Sound recording and reproduction

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sound recording also enabled a much larger proportion of people to hear famous orchestras, operas, singers and bands, because even if a person could not afford to hear the live concert, they may be able to hear the recording. The availability of sound recording thus helped to spread musical styles to new regions, countries and continents. The cultural influence went in a number of directions. Sound recordings enabled Western music lovers to hear actual recordings of Asian, Middle Eastern and African groups and performers, increasing awareness of non-Western musical styles. At the same time, sound recordings enabled music lovers outside the West to hear the most famous North American and European groups and singers.

1458: 717: 292:, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store a long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the piano rolls were "hand-played," meaning that they were duplicates from a master roll which had been created on a special piano, which punched holes in the master as a live performer played the song. Thus, the roll represented a recording of the actual performance of an individual, not just the more common method of punching the master roll through transcription of the sheet music. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904. Piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A 1908 802: 40: 700:. Both soon licensed the system and both made their earliest published electrical recordings in February 1925, but neither actually released them until several months later. To avoid making their existing catalogs instantly obsolete, the two long-time archrivals agreed privately not to publicize the new process until November 1925, by which time enough electrically recorded repertory would be available to meet the anticipated demand. During the next few years, the lesser record companies licensed or developed other electrical recording systems. By 1929 only the budget label 1135:, invented by David Blackmer, also found success in professional audio. A simpler variant of Dolby's noise reduction system, known as Dolby B, greatly improved the sound of cassette tape recordings by reducing the especially high level of hiss that resulted from the cassette's miniaturized tape format. The compact cassette format also benefited from improvements to the tape itself as coatings with wider frequency responses and lower inherent noise were developed, often based on cobalt and chrome oxides as the magnetic material instead of the more usual iron oxide. 1514:

sound. There are individual and cultural preferences for either method. While approaches and opinions vary, some emphasize sound as paramount, others focus on technology preferences as the deciding factor. Analog fans might embrace limitations as strengths of the medium inherent in the compositional, editing, mixing, and listening phases. Digital advocates boast flexibility in similar processes. This debate fosters a revival of vinyl in the music industry, as well as analog electronics, and analog type plug-ins for recording and mixing software.

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electromechanical recorder in 1918, and in the early 1920s, they decided to intensively apply their hardware and expertise to developing two state-of-the-art systems for electronically recording and reproducing sound: one that employed conventional discs and another that recorded optically on motion picture film. Their engineers pioneered the use of mechanical analogs of electrical circuits and developed a superior "rubber line" recorder for cutting the groove into the wax master in the disc recording system.

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use for 78 rpm records very unusual, but with a long-playing disc the added cost was acceptable. The compact 45 format required very little material. Vinyl offered improved performance, both in stamping and in playback. Vinyl records were, over-optimistically, advertised as "unbreakable". They were not, but they were much less fragile than shellac, which had itself once been touted as "unbreakable" compared to wax cylinders.

1297: 2454: 669:, London. The recording engineers used microphones of the type used in contemporary telephones. Four were discreetly set up in the abbey and wired to recording equipment in a vehicle outside. Although electronic amplification was used, the audio was weak and unclear, as only possible in those circumstances. For several years, this little-noted disc remained the only issued electrical recording. 4124: 1598: 188: 1273: 855: 473:

for mass-producing duplicate wax cylinders by molding instead of engraving them was put into effect in 1901. The development of mass-production techniques enabled cylinder recordings to become a major new consumer item in industrial countries and the cylinder was the main consumer format from the late 1880s until around 1910.

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volume of the three audio channels. Because of the complex equipment this system required, Disney exhibited the movie as a roadshow, and only in the United States. Regular releases of the movie used standard mono optical 35 mm stock until 1956, when Disney released the film with a stereo soundtrack that used the

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defines a sound recording as (a) a recording of sounds, from which the sounds may be reproduced, or (b) a recording of the whole or any part of a literary, dramatic or musical work, from which sounds reproducing the work or part may be produced, regardless of the medium on which the recording is made

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Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry. By the early 1950s, most commercial recordings were mastered on tape instead of recorded directly to disc. Tape facilitated a degree of manipulation in the recording process that was impractical with mixes and multiple generations of directly recorded

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The ease and accuracy of tape editing, as compared to the cumbersome disc-to-disc editing procedures previously in some limited use, together with tape's consistently high audio quality finally convinced radio networks to routinely prerecord their entertainment programming, most of which had formerly

776:. Magnetic wire recorders were effective, but the sound quality was poor, so between the wars, they were primarily used for voice recording and marketed as business dictating machines. In 1924, a German engineer, Kurt Stille, improved the Telegraphone with an electronic amplifier. The following year, 707:

Comparison of some surviving Western Electric test recordings with early commercial releases indicates that the record companies artificially reduced the frequency range of recordings so they would not overwhelm non-electronic playback equipment, which reproduced very low frequencies as an unpleasant

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Earlier, purely acoustic methods of recording had limited sensitivity and frequency range. Mid-frequency range notes could be recorded, but very low and very high frequencies could not. Instruments such as the violin were difficult to transfer to disc. One technique to deal with this involved using a

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in an attempt to regain his market. The double-sided (nominally 78 rpm) shellac disc was the standard consumer music format from the early 1910s to the late 1950s. In various permutations, the audio disc format became the primary medium for consumer sound recordings until the end of the 20th century.

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in 1877 and patented in 1878. The invention soon spread across the globe and over the next two decades the commercial recording, distribution, and sale of sound recordings became a growing new international industry, with the most popular titles selling millions of units by the early 1900s. A process

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German audio engineers working on magnetic tape developed stereo recording by 1941. Of 250 stereophonic recordings made during WW2, only three survive: Beethoven's 5th Piano Concerto with Walter Gieseking and Arthur Rother, a Brahms Serenade, and the last movement of Bruckner's 8th Symphony with Von

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technology, in which the audio signal was graphically recorded on photographic film. The amplitude variations comprising the signal were used to modulate a light source which was imaged onto the moving film through a narrow slit, allowing the signal to be photographed as variations in the density or

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were already being sold to the public in 1924, a year before the first such offerings from the major record companies, but their overall sound quality was too low to demonstrate any obvious advantage over traditional acoustical methods. Marsh's microphone technique was idiosyncratic and his work had

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was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and more full-bodied recordings by greatly extending the useful range

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in March 1935. The tape used in Blattnerphones and Marconi-Stille recorders was the same material used to make razor blades, and not surprisingly the fearsome Marconi-Stille recorders were considered so dangerous that technicians had to operate them from another room for safety. Because of the high

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The recording is separate from the song, so copyright for a recording usually belongs to the record company. It is less common for an artist or producer to hold these rights. Copyright for recordings has existed since 1972, while copyright for musical composition, or songs, has existed since 1831.

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controversy. Audio professionals, audiophiles, consumers, musicians alike contributed to the debate based on their interaction with the media and the preferences for analog or digital processes. Scholarly discourse on the controversy came to focus on concern for the perception of moving image and

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in 1949. In the US and most developed countries, the two new vinyl formats completely replaced 78 rpm shellac discs by the end of the 1950s, but in some corners of the world, the 78 lingered on far into the 1960s. Vinyl was much more expensive than shellac, one of the several factors that made its

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and turntables. The nominal speed of the disc format gave rise to its common nickname, the "seventy-eight" (though not until other speeds had become available). Discs were made of shellac or similar brittle plastic-like materials, played with needles made from a variety of materials including mild

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introduced the first commercial two-track tape recorders in the late 1940s did stereo tape recording become commercially feasible. Despite the availability of multitrack tape, stereo did not become the standard system for commercial music recording for some years, and remained a specialist market

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sound system. This system used a separate film for the sound, synchronized with the film carrying the picture. The sound film had four double-width optical soundtracks, three for left, center, and right audio—and a fourth as a "control" track with three recorded tones that controlled the playback

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With the development of analog sound recording, though, a performance could be permanently fixed, in all of its elements: pitch, rhythm, timbre, ornaments and expression. This meant that many more elements of a performance would be captured and disseminated to other listeners. The development of

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United States copyright law defines "sound recordings" as "works that result from the fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds" other than an audiovisual work's soundtrack. Prior to the Sound Recording Amendment (SRA), which took effect in 1972, copyright in sound recordings was

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Until the mid-1960s, record companies mixed and released most popular music in monophonic sound. From mid-1960s until the early 1970s, major recordings were commonly released in both mono and stereo. Recordings originally released only in mono have been rerendered and released in stereo using a

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Magnetic tape brought about sweeping changes in both radio and the recording industry. Sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times, sounds could be duplicated from tape to tape with only minor loss of quality, and recordings could now be very precisely edited by

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had research laboratories with material and human resources that no record company or independent inventor could match. They had the best microphone, a condenser type developed there in 1916 and greatly improved in 1922, and the best amplifiers and test equipment. They had already patented an

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as the varyingly magnetized tape passes over it. The original solid steel ribbon was replaced by a much more practical coated paper tape, but acetate soon replaced paper as the standard tape base. Acetate has fairly low tensile strength and if very thin it will snap easily, so it was in turn

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vacuum tube, an electronic valve that could amplify weak electrical signals. By 1915, it was in use in long-distance telephone circuits that made conversations between New York and San Francisco practical. Refined versions of this tube were the basis of all electronic sound systems until the

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Thomas Edison's work on two other innovations, the telegraph and the telephone, led to the development of the phonograph. Edison was working on a machine in 1877 that would transcribe telegraphic signals onto paper tape, which could then be transferred over the telegraph again and again. The

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aircraft company. Aimed particularly at the automotive market, they were the first practical, affordable car hi-fi systems, and could produce sound quality superior to that of the compact cassette. The smaller size and greater durability – augmented by the ability to create

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labels. 161 Stereosonic tapes were released, mostly classical music or lyric recordings. RCA imported these tapes into the USA. Although some HMV tapes released in the USA cost up to $ 15, two-track stereophonic tapes were more successful in America during the second half of the 1950s.

