Movement 4785:Peaceful coexistence 4739:North Borneo dispute 4654:German reunification 4649:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 4347:Salvadoran Civil War 4296:Grand Mosque seizure 4291:Yemenite War of 1979 4183:Mozambican Civil War 4138:Carnation Revolution 4093:Yemenite War of 1972 4031:1970 Polish protests 3862:1967 Hong Kong riots 3837:Argentine Revolution 3787:Guatemalan Civil War 3715:Cuban Missile Crisis 3629:Bay of Pigs Invasion 3501:1956 Poznań protests 3479:Geneva Summit (1955) 3081:Hukbalahap Rebellion 3060:Non-Aligned Movement 2960:Vickers, M. (1999). 2951:Pano, N. C. (1968). 2706:www.wilsoncenter.org 785:Bucharest Conference 369:states at the time. 5831:Ideological rivalry 5608:Alex von Tunzelmann 5598:Vladimir Tismăneanu 5523:Thomas J. McCormick 5518:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 5418:Robert Hugh Ferrell 5281:Crusade for Freedom 5078:Illiberal democracy 4962:Ho Chi Minh Thought 4765:Eisenhower Doctrine 4618:Peaceful Revolution 4613:Romanian Revolution 4593:Revolutions of 1989 4578:1988 Polish strikes 4488:Operation INFEKTION 4483:1987 Lieyu massacre 4388:Eritrean Civil Wars 4371:Peruvian Revolution 4321:1979 Herat uprising 4311:Sino-Vietnamese War 4276:Uganda–Tanzania War 4256:Egyptian–Libyan War 4223:Third Indochina War 4218:Sino-Albanian split 4208:Ethiopian Civil War 4108:Eritrean Civil Wars 4048:Ping-pong diplomacy 4021:Cambodian Civil War 3847:Korean DMZ Conflict 3832:Cultural Revolution 3802:Dominican Civil War 3780:Tlatelolco massacre 3566:1959 Mosul uprising 3556:1958 Lebanon crisis 3283:Al-Wathbah uprising 3206:First Indochina War 3176:Iran crisis of 1946 2708:. The Wilson Center 2654:, pp. 289–290. 2618:, pp. 352–356. 2606:, pp. 287–288. 2594:, pp. 150–151. 2558:, pp. 467–468. 2546:, pp. 285–286. 2518:, pp. 282–283. 2506:, pp. 466–467. 2399:, pp. 128–129. 2375:, pp. 278–278. 2351:, pp. 201–202. 2327:, pp. 284–285. 2267:, pp. 126–127. 2255:, pp. 127–128. 2219:, pp. 446–447. 2167:, pp. 282–283. 2152:, pp. 278–279. 2140:, pp. 151–152. 2104:, pp. 109–110. 2052:, pp. 137–138. 2000:, pp. 203–204. 1760:, pp. 130–131. 1733:, pp. 344–345. 1721:, pp. 192–193. 1697:, pp. 334–335. 1563:, pp. 119–120. 1516:, pp. 183–184. 1492:, pp. 185–186. 1444:, pp. 115–116. 1432:, pp. 110–111. 1381:, pp. 113–114. 1330:, pp. 153–154. 1157:Sino-Albanian split 903:Yekaterina Furtseva 755:Sophocles Venizelos 5762:Russian Revolution 5558:Mary Elise Sarotte 5543:William B. Pickett 5468:Patrick J. Hearden 5448:Gabriel Gorodetsky 5443:Timothy Garton Ash 5428:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 5023:Ethnic nationalism 4775:Hallstein Doctrine 4659:Yemeni unification 4448:1985 Geneva Summit 4413:Casamance conflict 4316:New Jewel Movement 4301:Iranian Revolution 4286:Chadian–Libyan War 4233:Cambodian conflict 4213:Lebanese Civil War 4203:Western Sahara War 4178:June 1976 protests 4173:Cambodian genocide 3938:17 July Revolution 3892:Nigerian Civil War 3807:Rhodesian Bush War 3792:Colombian conflict 3735:Ramadan Revolution 3474:Bandung Conference 3350:Operation Valuable 3231:Partition of India 2858:The Khrushchevites 2700:Heilmann, Katrin. 2048:, pp. 47–48; 1282:, pp. 93–100. 1028:Vladimir Kasatonov 639:Hungarian Uprising 473: 433:foreign occupation 5846:Nikita Khrushchev 5841:Political schisms 5793: 5792: 5780:List of conflicts 5628:Rudolph Winnacker 5573:Giles Scott-Smith 5548:Ronald E. Powaski 5503:Melvyn P. Leffler 5433:John Lewis Gaddis 5408:Robert D. English 5373:Warren H. Carroll 5363:Michael Beschloss 5332:Nuclear arms race 5313: 5312: 5219:Neues Deutschland 5121: 5120: 5103:White nationalism 5073:Liberal democracy 4810:Ulbricht Doctrine 4800:Brezhnev Doctrine 4608:Velvet Revolution 4352:Soviet–Afghan War 4168:Angolan Civil War 3965:Goulash Communism 3822:ASEAN Declaration 3775:Mexican Dirty War 3673:Annexation of Goa 3624:1960 U-2 incident 3598:Sino-Soviet split 3576:Laotian Civil War 3416:Bricker Amendment 3396:Mau Mau rebellion 3340:Malayan Emergency 3328:Chinese Civil War 3288:Tito–Stalin split 3142:Division of Korea 2869:Kola, P. (2003). 