184:
the Soviet occupation. The rebel violence often mirrored or was provoked by the crimes of the Soviet authorities themselves. Typical Soviet counterinsurgency tactics in
Ukraine were to arrest women suspected of belonging to UPA and imprisoning them, sometimes for months. These women were frequently beaten, raped, forced to sleep with corpses, and tortured until they were "broken" by their Soviet captors and forced to work against UPA. The large-scale use of such tactics provoked an atmosphere of mistrust and fear, leading to violent reprisals against women and others accused of being spies by UPA. For example, from January 1, 1945 until spring 1945 only in one area of OUN/UPA activity from 938 people suspected of being Soviet spies, 889 were liquidated. Despite this infiltration the SB was able to conduct some counterintelligence actions against Soviet agents and even to infiltrate a few former UPA members which worked in the militia in 1945 whose actions have "compromise the Movement" (even in the eyes of the OUN/UPA).
116:
very limited success. They had more success in infiltrating Polish groups. For instance at one of the SB report for beginning of
September 1943 mentioned "during reporting period (1-10 Sept) 17 Polish families liquidated (58 persons) … Area in generally clean. There no pure-breed Poles. Issues of mixed families under resolving"; At same time actions against "internal threat" were not halted – all absorbed non OUN(B) military formation and especially their commanders has own "SB-Angels with hanging wire in hands." Such terror also not excluded SB and UPA itself – only in one military area were liquidated several units of SB and almost 70 insurgents.
128:. After the war, in the years 1945–1948, Sluzhba Bezpeky conducted executions of Poles accused of collaboration with the communist government or actively opposing the Ukrainian resistance. In practice, however, executions of Poles were not limited to those two groups. OUN security police applied the principle of collective responsibility (i.e. killing entire families). At the same time, ethnic Ukrainians suspected of collaboration with the communists were also executed. The orders to apply solely the principle of personal responsibility were not given until May 1945. However, entire families were massacred beyond that date.
148:
between
February 1944 and May 1946 over 250,000 people were arrested in Western Ukraine. Those arrested typically experienced beatings or other violence. Those suspected of being UPA members underwent extensive torture; some prisoners were burned alive. The many arrested women believed to be affiliating with UPA were subjected to months of torture, deprivation, and rape at the hands of Soviet security in order to "break" them reveal UPA members' identities and locations or to turn them into Soviet double-agents. Mutilated corpses of captured rebels were frequently put on public display.
175:, a SB unit of four persons killed four women and injured one. had gotten together to write letters to their husbands and sons in the Red Army." While targets of SB violence were certainly not exclusively women and girls, a close look at patterns of rebel violence against local citizens suggests that reprisals against "collaborators" was a euphemism for violence against ethnic Poles during World War II and the first two postwar years, when three quarters of the violence against "locals" was directed against ethnic Poles.
502:
The exact figures of deportees according to Soviet archives - deported (1944-47): families of OUN/UPA members–– 15,040 families (37,145) persons; OUN/UPA underground families – 26,332 (77,791 persons) taken from: Ivan Bilas. Repressive-punishment system in
Ukraine. 1917-1953 Vol.2 Kyiv Lybid-Viysko
183:
Following the forced deportation of over 800,000 ethnic Poles from
Western Ukraine by the Soviets in 1945–1946, as many as four out of five victims of organized violence against suspected "collaborators" were ethnic Ukrainian women, especially young women accused of sexually fraternizing with men of
147:
units were those composed of former UPA fighters working for the NKVD. Areas of UPA activity were depopulated; the estimates of
Ukrainians deported from 1944 to 1952 range from 182,543 in official Soviet archives to 500,000 . Mass arrests of suspected UPA informants or family members were conducted;
187:
On 21 June 1948 Soviet investigators uncovered eighteen corpses — seventeen female and one male that were allegedly killed since
November 1947 by an OUN/UPA SB unit. The corpses were so badly decomposed that only six could be identified. One corpse had more than a metre of rope around her neck. The
106:
which were directly under SB command. From 1944 the military gendarmerie acted as an independent authority, although still under SB orders. Most activities in late 1944 were targeted to handle desertion from UPA and mobilization for the UPA. Measures included the death sentence, usually by hanging.
