4465:
4495:
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1167:
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1183:
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1215:
1231:
55:
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4500:
1134:
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1247:
1199:
632:. The eggs put pressure on the crabs gills which can cause the gill tissue to be damaged or die altogether. However, the survival of snailfish larvae has been shown to increase by the snailfish utilizing the crab host species as a way to care for and aerate their eggs. The eggs themselves are self-adhesive and tend to form masses that replicate the shape of the internal branchial chambers of crabs. Additionally, at least one species of snailfish that utilize the
1263:
4269:
4251:
184:
162:
174:
4478:
4281:
3146:
653:
evident that these snailfish have adapted to their extreme environment by having a short life span compared to other organisms in the same hadal environment. Many species are located in hadal trenches, which are inherently high-disturbance areas, including lots of seismic activity which can trigger turbidity flows. Because of this, they live significantly shorter lifespans than shallower species.
31:
707:, other crustaceans, fish, and others. Size also affects snailfish diets; snailfish smaller than 50 mm primarily eat gammarids, while species larger than 100 mm primarily eat natantian decapods. Species larger than 150 mm have the highest proportion of fish in their diet. The largest snailfish species tend to be
2903:
321:(TMAO) protein stabilizer. Analysis of Yap hadal snailfish reveals a loss of olfactory receptors and gain of taste receptors, possibly due to the fairly restricted availability of food in the deep-sea. Additionally, perhaps due to lack of light in the deep sea, the Yap genome includes fewer copies of
729:
The snailfish that live in the northern hemisphere also display a higher starvation tolerance, and while it is still being studied, it is suggested that this is due to the triglycerol and cholesterol levels in this species. The snailfish have different lipid concentrations depending on their habitat,
596:
Reproductive strategies vary extensively among snailfish species, though it is thought that many abyssal benthic snailfish spawn seasonally and for relatively long intervals. As far as known, it appears that all species lay eggs that are relatively large in size (diameter up to 9.4 mm ) and
355:
skin which surrounds the spine and can vary in terms of size and shape between species. The gelatinous layer has a high water and low protein, lipid and carbohydrate content, therefore it can provide growth with low metabolic cost. This may aid species in avoiding predation and conserving energy,
652:
analysis (the investigation of snailfish ear bone) gives an abundance of insight into longevity of life by seeing how it is broken into alternating translucent and opaque zones. This relays information about annual growth. By further examining the morphology of the deep-sea snailfish, it may be
640:
has larvae with a lower energy content than normal for most marine fish. A possible explanation for starting life with less energy is due to the safety provided by the king crab, allowing the adult snailfish to not expend as much energy producing an energy-rich yolk sac. A different species,
325:
genes, which encode proteins that sense light and assist in focused vision, in comparison to other teleosts. Meanwhile, Mariana hadal snailfish have lost several photoreceptor genes, decreasing their vision capabilities (especially in terms of color), and have completely lost the
389:
species. Research has revealed that maximum depth of living can be a significant predictor for loss of the pelvic disk in certain species of snailfish. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this ancestral feature has been lost three separate times in
Snailfish.
660:
are believed to wiggle their bodies as attractive or aggressive display. It is thought that in an environment so dark, it is hard to find and win contests for a mate. Therefore, snailfish use hydrodynamic signals that are felt by the mechanosensory
1347:
Gardner, J.R.; J.W. Orr; D.E. Stevenson; I. Spies; D.A. Somerton (2016). "Reproductive
Parasitism between Distant Phyla: Molecular Identification of Snailfish (Liparidae) Egg Masses in the Gill Cavities of King Crabs (Lithodidae)".
737:) are unique among snailfish. They have the ability to blend into the ground, waiting to surprise the next organism to wander into their path. The top prey for this species are fish, making up 97.7% of their overall food intake.
543:, also of the Mariana Trench, which has been recorded to 8,076 m (26,496 ft). In 2023, the record was further extended when an unknown species of snailfish was filmed at a depth of 8,336 m (27,349 ft) in the
2314:
Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Linley, Thomas D.; Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2021-10-22). "Revision of the depth record of bony fishes with notes on hadal snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) and cusk eels (Ophidiidae, Ophidiiformes)".
2624:
Takemura, A.; Tamotsu, S.; Miwa, T.; Yamamoto, H. (2010-10-14). "Preliminary results on the reproduction of a deep-sea snailfish
Careproctus rhodomelas around the active hydrothermal vent on the Hatoma Knoll, Okinawa, Japan".
334:
which prevents cartilage calcification, revealed in their skulls. Further, their genome includes increased amounts of genes encoding enzymes for beta oxidation and transport proteins, thereby increasing membrane fluidity.
410:
It was difficult to initially study snailfish species that dwell at deeper levels because they would explode upon being brought to the surface, but researchers did manage to study the bones of the animal.
529:. These were, at the time, the deepest living fish ever recorded on film. The record was surpassed by a snailfish that was filmed at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft) in December 2014 in the
347:-like shape. Their heads are large in comparison to their body and they have small eyes. Their bodies are slender but deep and they taper to very small tails. The extensive dorsal and anal
230:. Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow coastal waters to more than 8,300 m (27,200 ft), and species of the Liparid family have been found in seven ocean
580:, pressure-stable proteins, increased transport protein activity, higher cell membrane fluidity, and loss of eyesight and other visual characteristics such as color. However, because of
1764:
Eastman, J.T.; M.J. Lannoo (1998). "Morphology of the Brain and Sense Organs in the
Snailfish Paraliparis devriesi: Neural Convergence and Sensory Compensation on the Antarctic Shelf".
718:), the ratio between food intake and body weight changes as the organism grows; it is also highly seasonally variable. When the local environment experiences an increase in shrimp and
403:
at some 77 cm (30 in) in length. The latter species may reach a weight of 21 kg (46 lb), but most species are smaller. Snailfish are of no interest to commercial
362:, have prickly spines as well. Their teeth are small and simple with blunt cusps. The deep-sea species have prominent, well-developed sensory pores on the head, part of the animals'
1931:
Evans, R.E.; G.L. Fletcher (2001). "Isolation and characterization of type I antifreeze proteins from
Atlantic snailfish (Liparis atlanticus) and dusky snailfish (Liparis gibbus)".