2801:Hamm, H. (1963). 2582:, pp. 56–57. 2439:, pp. 77–78. 2411:, pp. 76–77. 2243:, pp. 84–92. 2076:, pp. 92–93. 2064:, pp. 38–39. 1964:, pp. 15–16. 1916:, pp. 46–47. 1874:978-1-136-71316-3 1709:, pp. 57–59. 1393:, pp. 38–39. 1366:, pp. 38–39. 1354:, pp. 13–14. 1342:, pp. 37–38. 1294:, pp. 83–86. 1146:Tito–Stalin split 1141:Sino-Soviet split 1053:In a December 10 795:communist parties 759:Greeks in Albania 744:Rodion Malinovsky 700:Moscow Conference 602:anti-revisionists 519:Central Committee 382:Sino-Soviet split 361:" and subsequent 351:Nikita Khrushchev 331: 330: 312:Nikita Khrushchev 266: 265: 48:Sino-Soviet split 16:(Redirected from 5853: 5816:Anti-revisionism 5538:David S. Painter 5463:John Earl Haynes 5393:Nicholas J. Cull 5378:Adrian Cioroianu 5358:Thomas A. Bailey 5305:Voice of America 5196: 5195: 5108:White separatism 5088:Social democracy 5083:Guided democracy 5063:Authoritarianism 5013:Ultranationalism 5003:Anti-imperialism 4930:Marxism–Leninism 4843: 4842: 4830:Kinmen Agreement 4795:Johnson Doctrine 4780:Kennedy Doctrine 4696:Frozen conflicts 4679:1991 August Coup 4568:Afghan Civil War 4463:Reykjavík Summit 4458:Somali Rebellion 4398:Ugandan Bush War 4376:Gdańsk Agreement 3897:Protests of 1968 3877:War of Attrition 3586:Cuban Revolution 3522:We will bury you 3489:Cyprus Emergency 3469:Kashmir Princess 3459:Jebel Akhdar War 3308:Western betrayal 2993: 2986: 2979: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2945: 2933: 2924: 2883: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2851: 2849: 2837: 2835: 2823: 2821: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2769: 2767: 2756: 2747: 2742:Ash, W. (1974). 2738: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2449: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1894: 1886: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1659: 1649: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1604: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1549: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1261: 1255: 1249: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1177: 990: 952:29th of November 940:Dolores Ibarruri 627:Valko Chervenkov 612: 608: 363:de-Stalinization 357:along with his " 321: 320: 319: 310: 309: 308: 296: 295: 294: 285: 284: 283: 258: 256: 255: 246: 244: 243: 234: 232: 231: 222: 220: 219: 210: 208: 207: 198: 196: 195: 182: 173: 171: 170: 158: 156: 155: 142: 133: 132: 131: 123: 122: 82:De-Stalinization 34: 33: 21: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5766: 5757:Second Cold War 5715: 5643: 5637: 5613:Odd Arne Westad 5603:Patrick Vaughan 5588:Athan Theoharis 5568:Ellen Schrecker 5553:Yakov M. Rabkin 5528:Timothy Naftali 5473:Tvrtko Jakovina 5458:Jussi Hanhimäki 5341: 5319: 5309: 5287:Paix et Liberté 5262: 5206:Active measures 5187: 5117: 5098:White supremacy 5058:Totalitarianism 4986: 4911: 4834: 4820:Reagan Doctrine 4815:Carter Doctrine 4755:Truman Doctrine 4743: 4690: 4622: 4517:Soviet reaction 4428:Ndogboyosoi War 4335: 4306:Saur Revolution 4133:1973 oil crisis 4098:Munich massacre 4006:Alcora Exercise 4001:Black September 3979: 3725:Sino-Indian War 3619:Simba rebellion 3602: 3446:Capture of the 3354: 3293:Berlin Blockade 3226:May 1947 crises 3216:Truman Doctrine 3181:Greek Civil War 3170:Blacklist Forty 3137:Gouzenko Affair 3124:Cursed soldiers 3076:Morgenthau Plan 3064: 3002: 2997: 2943: 2861: 2847: 2833: 2819: 2785: 