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In 1881, it was noted during experiments in transmitting sound from the Paris Opera that it was possible to follow the movement of singers on the stage if earpieces connected to different microphones were held to the two ears. This discovery was commercialized in 1890 with the

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from the Internet and other sources, and copied onto computers and digital audio players. Digital audio technology is now used in all areas of audio, from casual use of music files of moderate quality to the most demanding professional applications. New applications such as

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The development of analog sound recording in the nineteenth century and its widespread use throughout the twentieth century had a huge impact on the development of music. Before analog sound recording was invented, most music was as a live performance. Throughout the

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industry standard of nominally 78 revolutions per minute. The specified speed was 78.26 rpm in America and 77.92 rpm throughout the rest of the world. The difference in speeds was due to the difference in the cycle frequencies of the AC electricity that powered the

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sound systems from the 1960s onward. In the 1950s, most record players were monophonic and had relatively low sound quality. Few consumers could afford high-quality stereophonic sound systems. In the 1960s, American manufacturers introduced a new generation of

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and others all had systems) and generally poor quality, even when played as intended on the correct equipment, of the released music. It eventually faded out in the late 1970s, although this early venture paved the way for the eventual introduction of domestic

952:, who in 1937 demonstrated a practical system of two-channel stereo, using dual optical sound tracks on film. Major movie studios quickly developed three-track and four-track sound systems, and the first stereo sound recording for a commercial film was made by 2094: 482: 1110:

electronics company in 1964, is the best known. Initially a low-fidelity format for spoken-word voice recording and inadequate for music reproduction, after a series of improvements it entirely replaced the competing consumer tape formats: the larger

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There had been experiments with multi-channel sound for many years – usually for special musical or cultural events – but the first commercial application of the concept came in the early 1970s with the introduction of

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that played interchangeable cylinders. According to Charles B. Fowler, this "... cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century."

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behind the screen. Optical sound became the standard motion picture audio system throughout the world and remains so for theatrical release prints despite attempts in the 1950s to substitute magnetic soundtracks. Currently, all release prints on

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noise reduction. In addition, an optically recorded digital soundtrack in Dolby Digital or Sony SDDS form is likely to be present. An optically recorded timecode is also commonly included to synchronize CDROMs that contain a DTS soundtrack.

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effectively relegated to a small niche market by the mid-1990s. The record industry fiercely resisted the introduction of digital systems, fearing wholesale piracy on a medium able to produce perfect copies of original released recordings.

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sound. This spin-off development from multitrack recording used four tracks (instead of the two used in stereo) and four speakers to create a 360-degree audio field around the listener. Following the release of the first consumer 4-channel

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in Paris fully explaining his proposed method, called the paleophone. Though no trace of a working paleophone was ever found, Cros is remembered by some historians as an early inventor of a sound recording and reproduction machine.

483: 2452:, Alan Dower Blumlein, "Improvements in and relating to Sound-transmission, Sound-recording and Sound-reproducing Systems.", issued 1933-06-14, assigned to Alan Dower Blumlein and Musical Industries, Limited 1634:

magnetic recorder at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. It includes brief comments by Emperor Franz Joseph and the audio quality, ignoring dropouts and some noise of later origin, is comparable to that of a contemporary

3297:.: Published on the occasion of an exhibition commemorating the centennial of recorded sound, held at the fairground of the annual Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto, Ont., as one of the C.N.E.'s 1977 events. Without ISBN 1559:

handled at the state level. Federal copyright law preempts most state copyright laws but allows state copyright in sound recordings to continue for one full copyright term after the SRA's effective date, which means 2067.

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and introduced into professional recording studios in 1966. It suppressed the background of hiss, which was the only easily audible downside of mastering on tape instead of recording directly to disc. A competing system,

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eventually superseded by polyester. This technology, the basis for almost all commercial recording from the 1950s to the 1980s, was developed in the 1930s by German audio engineers who also rediscovered the principle of

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been broadcast live. Also, for the first time, broadcasters, regulators and other interested parties were able to undertake comprehensive audio logging of each day's radio broadcasts. Innovations like multitracking and

383:", a French folk song, was played back as sound for the first time in 2008 by scanning it and using software to convert the undulating line, which graphically encoded the sound, into a corresponding digital audio file. 421: 379:, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a vibrating stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it. An 1860 phonautogram of " 2143: 2088: 878:, ushering in another technical revolution in the recording industry. Tape made possible the first sound recordings totally created by electronic means, opening the way for the bold sonic experiments of the 330: 1449:

software for recording and transcribing speech has different requirements; intelligibility and flexible playback facilities are priorities, while a wide frequency range and high audio quality are not.

937:, designed a way to make the sound of an actor in a film follow his movement across the screen. In December 1931, he submitted a patent application including the idea, and in 1933 this became 420: 331: 5268: 4718: 3178:

Lipman, Samuel,"The House of Music: Art in an Era of Institutions", 1984. See the chapter on "Getting on Record", pp. 62–75, about the early record industry and Fred Gaisberg and

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overtook the cylinder ca. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. Edison, who was the main producer of cylinders, created the

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recording speeds required, they used enormous reels about one meter in diameter, and the thin tape frequently broke, sending jagged lengths of razor steel flying around the studio.

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Although there was no universally accepted speed, and various companies offered discs that played at several different speeds, the major recording companies eventually settled on a

132:, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a larger 1288:(CD) in 1982 brought significant improvements in the quality and durability of recordings. The CD initiated another massive wave of change in the consumer music industry, with 4592: 4886: 422: 2423: 1115:(used primarily in cars). The compact cassette became a major consumer audio format and advances in electronic and mechanical miniaturization led to the development of the 2195: 2227: 551:

which uses a conical horn connected to a diaphragm that in turn is connected to the violin bridge. The horn was no longer needed once electrical recording was developed.

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allowed radio programs and advertisements to be produced to a high level of complexity and sophistication. The combined impact with innovations such as the endless loop

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Keynote address was presented to the 104th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society in Amsterdam during the society's golden anniversary celebration on May 17, 1998.

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defines as ℗ (the letter P in a full circle). This usually accompanies the copyright notice for the underlying musical composition, which uses the ordinary © symbol.

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copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, there were between 70,000 and 75,000 player pianos manufactured, and between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 piano rolls produced.

948:. The experiments with stereo during the 1930s and 1940s were hampered by problems with synchronization. A major breakthrough in practical stereo sound was made by 628:

converged to revolutionize the recording process. These included improved microphones and auxiliary devices such as electronic filters, all dependent on electronic

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hi-fi components — separate turntables, pre-amplifiers, amplifiers, both combined as integrated amplifiers, tape recorders, and other ancillary equipment like the

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In the 1930s, experiments with magnetic tape enabled the development of the first practical commercial sound systems that could record and reproduce high-fidelity

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was the first practical tape recorder, developed by AEG in Germany in 1935. The technology was further improved just after World War II by American audio engineer

822:, which impresses corresponding variations of magnetization on the moving tape. In playback mode, the signal path is reversed, the tape head acting as a miniature 1119:, a pocket-sized cassette player introduced in 1979. The Walkman was the first personal music player and it gave a major boost to sales of prerecorded cassettes. 1018:(Full Frequency Range Recording) in the 1940s, which became internationally accepted as a worldwide standard for higher-quality recording on vinyl records. The 4916: 4742: 4501: 1911: 941:. Over the next two years, Blumlein developed stereo microphones and a stereo disc-cutting head, and recorded a number of short films with stereo soundtracks. 4730: 4543: 4537: 1915: 624:

of audio frequencies, and allowed previously unrecordable distant and feeble sounds to be captured. During this time, several radio-related developments in

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in 1881. Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being marginally louder than cylinders. Sales of the

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since 8-track recorders were rare – saw the cassette become the dominant consumer format for portable audio devices in the 1970s and 1980s.

