Skopje - Knowledge

2831: 10364:(41–42): 167–218Si dëshmi tjetër për praninë e albanëve në territorrin e Maqedonisë së sotme ishin edhe spahinjtë vendas, me prejardhje albane e jo të ardhur nga Arbanoni politik mesjetar, që më parë kishin kaluar në fenë islame dhe ishin inkuadruar në sistemin e timarit të spahinjve osmanë. Sipas defterëve të shek. XV (1451/53 dhe 1467/68) ata i kishin timaret e veta në territorin e Maqedonisë dhe të Kosovës, kësaj radhe po i përmendim vetëm disa prej tyre: Hamza Arnauti,59 nga mëhalla Mentesheli e Shku-pit e kishte timarin e vet në fshatin Gumaleva. Hamza Arnauti, (tjetër) nga vendbanimi Niçevo (Nokova) e Shkupit kishte timarin e tij në fshatin Pa-garusha. Jusuf Arnauti, nga fshati Topçe Is’akli afër Draçevës së Shkupit. Shahin Arnauti59/a dizdar i kalasë së Shkupit i kishte timarin në tri fshatra të Shkupit... pranë individit me etno-nimin Arbanas ose Arnaut, apelativi sllav: doshlac prishlac, uselica, emigrant, që do thotë se kryefamiljarët shqiptarëme këtë etnonim si:Petro Arbanas, Dimitri Arbanas, Nikolla Arbanas, Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut, Gjuro Arba-nas, Mihajl Arbanas, Todor Arnaut, AndrejaArnaut, Lzar Arnaut apo Jusuf Arnaut, ose Hamza Arnavut etj., nuk janë shënuar me cilë-sorin sllav doselic ose prishlec, çka dëshmon se ata ishin vendës në vendbanimet e tyre 10452:(41–42): 167–218Në vijim po japim edhe disa të dhëna për spahinjtë e krishterë me prejardhje albane, që i kishin timaret e veta së bashku me individë të tjerë, në simbiozë me antroponimi sllave në rrethinën e Shkupit, ku shihet se edhe këta ishin vendas, meqë në defterë, posaçërisht theksohet se këta individë ishin spahinj të vjetër, çka kuptohet se edhe para viteve 1467-68, në regjistrimet e mëhershme, që nuk janë ruajtur, i kanë pasur timaret e tyre. Timari i Mirashit të birit të Todorit, i Dobroslavit, i të birit të Jaroslavit, i Kojçinit i të birit të Gjonit ,..... (dhe 4 individë të tjerë ). Timari i Gjurës i biri i Todorit, Petko i vëllai i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Petkos (Ibrahimit), Gjura i biri i Petko ( Ibrahimit ) dhe Lazori i biri Petko ( Ibrahimit ).Timari Hamzajt i vëlla i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit, Nikolla i vëlla i tij Gjonit, Pavli i biri i Mihos, Pejo i biri i Pavlit, Petko i biri i Gjonit i vëllai i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit...Kemi edhe shumë spahinj tjerë me prejardhje albane si: Ali dhe Hamza Kërçovali, nga Kër-çova, Shimerd Vardarli i Shkupit, Mahmud Manastirli, Ali Arnauti etj. shihet qartazi se këta posedues të timareve ishin nga trojet e sotme të Maqedonisë e jo të ardhur nga Shqipëria e Qendrore e sotme. 