2726: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530:, p. 148; 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2450: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423:, p. 204; 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179:, p. 126; 2175: 2171: 2163: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1888: 1887: 1875: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1662: 1654:, p. 123; 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1607: 1599:, p. 122; 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1552: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1334: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1137: 1121:Socialist Party 1088:In the view of 1082:Zëri i Popullit 1077: 1055:Zëri i Popullit 1032:Black Sea Fleet 988: 968: 886: 863:Zëri i Popullit 854: 824: 787: 772: 732: 702: 685: 664:Zëri i Popullit 655: 625:of Hungary and 619: 610: 606: 584: 558: 510: 508:Death of Stalin 478: 458:Josip Broz Tito 425: 345:(USSR) and the 327: 326: 323:Leonid Brezhnev 317: 315: 314: 306: 304: 301: 292: 290: 289: 281: 279: 262: 253: 251: 250: 241: 239: 238: 229: 227: 226: 217: 215: 214: 205: 203: 202: 193: 191: 190: 186: 177: 168: 166: 162: 153: 151: 150: 146: 137: 129: 127: 73: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5859: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5583:Timothy Snyder 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5513:Vojtech Mastny 5510: 5508:Geir Lundestad 5505: 5500: 5498:Walter Laqueur 5495: 5493:Walter LaFeber 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5423:André Fontaine 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5353:Gar Alperovitz 5349: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5093:Third-Worldism 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4882:Libertarianism 4879: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4860:Chicago school 4857: 4851: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4805:Nixon Doctrine 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4748:Foreign policy 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4533:Operation RYAN 4530: 4525: 4520: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4438:Able Archer 83 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4188:Oromo conflict 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4128:Yom Kippur War 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3760:Aden Emergency 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3678:Papua conflict 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3581:Kitchen Debate 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3541:Sputnik crisis 3538: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3511:Polish October 3508: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3411:Pact of Madrid 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3366:Bamboo Curtain 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3165: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3106: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2934: 2925: 2899:(4): 813–832. 2884: 2875: 2866: 2852: 2844:Selected Works 2838: 2830:Selected Works 2824: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2783: 2770: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2692: 2690:, p. 196. 2680: 2678:, p. 215. 2668: 2656: 2644: 2642:, p. 207. 2632: 2630:, p. 663. 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2580:O'Donnell 1999 2572: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2534:, p. 129. 2520: 2508: 2496: 2492:O'Donnell 1999 2484: 2472: 2470:, p. 214. 2460: 2458:, p. 205. 2454:, p. 79; 2441: 2429: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2387:, p. 213. 2377: 2365: 2363:, p. 277. 2353: 2341: 2339:, p. 455. 