790:
994:
2670:"Some Rare and Insufficiently Studied Snailfish (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes, Pisces) in the Pacific Waters off the Northern Kuril Islands and Southeastern Kamchatka, Russia"
786:
888:
597:
the number of eggs is species dependent. The larger size of eggs in hadal snailfish species indicates continuous spawning. Some species deposit their egg masses among
2101:
1596:
Mu, Yinnan; Bian, Chao; Liu, Ruoyu; Wang, Yuguang; Shao, Guangming; Li, Jia; Qiu, Ying; He, Tianliang; Li, Wanru; Ao, Jingqun; Shi, Qiong; Chen, Xinhua (2021-05-13).
2410:"Description of a New Hadal Notoliparis from the Kermadec Trench, New Zealand, and Redescription of Notoliparis kermadecensis (Nielsen) (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes)"
2485:"New species of the genus Careproctus (Liparidae) from the Kara Sea with notes on spongiophilia, reproductive commensalism between fishes and sponges (Rossellidae)"
844:
533:, and extended in May 2017 when another was filmed at a depth of 8,178 m (26,831 ft) in the Mariana Trench. The species in these deepest records remain
934:
760:
3070:
Stein D.L. (2012). "A Review of the
Snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) of New Zealand, Including Descriptions of a New Genus and Sixteen New Species".
456:
448:. It is the most species-rich family of fish in the Antarctic region, generally found in relatively deep waters (shallower Antarctic waters are dominated by
369:
The pectoral fins are large and provide the snailfish with its primary means of locomotion, although they are fragile. In some species such as the antarctic
2409:
1714:"New and rare snailfishes (Liparidae, Scorpaeniformes) with the description of four new species from the Southern Hemisphere and tropical east Pacific"
871:
1390:
Wang, Kun; Shen, Yanjun; Yang, Yongzhi; Gan, Xiaoni; Liu, Guichun; Hu, Kuang; Li, Yongxin; Gao, Zhaoming; Zhu, Li; Yan, Guoyong; He, Lisheng (2019).
1041:
648:
After the eggs hatch, some species rapidly reach the adult size and only live for about one year, but others have life spans of more than a decade.
515:(less than 4,000 m deep), but the family also includes the deepest-living species of fish. In October 2008, a UK-Japan team discovered a
848:
773:
3025:"Biological Characteristics of Simushir Snailfish Polypera simushirae (Liparidae) from the Pacific Waters of the Northern Kuril Islands in Autumn"
2954:"Distribution, Size Composition, and Feeding of the Okhotsk Snailfish Liparis ochotensis (Liparidae) in the Waters of the Primorye (Sea of Japan)"
1558:
Voskoboinikova, O.S. (2015). "Comparative osteology of
Bathylutichthys balushkini and relationship of the family Bathylutichthyidae (Cottoidei)".
5252:
2181:
584:
restrictions, 8,000–8,500 m (26,200–27,900 ft) is likely the maximum depth possible for any vertebrate. There are indications that the
1598:"Whole genome sequencing of a snailfish from the Yap Trench (~7,000 m) clarifies the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation to the deep sea"
226:, including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species, but there are also many
5291:
5047:
2273:
Gerringer, M.E.; A.H. Andrews; G.R. Huus; K. Nagashima; B.N. Popp; T.D. Linley; N.D. Gallo; M.R. Clark; A.J. Jamieson; J.C. Drazen (2017).
951:
427:. This is a wider depth range than any other family of fish. They are strictly found in cold waters, meaning that species of tropical and
4319:
3981:
3178:
1777:
2904:"Seasonal migration of the snailfish Liparis tanakae and their habitat overlap with 0-year-old Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus"
2852:"Spatial distribution and diet of larval snailfishes (Liparis fabricii, Liparis gibbus, Liparis tunicatus) in the Canadian Beaufort Sea"
588:
of at least some hadal snailfish species spend time in open water at relatively shallow depths, less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft).
1655:
Gerringer, Mackenzie E.; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Linley, Thomas D.; Summers, Adam P.; Jamieson, Alan J.; Yancey, Paul H. (December 2017).
289:
and the two families making up the
Cyclopteroidea, meaning that those two families would not be supported as a superfamily within the
3723:
3099:
gen. nov. New
Species of the Primitive Snailfish (Liparidae: Scorpaeniformes) of the Southern Hemisphere. Description of New Species
2253:
5226:
5265:
431:
regions strictly are deepwater. They are common in most cold marine waters and are highly resilient, with some species, such as
1970:. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Saundry, P. & Cleveland, C.J. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
576:
possesses multiple molecular adaptions to survive the intense pressures of a deep sea environment, including pressure-tolerant
1491:
5270:
305:(also known as teleosts) to analyze their adaptions to deep-sea conditions. The genomes of both the Yap hadal snailfish and
5391:
5052:
4464:
2850:
Walkusz, Wojciech; Paulic, Joclyn E.; Wong, Sally; Kwasniewski, Slawomir; Papst, Michael H.; Reist, James D. (2016-04-01).
2532:"Parasitism of the Golden King Crab, Lithodes aequispinus Benedict, 1895 (Decapoda, Anomura, Lithodidae) by a Liparid Fish"
1149:
3550:
2363:"Aspects of Reproduction of Liparid Fishes from the Continental Slope and Abyssal Plain off Oregon, with Notes on Growth"
330:
pigmentation gene, rendering them colorless. Mariana hadal snailfish also have adjusted to pressure due to a mutation in
1877:"Pseudoliparis swirei sp. nov.: A newly-discovered hadal snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from the Mariana Trench"
242:
The snailfish family, Liparidae, was first proposed by the
American biologist Theodore Gill in 1861. The 5th edition of
2758:"Energy depletion of embryos and yolk-sac feeding larvae of the liparid snailfish Careproctus pallidus (Vaillant 1888)"
2579:"Energy depletion of embryos and yolk-sac feeding larvae of the liparid snailfish Careproctus pallidus (Vaillant 1888)"
1916:
Sakurai, H.; G. Shinohara (2008). "Careproctus rotundifrons, a New Snailfish (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) from Japan".
3580:
5353:
5296:
1166:
4312:
3234:
3171:
645:, was found to be a batch spawner, laying multiple batches of large eggs multiple times throughout its lifetime.