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Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based recording devices with no means of amplification, such as the

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for training purposes. Acoustical recording methods of the time could not reproduce the sounds accurately. The earliest results were not promising.

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The most recent and revolutionary developments have been in digital recording, with the development of various uncompressed and compressed digital

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This period also saw several other historic developments including the introduction of the first practical magnetic sound recording system, the

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During World War I, engineers in the United States and Great Britain worked on ways to record and reproduce, among other things, the sound of a

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The multitrack audio cartridge had been in wide use in the radio industry, from the late 1950s to the 1980s, but in the 1960s the pre-recorded

4844: 4525: 4389: 323: 5211: 2481: 1184:. Quadraphonic sound was not a commercial success, partly because of competing and somewhat incompatible four-channel sound systems (e.g., 4042: 2856: 2698: 2300:"A brief summary of E. C. Wente's development of the condenser microphone and of the Western Electric sound recording project as a whole" 2066: 867: 722: 615:

in the early 1970s, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called

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Millard, Andre J., "America on record : a history of recorded sound", Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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did not indicate the rhythm of the chant. In the Baroque era, instrumental pieces often lack a tempo indication and usually none of the

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By 1924, such dramatic progress had been made that Western Electric arranged a demonstration for the two leading record companies, the

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introduced in 1932. Similar units were widely used for recording and broadcasting in the 1940s and are occasionally still used today.

3293:. Executive writer, Bob Weir; project staff writers, Brian Gorman, Jim Simons, Marty Melhuish. : Produced by Studio 123, cop. 1977. 3123:

Barlow, Sanna Morrison. Mountain Singing: the Story of Gospel Recordings in the Philippines. Hong Kong: Alliance Press, 1952. 352 p.

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steel, thorn, and even sapphire. Discs had a distinctly limited playing life that varied depending on how they were manufactured.

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Gronow, Pekka, and Saunio, Ilpo, "An International History of the Recording Industry", , London; New York : Cassell, 1998.

2279: 2187: 1979: 2218: 788:'s company purchased the rights to the Blattnerphone, and newly developed Marconi-Stille recorders were installed in the BBC's 372: 343: 3316:– tens of thousands of recordings showcasing audio history from 19th century wax cylinders to the present day. British Library 4103: 3215: 2624: 2599: 2549: 2332:

Maxfield, J. P. and H. C. Harrison. Methods of high-quality recording and reproducing of speech based on telephone research.

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that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth (or

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compression on small, re-writeable discs was introduced in the 1990s, but became obsolescent as solid-state non-volatile

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systems, a number of popular albums were released in one of the competing four-channel formats; among the best known are

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recording uses an amplified electrical audio signal to generate analogous variations of the magnetic field produced by a

676:, experimented with equipment and techniques for electrical recording in the early 1920s. Marsh's electrically recorded 661:

The first electrical recording issued to the public, with little fanfare, was of November 11, 1920, funeral service for

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was key in the development of full frequency range records and alerting the listening public to high fidelity in 1946.

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during the 1950s. EMI (UK) was the first company to release commercial stereophonic tapes. They issued their first

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Enterprises. Mullin's pioneering recorders were modifications of captured German recorders. In the late 1940s, the

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dropped in price. As technologies that increase the amount of data that can be stored on a single medium, such as

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is a work that results from the fixation of sounds in a medium. The notice of copyright in a phonogram uses the

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to tape, disc or mass storage allowing previously unavailable flexibility in the mixing and mastering stages.

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Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators".

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for all purposes, ranging from casual users and serious amateurs working on small projects to professional

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Karajan. Other early German stereophonic tapes are believed to have been destroyed in bombings. Not until

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There are many different digital audio recording and processing programs running under several computer

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led to significant changes in the pacing and production style of radio program content and advertising.

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as they passed through the air (but could not play them back—the purpose was only visual study) was the

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and introduced in 1948. The short-playing but convenient 7-inch (18 cm) 45 rpm microgroove vinyl

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In 1925 the laboratories reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and under the shared ownership of

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Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog sound signal picked up by the microphone to a

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sound waves and records them as a mechanical representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a

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became available, longer programs of higher quality fit onto a single disc. Sound files are readily

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or the method by which the sounds are reproduced or produced. It thus covers vinyl records, tapes,

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produced by sound in stone representations, although this theory has not been conclusively proved.

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began work that eventually produced the Blattnerphone, which used steel tape instead of wire. The

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and patented in 1887, though others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notably

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In the 14th century, a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder was introduced in

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were written down. As a result, each performance of a song or piece would be slightly different.

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have reduced recording costs such that high-quality recordings can be produced in small studios.

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Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments",

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had released the Beethoven Concerto on LP, and it has been reissued on CD several times since.

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allow greater control and efficiency for composers and artists. Digital audio techniques and

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recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying

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systems in home theatre use, which gained popularity following the introduction of the DVD.

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to convert these variations back into an electrical signal, which was amplified and sent to

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in 1938. The first commercially released movie with a stereo soundtrack was Walt Disney's

8: 5185: 4862: 4242: 3599: 2148: 2001: 1889: 1313: 903: 662: 465: 457: 428: 380: 4632: 2936: 1692: 1210: 879: 375:. The earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called 30:"Sound recorder" redirects here. For the audio recording program computer software, see 5120: 5040: 4754: 4610: 4347: 3966: 3769: 3584: 3579: 3485: 3319: 2988: 2956: 1974: 1754: 1746: 1483: 1263: 1027: 945: 915: 823: 789: 539: 522: 293: 272: 82: 1969: 1784: 784:

started using Blattnerphones in 1930 to record radio programs. In 1933, radio pioneer

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Interviews with practitioners in all areas of the recording industry. British Library

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Technological developments in recording, editing, and consuming have transformed the

1305: 1281: 1249: 1233: 1053: 949: 926: 785: 677: 666: 612: 600: 518: 506: 213:, in which a mechanism turns a spindle, which plucks metal tines, thus reproducing a 148: 94: 74: 3058: 288:, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books. The 221:

brothers invented the earliest known mechanical musical instrument, in this case, a

218: 4880: 4838: 4604: 4215: 4138: 4012: 3951: 3910: 3817: 3794: 3764: 3609: 3569: 3439: 3431: 3334: 3233:.: This is an historical account of the development of sound recording technology. 3165:, Vol. 3, Producers and Markets (1983), pp. 53–75, Cambridge University Press. 3088: 2980: 2940: 2836:"How do musicians know how fast to play a piece? And why are the terms in Italian?" 1780: 1738: 1543: 1499: 1432: 1103: 1102:

The next important innovation was small cartridge-based tape systems, of which the

999: 773: 757: 697: 685: 569: 285: 238: 121: 90: 43: 4820: 4178: 3986: 3961: 3946: 3847: 3832: 3807: 3536: 3531: 3362: 3259: 3207: 3127: 3034: 2809: 2539: 1663: 1495: 1419:

makes it possible to capture signals from several microphones, or from different

1412: 1393: 1369: 1276:

Graphical representation of a sound wave in analog (red) and 4-bit digital (blue)

1023: 1019: 962: 866:

Within a few years of the introduction of the first commercial tape recorder—the

835:), which dramatically improved the frequency response of tape recordings. The K1 777: 744: 701: 497: 172: 164: 3256:"Recording Technology History: notes revised July 6, 2005, by Steven Schoenherr" 2641: 1006:

The history of stereo recording changed after the late 1957 introduction of the

217:). Automatic music reproduction traces back as far as the 9th century, when the 5132: 4964: 4928: 4474: 4448: 4371: 4022: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3931: 3749: 3744: 3480: 1491: 1467: 1436: 1358: 1337: 1309: 1198: 1062: 1015: 891: 840: 573: 510: 464:

The first practical sound recording and reproduction device was the mechanical

234: 206: 125: 51: 3330: 2541:

Wouldn't it Be Nice: Brian Wilson and the Making of the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds

886:, which in turn led to the innovative pop music recordings of artists such as 5308: 5256: 5071: 5063: 5046: 5031: 4910: 4697: 4624: 4422: 4383: 4230: 4109: 4078: 3779: 3713: 3657: 3627: 3564: 3541: 3475: 3136: 2974: 2952: 2944: 2170: 1671: 1475: 1373: 1289: 1259: 1224: 1170: 1165: 1074: 1011: 930: 919: 854: 832: 815: 810: 769: 748: 735: 673: 655: 636: 469: 368: 305: 253: 226: 168: 152: 140: 129: 117: 3279:. Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local History, 1979. 2984: 2614: 2362: 1567:

Since 1934, copyright law in Great Britain has treated sound recordings (or

851:

company produced the first tape recorders commercially available in the US.