10331:(41–42): 167–218Në defterin kadastral të vitit 1451-52 për Rumelinë, në Shkup ishte regjistruar lagjeja Gjin-ko –(Gjinaj), me emrin e familjes fisnike mesjetare albane, ku në dokumente sllave të shek.XIV, por edhe në defterët osmanë të shek.XV-XIV, permenden 5 vendbanime me emrin Gjinofc në rrthinat e Shtipt, të Kriva Pallankes, të Gostivarit, Tetovës dhe të Dibres si dhe 2 tjera me emrin Gjinofc janë regjitruar në hapësirën në mes Radomirit dhe të Qystendilit në Bullgari, vendbanime këto qe në mesjetë i themeluan vëllezritë e Gjinajve. Në lagjen e sipërpërmendur Gjinko, në radhë të parë ishte regjistruar kryefamiljari Gjin-ko, me profesion (këpuctarë), dhe Todori, i vëllai i tij (Gjinit), siç shihet themelues i kësaj lagje, ndersa më vonë, në këtë lagjë, në vitin 1467 ishte regjistruar djali i tij Marko, i biri i Gjinit, pastaj në mesin e banorëve të tjerë, ishin regjistruar edhe banorë me antroponimi simbiotike krishtere tradicionale arbane: Milesh-a, bostanxhi, Dimitri, i biri i Prençes, Dragati, i biri i Male-s (Malja), Nikolla, i biri i Naneçit (Nano), Jovan i vëllai i tij, Jako i biri i Dodanit (Doda), Stepan, i biri i Andreas, Paliq (Pali) i biri i Stepanit, Nikolla i biri i Drralla, Roza, e vejë. 2751: 10419:(41–42): 167–218Në lagjenAhrijan Hasantë Shkupit të vitit 1451/53 ishte re-gjistruar në mesin e kryefamiljarëve myslimanë edhe kryefamiljari me partonimin e familjes fisnike albane Muzak, që kishte kaluar në islam, duke mos e përmendur emrin e tij të mëhershëm të krishterë dhe pa e theksuar pozitën shoqërore apo profesionin e tij.77 Në defterin tjetër të vitit 1467/68, tani në lagjen e krishterë me emrin Svetko Samarxhi tëShkupit, në mesin e 29 kryefamiljarëve me antroponimi krishtere sllave janë regjistruar: Nikolla, i biri Muzak-es, Todor, i biri Shendre-es (Shen Andre-it), Gjuro, i biri Marin-it, Jovan, i biri Suteç-it ( Suta). Nga këto të dhëna të këtyre dy defterëve shihet qartë, se këta dy kryefamiljarë me mbiemrin Muzaka, njëri i krishterë e tjetri mysliman ishin farefis dhe banorë të vjetër të Shkupit, ngase të parët e familjeve të tyre që nga mesjeta e hershme banonin në hapësirat e rajoneve të Nishit, Kosovës dhe të Maqedonisë sotme, pra para depërtimit osman në Ballkan 1674:

year, and 10.2 days above 35.0 °C (95 °F) every year. Winters are short, relatively cold and wet. Snowfalls are common in the winter period, but heavy snow accumulation is rare and the snowcover lasts only for a few hours or a few days if heavy. In summer, temperatures are usually above 31 °C (88 °F) and sometimes above 40 °C (104 °F). In spring and autumn, the temperatures range from 15 to 24 °C (59 to 75 °F). In winter, the day temperatures are roughly in the range from 5–10 °C (41–50 °F), but at nights they often fall below 0 °C (32 °F) and sometimes below −10 °C (14 °F). Typically, temperatures throughout one year range from −13 °C to 39 °C. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout the year, being heaviest from October to December, and from April to June.

3371: 244: 4297: 4312:. Demographic growth was very important after 1963, and Skopje had 408,100 inhabitants in 1981. After 1963, rural youth migrated to Skopje and were involved in the reconstruction process resulting in a large growth of the urban Macedonian population. The Albanian population of Skopje also increased as people from the northern villages migrated to the city and others came from Kosovo either to provide manpower for reconstruction or fled the deteriorating political situation, especially during the 1990s. However, during the 1980s and the 1990s, the country experienced inflation and recession and the local economy heavily suffered. The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new investments. Many landmarks were restored and the " 4880: 2544:", was adopted by the municipal authorities to give the city a more monumental and historical aspect, and thus to transform it into a proper national capital. Several neoclassical buildings destroyed in the 1963 earthquake were rebuilt, including the national theatre, and streets and squares were refurbished. Many other elements were also built, including fountains, statues, hotels, government buildings and bridges. The project has been criticized because of its cost and its historicist aesthetics. The large Albanian minority felt it was not represented in the new monuments, and launched side projects, including a new square over the boulevard that separates the city centre from the 6918: 4820: 5899:, a psychiatric hospital, two obstetric hospitals, a gerontology hospital, and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases. In 2012, Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251.6 inhabitants, a figure higher than the national ratio (one per 370.9). The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country. However, the ratio of hospital beds, pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje. The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than other Macedonians. In 2010, the mortality rate was at 8.6‰ in Skopje and 9.3‰ on the national level. The infant mortality rate was at 6.8‰ in Skopje and 7.6‰ in North Macedonia. 3007: 6649: 4910: 4850: 6891: 4790: 4040: 2610: 6345: 5908: 2983: 2971: 4058: 209: 3067: 3043: 7350: 330: 6695: 5092: 4895: 8134:

Drisht, Lezha, Shkup (Skopje) and perhaps Shtip (Stip, south-east of Skopje) - follow the pattern of continuous Albanian development from the Latin. (One common objection to this argument, claiming that 'sc-' in Latin should have turned into 'h-', not 'shk-' in Albanian, rests on a chronological error, and can be disregarded.) There are also some fairly convincing derivations of Slav names for rivers in northern Albania - particularly the Bojana (Alb.: Buena) and the Drim (Alb.: Drin) - which suggest that the Slavs must have acquired their names from the Albanian forms. [50

3019: 274: 4427: 2567: 4805: 2995: 4835: 6942: 7573: 15852: 258: 296: 3550: 6256: 396: 3083: 2594: 7510: 4925: 6730: 4144: 197: 4865: 1480: 3763: 1337: 7086:. Within the framework of the MOT Festival, the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute (ITI) was established, and at the 25th ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993, it became a regular member of this theatre association. The festival has an international character, always representing theatres from all over the world that present and enhance the exchange and circulation of young-fresh-experimental-avant-garde theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other. 1313: 6798: 6544: 363: 1623: 873: 223: 7302: 6876: 5647: 4074: 6906: 6483: 308: 7222: 6142: 18612: 7398: 7270: 6954: 2582: 7587: 3099: 469: 2705: 4375: 180: 14647: 18801: 14717: 3200: 1448: 7446: 18666: 18774: 18639: 18828: 4208: 18693: 1591: 4308:, reconstruction was quick. It had a deep psychological impact on the population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and buildings they were not familiar with. Many Albanians, some from Kosovo participated in the reconstruction effort. Reconstruction was finished by 1980, even if many elements were never built because funds were exhausted. Skopje cityscape was drastically changed and the city became a true example of 1460: 7430: 2412: 4102: 4033:, such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic-based political parties, discontented minorities. Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912. During the latter, they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August. On 18 August, the insurgents signed the Üsküb agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province and they were amnestied the day later. 2437: 18571: 7478: 1325: 7494: 7334: 3055: 3031: 18747: 18720: 7550: 7534: 7414: 7366: 2555: 6672: 1607: 4152: 5305: 5108: 7382: 7318: 7254: 7103: 2498: 4286: 7286: 7238: 14557: 7192: 7462: 14578: 14549: 3329: 6930: 14528: 5945: 1492: 1067: 6024: 5014: 4954: 1052:. It is a centre for the chemical, timber, textile, leather, printing, and metal-processing industries. Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation, culture and sport. According to the last official census from 2021, Skopje had a population of 526,502 inhabitants. 403: 370: 337: 4094: 2630: 2837: 4204:, Skopje experienced strong economic growth, and its population increased. The city had 41,066 inhabitants in 1921, 64,807 in 1931, and 80,000 in 1941. Although in an underdeveloped region, it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed to the modernization of the city. In 1941, Skopje had 45 factories, half of the industry in the whole of Socialist Macedonia. 62: 5634:, on the northern edge of the city, is predominantly Roma. When an ethnic minority forms at least 20% of the population in a municipality, its language can become official on the local level. Thus, in Čair and Saraj schools and administration use Albanian, and Romani in Šuto Orizari. The latter is the only municipality in the world where Romani is an official language. 5350:, with a population estimated between 30,000 and 60,000 inhabitants. After the fire set by the retreating Austrian forces, it experienced a long period of decline and only had 10,000 inhabitants in 1836. However, the population started to rise again after 1850 and reached 32,000 inhabitants in 1905. In the 20th century, Skopje was one of the fastest-growing cities in 5638:

original population of Skopje and the other as newcomers. The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population.

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century when large numbers of Christians started to settle there. According to the 2021 census, Macedonians were the largest ethnic group in Skopje, with 309,107 inhabitants, or 58.71% of the population. Then came Albanians with 120,293 inhabitants (22.85%), Roma people with 18,498 (3.51%), Serbs (9,478 inhabitants), Turks (8,524), Bosniaks (7,365) and

10624:"Some elements of a conversionist approach can also be found in the text of the Cuneus prophetarum. At one point, for example, Bogdani declares: ‘It is better to be a Christian, the son of a Muslim, than to be a Muslim, the son of a Christian:”” (As always in Christian writings of this period, the word “Turk here is used to mean ‘Muslim:) " p. 116 2830: 6498:, the National Theatre, the National Philharmonic Orchestra and the Macedonian Opera and Ballet. Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library which has more than a million documents, the Cultural Information Centre which manages festivals, exhibitions and concerts, and the House of Culture Kočo Racin which is dedicated to 6220:-Beljakovce railway. Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Thus the junction between the M-1 and M-4 is some 20 km (12 mi) east, close to the airport. Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities, movement of people and goods is not optimized, especially with 2529:. Several institutions, including the university and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, were also relocated to the north bank to reduce borders between the ethnic communities. The north bank is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians, Turks, and Roma, whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians predominantly reside on the south bank. 3754:

in areas which had a Christian Albanian symbiosis with Slavic anthroponyms in the vicinity of Skopje. The defters noted that these were old were old Sipahis, likely having been landowners. These individual Sipahis were closely related by descent and blood, and taking account kinship ties, even though

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valley. However the Slavs did not settle permanently in the region, which had been already plundered and depopulated, but continued south to the Mediterranean coast. After the Slavic invasion it was deserted for some time and is not mentioned during the following centuries. Perhaps in the late 7th or

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The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4,361 hectares. Among these are the City Park (Gradski Park), built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century; Žena Borec Park, in front of the Parliament; the university arboretum; and Gazi Baba forest. Many streets and

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Although Skopje has been destroyed many times throughout its history, it still has many historical landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city. Skopje has one of the biggest Ottoman urban complexes in Europe, with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original purpose. It was

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Skopje's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country. 16% of Skopjans have graduated from university in contrast to 10% for the rest of the country. The number of people with a complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9% compared

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Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group tolerates the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds. Both Macedonians and Albanians view themselves each as the

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aesthetics. Also, the government has been criticized for its cost and the original lack of representation of national minorities in the coverage of its set of statues and memorials. However, representations of minorities have since been included among the monuments. The scheme is accused of turning

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The city has several theatres and concert halls. The Univerzalna Sala, seating 1,570, was built in 1966 and is used for concerts, fashion shows, and congresses. The Metropolis Arena, designed for large concerts, has 3,546 seats. Other large halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet (800 seats),

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Skopje has a bus network managed by the city and operated by three companies. The oldest and largest is JSP Skopje, a public company founded in 1948. JSP lost its monopoly on public transport in 1990 and two new companies, Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres, obtained several lines. However, most of the