1133:
2805:"Reproductive behavior and alternative reproductive strategy in the deep-sea snailfish, Careproctus pellucidus"
4494:
5278:
5057:
1182:
5064:
4285:
3319:
3000:"The significance of food web structures for the condition and tracer lipid content of juvenile snail fish"
521:
2452:"Selection of Life Histories and its Adaptive Significance in a Snailfish Liparis tanakai from Sendai Bay"
617:
where the male snailfish carries the developing eggs around in his mouth. Some other species of the genus
5187:
5174:
3219:
1807:
Gerringer, M. E.; Dias, A. S.; von Hagel, A. A.; Orr, J. W.; Summers, A. P.; Farina, S. (December 2021).
1173:
1392:"Morphology and genome of a snailfish from the Mariana Trench provide insights into deep-sea adaptation"
1214:
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54:
5358:
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5032:
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4237:
4204:
3946:
3618:
3299:
2451:
2275:"Life history of abyssal and hadal fishes from otolith growth zones and oxygen isotopic compositions"
2062:"Fishes of the hadal zone including new species, in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae"
1320:
373:
i, the pectoral fins have an expanded somatosensory system, including a taste bud. The snailfish are
4499:
2803:
Mori, Toshiaki; Fukuda, Kazuya; Ohtsuka, Syouko; Yamauchi, Shinya; Yoshinaga, Tatsuki (2022-02-28).
722:
numbers, there is also a subsequent decrease in decapods. There are also snailfish localized to the
5042:
4505:
4254:
4013:
1189:
911:
544:
537:, but it has been referred to as the "ethereal snailfish". The deepest-living described species is
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40:
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5090:
4232:
4214:
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3525:
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fish with pelvic fins modified to form an adhesive disc; this nearly circular disc is absent in
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4018:
4003:
3826:
3545:
3434:
1221:
516:
314:
263:. Other authorities do not recognise this superfamily and classify the two families within it,
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2060:
Linley, T.D.; M.E. Gerringer; P.H. Yancey; J.C. Drazen; C.L. Weinstock; A.J. Jamieson (2016).
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especially for deep sea snailfish who live in low energy conditions. Some species, such as
306:
2702:
1809:"Habitat influences skeletal morphology and density in the snailfishes (family Liparidae)"
8:
5152:
4008:
3951:
3751:
3638:
3427:
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1875:
Gerringer, M.E.; T.D. Linley; P.H. Yancey; A.J. Jamieson; E. Goetze; J.C. Drazen (2016).
884:
419:
Snailfish habitats vary widely. They are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from shallow
399:
244:
227:
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2004:
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may merge or nearly merge with the tail fin. Snailfish are scaleless with a thin, loose
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3590:
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2931:
2832:
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2727:
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2512:
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2340:
2240:
2201:"Marine fish may be biochemically constrained from inhabiting the deepest ocean depths"
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Yanceya, Paul H.; Gerringera, Mackenzie E.; Drazen, Jeffrey C.; Rowden, Ashley A.;
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188:
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2102:"Scientists find deepest fish ever recorded at 8,300 metres underwater near Japan"
1985:
1874:
1657:"Distribution, composition and functions of gelatinous tissues in deep-sea fishes"
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making some of them better-suited for longer periods without feeding than others.
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1981:
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1933:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology
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2820:
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1966:
1825:
1007:
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snailfish species contained 28 food categories, mainly copepods and amphipods.
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snailfish at a depth of approximately 7,700 m (25,300 ft) in the
512:
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219:
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10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199809)237:3<213::aid-jmor2>3.0.co;2-#
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1507:
Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017).
1481:
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1002:
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379:
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2161:
2031:"Ghostly fish in Mariana Trench in the Pacific is deepest ever recorded"
1672:
1291:
463:) of the northwestern Atlantic is known to live out its life inside the
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Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014).
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268:
140:
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that purely eat zooplankton, setting them apart from other snailfish.
301:
Species of deep-sea snailfish have been studied and compared to other
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3756:
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1109:
685:
656:
Very little is known about snailfish courtship behavior but males of
629:
625:
577:
290:
256:
211:. These fishes make up the Liparidae, which is classified within the
183:
66:
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2009:
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and males will sometimes guard the egg mass. At least one species,
348:
253:
173:
86:
2908:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
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zones to depths of more than 8,300 m (27,200 ft) in the
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4068:
3613:
3565:
3459:
3229:
3224:
2756:
Bruno, Daniel O.; Rojo, Javier H.; Boy, Claudia C. (2019-06-01).
2577:
Bruno, Daniel O.; Rojo, Javier H.; Boy, Claudia C. (2019-06-01).
1049:
681:
649:
404:
374:
352:
344:
272:
4369:
4051:
3145:
2420:(4). American Society of Ichthyology and Herpetology: 907–920.
733:
The ambush hunting methods employed by the Simushir snailfish (
76:
5340:
5218:
4825:
4154:
4083:
3493:
2194:
700:
673:
2902:
Tomiyama, Takeshi; Yamada, Manabu; Yoshida, Tetsuya (2013).
2849:
1654:
30:
4339:
4056:
3643:
3196:
3187:
2623:
2208:
602:
511:
Most snailfish species live in habitats no deeper than the
4095:
3663:
2802:
1806:
2667:
2456:
Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries
1930:
1763:
695:
Snailfish prey can be grouped into six main categories:
3156:
2450:
Kawasaki, I.; J. Hashimoto; H. Honda; A. Otake (1983).
2279:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2268:
2266:
2066:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1915:
499:. Other species are found on muddy or silty bottoms of
2313:
562:) are the most common and dominant fish family in the
2901:
4988:
4943:
4910:
4892:
4742:
4664:
4591:
4558:
4446:
4435:
4426:
4419:
4404:
4382:
4365:
2263:
1557:
1480:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
2951:
2952:Panchenko, V. V.; Pushchina, O. I. (2022-02-01).
1711:
5373:
2707:Integrative Organismal Biology (Oxford, England)
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
279:. An osteological analysis found that the genus
2445:
2443:
1389:
309:have been found to contain an abundance of the
3096:
2126:
745:This family contains these genera as of 2020:
4313:
3172:
2055:
2053:
1859:
1595:
1551:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
591:
3103:sp. nov. (Cooperation Sea, the Antarctic)".