2329: 2317: 2313:O'Donnell 1999 2305: 2303:, p. 227. 2293: 2281: 2279:, p. 289. 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2231:, p. 126. 2221: 2209: 2207:, p. 139. 2197: 2195:, p. 444. 2185: 2169: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2128:, p. 265. 2118: 2116:, p. 137. 2106: 2100:, p. 48; 2098:O'Donnell 1999 2090: 2078: 2066: 2054: 2046:O'Donnell 1999 2038: 2036:, p. 202. 2026: 2024:, p. 127. 2014: 2012:, p. 197. 2002: 1990: 1988:, p. 137. 1984:, p. 47; 1982:O'Donnell 1999 1980:, p. 72; 1978:O'Donnell 1999 1976:, p. 61; 1966: 1954: 1952:, p. 136. 1942: 1930: 1928:, p. 201. 1918: 1914:O'Donnell 1999 1906: 1873: 1854: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1811:, p. 134. 1801: 1799:, p. 195. 1786: 1784:, p. 385. 1774: 1772:, p. 184. 1762: 1750: 1746:O'Donnell 1999 1735: 1723: 1711: 1699: 1687: 1683:O'Donnell 1999 1675: 1671:O'Donnell 1999 1660: 1658:, p. 183. 1644: 1632: 1630:, p. 123. 1620: 1618:, p. 691. 1605: 1589: 1587:, p. 165. 1577: 1565: 1550: 1548:, p. 181. 1544:, p. 40; 1542:O'Donnell 1999 1540:, p. 61; 1530: 1518: 1506: 1502:O'Donnell 1999 1494: 1482: 1480:, p. 114. 1470: 1468:, p. 122. 1458: 1456:, p. 182. 1446: 1434: 1422: 1420:, p. 113. 1410: 1408:, p. 143. 1395: 1383: 1368: 1364:O'Donnell 1999 1356: 1344: 1340:O'Donnell 1999 1332: 1320: 1308: 1304:O'Donnell 1999 1296: 1284: 1272: 1266:, p. 86; 1256: 1254:, p. 173. 1241: 1239:, p. 195. 1237:O'Donnell 1999 1229: 1217: 1205: 1193: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1136: 1133: 1076: 1073: 996:Alexei Kosygin 967: 964: 885: 882: 858:Liri Belishova 853: 850: 838:Andrei Grechko 823: 820: 786: 783: 771: 768: 731: 728: 701: 698: 684: 681: 654: 653:Plenum of 1957 651: 637:Following the 618: 615: 583: 580: 571:rehabilitating 557: 554: 509: 506: 477: 474: 446: 424: 421: 329: 328: 302: 277: 276: 273: 272: 268: 267: 264: 263: 212:Czechoslovakia 165: 163: 126: 119: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 97: 93: 92: 79: 75: 74: 65: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5858: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:War on terror 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642:Espionage and 5640: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:Andrew Thorpe 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488:Gabriel Kolko 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5453:Fred Halliday 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5438:Lloyd Gardner 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5398:Norman Davies 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:John Costello 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5318:Technological 5316: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199:Pro-communist 5197: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126:Organizations 5124: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940:Eurocommunism 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4770:Domino theory 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724:South Ossetia 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4508:8888 Uprising 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4453:Iran–Iraq War 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418:Falklands War 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281:NDF Rebellion 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4261:German Autumn 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4148:Metapolitefsi 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3909:Prague Spring 3907: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887:Al-Wadiah War 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852:12-3 incident 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3431:Domino theory 3429: 3427: 3426:Petrov Affair 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3303:Madiun Affair 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3263:Marshall Plan 3261: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3012:United States 3009: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2784:9780701129705 2780: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2665: 2660: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2570:, p. 79. 