90:
established "revolutionary tribunals" and military courts, which meted out death sentences for persons over the age of 17. The
Military gendarmerie of UPA was established in June 1943. Its activities from 1943 included arrests (and in some cases elimination) of suspected "Soviet agents", as well as
131:
Local OUN security police department employees were entitled to order the execution of a person. They enjoyed practically unlimited prerogatives. As a result, investigations were often brief and resistance members were executed in spite of unsubstantiated charges. The
Soviets took advantage of the
115:
commenced military action against
Germans in late 1942 and as a result was executed on SB order. From its establishment the SB became a responsible authority for intelligence and counter-intelligence actions – however, numerous attempts to infiltrate agents into the Soviet partisan detachments has
110:
As regards to the UPA-SB, one of the OUN(M) commanders stated that "it's hard to make the distinction where the UPA ended and OUN begins under Bandera…". In 1941-42 OUN SB activities mainly targeting the "internal threat" – namely that of OUN(B) political opponents (mainly from Melnyk wing of OUN)
188:
SB squad allegedly responsible for the crime had nine members, and acted on the direct instructions of the commander of an UPA regiment based in a nearby forest. All of the executions had been perpetrated under orders. One of the SB unit members had been recruited into the unit by an old friend,
151:
The SB played a critical role for UPA by responding to Soviet terror with their own terror. After the Soviet Army approach, the main target of SB activities became "Soviet agents and collaborators" as well as their families – as such they were exterminated (in many cases in a sadistic way). An
152:
identical fate awaited the families of those who didn't want "to take an arms in hands and join the struggle", as only for one instance 26 November 1944 in village Ispas (Chernivetska region) 15 families (41 persons) were killed due to one person's refusal to join UPA.
77:
According to the plans adopted in November 1942 at the "Military conference of OUN(B)", an intelligence and counter-intelligence service (SB) and military gendarmerie were developed. The OUN(B) already had an SB which was set up in 1941 under the command of
107:
From November 1944 to May 1945, 240 persons were executed for "unwillingness to join the UPA". Due to heavy losses, and significant shortage of UPA manpower, the military gendarmerie was liquidated in April 1945.
42:. In its short history, the SB committed acts of terror against civilians and non-civilians and their families, including people suspected either of collaborating, or serving with the Soviet forces in
650:
155:
Soviet investigative files are filled with references to follow-up investigations of brutal reprisals carried out by SB units against women suspected of "pro-Soviet sympathies". "In village
112:
132:
situation by staging numerous provocations, the result of which was the death of many OUN members wrongly accused of cooperation with the communist security police.
193:
263:
160:
164:
189:
172:
99:
79:
640:
479:
156:
111:
and those "who act against party line" – for instance one of former OUN(B) military detachment commander which against general directives of
615:
159:
SB unit murdered Sofia PAVLIUK, who heartily welcomed soldiers of the advancing Red Army." "On the night of 19 September in the village
168:
167:, the STRESHA band, murdered four women, in whose apartments lived Red Army soldiers." "On the night of 23 September in village
565:
67:
35:
98:
By end of 1943 there were established disciplinary companies and even a disciplinary camp named "Centaur" near the village of
541:
218:
440:
307:
274:(in Polish). The Institute of National Remembrance Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation.
136:
592:
379:
645:
623:
508:
466:
297:
125:
47:
66:, and performed the role of a secret service and counter-intelligence agency within Bandera's faction of the
293:
441:"Ukrainian government prepares bill on recognition of OUN-UPA: RFE/RL Poland, Belarus and Ukraine Report"
461:
Ivan Bilas. Repressive-punishment system in Ukraine. 1917-1953 Vol.2 Kyiv Lybid-Viysko Ukrainy, 1994
410:
336:
489:
87:
225:
533:
598:. Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. p. 374. Archived from
397:
618:. Repressive-punishment system in Ukraine. 1917-1953 Vol.2 Kyiv Lybid-Viysko Ukrainy, 1994
566:"Agentura: Soviet Informants' Networks & the Ukrainian Underground in Galicia, 1944-48"
8:
385:. Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: 249–250. Archived from
135:
Soviet rule in western Ukraine was initially characterized by brutality and mass terror.