2755:
2576:
2440:
1509:"Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes"
628:, laying their eggs in the gill cavities of
2530:Love, David C.; Shirley, Thomas C. (1993).
2529:
1909:
613:of the North Pacific, is known to practice
4320:
4306:
3179:
3165:
3069:
2050:
1333:
1311:
1309:
248:classifies this family within superfamily
29:
3724:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
3090:
3063:
2875:
2726:
2703:"On the Success of the Hadal Snailfishes"
2700:
2685:
2467:
2298:
2239:
2229:
2085:
1892:
1842:
1824:
1737:
1688:
1631:
1613:
1534:
1524:
1486:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495.
1456:
1407:
414:
2482:
182:
172:
160:
2002:
1980:
1315:
1306:
5374:
3022:
1500:
1473:
550:In general, snailfish (notably genera
5113:
5112:
4327:
4301:
3160:
2947:
2945:
2897:
2895:
2408:Stein, David L. (December 16, 2016).
2407:
2360:
2356:
2354:
1759:
1757:
1441:"Family-group names of Recent fishes"
5346:AC642D14-3A55-FFD7-34F2-FA2DDFCF2D4F
5307:28144031-1293-4252-8b06-333944f4bb65
3097:Balushkin A.V. (2012). "Volodichthys
1591:
1589:
1432:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
296:
4280:
3551:Electroreception and electrogenesis
2668:Orlov, A.M.; A.M. Tokranov (2011).
1986:"'Deepest ever' living fish filmed"
44:) caught in the eastern Bering Sea
13:
2942:
2892:
2351:
1754:
1294:. Gulf of Maine Research Institute
1292:"The Sea Snails. Family Liparidae"
1284:
14:
5403:
3138:
1586:
1376:
4504:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4463:
4279:
4268:
4267:
4250:
4249:
3275:
3144:
2639:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02789.x
2259:from the original on 2019-07-04.
2184:from the original on 2019-12-09.
1261:
1245:
1229:
1213:
1197:
1181:
1165:
1148:
1132:
53:
3235:Environmental impact of fishing
3016:
2992:
2843:
2796:
2749:
2694:
2661:
2617:
2570:
2523:
2476:
2401:
2307:
2188:
2130:; Yancey, Paul H. (June 2012).
2120:
2094:
2023:
2003:Morelle, Rebecca (2014-12-19).
1996:
1974:
1959:
1924:
1800:
1705:
1648:
506:
2483:Chernova, N. V. (2014-09-01).
2136:Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth"
1396:Nature Ecology & Evolution
491:. The single species in genus
397:at 5 cm (2.0 in) to
338:
1:
3023:Poltev, Yu. N. (2022-04-01).
2005:"New record for deepest fish"
1945:10.1016/S0167-4838(01)00190-X
1277:
393:Snailfish range in size from
343:Snailfish have an elongated,
285:was intermediate between the
5065:List of transitional fossils
3320:intramembranous ossification
2877:10.1016/j.oceano.2015.12.001
1615:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009530
714:With the Okhotsk snailfish (
522:Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis
218:Widely distributed from the
7:
5392:Taxa named by Theodore Gill
1174:Crystallichthys cyclospilus
688:. The larval diet of three
676:snailfish feed on a mix of
267:and Liparidae, within the
237:
10:
5408:
4345:Timeline of fish evolution
3699:Fin and flipper locomotion
3669:Sequential hermaphroditism
3556:Jamming avoidance response
3273:
2821:10.1007/s00227-022-04028-9
2774:10.1007/s00300-019-02500-9
2595:10.1007/s00300-019-02500-9
2329:10.1007/s00227-021-03950-8
1918:Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci.
1826:10.1186/s12983-021-00399-9
1712:Chernova, Natalia (2006).
1661:Royal Society Open Science
1141:Acantholiparis opercularis
1104:Pitruk & Fedorov, 1993
592:Reproduction and life span
359:Acantholiparis opercularis
5121:
5099:
5073:
5033:Lists of prehistoric fish
5025:
4934:
4883:
4874:
4782:
4741:
4663:
4654:
4590:
4557:
4527:
4517:
4461:
4353:
4335:
4263:
4187:
4120:
4027:
3989:
3980:
3919:
3850:
3737:
3689:
3599:
3524:
3284:
3194:
3117:10.1134/s0032945212010018
3084:10.11646/zootaxa.3588.1.1
3041:10.1134/S0032945222010106
2970:10.1134/S003294522201009X
2920:10.1017/S0025315413000544
2501:10.1134/S0032945214050038
2300:10.1016/j.dsr.2017.12.002
2087:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.003
1894:10.11646/zootaxa.4358.1.7
1730:10.1134/S0032945206100018
1572:10.1134/S0032945215030157
1526:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
1458:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
1409:10.1038/s41559-019-0864-8
964:Gilbert & Burke, 1912
861:Gilbert & Burke, 1912
740:
313:gene, which produces the
146:
139:
50:Scientific classification
48:
37:
28:
23:
3186:
2361:Stein, David L. (1980).
2132:"On the Validity of the
1513:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1329:. February 2015 version.
1319:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1190:Elassodiscus tremebundus
470:Placopecten magellanicus
41:Elassodiscus tremebundus
5091:Vertebrate paleontology
4215:Glossary of ichthyology
3777:Diel vertical migration
2701:Gerringer, M E (2019).
2627:Journal of Fish Biology
2548:10.1163/156854093X00414
2231:10.1073/pnas.1322003111
2141:The Biological Bulletin
668:
307:Mariana hadal snailfish
271:Cottales alongside the
3581:Surface wave detection
3546:Hydrodynamic reception
3220:Diseases and parasites
3105:Journal of Ichthyology
3029:Journal of Ichthyology
2958:Journal of Ichthyology
2489:Journal of Ichthyology
1718:Journal of Ichthyology
1560:Journal of Ichthyology
1222:Nectoliparis pelagicus
643:Careproctus rhodomelas
467:cavity of the scallop
415:Occurrence and habitat
192:
180:
170:
5328:Paleobiology Database
3719:Undulatory locomotion
3536:Ampullae of Lorenzini
2469:10.2331/suisan.49.367
2154:10.1086/BBLv222n3p171
1939:(Suppl. 2): 235–244.