2569: 2568:Freedman 1970 2564: 2557: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2532:Logoreci 1977 2529: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2505: 2500: 2494:, p. 53. 2493: 2488: 2482:, p. 28. 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2453: 2452:Freedman 1970 2448: 2446: 2438: 2437:Freedman 1970 2433: 2427:, p. 34. 2426: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2409:Freedman 1970 2405: 2398: 2397:Logoreci 1977 2393: 2386: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2315:, p. 47. 2314: 2309: 2302: 2301:Halliday 1986 2297: 2291:, p. 19. 2290: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2253:Logoreci 1977 2249: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2229:Logoreci 1977 2225: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2183:, p. 70. 2182: 2178: 2177:Logoreci 1977 2173: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2088:, p. 14. 2087: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2062:Griffith 1963 2058: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2022:Logoreci 1977 2018: 2011: 2006: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1974:Freedman 1970 1970: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1922: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1835:, p. 40. 1834: 1833:Griffith 1963 1829: 1823:, p. 71. 1822: 1821:Freedman 1970 1817: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1791: 1783: 1778: 1771: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1748:, p. 46. 1747: 1742: 1740: 1732: 1727: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1707:Griffith 1963 1703: 1696: 1691: 1685:, p. 45. 1684: 1679: 1673:, p. 44. 1672: 1667: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1652:Logoreci 1977 1648: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1628:Logoreci 1977 1624: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1603:, p. 62. 1602: 1601:Freedman 1970 1598: 1597:Logoreci 1977 1593: 1586: 1581: 1575:, p. 37. 1574: 1569: 1562: 1561:Logoreci 1977 1557: 1555: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:Freedman 1970 1534: 1528:, p. 24. 1527: 1526:Griffith 1963 1522: 1515: 1510: 1504:, p. 42. 1503: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1442:Logoreci 1977 1438: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1406:Halliday 1986 1402: 1400: 1392: 1387: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1365: 1360: 1353: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1329: 1324: 1318:, p. 89. 1317: 1312: 1306:, p. 38. 1305: 1300: 1293: 1288: 1281: 1280:Logoreci 1977 1276: 1270:, p. 82. 1269: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1225:Halliday 1986 1221: 1215:, p. 33. 1214: 1209: 1203:, p. 22. 1202: 1201:Halliday 1986 1197: 1191:, p. 29. 