4958: 4365: 4198: 3852: 3812: 3754: 3647: 3617: 3574: 3496: 3179: 3129:

Playback: from the Victrola to MP3, 100 years of music, machines, and money

2742: 1828: 1631: 1583: 1572: 1509:

As digital recording developed, so did a controversy commonly known as the

1401: 1345: 1333: 1317: 1285: 1156: 1139: 1116: 1112: 1058: 1035: 953: 708:

rattle and rapidly wore out discs with strongly recorded high frequencies.

608: 548: 453: 339: 289: 276: 257: 249: 156: 151:

by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of

86: 3252:.: This is a pioneering engineering account of sound recording technology. 5005: 4874: 4638: 4256: 4093: 4088: 4047: 4032: 3956: 3941: 3900: 3857: 3673: 1440: 1216: 1070: 1066: 978: 887: 844: 836: 752: 625: 595: 535: 176: 160: 3360: 2615:

Paul du Gay; Stuart Hall; Linda Janes; Hugh Mackay; Keith Negus (1997).

5199: 5193: 4826: 4454: 4406: 4260: 4204: 4083: 4073: 3890: 3678: 3642: 3511: 3506: 1750: 1377: 1362: 1240:

had become world leaders in the music recording and playback industry.

1220: 1175: 1089: 1083: 1077:) were among the first popular artists to explore the possibilities of 973: 648: 620: 577: 444: 355: 222: 171:

signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is

113: 70: 3082: 2392: 2299: 2254:"Inside the Archival Box: The First Long-Playing Disc | Now See Hear!" 136:

causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves.

5292: 5138: 4850: 4772: 4436: 4430: 4411: 4377: 3703: 3622: 3092: 1668: 1407:

Today, the process of making a recording is separated into tracking,

1127: 899: 819: 731: 720:

Singer Tatjana Angelini recording the Swedish voice of Snow White in

704:

was still issuing new recordings made by the old acoustical process.

629: 565: 261: 210: 109: 47: 3268:

St-Laurent, Gilles, "Notes on the Degradation of Sound Recordings",

1742: 1057:, on which Paul played eight overdubbed guitar tracks. In the 1960s 805:

Magnetic audio tapes: acetate base (left) and polyester base (right)

491:

Recording of Bell's voice on a wax disc in 1885, identified in 2013

5274: 5205: 5162: 5156: 5144: 5114: 4892: 3895: 3872: 3862: 3802: 3589: 3400: 1353: 1325: 1143: 1048: 871: 761: 245: 3324: 5262: 4993: 4946: 3991: 3736: 1658: 1439:

who are recording albums, film scores and doing sound design for

1148: 1123: 1107: 929:

system, which operated for over forty years until 1932. In 1931,

828: 2281:

When Did Marsh Laboratories Begin to Make Electrical Recordings?

1737:(2), MENC_ The National Association for Music Education: 45–49, 1630:

The earliest known surviving electrical recording was made on a

1312:

capable and fast enough to convert the digital data to sound in

1349: 1296: 1193: 681:

little if any impact on the systems being developed by others.

643: 640: 214: 3208:"Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music" 2979:. INSAM Institute for Contemporary Art, Music and Technology. 2513:"Classic Tracks: Les Paul & Mary Ford 'How High the Moon'" 1010:, which used the groove format developed earlier by Blumlein. 505:

The next major technical development was the invention of the

155:(zeros and ones) representing samples of the amplitude of the 5150: 5011: 4922: 4057: 4027: 3229:, Second ed., Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Same & Co., 1976. 2188:"Early Sound Recording Collection and Sound Recovery Project" 1938: 1341: 1329: 1161: 986: 848: 452:

On April 30, 1877, French poet, humorous writer and inventor

364: 202: 78: 2857:"How the Ability to Record Music Changed the Music Industry" 672:

Several record companies and independent inventors, notably

237:

from the 1560s may represent an early attempt to record the

5280: 5126: 4486: 4466: 3827: 3351:"Edison's Tone Tests and the Ideal of Perfect Reproduction" 1612:

International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives

1461:

Many members of the media use recorders to capture remarks.

1420: 1389: 1237: 972:, released in 1940. The 1941 release of Fantasia used the 432: 760:

include an analog optical soundtrack, usually stereo with

187: 3594: 1189: 1185: 957: 934: 781: 89:. The two main classes of sound recording technology are 3291:

Century of Sound: 100 Years of Recorded Sound, 1877-1977

205:

was first recorded, music was recorded—first by written

116:

record (in which a stylus cuts grooves on a record). In

77:, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of 3936: 2976:

INSAM Journal of Contemporary Music, Art and Technology

2674:(1972). "A Wide Dynamic Range Noise Reduction System". 2008:, no. 33, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2009, 1688: 1586:, digital audiotapes, and MP3s that embody recordings. 1486:, the main way that songs and instrumental pieces were 456:

submitted a sealed envelope containing a letter to the

3313: 3135: 2775: 2713: 2482:"Decca's (ffrr) Frequency Series - History Of Vinyl 1" 1272: 734:

and other early motion picture sound systems employed

3084:

Magnetic tape sound recording and reproducing systems

2617:

Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman

4168: 3277:

The Preservation and Restoration of Sound Recordings

3227:

From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph

1593: 346:

is the earliest known recording of a person singing.