1766:Journal of Morphology
1238:Paraliparis bathybius
638:Careproctus pallidus,
395:Paraliparis australis
186:
176:
164:
5086:Transitional fossils
4725:Pseudopetalichthyida
3947:Genetically modified
3153:at Wikimedia Commons
1965:Hogan, C.M. (2011):
1813:Frontiers in Zoology
1157:Careproctus ovigerus
658:Careproctus pallidus
611:Careproctus ovigerus
573:Pseudoliparis swirei
545:Izu–Ogasawara Trench
540:Pseudoliparis swirei
489:Gulf of St. Lawrence
38:Snailfish (probably
3752:Aquatic respiration
3639:Life history theory
2868:2016Ocga...58..117W
2687:10.5402/2011/341640
2291:2018DSRI..132...37G
2222:2014PNAS..111.4461Y
2078:2016DSRI..114...99L
1673:10.1098/rsos.171063
1483:Fishes of the World
833:& Gilbert, 1898
735:Polypera simushirae
457:inquiline snailfish
446:antifreeze proteins
400:Polypera simushirae
371:Paraliparis devries
275:, within the order
245:Fishes of the World
228:undescribed species
4774:Ischnacanthiformes
4622:Cephalaspidomorphi
3591:Weberian apparatus
2719:10.1093/iob/obz004
1920:(Suppl. 2): 39–45.
1321:"Family Liparidae"
1254:Rhodichthys regina
716:Liparis ochotensis
705:natantian decapods
680:, small and large
570:it was found that
501:continental slopes
495:is endemic to the
479:lives amongst the
461:Liparis inquilinus
434:Liparis atlanticus
193:
181:
171:
167:Liparis marmoratus
5369:
5368:
5315:Open Tree of Life
5115:Taxon identifiers
5106:
5105:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
4948:Palaeonisciformes
4896:Onychodontiformes
4853:Petalodontiformes
4847:Iniopterygiformes
4810:Phoebodontiformes
4798:Ctenacanthiformes
4768:Diplacanthiformes
4650:
4649:
4423:Myllokunmingiidae
4329:Evolution of fish
4295:
4294:
4205:Fish common names
4116:
4115:
3747:Aquatic predation
3571:Capacity for pain
3300:Age determination
3149:Media related to
2426:10.1643/CI-16-451
2216:(12): 4461–4465.
2128:Jamieson, Alan J.
1493:978-1-118-34233-6
1362:10.1643/CI-15-374
1270:Temnocora candida
1125:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1070:Pseudonotoliparis
1065:
1055:
1045:
1031:
1021:
1011:
998:
985:
975:
965:
955:
938:
925:
915:
902:
892:
875:
862:
852:
834:
821:
807:
794:
777:
764:
599:cold-water corals
476:Liparis tunicatus
450:Antarctic icefish
303:ray-finned fishes
297:Molecular biology
215:Scorpaeniformes.
209:ray-finned fishes
159:
158:
135:
5399:
5362:
5361:
5349:
5348:
5336:
5335:
5323:
5322:
5310:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5287:
5286:
5284:NHMSYS0021053436
5274:
5273:
5261:
5260:
5248:
5247:
5235:
5234:
5222:
5221:
5209:
5208:
5196:
5195:
5183:
5182:
5170:
5169:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5110:
5109:
5081:Prehistoric life
4992:Pycnodontiformes
4990:
4975:Acipenseriformes
4945:
4912:
4894:
4881:
4880:
4744:
4689:Brindabellaspida
4666:
4661:
4660:
4604:Pteraspidomorphi
4593:
4560:
4525:
4524:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4448:
4437:
4428:
4421:
4406:
4384:
4367:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4283:
4282:
4271:
4270:
4253:
4252:
3987:
3986:
3279:
3210:Ethnoichthyology
3181:
3174:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3132:
3129:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:academic.oup.com
2996:
2990:
2989:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2914:(7): 1981–1987.
2899:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2768:(6): 1199–1204.
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2730:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2633:(7): 1709–1715.
2621:
2615:
2614:
2589:(6): 1199–1204.
2574:
2568:
2567:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2233:
2205:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1982:Morelle, Rebecca
1978:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1872:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1828:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1617:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1313:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1265:
1249:
1233:
1217:
1206:Liparis fabricii
1201:
1185:
1169:
1152:
1136:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1064:Andriashev, 1955
1063:
1053:
1039:
1036:Prognatholiparis
1030:Andriashev, 2003
1029:
1019:
1006:
993:
983:
974:Andriashev, 1975
973:
963:
946:
933:
923:
910:
900:
883:
870:
860:
842:
829:
815:
802:
785:
772:
755:
665:to communicate.
634:golden king crab
568:genomic analysis
224:Antarctic Oceans
189:Liparis fabricii
178:Liparis catharus
130:
58:
57:
33:
21:
20:
16:Family of fishes
5407:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5357:
5352:
5344:
5339:
5331:
5326:
5318:
5313:
5305:
5303:
5295:
5290:
5282:
5277:
5269:
5264:
5256:
5251:
5243:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5217:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5191:
5186:
5178:
5173:
5165:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5117:
5107:
5102:
5095:
5069:
5013:
4961:Polypteriformes
4930:
4924:Tetrapodomorpha
4870:
4804:Hybodontiformes
4778:
4755:Acanthodiformes
4737:
4646:
4586:
4576:Paraconodontida
4553:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4503:
4481:
4469:
4459:
4378:Cephalochordate
4349:
4331:
4326:
4296:
4291:
4259:
4183:
4112:
4023:
3976:
3915:
3846:
3739:
3733:
3685:
3629:Ichthyoplankton
3595:
3527:
3520:
3516:Digital Library
3511:Teleost leptins
3450:Shark cartilage
3374:pharyngeal slit
3369:pharyngeal arch
3305:Anguilliformity
3290:
3288:
3280:
3271:
3190:
3185:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3095:
3091:
3068:
3064:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2950:
2943:
2900:
2893:
2848:
2844:
2801:
2797:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2699:
2695:
2666:
2662:
2622:
2618:
2575:
2571:
2528:
2524:
2481:
2477:
2448:
2441:
2406:
2402:
2379:10.2307/1444445
2359:
2352:
2312:
2308:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2203:
2193:
2189:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1979:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1910:
1873:
1860:
1805:
1801:
1762:
1755:
1710:
1706:
1653:
1649:
1608:(5): e1009530.