1190: 1185: 1176: 1172: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997: 992: 986: 982: 976: 972: 963: 959: 955: 953: 949: 943: 941: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 913: 907: 904: 898: 894: 892: 881: 879: 874: 872: 866: 864: 859: 849: 847: 843: 839: 833: 828: 819: 815: 811: 807: 804: 800: 796: 792: 782: 781: 777: 767: 764: 760: 756: 751: 747: 745: 741: 736: 730:Split deepens 727: 723: 718: 715: 709: 707: 697: 695: 690: 680: 676: 672: 668: 666: 665: 660: 650: 647: 646: 640: 635: 631: 628: 624: 623:Mátyás Rákosi 614: 603: 596: 591: 589: 579: 575: 572: 567: 564: 552: 549: 545: 538: 534: 532: 526: 524: 520: 516: 505: 503: 499: 493: 491: 487: 483: 469: 465: 463: 459: 454: 451: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:Joseph Stalin 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 359:Secret Speech 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 325: 324: 313: 300: 299: 288: 274: 269: 261: 249: 237: 225: 213: 201: 189: 188:Supported by: 185: 181: 176: 164: 161: 149: 148:Supported by: 145: 141: 136: 125: 124: 120: 115: 112: 109: 105: 102: 98: 94: 91: 87: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 49: 45: 40: 35: 32: 30: 19: 5752:Brinkmanship 5644:intelligence 5533:Marius Oprea 5483:Harvey Klehr 5413:Herbert Feis 5403:Willem Drees 5368:Archie Brown 5285: 5273: 5255: 5245:Trybuna Ludu 5243: 5236: 5232:Radio Moscow 5224: 5217: 5210: 5038:Anti-Zionism 4954: 4877:Keynesianism 4865:Conservatism 4729:Transnistria 4709:China-Taiwan 4366:Gera Demands 4239: 4040: 3915: 3720:El Porteñazo 3638: 3614:Congo Crisis 3529: 3464:Algerian War 3447: 3323:Western Bloc 3318:Eastern Bloc 3313:Iron Curtain 3169: 3161: 3153: 3130: 3110: 3102: 3019:Soviet Union 3017: 3010: 2961: 2952: 2939: 2929: 2896: 2892: 2879: 2870: 2857: 2843: 2829: 2815: 2802: 2793: 2774: 2763: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2724:Bibliography 2710:. Retrieved 2705: 2695: 2683: 2676:Vickers 1999 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2523: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2432: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2172: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2093: 2081: 2069: 2057: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1863: 1857: 1847: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1804: 1777: 1770:Vickers 1999 1765: 1753: 1726: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1678: 1656:Vickers 1999 1647: 1635: 1623: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1546:Vickers 1999 1533: 1521: 1509: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1461: 1449: 1437: 1425: 1413: 1386: 1359: 1347: 1335: 1323: 1311: 1299: 1287: 1275: 1259: 1252:Vickers 1999 1232: 1227:, p. 6. 1220: 1208: 1196: 1184: 1175: 1129: 1117: 1113: 1101: 1098: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1025: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 993: 977: 973: 969: 960: 956: 944: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 908: 899: 895: 887: 875: 867: 862: 855: 835: 830: 825: 816: 812: 808: 788: 773: 752: 748: 742:and said to 737: 733: 724: 720: 711: 703: 686: 677: 673: 669: 662: 656: 643: 636: 632: 620: 598: 593: 585: 576: 568: 559: 540: 535: 527: 511: 494: 479: 455: 441:Jon Halliday 439:. Historian 426: 386: 371: 367:Eastern Bloc 341:between the 334: 332: 303: 298:Mehmet Shehu 278: 271:Lead figures 224:East Germany 187: 175:Soviet Union 147: 71:Soviet Union 42:Part of the 31: 29: 5826:Enver Hoxha 5578:Shen Zhihua 5388:Michael Cox 5320:competition 5267:Pro-Western 5257:Soviet Life 5183:Safari Club 5153:Warsaw Pact 5008:Nationalism 4998:Imperialism 4897:Reaganomics 4760:Containment 4553:Perestroika 4042:Realpolitik 3872:Six-Day War 3857:Greek junta 3668:Berlin Wall 3516:Suez Crisis 3484:Vietnam War 3371:McCarthyism 3186:Baruch Plan 3131:Unthinkable 3091:Dekemvriana 3030:Warsaw Pact 966:Culmination 822:Hostilities 780:Soviet Navy 413:Warsaw Pact 403:within the 401:revisionism 389:Enver Hoxha 287:Enver Hoxha 107:Resulted in 86:revisionism 5800:Categories 5346:Historians 5337:Space Race 5238:Rudé právo 5192:Propaganda 5048:Neo-Nazism 5018:Chauvinism 4972:Trotskyism 4887:Monetarism 4855:Liberalism 4847:Capitalism 4839:Ideologies 4790:Ostpolitik 4513:Solidarity 