3007:"Why is vinyl making a comeback? - Reader's Digest" 2899:"Analog vs. Digital: An Unending Debate – PS Audio" 2448: 870:model, launched in 1948—American musician-inventor 392:phonograph was both in a cylinder and a disc form. 3320:History of Recorded Sound. New York Public Library 3159:"The Record Industry: The Growth of a Mass Medium" 1886:"The day the music died - News - The Buffalo News" 163:high enough to convey all sounds capable of being 3248:, Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Sams & Co., 1952. 3045:Pub. L. No. 92-140, § 3, 85 Stat. 391, 392 (1971) 2345: 994:tape in 1954. Others quickly followed, under the 772:, which was based on the work of Danish inventor 435:(Thai) musicians visiting Berlin, Germany in 1900 209:, then also by mechanical devices (e.g., wind-up 5306: 1081:techniques and effects on their landmark albums 2730: 2226:. London: The British Library. pp. 89–90. 2220:Manual of Analogue Audio Restoration Techniques 1142:was launched as a consumer audio format by the 3210:, Faber & Faber; 1 edition (June 9, 2009) 1970:"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison" 1122:A key advance in audio fidelity came with the 863:physically cutting the tape and rejoining it. 4154: 3416: 3272:, vol. 13, no. 1 (Jan. 1991), p. 1, 3–4. 3070:Gramophone Co., Ltd. v. Stephen Carwardine Co 2664: 2633: 2589: 1933: 1931: 933:, a British electronics engineer working for 3392:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2504: 4043:Professional Lighting and Sound Association 3119:(2 Vols.) (2nd ed.). Routledge. 2005 . 2803: 2801: 2682: 1722: 100:Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a 4161: 4147: 3633:Comparison of analog and digital recording 3423: 3409: 3218:. Cf. p. 14 on H. Stith Bennett and " 3182:and FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording). 2639: 2117:"How the Phonograph Changed Music Forever" 1967: 1928: 1646:American Telephone & Telegraph Company 1215:The replacement of the relatively fragile 501:Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone 363:The first device that could record actual 2811:The Music Business and Recording Industry 2723:St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture 2564: 1674:system rather than an optical soundtrack. 1384:became practicable with the invention of 147:. This lets the audio data be stored and 4407:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon 2798: 2785:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 2755:"From Quadraphonic To Good Enough Sound" 2720:Millard, Andre (2013). "Cassette Tape". 2670: 2646:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 2277: 2216: 1912:White-Smith Music Pub. Co. v. Apollo Co. 1856:"History of the Pianola - Piano Players" 1797: 1770: 1456: 1295: 1271: 853: 800: 715: 594: 496: 480: 371:, patented in 1857 by Parisian inventor 186: 38: 3246:The Recording and Reproduction of Sound 2781:"The future of digital audio recording" 2719: 2608: 2569:. Curvebender Publishing. p. 216. 2537: 2251: 2180: 2022:from the original on September 28, 2015 1764: 1578:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 1034:variety of techniques from remixing to 711: 651:-based audio devices in the mid-1950s. 124:, which is then converted to a varying 14: 5307: 2918: 2583: 2467:"New Sound Effects Achieved in Film", 2393:"The Marconi-Stille Recorder - Page 1" 2346:Steven Schoenherr (November 5, 2002), 2314:from the original on February 24, 2012 2233:from the original on December 22, 2015 1961: 1949:from the original on December 31, 2017 1836:from the original on November 13, 2011 1800:Rosslyn Chapel: The Music of the Cubes 1728: 1223:also accelerated the sale of consumer 882:school and avant-garde composers like 81:waves, such as spoken voice, singing, 54:working on a recording project of the 27:Recording of sound and playing it back 4142: 4104:New Interfaces for Musical Expression 3404: 3357:, interview on National Public Radio. 2921:"The death and life of digital audio" 2069:from the original on October 30, 2017 1219:by the smaller, rugged and efficient 1096:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band 647:commercial introduction of the first 632:to be of practical use in recording. 3430: 3345:A History of Central Florida Podcast 2807: 2688: 2114: 2097:from the original on August 19, 2016 1994: 1708:, it was seldom referred to as such. 1126:noise reduction system, invented by 3225:Read, Oliver, and Walter L. Welch, 3201:University of Alabama at Birmingham 2373:from the original on April 10, 2014 2198:from the original on April 23, 2013 1687:has issued all these recordings on 1452: 1204: 909: 24: 3107: 2565:Kehew, Brian; Ryan, Kevin (2006). 2510: 2421: 2252:Jenkins, Amanda (April 13, 2019). 2090:History of the Cylinder Phonograph 1300:A digital sound recorder from Sony 981:four-track magnetic sound system. 402: 312: 25: 5346: 5269:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc 4719:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge 3653:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording 3301: 2925:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 2642:"An Audio Noise Reduction System" 2403:from the original on July 3, 2013 2349:The History of Magnetic Recording 1982:from the original on July 1, 2017 1866:from the original on May 27, 2017 1657:Ironically, the introduction of " 1562: 1041: 373:Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville 344:Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville 4122: 3262: (archived March 12, 2010), 2701:from the original on May 8, 2021 1704:Although its given name was the 1596: 1553: 1532:sound recording copyright symbol 443:Problems playing this file? See 418: 354:Problems playing this file? See 328: 299: 182: 4797:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette 4508:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 3638:Experimental musical instrument 3372:Encyclopedia of Music in Canada 3331:Audio Engineering online course 3063: 3048: 3039: 3024: 2999: 2967: 2912: 2891: 2870: 2849: 2828: 2769: 2747: 2691:"Noise Reduction and Tape Hiss" 2558: 2531: 2474: 2461: 2442: 2415: 2385: 2355: 2339: 2326: 2292: 2271: 2245: 2210: 2163: 2136: 2108: 2081: 2051: 2026: 1888:. June 10, 2011. Archived from 1698: 1677: 1651: 1638: 1624: 1517: 1211:High fidelity § Modularity 723:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 271:). A music box is an automatic 3308:Oral history of recorded sound 3116:Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound 2334:Bell System Technical Journal, 2304:IEEE Transactions on Education 1904: 1878: 1848: 1816: 1791: 1380:industries in recent decades. 1322:portable digital audio players 1320:. This generated new types of 1008:Westrex stereo phonograph disc 694:Victor Talking Machine Company 248:. Similar designs appeared in 159:at equal time intervals, at a 13: 1: 3823:Electronic musical instrument 3139:(1977). Andrew Farkas (ed.). 1968:Jody Rosen (March 27, 2008). 1824:"Tune into the Da Vinci coda" 1785:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 1715: 831:(first used in the 1920s for 584: 386: 265: 4593:Thermionic Products Recordon 4129:Record production portal 4018:Institute of Broadcast Sound 2878:"The influence of recording" 2726:(2.1 ed.). p. 529. 2689:Nave, Carl R. "Rod" (2001). 2538:Granata, Charles L. (2003). 1773:Mechanism and Machine Theory 1536:Geneva Phonograms Convention 56:Bureau of American Ethnology 7: 5325:Sound production technology 4980:Analog-to-digital converter 4887:Nippon Electronic Memo-call 4038:Musical Electronics Library 3367:"Recorded sound production" 2640:Dolby, Ray (October 1967). 2590:Marvin Camras, ed. (1985). 2486:Vinylrecordscollector.co.uk 1589: 1426: 1047:discs. An early example is 698:Columbia Phonograph Company 591:Music technology (electric) 395: 10: 5351: 5330:History of sound recording 5103:Compact Disc Digital Audio 4187:Music box cylinder or disc 3785:Sound reinforcement system 3694:Sound reinforcement system 3197:" From Edison to the iPod" 2678:. Vol. 6, no. 8. 1482:, and through much of the 1398:digital audio workstations 1253: 1247: 1243: 1208: 913: 858:A typical Compact Cassette 808: 747:used a steady light and a 588: 414:"Kham Hom" ("Sweet Words") 303: 197:History of sound recording 194: 29: 5249: 5184: 5093: 5062: 5030: 5021: 4978: 4803:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 4696: 4620: 4582: 4565: 4484: 4464: 4421: 4399: 4328: 4240: 4223: 4214: 4177: 4118: 4066: 4008:Audio Engineering Society 4000: 3924: 3906:Software effect processor 3886:Digital audio workstation 3871: 3793: 3735: 3727:Digital signal processing 3712: 3666: 3608: 3550: 3491:Digital audio workstation 3466: 3438: 3314:Archival Sound Recordings 3087:, BSI British Standards, 2919:Sterne, Jonathan (2006). 2619:. Sage Publications Ltd. 2594:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 2430:. Oxford University Press 1798:Mitchell, Thomas (2006). 1685:Audio Engineering Society 1268:Digital audio workstation 1181:The Dark Side of the Moon 1014:in England came out with 684:Telephone industry giant 5053:Digital Compact Cassette 4941:Capitol Records Audiopak 4791:Dictaphone Travel master 4587:Telefunken magnetic disc 4556:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge 4099:Professional audio store 4001:People and organizations 3987:Sound recording engineer 2945:10.1179/030801806X143277 2544:. Chicago Review Press. 