1594:
1587:
1556:
1552:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1437:
1433:
1388:
1377:
1345:
1334:
1314:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1153:
1144:
1137:
1128:
1124:Balushkin, 2012
1026:Praematoliparis
826:Crystallichthys
782:Allocareproctus
743:
671:
594:
509:
455:The diminutive
417:
341:
315:trimethylamine
299:
282:Bathylutichthys
261:Scorpaeniformes
240:
155:
152:
129:
107:Scorpaeniformes
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5405:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5387:Cyclopteroidea
5384:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5350:
5337:
5324:
5311:
5301:
5288:
5275:
5262:
5249:
5236:
5223:
5210:
5197:
5184:
5171:
5158:
5143:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4952:
4951:
4940:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4914:Porolepiformes
4903:
4898:
4889:
4887:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4859:Symmoriiformes
4855:
4849:
4843:
4841:Eugeneodontida
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4792:Elasmobranchii
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4761:Climatiiformes
4757:
4750:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4719:Acanthothoraci
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4695:Petalichthyida
4691:
4685:
4679:
4672:
4670:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4599:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4569:Protoconodonta
4564:
4562:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4522:
4515:
4514:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4444:
4440:Myllokunmingia
4417:
4412:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4033:
4031:
4029:Wild fisheries
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Hallucinogenic
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3827:Schooling fish
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:Filter feeders
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Bottom feeders
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Leydig's organ
3405:
3404:
3403:
3401:pharyngeal jaw
3398:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3354:branchial arch
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3140:
3139:External links
3137:
3134:
3133:
3089:
3062:
3035:(2): 236–243.
3015:
2991:
2941:
2891:
2862:(2): 117–123.
2842:
2809:Marine Biology
2795:
2748:
2693:
2660:
2616:
2569:
2522:
2495:(8): 501–512.
2475:
2462:(3): 367–377.
2439:
2400:
2373:(4): 687–699.
2350:
2317:Marine Biology
2306:
2262:
2199:(March 2014).
2197:Jamieson, Alan
2187:
2148:(3): 171–175.
2119:
2108:. 3 April 2023
2093:
2049:
2022:
1995:
1973:
1958:
1923:
1908:
1887:(1): 161–177.
1858:
1799:
1772:(3): 213–236.
1753:
1704:
1667:(12): 171063.
1647:
1585:
1566:(3): 303–310.
1550:
1499:
1492:
1472:
1451:(2): 001–230.
1431:
1402:(5): 823–833.
1375:
1356:(3): 645–657.
1332:
1317:Froese, Rainer
1305:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1032:
1022:
1012:
999:
986:
976:
966:
956:
943:Menziesichthys
939:
926:
916:
903:
893:
876:
863:
853:
835:
822:
808:
795:
778:
765:
752:Acantholiparis
747:
742:
739:
670:
667:
615:mouth brooding
607:xenophyophores
593:
590:
531:Mariana Trench
508:
505:
444:having type-1
440:Liparus gibbus
416:
413:
340:
337:
298:
295:
287:Psychrolutidae
252:, part of the
250:Cyclopteroidea
239:
236:
157:
156:
153:
144:
143:
137:
136:
124:
120:
119:
117:Cyclopteroidea
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
97:Actinopterygii
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5404:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:cartilaginous
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4784:Cartilaginous
4781:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4732:Stensioellida
4729:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4707:Ptyctodontida
4704:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4556:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4466:
4453:
4452:
4451:Zhongxiniscus
4445:
4442:
4441:
4433:
4432:
4431:Haikouichthys
4424:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4363:
4362:Basal member
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4288:
4287:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4256:
4255:more lists...
4248:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Fish families
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:Aquarium life
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4178:
4177:fleshy-finned
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:Cartilaginous
4143:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Electric fish
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Mauthner cell
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Chromatophore
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:V. solovjevae
3100:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:(1): 99–108.
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:Polar Biology
2759:
2752:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2713:(1): obz004.
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:Polar Biology
2580:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:(1): 97–104.
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1968:Norwegian Sea
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1886:
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1607:
1603:
1602:PLOS Genetics
1599:
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1232:
1227:
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1216:
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1195:
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1184:
1179:
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1168:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:Squaloliparis
1097:
1094:Collett, 1879
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:Gilbert, 1896
1082:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1060:Pseudoliparis
1057:
1054:Barnard, 1927
1052:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
987:
982:
981:
977:
972:
971:
967:
962:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:
927:
924:Gilbert, 1915
922:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:
904:
901:Gilbert, 1896
899:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:
864:
859:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
840:
839:Eknomoliparis
836:
832:
828:
827:
823:
819:
816:Jordan &
814:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:
749:
748:
746:
738:
736:
731:
727:
725:
724:Terpeniya Bay
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
666:
664:
659:
654:
651:
646:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
621:
616:
612:
608:
605:, stones, or
604:
600:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
560:
559:Pseudoliparis
555:
554:
548:
546:
542:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
504:
502:
498:
497:Norwegian Sea
494:
490:
486:
485:Bering Strait
482:
478:
477:
472:
471:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
441:
436:
435:
430:
426:
422:
412:
408:
406:
402:
401:
396:
391:
388:
387:
382:
381:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
360:
354:
350:
346:
336:
333:
329:
324:
320:
318:
312:
308:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Cyclopteridae
262:
259:of the order
258:
255:
251:
247:
246:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
191:
190:
185:
179:
175:
169:
168:
163:
154:Scopoli, 1777
151:
150:
145:
142:
138:
133:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
113:Superfamily:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
42:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5122:
5038:spiny sharks
4997:Halecomorphi
4816:Xenacanthida
4701:Phyllolepida
4634:Pituriaspida
4595:Ostracoderms
4529:Cyclostomata
4519:Jawless fish
4468:
4449:
4438:
4429:
4407:
4385:
4368:
4284:
4272:
4172:spiny-finned
4121:Major groups
3842:Intelligence
3822:Scale eaters
3767:Cleaner fish
3649:Mouthbrooder
3601:Reproduction
3576:Schreckstoff
3561:Lateral line
3477:Swim bladder
3467:Spiral valve
3396:hyomandibula
3379:pseudobranch
3262:Hypoxia in -
3130:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:
2994:
2961:
2957:
2911:
2907:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2740:. Retrieved
2710:
2706:
2696:
2677:
2674:ISRN Zoology
2673:
2663:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2459:
2455:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2370:
2366:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2282:
2278:
2213:
2207:
2190:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2106:The Guardian
2105:
2096:
2069:
2065:
2041:. Retrieved
2039:. 2017-08-25
2034:
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
2008:
1998:
1989:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1884:
1880:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1769:
1765:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1605:
1601:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1519:(162): 162.