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ruling class gained control, imposing large-scale repression. The policies of de-Bulgarization and assimilation were pursued. At that time part of the young locals, repressed by the Serbs, tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development. In 1931, in a move to formally decentralize the

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was not well-developed and the lack of weapons was a serious problem. At the outbreak of the uprising, the rebel forces derailed a military train. On 3 and 5 August respectively, they attacked an Ottoman unit guarding the bridge on the Vardar river and gave a battle in the "St. Jovan" monastery. In

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May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general public. Over the years, it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed. There is one other major international theatre festival

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and St Dimitri churches, were built in the 18th century, after the 1689 Great Fire. They were both renovated in the 19th century. The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half-buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques. In the 19th century, several new churches were built,

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As the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje has many major sporting facilities. The city has three large swimming pools, two of which feature Olympic pools. These pools are particularly relevant to coaching water polo teams. Skopje also boasts many football stadiums, like Ilinden in

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Because of its 520-year Ottoman past, and the fact that many of its inhabitants today are Muslims, Skopje has more mosques than churches. Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure and new places of worship are often built. Skopje is the seat of many Macedonian religious

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In 2009, Skopje had 26,056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size. The large majority of them are either small (12,017) or very small (13,625). A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods (9,758), 3,839 are specialized in business and real estate, and 2,849 are manufacturers. Although

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wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, due to a lack of consolidated national consciousness and influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians were losing their mother

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Origins: Serbs, Albanians and Vlachs Chapter 2 in Noel Malcolm's Kosovo, a short history (Macmillan, London, 1998, pp. 22-40) - The evidence is in fact very mixed; some of the Albanian forms (of both urban and rural names) suggest transmission via Slav, but others -including the towns of Shkodra,

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in 1900, the city of Skopje was inhabited by 31,900 people, of whom 15,000 were Turks, 13,000 Christian Bulgarians, 1920 Romani, 800 Jews, 450 Vlachs, 150 Christian Albanians, 50 Christian Greeks, 30 Circassians and 500 inhabitants of various other ethnicities. Kanchov wrote in the same year that

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Skopje's high levels of pollution are caused by a combination of smoke from houses, emissions from the industry, buses, and other forms of public transport, as well as from cars, and a lack of interest in caring for the environment. Central heating is often not affordable, and so households often

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river became natural areas and parks, areas between the main boulevards were built with highrise housing and shopping centres, and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry. Reconstruction had to be quick to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy. To stimulate economic

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to the northwest, being significantly less than what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude. The summers are long, hot and relatively dry with low humidity. Skopje's average July high is 32 °C (90 °F). On average Skopje sees 88 days above 30 °C (86 °F) each

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A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s. The project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies. His successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for 2019.

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and this contributed to the relocation of economic activities on this side of the river, which had never been urbanized before. Because of the rural exodus, the share of Christians in the city population arose. Some of the newcomers became part of the local elite and helped to spread nationalist

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to track hourly air pollution. Unfortunately, government sensors are frequently inoperable and malfunctioning, causing the need for more low-cost, but less accurate, volunteer sensors to be put up by citizens. Faults on government sensors are especially frequent when the pollution is measured is

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The City of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich. However, it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and urban extension. The largest protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno, which is a popular leisure destination. A cable car

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that takes place each year at the end of September, the Young Open Theater Festival (MOT), which was organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center – Skopje. More than 700 theatrical performances have been presented at this festival so far, most of them being alternative,

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reported the town was inhabited by 'Turks (Muslims), majority of them being Albanians, the rest are of Asiatic origin', Mazreku further wrote; 'there are also Jews, Serbs and some Greeks in the town'. In the Ottoman period, 'Turk' was used within Christian writings as a name for a Muslim or for

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and Yahya Pasha mosques have lost their dome and have a pyramidal roof, while Isa Bey mosque has a rectangular base, two domes and two side wings. The Aladža Mosque was originally covered with blue faience, but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire. However, some tiles are still visible on the