2217:Copeland, Peter (2008). 1779:(5). Elsevier: 589–603. 1617: 1604:Record production portal 1388:, but technologies like 1106:, commercialized by the 939:UK patent number 394,325 876:multitrack tape recorder 509:, generally credited to 32:Sound Recorder (Windows) 4869:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord 4550:Protona Minifon special 4171:audio recording formats 3517:Microphone preamplifier 3220:recording consciousness 3011:www.readersdigest.co.uk 2985:10.51191/issn.2637-1898 2808:Hull, Geoffrey (2010). 2592:Magnetic Tape Recording 2471:, Oct. 12, 1937, p. 27. 2093:, Library of Congress, 1731:Music Educators Journal 1667:(1927), which used the 1386:magnetic tape recording 1282:digital sound recording 874:had invented the first 796: 476: 104:that senses changes in 4953:Bandai micro cartridge 4899:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin 3458:Electronic and digital 3270:National Library News 3199:, UAB Reporter, 2005, 3137:Gaisberg, Frederick W. 3132:, Da Capo Press, 2003. 2777:Kees Schouhamer Immink 1462: 1301: 1277: 859: 806: 770:magnetic wire recorder 727: 604: 502: 494: 407: 317: 192: 191:Mechanical organ, 1650 59: 5320:Mass media technology 4821:Cousino Echo-matic II 4301:Indestructible record 2567:Recording The Beatles 2399:. February 20, 2008. 2002:"L'impression du son" 1860:The Pianola Institute 1661:" was spearheaded by 1648:and Western Electric. 1511:analog versus digital 1460: 1299: 1275: 1256:Pulse-code modulation 1051:'s 1951 recording of 884:Karlheinz Stockhausen 857: 804: 719: 598: 589:Further information: 515:Alexander Graham Bell 500: 490: 406: 316: 190: 134:loudspeaker diaphragm 42: 4917:Sanyo Tape cartridge 4743:Rediffusion Reditune 4622:Loose (reel-to-reel) 4573:Magnetic stripe card 4502:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 4267:Perfected phonograph 4195:(early 17th century) 3916:Software synthesizer 3881:Digital audio editor 3667:Playback transducers 3527:Multitrack recording 3355:Lost and Found Sound 3264:San Diego University 3141:The Music Goes Round 2450:GB patent 394325 2369:. January 10, 2010. 2310:(4). November 1992. 1802:. Diversions Books. 1522:In copyright law, a 1417:Multitrack recording 1147:home-recorded music 1079:multitrack recording 712:Optical and magnetic 617:electrical recording 106:atmospheric pressure 102:microphone diaphragm 4731:Mohawk Midgetape RL 4544:Protona Minifon P55 4538:Protona Minifon P51 4313:Blue Amberol record 4295:Gold moulded record 4289:Le Céleste cylinder 4261:Dictaphone cylinder 4251:Phonograph cylinder 3365:; Edward B. Moogk. 3325:Noise in the Groove 3275:McWilliams, Jerry. 3195:Millard, Andre J., 3143:. New Haven: Ayer. 2937:2006ISRv...31..338S 2428:Oxford Music Online 2363:"The Blattnerphone" 2336:July 1926, 493–523. 2171:U.S. patent 372,786 2149:Library of Congress 1571:) differently from 904:broadcast cartridge 663:The Unknown Warrior 568:, was developed at 554:The long-playing 33 466:phonograph cylinder 458:Academy of Sciences 429:Phonograph cylinder 381:Au Clair de la Lune 324:Au Clair de la Lune 281:) of a steel comb. 175:and connected to a 5186:Electronic circuit 5041:Digital Audio Tape 4755:RCA tape cartridge 4713:Cousino Echo-matic 4611:Audio High Density 4360:Edison Voicewriter 3967:Re-recording mixer 3770:Keyboard amplifier 3486:Binaural recording 3289:Weir, Bob, et al. 2757:. January 21, 2011 2672:Blackmer, David E. 2469:The New York Times 1975:The New York Times 1945:. March 27, 2008. 1832:. April 26, 2006. 1484:Romantic music era 1463: 1316:, and inexpensive 1306:audio file formats 1302: 1278: 1264:Hard disk recorder 996:His Master's Voice 946:stereophonic sound 916:Stereophonic sound 860: 843:with backing from 824:electric generator 807: 790:Maida Vale Studios 728: 613:digital recordings 605: 599:RCA-44, a classic 576:was introduced by 538:used to calibrate 523:Edison Disc Record 503: 495: 408: 318: 294:U.S. Supreme Court 273:musical instrument 193: 179:to produce sound. 143:by the process of 83:instrumental music 60: 18:Sound reproduction 5315:Audio engineering 5302: 5301: 5245: 5244: 4974: 4973: 4809:Orrtronic Tapette 4737:Dictaphone Dictet 4336:Phonograph record 4193:Mechanical cuckoo 4136: 4135: 3942:Guitar technician 3838:Music workstation 3722:Digital recording 3699:Speaker enclosure 3618:8-track cartridge 3560:Phonograph record 3388:cite encyclopedia 3216:978-0-571-21165-4 2626:978-0-7619-5402-6 2601:978-0-442-21774-7 2551:978-1-55652-507-0 2511:Buskin, Richard. 2115:Thompson, Clive. 2063:patimg1.uspto.gov 1706:Lear Jet Stereo 8 1447:Digital dictation 1433:operating systems 1250:Digital recording 1234:graphic equalizer 1054:How High the Moon 950:Bell Laboratories 786:Guglielmo Marconi 736:optical recording 678:Autograph Records 667:Westminster Abbey 601:ribbon microphone 519:gramophone record 507:gramophone record 488: 423: 333: 95:digital recording 16:(Redirected from 5342: 5335:Sound technology 5028: 5027: 4881:DC-International 4839:Compact cassette 4657:Fullcoat magfilm 4599:Record Maker Pye 4566:Magnetic surface 4496:Lorenz Textophon 4319:Paradis cylinder 4283:Stentor cylinder 4221: 4220: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4013:Goji Electronics 3952:Monitor engineer 3911:Software sampler 3818:Electronic drums 3795:Electronic music 3765:Guitar amplifier 3610:Analog recording 3570:Compact cassette 3532:Music production 3440:Music technology 3432:Music technology 3425: 3418: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3349:Millard, Andre, 3335:Creative Commons 3154: 3120: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3093:10.3403/00497725 3073: 3067: 3061: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2805: 2796: 2795: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2519:. Sound On Sound 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2492:on June 21, 2002 2488:. Archived from 2478: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2288:on March 3, 2016 2284:, archived from 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2232: 2225: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2184: 2178: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2030: 2024: 2023: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1935: 1926: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1892:on June 10, 2011 1882: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1726: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1693:Varèse Sarabande 1681: 1675: 1655: 1649: 1642: 1636: 1628: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1453:Cultural effects 1205:Audio components 1104:compact cassette 910:Stereo and hi-fi 880:Musique Concrète 774:Valdemar Poulsen 758:35 mm movie film 686:Western Electric 570:Columbia Records 564:rpm microgroove 563: 562: 558: 540:recording lathes 489: 425: 424: 405: 335: 334: 315: 286:fairground organ 270: 267: 252:(15th century), 239:Chladni patterns 233:Carvings in the 225:(water-powered) 122:electric current 91:analog recording 44:Frances Densmore 21: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5241: 5230:USB flash drive 5224:Toymax VJ Starz 5180: 5089: 5058: 5017: 4970: 4833:Philips EL 3583 4779:Cousino MR-9000 4767:Protona Attaché 4761:Philips EL 3581 4692: 4616: 4578: 4561: 4480: 4465:Loose magnetic 4460: 4417: 4395: 4324: 4236: 4224:Grooved surface 4210: 4173: 4167: 4137: 4132: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4062: 3996: 3962:Record producer 3947:Mixing engineer 3920: 3867: 3833:MIDI controller 3808:Circuit bending 3789: 3731: 3708: 3684:Monitor speaker 3662: 3604: 3552:Recording media 3546: 3537:Music sequencer 3522:Monitor speaker 3468:Sound recording 3462: 3434: 3429: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3363:Helmut Kallmann 3304: 3260:Wayback Machine 3157:Gronow, Pekka, 3151: 3126:Coleman, Mark, 3113: 3110: 3108:Further reading 3105: 3097: 3095: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2806: 2799: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738:Popular Science 2735: 2731: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2687: 2683: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2422:Gordon, Mumma. 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2113: 2109: 2100: 2098: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2059:"Patent Images" 2057: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2016: 2006:Revue de la BNF 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1943:FirstSounds.ORG 1937: 1936: 1929: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1796: 1792: 1769: 1765: 1743:10.2307/3391092 1727: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1682: 1678: 1664:The Jazz Singer 1656: 1652: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1565: 1556: 1528:sound recording 1520: 1496:Gregorian chant 1455: 1437:sound engineers 1429: 1394:sound synthesis 1365:have appeared. 