1516:
1512:
1502:
1482:
1475:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1399:
1395:
1353:
1349:
1324:
1296:. Retrieved
1286:
1268:
1252:
1236:
1220:
1204:
1188:
1172:
1155:
1139:
1120:Volodichthys
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1080:Rhinoliparis
1078:
1074:Pitruk, 1991
1068:
1058:
1048:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1001:
990:Palmoliparis
988:
978:
968:
960:Nectoliparis
958:
941:
930:Lopholiparis
928:
918:
905:
897:Gyrinichthys
895:
880:Genioliparis
878:
867:Eutelichthys
865:
857:Elassodiscus
855:
837:
824:
810:
797:
780:
769:Aetheliparis
767:
750:
744:
734:
732:
728:
715:
713:
694:
690:Beaufort Sea
672:
663:lateral line
657:
655:
647:
642:
637:
618:
610:
595:
571:
557:
551:
549:
538:
527:Japan Trench
520:
513:bathyal zone
510:
507:Depth record
492:
481:kelp forests
474:
468:
460:
454:
438:
432:
418:
409:
398:
394:
392:
386:Nectoliparis
384:
378:
370:
368:
364:lateral line
357:
342:
331:
327:
316:
310:
300:
280:
243:
241:
217:
200:
196:
194:
187:
177:
165:
147:
126:
39:
18:
5240:iNaturalist
5147:Wikispecies
5058:lobe-finned
4984:Neopterygii
4970:Chondrostei
4906:Rhipidistia
4885:Lobe-finned
4835:Holocephali
4640:Osteostraci
4542:Hyperoartia
4387:Cathaymyrus
4355:Forerunners
4286:WikiProject
4245:Prehistoric
4229:Threatened
3920:Other types
3817:Sardine run
3792:Forage fish
3772:Corallivory
3624:Development
3609:Bubble nest
3482:physoclisti
3472:Suckermouth
3445:Root effect
3267:Ichthyology
3111:(1): 1–10.
2856:Oceanologia
2536:Crustaceana
2323:(11): 167.
1114:Burke, 1930
1090:Rhodichthys
1020:Burke, 1912
1003:Paraliparis
984:Stein, 1978
980:Osteodiscus
970:Notoliparis
845:Meléndez C.
812:Crystallias
799:Careproctus
720:crangonidae
709:piscivorous
636:as a host,
620:Careproctus
582:biochemical
553:Notoliparis
535:undescribed
493:Rhodichthys
429:subtropical
380:Paraliparis
339:Description
277:Perciformes
197:snailfishes
5376:Categories
5043:placoderms
5002:Ginglymodi
4936:Ray-finned
4901:Coelacanth
4746:Acanthodii
4683:Arthrodira
4668:Placoderms
4656:Jawed fish
4628:Galeaspida
4610:Thelodonti
4409:Haikouella
4400:Olfactores
3901:Groundfish
3896:Freshwater
3891:Euryhaline
3876:Coral reef
3812:Salmon run
3802:Paedophagy
3704:Amphibious
3691:Locomotion
3499:pharyngeal
3487:physostome
3440:Photophore
3386:Glossohyal
3359:gill raker
3342:dorsal fin
3292:physiology
3009:2023-04-11
2742:2023-03-27
2680:: 341640.
2072:: 99–110.
2043:2017-08-26
2016:2017-08-26
1739:1834/17070
1724:: S1–S14.
1278:References
1160:(juvenile)
1040:Orr &
920:Lipariscus
885:Andriashev
630:king crabs
566:. Through
564:hadal zone
425:hadal zone
421:intertidal
353:gelatinous
323:crystallin
269:infraorder
207:of marine
201:sea snails
141:Type genus
132:T. N. Gill
24:Snailfish
5382:Liparidae
5180:Liparidae
5167:Liparidae
5153:Liparidae
5123:Liparidae
5101:† extinct
4956:Cladistia
4713:Rhenanida
4677:Antiarchi
4582:Conodonta
4561:Conodonts
4150:chimaeras
4037:Predatory
4014:Salmonids
3972:Whitefish
3962:Poisonous
3937:Diversity
3871:Coldwater
3807:Predatory
3797:Migratory
3757:Bait ball
3740:behaviour
3659:Pregnancy
3654:Polyandry
3428:papillare
3423:Operculum
3418:Meristics
3364:gill slit
3327:Cleithrum
3257:Fish kill
3247:Fear of -
3240:- as food
3230:Fisheries
3215:Evolution
3205:Diversity
3151:Liparidae
3057:255275689
3049:1555-6425
2986:255276166
2978:0032-9452
2928:0025-3154
2886:0078-3234
2837:247174198
2829:1432-1793
2815:(3): 42.
2790:253811268
2782:1432-2056
2647:0022-1112
2611:253811268
2603:1432-2056
2556:0011-216X
2517:255271977
2509:1555-6425
2387:0045-8511
2345:239503084
2337:1432-1793
2285:: 37–50.
1835:1742-9994
1819:(1): 16.
1681:2054-5703
1624:1553-7404
1580:255278517
1418:2397-334X
1110:Temnocora
995:Balushkin
872:Tortonese
686:amphipods
626:parasitic
578:cartilage
405:fisheries
291:Cottoidei
257:Cottoidei
127:Liparidae
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
5132:Wikidata
4919:Lungfish
4864:Chimaera
4616:Anaspida
4415:Tunicate
4393:Lancelet
4274:Category
4225:Smallest
4138:lampreys
4101:flatfish
4091:Demersal
4047:mackerel
4042:billfish
3982:Commerce
3911:Tropical
3886:Demersal
3881:Deep-sea
3837:Venomous
3729:RoboTuna
3679:triggers
3674:Spawning
3634:Juvenile
3619:Egg case
3252:FishBase
3125:12642696
3078:: 1–54.