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Skopje, just like North Macedonia as a whole, is characterized by a large ethnic diversity. The city is in a region where Macedonians and Albanians meet, and it has had populations of Bulgarians, Romani, Turks, Jews, and Serbs through its history. Skopje was mainly a Muslim city until the 19th

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Besides many small traditional shops, Skopje has two large markets, the "Zelen Pazar" (green market) and the "Bit Pazar" (flea market). They are both considered local institutions. However, since the 1970s, retailing has largely been modernized and Skopje now has many supermarkets and shopping

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into the City of Skopje. Saraj is mostly populated by Albanians and, since then, Albanians represent more than 20% of the city population. Thus Albanian became the second official language of the city administration, something which was one of the claims of the Albanian rebels. The same year,

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The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four-year term. It primarily deals with budget, global orientations and relations between the city and the government. Several commissions exist to treat more specific topics, such as urbanism, finances, environment of local development. The

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Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno, the urban area is mostly flat. It comprises several minor hills, generally covered with woods and parks, such as Gazi Baba hill (325 m), Zajčev Rid (327 m), the foothills of Mount Vodno (the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high) and the

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described that the Skopje's Muslim population of "Turks" or Ottomans (Osmanli) during the late Ottoman period were mainly Albanians who spoke Turkish in public and Albanian at home. In 1905, the city had 32,000 inhabitants, making it the largest of the vilayet, although closely followed by

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Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law. The last revision of its status was made in 2004. Since then, the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor, like all of the country's

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policies which encouraged industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions. Consequently, Skopje became home to a national library, a philharmonic orchestra, a university, and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. However, its post-war development was altered by the

4965:, which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities, produces 45.5% of the Macedonian GDP. In 2009, the regional GDP per capita amounted to US$ 6,565, or 155% of the Macedonian GDP per capita. This figure is, however, smaller than the one of neighboring 3290:, which was spoken in most of the Moesian and Macedonian cities. During the following centuries, Scupi experienced prosperity. The period from the end of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century was particularly flourishing. The first church was founded under the reign of 5928:, founded in 1949. The university has 23 departments, 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50,000 students. After the country's independence in 1991, several private universities were brought into existence. The largest private universities in Skopje are 6691:, between Scupi and the city centre, is rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown. It seems to have been built by the Byzantines or the Turks, but it was already out of use in the 16th century. It consists of 50 arches, worked in cloisonné masonry. 3793:, built in 1492, is reputed to be "one of the most resplendent sacral Islamic buildings in the Balkans." In 1535 all churches were demolished by decree of the (Ottoman) governor. In 1555, the city was hit by another severe earthquake, collapsing much of the city. The 8656:

Baba, A.; Tayfur, G.; Gündüz, O.; Howard, K.W.F.; Friedel, M.J.; Chambel, A: "Climate Change and its Effects on Water Resources: Issues of National and Global Security". NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer. 2011, XVI, 318p.

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The City of Skopje incorporates two artificial lakes, on the Treska. The lake Matka is the result of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s, and the Treska lake was dug for leisure purposes in 1978. Three small natural lakes can be found near

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Skopje is approximately 245 m above sea level and covers 571.46 km. The urbanized area only covers 337 km, with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare. Skopje, in its administrative limits, encompasses many villages and other settlements, including

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many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. In Skopje, the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization. Bulgarian literary historian

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has created a project to revive nightlife in the Old Bazaar. The closing time in shops, cafés and restaurants was extended due to the high attendances recorded. In the bazaar's restaurants, along with the traditional Macedonian wine and food, dishes of the

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Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main railway station. It can host 450 coaches in a day. Coach connections reach more destinations than train connections, connecting Skopje to many domestic and foreign destinations including

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Until the 17th century, Skopje experienced a long golden age. Around 1650, the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30,000 and 60,000, and the city contained more than 10,000 houses. It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future