1270: 1252: 1246: 1213: 1207: 1073:(with producer 1044: 1024:Igor Stravinsky 1020:Ernest Ansermet 963:Listen, Darling 922: 912: 813: 799: 778:Ludwig Blattner 714: 593: 587: 560: 556: 555: 481: 479: 450: 449: 441: 439: 438: 437: 436: 426: 419: 416: 409: 403: 398: 389: 361: 360: 352: 350: 349: 348: 347: 336: 329: 326: 319: 313: 308: 302: 268: 199: 185: 63:Sound recording 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5348: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5290: 5287:Timecode vinyl 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5133:Super Audio CD 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5109:Philips CD-BGM 5106: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5035: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4965:Pocket Rockers 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4929:Steno-Cassette 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4905:Grundig DeJ614 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4701: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4663:Stripe magfilm 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4532:Peirce 330/360 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4492: 4490: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4475:Wire recording 4471: 4469: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4354:Pathé Actuelle 4351: 4345: 4339: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4307:Amberol record 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4277:Salon cylinder 4274: 4264: 4254: 4247: 4245: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4183: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4067:Related topics 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4023:Lejaren Hiller 4020: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3982:Sound operator 3979: 3977:Sound follower 3974: 3972:Sound designer 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3932:Audio engineer 3928: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3750:Bass amplifier 3747: 3745:Mixing console 3741: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3488: 3483: 3481:Mixing console 3478: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3358: 3347: 3341:Recorded Music 3338: 3328: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3303: 3302:External links 3300: 3299: 3298: 3287: 3273: 3266: 3253: 3244:Read, Oliver, 3242: 3223: 3206:Milner, Greg, 3204: 3193: 3183: 3176: 3166: 3155: 3149: 3133: 3124: 3121: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3062: 3055:17 U.S.C. 3047: 3038: 3031:17 U.S.C. 3023: 2998: 2966: 2931:(4): 338–348. 2911: 2890: 2869: 2848: 2827: 2821:978-0203843192 2820: 2797: 2779:(March 1991). 2768: 2746: 2729: 2712: 2681: 2663: 2632: 2625: 2607: 2600: 2582: 2575: 2557: 2550: 2530: 2503: 2473: 2460: 2441: 2414: 2384: 2354: 2338: 2325: 2291: 2278:Allan Sutton, 2270: 2244: 2209: 2179: 2162: 2135: 2107: 2080: 2050: 2025: 2014: 1993: 1960: 1939:"First Sounds" 1927: 1903: 1877: 1847: 1815: 1808: 1790: 1763: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1697: 1676: 1650: 1637: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1591: 1588: 1564: 1563:United Kingdom 1561: 1555: 1552: 1542:Disputes over 1519: 1516: 1492:music notation 1454: 1451: 1428: 1425: 1359:internet radio 1338:Super Audio CD 1328:player, using 1284:and later the 1280:The advent of 1248:Main article: 1245: 1242: 1209:Main article: 1206: 1203: 1199:surround sound 1063:The Beach Boys 1043: 1042:1950s to 1980s 1040: 911: 908: 892:the Beach Boys 841:John T. Mullin 833:wire recorders 809:Main article: 798: 795: 730:In the 1920s, 713: 710: 586: 583: 511:Emile Berliner 478: 475: 468:, invented by 440: 427: 417: 412: 411: 410: 401: 400: 399: 397: 394: 388: 385: 351: 337: 327: 322: 321: 320: 311: 310: 309: 304:Main article: 301: 298: 254:musical clocks 235:Rosslyn Chapel 207:music notation 184: 181: 153:binary numbers 126:magnetic field 52:Mountain Chief 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5347: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5257:Mini-cassette 5255: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5218:Takara E-kara 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5064:Sound-on-film 5061: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032:Magnetic tape 5029: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935:Stenorette DL 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4911:Microcassette 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4863:Micro pack 35 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4785:IBM Magnabelt 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698:Magnetic tape 4695: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4633:Blattnerphone 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4625:magnetic tape 4623: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4463: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4423:Sound-on-film 4420: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4384:Highway Hi-Fi 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4189:(9th century) 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4131: 4130: 4117: 4111: 4110:Vehicle audio 4108: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4079:High fidelity 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3714:Digital audio 3711: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3658:Tape recorder 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3628:Cassette deck 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3565:Magnetic tape 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3542:Outboard gear 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3476:Audio channel 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3395: 3389: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3285:0-910050-41-4 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3239:0-672-21205-6 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3191:0-521-47544-9 3188: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3174:0-304-70173-4 3171: 3167: 3164: 3163:Popular Music 3160: 3156: 3152: 3150:9780405096785 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3071: 3066: 3060: 3059:§ 301(c) 3056: 3051: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2900: 2894: 2883:September 17, 2879: 2873: 2862:September 17, 2858: 2852: 2841:September 17, 2837: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2814:. Routledge. 2813: 2812: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2576:0-9785200-0-9 2572: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2534: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2451: 2445: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2259: 2258:blogs.loc.gov 2255: 2248: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2015:9782717724301 2011: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1932: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1819: 1811: 1809:0-9554629-0-8 1805: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1721: 1707: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1673: 1672:sound-on-disc 1670: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1654: 1647: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1584:compact discs 1580: 1579: 1574: 1573:musical works 1570: 1560: 1554:United States 1551: 1550:are ongoing. 1549: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:Audio editing 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1290:vinyl records 1287: 1283: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:Digital audio 1257: 1251: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1225:high-fidelity 1222: 1218: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1171:Tubular Bells 1167: 1166:Mike Oldfield 1163: 1158: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1075:George Martin 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1039: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1022:recording of 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:Decca Records 1009: 1004: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 982: 980: 975: 971: 970: 965: 964: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 931:Alan Blumlein 928: 921: 920:High fidelity 917: 907: 905: 901: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 821: 817: 816:Magnetic tape 812: 811:Tape recorder 803: 794: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 763: 759: 754: 750: 749:photodetector 746: 742: 737: 733: 725: 724: 718: 709: 705: 703: 699: 695: 690: 687: 682: 679: 675: 674:Orlando Marsh 670: 668: 664: 659: 657: 656:German U-boat 652: 650: 645: 642: 639:invented the 638: 637:Lee De Forest 633: 631: 630:amplification 627: 622: 619:, in which a 618: 614: 610: 602: 597: 592: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 552: 550: 544: 541: 537: 532: 527: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 499: 493: 474: 471: 470:Thomas Edison 467: 462: 459: 455: 448: 446: 434: 431:recording of 430: 415: 393: 384: 382: 378: 377:phonautograms 374: 370: 369:phonautograph 366: 359: 357: 345: 341: 325: 307: 306:Phonautograph 300:Phonautograph 297: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 279: 274: 263: 259: 258:barrel pianos 255: 251: 250:barrel organs 247: 242: 240: 236: 231: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 198: 189: 183:Early history 180: 178: 174: 170: 169:digital audio 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 137: 135: 131: 130:electromagnet 127: 123: 119: 118:magnetic tape 115: 111: 107: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 87:sound effects 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5196:(late 1970s) 5095:Optical disc 4959:Picocassette 4955:(late 1980s) 4749:Saba Sabafon 4520:RCA MI-12877 4514:RCA MI-12875 4400:Grooved tape 4366:SoundScriber 4362:(late 1940s) 4348:Diamond disc 4329:Grooved disc 4231:Phonautogram 4199:Punched card 4120: 3853:Sound module 3813:Drum machine 3755:Effects unit 3648:Player piano 3575:Compact disc 3497:Effects unit 3467: 3376:. Retrieved 3370: 3361:Will Straw; 3354: 3294: 3290: 3276: 3269: 3249: 3245: 3230: 3226: 3180:Walter Legge 3162: 3140: 3128: 3114: 3096:, retrieved 3083: 3069: 3065: 3050: 3041: 3026: 3014:. Retrieved 3010: 3001: 2975: 2969: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2902:. Retrieved 2893: 2881:. Retrieved 2872: 2860:. Retrieved 2851: 2839:. Retrieved 2830: 2810: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2771: 2759:. Retrieved 2749: 2743:Google Books 2741:, p. 86, at 2736: 2732: 2721: 2715: 2703:. Retrieved 2695:Hyperphysics 2694: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2656:September 2, 2654:. Retrieved 2652:(4): 383–388 2649: 2645: 2635: 2616: 2610: 2591: 2585: 2566: 2560: 2540: 2533: 2521:. Retrieved 2517:SoundOnSound 2516: 2506: 2494:. Retrieved 2490:the original 2485: 2476: 2468: 2463: 2444: 2434:February 20, 2432:. Retrieved 2427: 2417: 2405:. Retrieved 2396: 2387: 2375:. Retrieved 2366: 2357: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2328: 2316:. Retrieved 2307: 2303: 2294: 2286:the original 2280: 2273: 2261:. Retrieved 2257: 2247: 2237:December 16, 2235:. 