2936:86766467
2737:33791521
2655:21078029
2564:20104874
2434:90397099
2254:Archived
2250:24591588
2182:Archived
2178:31549749
2170:22815365
2162:41638633
2036:CBC News
2010:BBC News
1990:BBC News
1984:(2008).
1953:11410279
1903:29245485
1853:33863343
1794:29489951
1748:10286241
1699:29308245
1642:33983934
1545:28683774
1467:25543675
1426:30988486
1370:89241686
1326:FishBase
1298:March 6,
1016:Polypera
697:gammarid
682:copepods
678:plankton
487:and the
366:system.
273:sculpins
254:suborder
238:Taxonomy
232:trenches
123:Family:
87:Chordata
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
5138:Q670598
5074:Related
5007:Teleost
4547:Lamprey
4537:Hagfish
4220:Largest
4133:hagfish
4128:Jawless
4106:pollock
4079:sardine
4074:herring
4069:anchovy
4019:Tilapia
4009:Octopus
4004:Catfish
3991:Farming
3906:Pelagic
3866:Coastal
3853:habitat
3709:Walking
3614:Clasper
3566:Otolith
3528:systems
3526:Sensory
3460:ganoine
3435:Papilla
3286:Anatomy
3225:Fishing
3072:Zootaxa
2864:Bibcode
2728:7671157
2395:1444445
2287:Bibcode
2241:3970477
2218:Bibcode
2134:Trieste
2074:Bibcode
1881:Zootaxa
1844:8052763
1786:9734067
1690:5750012
1633:8118300
1536:5501477
1445:Zootaxa
1050:Psednos
1008:Collett
948:Nalbant
912:Scopoli
907:Liparis
889:Neyelov
851:., 1991
843:Stein,
791:Fedorov
757:Gilbert
650:Otolith
483:of the
375:benthic
345:tadpole
149:Liparis
103:Order:
93:Class:
5359:234519
5333:266390
5320:577720
5304:NZOR:
5297:183715
5271:555701
5258:105454
4370:Pikaia
4238:sharks
4155:sharks
4084:sprats
4064:Forage
4052:salmon
3932:Coarse
3714:Flying
3586:Vision
3541:Barbel
3455:Scales
3315:dermal
3195:About
3123:
3055:
3047:
2984:
2976:
2934:
2926:
2884:
2835:
2827:
2788:
2780:
2735:
2725:
2653:
2645:
2609:
2601:
2562:
2554:
2515:
2507:
2432:
2414:Copeia
2393:
2385:
2367:Copeia
2343:
2335:
2248:
2238:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2112:5 July
1951:
1901:
1851:
1841:
1833:
1792:
1784:
1746:
1697:
1687:
1679:
1640:
1630:
1622:
1578:
1543:
1533:
1490:
1465:
1424:
1416:
1368:
1350:Copeia
1044:, 2001
1010:, 1879
997:, 1996
954:, 1971
950:&
937:, 2004
914:, 1777
891:, 1976
887:&
874:, 1959
849:Kong U
847:&
831:Jordan
820:, 1902
818:Snyder
806:, 1862
804:Krøyer
793:, 1993
789:&
787:Pitruk
776:, 2012
763:, 1912
759:&
741:Genera
684:, and
674:Larval
586:larvae
465:mantle
319:-oxide
220:Arctic
205:family
203:are a
134:, 1861
5354:WoRMS
5341:Plazi
5253:IRMNG
5245:49032
5206:624XH
5026:Lists
4826:Shark
4200:Blind
4188:Lists
3967:Rough
3832:Sleep
3738:Other
3504:shark
3494:Teeth
3121:S2CID
3053:S2CID
2982:S2CID
2932:S2CID
2833:S2CID
2786:S2CID
2607:S2CID
2560:JSTOR
2513:S2CID
2430:S2CID
2391:JSTOR
2341:S2CID
2257:(PDF)
2204:(PDF)
2174:S2CID
2158:JSTOR
1790:S2CID
1744:S2CID
1576:S2CID
1366:S2CID
1042:Busby
952:Mayer
774:Stein
761:Burke
701:krill
517:shoal
332:bglap
213:order
5292:NCBI
5266:ITIS
5232:8627
5227:GBIF
5219:5136
5193:1284
5188:BOLD
5053:bony
4876:Bony
4340:Fish
4233:rays
4167:Bony
4160:rays
4057:tuna
3999:Carp
3957:Oily
3942:Game
3927:Bait
3861:Cave
3644:Milt
3349:Gill
3337:Fins
3310:Bone
3197:fish
3188:Fish
3076:3588
3045:ISSN
2974:ISSN
2924:ISSN
2882:ISSN
2825:ISSN
2778:ISSN
2733:PMID
2651:PMID
2643:ISSN
2599:ISSN
2552:ISSN
2505:ISSN
2383:ISSN
2371:1980
2333:ISSN
2246:PMID
2209:PNAS
2166:PMID
2114:2023
1949:PMID
1937:1547
1899:PMID
1885:4358
1849:PMID
1831:ISSN
1782:PMID
1695:PMID
1677:ISSN
1638:PMID
1620:ISSN
1541:PMID
1488:ISBN
1463:PMID
1449:3882
1422:PMID
1414:ISSN
1300:2012
669:Diet
624:are
603:kelp
556:and
437:and
383:and
349:fins
328:mc1r
311:fmo3
195:The
5279:NBN
5214:EoL
5201:CoL
5175:AFD
5162:ADW
4821:Ray
4425:? (
4096:cod
3851:By
3664:Roe
3391:Jaw
3289:and
3113:doi
3080:doi
3037:doi
2966:doi
2916:doi
2872:doi
2817:doi
2813:169
2770:doi
2723:PMC
2715:doi
2682:doi
2678:201
2635:doi
2591:doi
2544:doi
2497:doi
2464:doi
2422:doi
2418:104
2375:doi
2325:doi
2321:168
2295:doi
2283:132
2236:PMC
2226:doi
2214:111
2150:doi
2146:222
2082:doi
2070:114
1941:doi
1889:doi
1839:PMC
1821:doi
1774:doi
1770:237
1734:hdl
1726:doi
1685:PMC
1669:doi
1628:PMC
1610:doi
1568:doi
1531:PMC
1521:doi
1453:doi
1404:doi
1358:doi
1354:104
935:Orr
519:of
452:).
222:to
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