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The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city, with large blocks of flats, austere concrete buildings and scattered green spaces. The city centre was considered as a grey and unattractive place when local authorities unveiled the

3864:. Skopje burned for two days but the general himself perished of the plague and his leaderless army was routed. The Austrian presence in Macedonia motivated Slav uprisings. Nevertheless, the Austrians left the country within the year and the 2683:

The population density varies greatly from one area to another. So does the size of the living area per person. The city average was at 19.41 m (208.93 sq ft) per person as of 2002, but at 24 m (258 sq ft) in

6035:. The stadium, built in 1947 and named until 2008, City Stadium Skopje experienced a total renovation, begun in 2009 to meet the standards of FIFA. Fully renovated the stadium contains 33,460 seats, and a health spa and fitness area. The 3514:. In 1346, he was crowned "Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks" in Skopje. After his death the Serbian Empire collapsed into several principalities which were unable to defend themselves against the Turks. Skopje was first inherited by the 7011:, among others, have performed at the festival. Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival. It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July. Past guests include 3910:

Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850. At that time, the city experienced a slow but steady demographic growth, mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians. It was also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from

2672:, is a very old area: it was first mentioned as a Roma neighbourhood in the beginning of the 14th century. It has between 3,000 and 5,000 inhabitants. Šuto Orizari, on the northern edge of the city, is a municipality of its own, with 4984:

Because there are no other large cities in the country, and because of political and economic centralization, a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the capital city. The dynamism of the city also encourages

6705:

was rebuilt several times before it was destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. Since then, it has been restored to its medieval appearance. It is the only medieval monument in Skopje, but several churches around the city illustrate the

2474:, which destroyed 80% of the city, and by the reconstruction that followed. For instance, neighbourhoods were rebuilt in such a way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of potential future earthquakes. 1250:

in Greece. The valley is approximately 20 km (12 mi) wide and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the north and south. These ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje, which spreads along the Vardar and the

4282:. The disaster killed 1,070 people, injuring 3,300 others. 16,000 people were buried alive in ruins and 70% of the population lost their home. Many educational facilities, factories and historical buildings were destroyed. 6043:, who died in 2004. It includes rooms dedicated to handball, basketball, and volleyball, a bowling alley, a fitness area, and an ice hockey court. Its main hall, which regularly hosts concerts, holds around 10,000 people. 7093:

is an annual event held in the city every March. Over 50 films are shown at this five-day festival, mostly from North Macedonia and Europe, but also including some non-commercial film productions from all over the world.

10598: 1360:. In Skopje, its average discharge is 51 m/s, with a wide amplitude depending on seasons, between 99.6 m/s in May and 18.7 m/s in July. The water temperature is between 4.6 °C in January and 18.1 °C in July. 4572:

Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years. They also have a mayor and several departments (education, culture, finances...). The mayor primarily deals with these departments.

1569:, and various conglomerates. It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt, which is between 70 and 90 m deep. The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay, sand, silt, and gravel, carried by the 15348: 2804:

system, with purple for heavily polluted air, red for high levels detected, amber for moderate levels detected, and green for when the air is safe to inhale. The application relies on both government and volunteer

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municipalities. Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory, and the City of Skopje deals with matters that concern all of them, or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities.

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burn firewood, as well as used car tyres, various plastic garbage, petroleum, and other possible flammable waste, which emits toxic chemicals harmful to the population, especially to children and the elderly.

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The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises highrise tower blocks, including the vast Karpoš neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the centre. Towards the East, the new municipality of

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Skopje has a diverse nightlife. There is a large emphasis on casinos, many of which are associated with hotels. In 2010, the Colosseum club was named fifth on a list of the best clubs in Southeastern Europe.