83:
356:[Field-military Gendarmerie - a special body of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army].
324:
619:
572:
537:
526:
504:
462:
303:
275:
63:
593:"Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Chapter 6"
380:"Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Chapter 5"
92:
233:
448:
259:
43:
31:
353:Військово-польова жандармерія - спеціальний орган Української повстанської армії
521:
59:
634:
351:
279:
599:
386:
95:
policemen. They were also involved in clashes with Poles and OUN(M) units.
71:
39:
58:
The Ukrainian resistance security police (SB) was established in 1940 by
299:
The Ukrainian National Revolution: Mass Violence and Political Disaster
140:
103:
571:. East European Politics and Societies. p. 97. Archived from
124:
Between 1943 and 1945 OUN security police took an active part in
46:. In this capacity, the SB also played a significant role in the
38:
responsible for clandestine operations and anti-espionage during
27:
229:
651:
Genocide of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia perpetrators
426:
Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World
144:
292:
266:[OUN-B Security Police. From research workshops]
26:, (in Ukrainian: Служба безпеки ОУН (б), СБ ОУН) was the
219:"Gender and Policing in Soviet West Ukraine, 1944—1948"
484:[The complex fate of the Ukrainian diaspora].
139:
and committed atrocities in order to demoralize the
525:
50:of the Polish population in Volhynia and Galicia.
126:the slaughter of Polish people throughout Ukraine
632:
302:. Columbia University Press. pp. 184, 263.
428:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 15.
349:
264:"Służba Bezpeky OUN-B. Z warsztatów badawczych"
258:
70:(OUN). The first security police commander was
524:(2000). "24 Reconstruction and Retrenchment".
520:
360:(in Ukrainian). Military History No.5-6, 2002
514:
447:. Vol. LXX, no. 30. Archived from
438:
488:(in Ukrainian). April 2005. Archived from
587:
585:
216:
254:
252:
250:
248:
246:
532:. University of Toronto Press. p.
641:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
633:
582:
423:
68:Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists
36:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
563:
417:
243:
212:
210:
208:
486:UKRAINIAN World Coordinating Council
286:
16:WW2 Ukrainian partisan secret police
13:
232:. pp. 279–281. Archived from
205:
178:
137:NKVD units dressed as UPA fighters
14:
662:
481:Складна доля української діаспори
609:
557:
496:
472:
455:
432:
372:
343:
1:
199:
194:Ukrainian SS Galicia Division
119:
53:
439:Taras Kuzio (28 July 2002).
196:, who was arrested in 1946.
48:ethnic cleansing and killing
7:
10:
667:
294:Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe
272:Memory and Justice, No. 9
646:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
480:
352:
143:population; among these
113:Second OUN(B) Conference
91:the disarming of German
34:, and a division of the
564:Burds, Jeffrey (1997).
226:Northeastern University
405:Cite journal requires
358:warhistory.ukrlife.org
192:, an officer from the
350:Dmytro Vyedyenyeyev.
30:partisan underground
32:intelligence service
424:Wilson, A. (2005).