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Retrieved 1829:The Scotsman 1827: 1818: 1799: 1793: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1705: 1700: 1679: 1662: 1653: 1640: 1632:telegraphone 1626: 1576: 1568: 1566: 1557: 1547: 1540: 1534:, which the 1527: 1523: 1521: 1518:Legal status 1508: 1504: 1490:was through 1487: 1464: 1445: 1430: 1406: 1402:mass storage 1367: 1346:Blu-ray Disc 1334:flash memory 1318:mass storage 1303: 1286:compact disc 1279: 1229: 1214: 1179: 1169: 1157:Quadraphonic 1153: 1140:8-track tape 1137: 1121: 1117:Sony Walkman 1113:8-track tape 1101: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1059:Brian Wilson 1052: 1045: 1036:pseudostereo 1032: 1007: 1005: 991: 983: 967: 961: 954:Judy Garland 943: 927:Théâtrophone 923: 896: 865: 861: 814: 767: 753:loudspeakers 740: 729: 721: 706: 691: 683: 671: 660: 653: 634: 616: 609:telegraphone 606: 553: 549:Stroh violin 545: 536:stroboscopes 530: 528: 504: 463: 454:Charles Cros 451: 442: 390: 376: 362: 353: 340:phonautogram 290:player piano 283: 277: 260:(1805), and 243: 232: 223:hydropowered 201:Long before 200: 157:audio signal 141:digital form 138: 99: 67:reproduction 66: 62: 61: 36: 5006:PCM adaptor 4994:X80/ProDigi 4988:Soundstream 4875:Cantata 700 4845:Grundig En3 4639:Magnetophon 4526:Peirce 265B 4390:Bandai 8ban 4257:Graphophone 4094:Music store 4089:Home cinema 4048:Robert Moog 4033:Max Mathews 3957:Piano tuner 3925:Professions 3901:Scorewriter 3858:Synthesizer 3674:Loudspeaker 3016:October 15, 2904:October 14, 2791:: 171–172. 2676:db Magazine 2424:"Recording" 2397:Orbem.co.uk 2367:Orbem.co.uk 2192:Smithsonian 2122:Smithsonian 2101:November 6, 2038:www.nps.gov 1925: (1908) 1840:November 5, 1472:Renaissance 1441:video games 1217:vacuum tube 1071:The Beatles 1067:Frank Zappa 992:Stereosonic 979:Cinemascope 888:the Beatles 845:Bing Crosby 837:Magnetophon 741:sound track 739:width of a 626:electronics 269: 1800 262:music boxes 211:music boxes 177:loudspeaker 161:sample rate 149:transmitted 5309:Categories 5212:Yaboom Box 5200:MP3 player 5194:Sound chip 5012:DA-88/DTRS 4827:Stereo-Pak 4725:Stenorette 4605:Synchrofax 4455:Fantasound 4449:Photophone 4342:Pathé disc 4205:Music roll 4179:Mechanical 4084:Home audio 4074:Audiophile 3891:GarageBand 3737:Live music 3679:Headphones 3643:Phonograph 3512:Microphone 3507:Headphones 3453:Electrical 3448:Mechanical 3378:August 19, 3035:§ 101 2175:Gramophone 1716:References 1635:telephone. 1569:phonograms 1378:television 1363:podcasting 1354:downloaded 1310:processors 1254:See also: 1221:transistor 1176:Pink Floyd 1090:Freak Out! 1084:Pet Sounds 998:(HMV) and 974:Fantasound 914:See also: 829:AC biasing 649:transistor 621:microphone 585:Electrical 578:RCA Victor 445:media help 387:Phonograph 356:media help 338:This 1860 195:See also: 114:phonograph 108:caused by 75:mechanical 71:electrical 5293:VinylDisc 5139:DVD-Audio 5034:cartridge 4851:Sabamobil 4815:3M Scotch 4773:Fidelipac 4700:cartridge 4681:3/4" tape 4651:1/2" tape 4645:1/4" tape 4489:cartridge 4485:Magnetic 4443:Movietone 4437:Tri-Ergon 4431:Phonofilm 4412:Dictabelt 4378:Long play 4372:Audograph 4169:Physical 3848:Sequencer 3775:PA system 3704:Subwoofer 3689:PA system 3623:Amplifier 3585:Hard disk 3502:Equalizer 3098:April 16, 2993:194358461 2961:146212262 2953:0308-0188 2523:August 1, 2263:April 14, 2202:April 26, 2155:April 21, 2128:April 14, 2043:April 14, 1759:190524140 1669:Vitaphone 1524:phonogram 1500:ornaments 1480:Classical 1413:mastering 1314:real time 1128:Ray Dolby 1028:Petrushka 900:tape echo 868:Ampex 200 820:tape head 745:projector 732:Phonofilm 635:In 1906, 566:LP record 219:Banū Mūsā 173:amplified 48:Blackfoot 5275:CD Video 5206:HitClips 5163:BD-Audio 5157:DualDisc 5145:DataPlay 5115:MiniDisc 4893:PlayTape 4707:Optaphon 4271:Ediphone 4243:cylinder 4241:Grooved 3896:ProTools 3873:Software 3863:Theremin 3803:Chiptune 3760:Foldback 3590:MiniDisc 3072:1 Ch 450 2761:July 29, 2699:Archived 2401:Archived 2371:Archived 2318:July 24, 2312:Archived 2228:Archived 2196:Archived 2095:archived 2067:Archived 2020:archived 1980:Archived 1947:Archived 1864:Archived 1834:Archived 1590:See also 1544:sampling 1488:recorded 1468:medieval 1427:Software 1326:minidisc 1149:mixtapes 1144:Lear Jet 1049:Les Paul 1000:Columbia 969:Fantasia 956:for the 872:Les Paul 762:Dolby SR 696:and the 531:de facto 396:Cylinder 278:lamellae 256:(1598), 246:Flanders 145:sampling 110:acoustic 5263:U-matic 5236:MicroSD 5023:Digital 4947:Elcaset 4857:8-track 4687:3" tape 4675:2" tape 4669:1" tape 4291:(1890s) 4285:(1890s) 4279:(1890s) 3992:Tape op 3843:Sampler 3337:Licence 3258:at the 2933:Bibcode 2496:May 24, 2407:May 24, 2377:May 24, 2073:May 24, 1953:May 24, 1896:May 24, 1870:May 24, 1751:3391092 1659:talkies 1476:Baroque 1244:Digital 1230:modular 1124:Dolby A 1108:Philips 702:Harmony 559:⁄ 433:Siamese 69:is the 58:(1916). 5295:(2007) 5289:(2001) 5283:(1991) 5277:(1987) 5271:(1986) 5265:(1971) 5259:(1967) 5250:Hybrid 5238:(2007) 5232:(2004) 5226:(2002) 5220:(2001) 5214:(1999) 5208:(2000) 5202:(1996) 5177:(2014) 5175:MQA-CD 5171:(2013) 5165:(2008) 5159:(2004) 5153:(2004) 5147:(2002) 5141:(2000) 5135:(1999) 5129:(1995) 5123:(1993) 5117:(1992) 5111:(1989) 5105:(1982) 5086:(1993) 5080:(1990) 5074:(1986) 5055:(1992) 5049:(1992) 5043:(1987) 5014:(1993) 5008:(1982) 5002:(1982) 4996:(1980) 4990:(1976) 4967:(1988) 4961:(1985) 4949:(1976) 4943:(1972) 4937:(1972) 4931:(1971) 4925:(1971) 4919:(1969) 4913:(1969) 4907:(1968) 4901:(1967) 4895:(1966) 4889:(1965) 4883:(1965) 4877:(1965) 4871:(1965) 4865:(1964) 4859:(1964) 4853:(1964) 4847:(1964) 4841:(1963) 4835:(1963) 4829:(1962) 4823:(1962) 4817:(1962) 4811:(1962) 4805:(1962) 4799:(1961) 4793:(1961) 4787:(1961) 4781:(1960) 4775:(1959) 4769:(1959) 4763:(1958) 4757:(1958) 4751:(1958) 4745:(1957) 4739:(1957) 4733:(1955) 4727:(1954) 4721:(1953) 4715:(1952) 4709:(1951) 4689:(1978) 4683:(1969) 4677:(1967) 4671:(1957) 4665:(1953) 4659:(1953) 4653:(1953) 4647:(1949) 4641:(1935) 4635:(1928) 4613:(1978) 4607:(1959) 4601:(1953) 4595:(1948) 4589:(1945) 4575:(1900) 4558:(1962) 4552:(1961) 4546:(1955) 4540:(1951) 4534:(1951) 4528:(1951) 4522:(1947) 4516:(1947) 4510:(1944) 4504:(1944) 4498:(1942) 4477:(1898) 4457:(1940) 4451:(1929) 4445:(1926) 4439:(1922) 4433:(1919) 4414:(1947) 4392:(2004) 4386:(1956) 4380:(1948) 4374:(1945) 4368:(1945) 4356:(1920) 4350:(1912) 4344:(1905) 4338:(1889) 4321:(1913) 4315:(1912) 4309:(1908) 4303:(1907) 4297:(1902) 4273:(1888) 4263:(1887) 4253:(1877) 4233:(1857) 4216:Analog 4207:(1883) 4201:(1881) 4106:(NIME) 3780:Reverb 3333:under 3283: 3237: 3214: 3189: 3172: 3147: 3057: 3033: 2991: 2959: 2951: 2818: 2705:May 8, 2623: 2598: 2573: 2548: 2456: 2012: 1806: 1757: 1749: 1575:. 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A 93:and 65:and 46:and 5121:DTS 5078:CDS 3595:MP3 3580:DAT 3343:at 3295:N.B 3250:N.B 3231:N.B 3089:doi 2981:doi 2941:doi 1916:209 1781:doi 1739:doi 1526:or 1190:JVC 1186:CBS 1178:'s 1168:'s 1133:dbx 1061:of 1026:'s 958:MGM 935:EMI 782:BBC 665:in 342:by 5311:: 5072:DD 5047:NT 3937:DJ 3390:}} 3386:{{ 3369:. 3353:, 3222:". 3161:, 3009:. 2987:. 2955:. 2947:. 2939:. 2929:31 2927:. 2923:. 2800:^ 2789:47 2787:. 2783:. 2697:. 2693:. 2650:15 2648:. 2644:. 2515:. 2484:. 2426:. 2395:. 2365:. 2308:35 2306:. 2302:. 2256:. 2194:. 2190:. 2146:. 2119:. 2065:. 2061:. 2036:. 2018:, 2004:, 1978:. 1972:. 1941:. 1930:^ 1862:. 1858:. 1826:. 1777:36 1775:. 1753:, 1745:, 1735:54 1733:, 1691:. 1689:CD 1478:, 1474:, 1470:, 1443:. 1415:. 1392:, 1372:, 1344:, 1340:, 1308:, 1262:, 1258:, 1192:, 1188:, 1099:. 1087:, 1065:, 1038:. 894:. 266:c. 97:. 73:, 4269:/ 4259:/ 4162:e 4155:t 4148:v 3424:e 3417:t 3410:v 3396:) 3382:. 3203:. 3153:. 3091:: 3020:. 2995:. 2983:: 2963:. 2943:: 2935:: 2908:. 2887:. 2866:. 2845:. 2824:. 2765:. 2709:. 2660:. 2629:. 2604:. 2579:. 2554:. 2527:. 2500:. 2438:. 2411:. 2381:. 2322:. 2267:. 2241:. 2206:. 2159:. 2132:. 2077:. 2047:. 1990:. 1957:. 1923:1 1900:. 1874:. 1844:. 1812:. 1787:. 1783:: 1741:: 561:3 557:1 447:. 358:. 264:( 34:. 20:)

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