4478:Toyota War 4381:Solidarity 4238:Operation 4193:Ogaden War 3882:Dhofar War 3770:Shifta War 3528:Operation 3376:Korean War 3168:Operation 3160:Operation 3152:Operation 3129:Operation 3109:Operation 3101:Operation 2628:Hoxha 1980 2616:Hoxha 1980 2556:Hoxha 1984 2504:Hoxha 1984 2373:Hoxha 1980 2361:Hoxha 1976 2337:Hoxha 1984 2265:Hoxha 1980 2241:Hoxha 1980 2217:Hoxha 1984 2193:Hoxha 1984 2181:Hoxha 1980 2138:Hoxha 1976 2102:Hoxha 1976 2074:Hoxha 1976 1962:Hoxha 1976 1938:Hoxha 1984 1782:Hoxha 1984 1731:Hoxha 1984 1695:Hoxha 1984 1640:Hoxha 1984 1616:Hoxha 1975 1490:Hoxha 1984 1466:Hoxha 1984 1430:Hoxha 1984 1391:Hoxha 1984 1352:Hoxha 1984 1163:References 1020:Sevastopol 912:November 7 891:Ramiz Alia 846:Teme Sejko 803:Hysni Kapo 423:Background 378:Hysni Kapo 355:Yugoslavia 5633:Ken Young 5478:Tony Judt 5327:Arms race 5300:Red Scare 5168:NN States 5113:Apartheid 5068:Autocracy 4977:Stalinism 4945:Guevarism 4935:Castroism 4925:Communism 4917:Socialism 4443:Star Wars 4036:Koza riot 3162:Beleaguer 3154:Masterdom 2921:191900853 2913:0707-5332 2811:Hoxha, E. 2735:Our Enver 2688:Kola 2003 2664:Alia 1988 2592:Pano 1968 2528:Pano 1968 2480:Hamm 1963 2425:Hamm 1963 2325:Alia 1988 2289:Hamm 1963 2277:Alia 1988 2205:Pano 1968 2165:Alia 1988 2150:Alia 1988 2126:Alia 1988 2114:Pano 1968 2086:Hamm 1963 2050:Pano 1968 1986:Pano 1968 1950:Pano 1968 1891:cite book 1883:863157405 1809:Pano 1968 1758:Pano 1968 1573:Held 1992 1478:Kola 2003 1418:Kola 2003 1379:Pano 1968 1316:Pano 1968 1292:Pano 1968 1264:Pano 1968 1213:Held 1992 1189:Held 1992 878:full stop 515:Presidium 504:in 1952. 490:Cominform 482:Koçi Xoxe 462:satellite 437:Comintern 339:relations 78:Caused by 57:1956–1961 5785:Timeline 5775:Category 5720:See also 5212:Izvestia 5053:Islamism 4950:Hoxhaism 4825:Rollback 4704:Abkhazia 4644:Gulf War 4548:Glasnost 3918:incident 3688:Sand War 3546:Ifni War 3055:Rio Pact 3000:Cold War 2813:(1976). 2733:(1988). 2731:Alia, R. 2712:31 March 2640:Ash 1974 2456:Ash 1974 2421:Ash 1974 2349:Ash 1974 2010:Ash 1974 1797:Ash 1974 1719:Ash 1974 1514:Ash 1974 1454:Ash 1974 1135:See also 1103:de facto 1090:Bill Ash 776:Brezhnev 450:Red Army 248:Mongolia 200:Bulgaria 90:Hoxhaism 62:Location 44:Cold War 5275:Amerika 5158:Comecon 5043:Fascism 5033:Zionism 4982:Titoism 4523:Contras 3991:Détente 3268:Comecon 1037:At the 1030:of the 871:Beijing 840:, then 740:Butrint 689:roubles 586:At the 521:of the 517:of the 498:Comecon 445:Western 236:Hungary 135:Albania 117:Parties 96:Methods 67:Albania 5226:Pravda 5028:Racism 4967:Maoism 4719:Kosovo 4240:Condor 3916:Pueblo 3902:May 68 3530:Gladio 3448:Tuapse 3111:Jungle 3103:Priboi 2919: 2911: 2781: 1881: 1871: 985:Durrës 799:states 659:plenum 645:Pravda 544:Bierut 260:Poland 257: 245: 233: 221: 209: 197: 172: 157: 88:, and 5711:Stasi 5178:SAARC 5173:ASEAN 5138:SEATO 4991:Other 4956:Juche 4714:Korea 4627:1990s 4340:1980s 3984:1970s 3607:1960s 3359:1950s 3069:1940s 3050:NEATO 3045:SEATO 3035:ANZUS 2944:(PDF) 2917:S2CID 2862:(PDF) 2848:(PDF) 2834:(PDF) 2820:(PDF) 1168:Notes 683:Trade 548:Ochab 502:Vlora 160:China 5251:TASS 5143:METO 5133:NATO 4359:and 4357:1980 3914:USS 3040:METO 3025:NATO 2909:ISSN 2779:ISBN 2714:2024 1901:link 1897:link 1879:OCLC 1869:ISBN 950:and 948:28th 797:and 333:The 184:CPSU 144:PPSH 54:Date 46:and 5706:KGB 5701:MVD 5686:MI6 5681:MI5 5676:CIA 5148:EEC 2901:doi 954:." 5802:: 2915:. 2907:. 2897:42 2895:. 2891:. 2704:. 2444:^ 2157:^ 1893:}} 1889:{{ 1877:. 1789:^ 1738:^ 1663:^ 1608:^ 1553:^ 1398:^ 1371:^ 1244:^ 1127:. 1111:. 991:" 865:. 613:" 533:. 419:. 384:. 69:, 4519:) 4515:( 3524:" 3520:" 3497:" 3493:" 2992:e 2985:t 2978:v 2923:. 2903:: 2787:. 2716:. 1903:) 1885:. 989:' 611:' 607:" 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Albanian–Soviet split

Index