84:Dmytro Klyachkivsky
82:. On the orders of
528:Ukraine: A History
469:P 460-464, 470-477
161:Bolshaia-Osneshcha
543:978-0-8020-8390-6
64:Stepan Lenkavskyi
658:
626:
613:
607:
606:
604:
597:
589:
580:
579:
577:
570:
561:
555:
554:
552:
550:
531:
518:
512:
500:
494:
493:
476:
470:
459:
453:
452:
445:Ukrainian Weekly
436:
430:
429:
421:
415:
414:
408:
403:
401:
393:
391:
384:
376:
370:
369:
367:
365:
347:
341:
340:
334:
330:
328:
320:
318:
316:
290:
284:
283:
269:
256:
241:
240:
238:
223:
214:
165:Kolkovskyi raion
666:
665:
661:
660:
659:
657:
656:
655:
631:
630:
629:
614:
610:
602:
595:
591:
590:
583:
575:
568:
562:
558:
548:
546:
544:
519:
515:
501:
497:
482:
478:
477:
473:
460:
456:
437:
433:
422:
418:
406:
404:
395:
394:
389:
382:
378:
377:
373:
363:
361:
354:
348:
344:
332:
331:
322:
321:
314:
312:
310:
291:
287:
267:
260:Grzegorz Motyka
257:
244:
236:
221:
217:Jeffrey Burds.
215:
206:
202:
190:Zakharyi Lychko
181:
179:Gender violence
173:Senkovych raion
122:
100:Velyka Stydynya
80:Mykola Arsenych
56:
44:western Ukraine
20:Sluzhba Bezpeky
17:
12:
11:
5:
664:
654:
653:
648:
643:
628:
627:
608:
605:on 2008-04-11.
581:
578:on 2003-10-05.
556:
542:
522:Orest Subtelny
513:
503:Ukrainy, 1994
495:
492:on 2007-12-10.
471:
454:
451:on 2003-09-28.
431:
416:
407:|journal=
392:on 2008-12-19.
371:
342:
309:978-3838206844
308:
285:
242:
239:on 2004-04-07.
203:
201:
198:
180:
177:
121:
118:
60:Stepan Bandera
55:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
663:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
636:
625:
624:5-325-00599-5
621:
617:
612:
601:
594:
588:
586:
574:
567:
560:
545:
539:
535:
530:
529:
523:
517:
510:
509:5-325-00599-5
506:
499:
491:
487:
483:
475:
468:
467:5-325-00599-5
464:
458:
450:
446:
442:
435:
427:
420:
412:
399:
388:
381:
375:
359:
355:
346:
338:
326:
311:
305:
301:
300:
295:
289:
281:
277:
273:
265:
261:
255:
253:
251:
249:
247:
235:
231:
227:
220:
213:
211:
209:
204:
197:
195:
191:
185:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
133:
129:
127:
117:
114:
108:
105:
101:
96:
94:
89:
85:
81:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
611:
600:the original
573:the original
559:
547:. Retrieved
527:
516:
498:
490:the original
485:
474:
457:
449:the original
444:
434:
425:
419:
398:cite journal
387:the original
374:
362:. Retrieved
357:
345:
313:. Retrieved
298:
288:
271:
234:the original
186:
182:
154:
150:
134:
130:
123:
109:
97:
76:
72:Mykola Lebed
57:
40:World War II
23:
19:
18:
333:|work=
157:Diadkovichi
635:Categories
616:Ivan Bilas
200:References
120:Atrocities
54:Background
511:P.545-546
335:ignored (
325:cite book
280:1427-7476
28:Ukrainian
549:4 August
315:2 August
296:(2014).
262:(2006).
141:civilian
104:Polissya
169:Mykhlin
622:
540:
507:
465:
364:7 June
306:
278:
230:Boston
86:, the
24:SB OUN
603:(PDF)
596:(PDF)
576:(PDF)
569:(PDF)
390:(PDF)
383:(PDF)
268:(PDF)
237:(PDF)
222:(PDF)
93:Shuma
620:ISBN
551:2015
538:ISBN
505:ISBN
463:ISBN
411:help
366:2015
337:help
317:2015
304:ISBN
276:ISSN
145:NKVD
62:and
534:489
102:in
88:UPA
22:or
637::
584:^
536:.
443:.
402::
400:}}
396:{{
329::
327:}}
323:{{
270:.
245:^
228:,
224:.
207:^
171:,
163:,
74:.
553:.
413:)
409:(
368:.
339:)
319:.
282:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.