2668:, which are the two main Roma neighbourhoods. They are made of many illegal constructions not connected to electricity and water supply, which are passed from one generation to another. Topaana, close to the 7050:(IFEA) and it includes musical concerts, operas, ballets, plays, art and photograph exhibitions, movies, and multimedia projects that gather 2,000 participants from around the world each year including the 4779: 5135:, with 22%. Unemployment in Skopje mainly affects men, who represent 56% of job-seekers, people between 25 and 44 years old (45% of job-seekers), and non-qualified people (43%). Unemployment also concerns 15343: 5923:

Skopje has 21 secondary schools; 5 of which serve as general high-school gymnasiums and 16 vocational schools. The city is also host to several higher education institutions, the most notable of which is

4223:

of the society, authorities closed Serbian schools and churches, opening new schools and a higher education institute, the King Boris University. The 4,000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in 1943 to the

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the National Theatre (724), and the Drama Theatre (333). Other smaller venues exist, such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre. A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction.

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is inside the remains of the old railway station, destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. It is dedicated to local history and it has four departments: archeology, ethnology, history, and art history. The

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In its heyday, Scupi covered 40 hectares and was closed by a 3.5 m (11 ft) wide wall. It had many monuments, including four necropoles, a theatre, thermae, and a large Christian basilica.

18559: 8266: 1414:

historically caused many floods, such as in 1962, when its outflow reached 1110 m/s. Several works have been carried out since Byzantine times to limit the risks, and since the construction of the

18537: 15384: 13899: 3899:. An estimation conducted by French officers around 1836 revealed that at that time Skopje only had around 10,000 inhabitants. It was surpassed by two other towns of present-day North Macedonia: 13125: 6020:Čair and Železarnica, which can accommodate between 4,000 and 4,500 spectators. The basketball court Kale can accommodate 2,200 people and the court of Jane Sandanski has a 6,000 seat capacity. 9494: 5982:(MRT), the country's public radio and television. Founded in 1966, it operates with three national broadcast channels, twenty-four hours a day. The most popular private television stations are 874: 4140:. The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of 725 Muslim families which left the city on 27 January 1913. The same year, the city population was evaluated at 37,000 by the Serbian authorities. 1255:, a small river which comes from the north. In its administrative boundaries, the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 km (21 mi), but it is only 10 km (6.2 mi) wide. 9026:"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2002, Book XIII:Total population, households and dwellings, According to the territorial organization of The Republic of Macedonia, 2004, 2002" 3636:, which were given by Ottoman authorities to new settlers of a given region, likely indicating they were locals. In the year 1451/53 a neighborhood was registered bearing an Aromanian name, 6320:

to Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Dračevo and Dolno Lisiče stations, and on the railway to Kičevo are Skopje-North, Ǵorče Petrov and Saraj stations. Several other stations are freight-only.

2824:, attracted thousands of people who opposed the government's lack of action in dealing with the city's pollution, which has worsened since 2017, contributing to around 1300 deaths annually. 1168:) and it was adapted in Western languages in "Uskub" or "Uskup", and these two appellations were used in the Western world until 1912. Some Western sources also cite "Scopia" and "Skopia". 10920:"Aarbakke notes that Weigand says of Skopje that the "Turks" are mostly Albanians who speak Turkish in public and Albanian at home, "but should be regarded as Osmanli" (Aarbakke 1992:10)." 5120:

51% of the Skopje active population is employed in small firms. 52% of the population work in the services sector, 34% in industry, and the remaining is mainly employed in administration.

3346:. During his reign, many Byzantine towns were relocated on hills and other easily defendable places to face invasions. It was thus transferred to another site: the promontory on which the 11938: 2723:, which has almost 20,000 inhabitants. Other large settlements are north of the city, such as Radišani, with 9,000 inhabitants, whereas smaller villages can be found on Mount Vodno or in 15487: 6316:

Skopje has several minor railway stations but the city does not have its own railway network and they are only serviced by intercity or international lines. On the railway linking the

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was planned in the 1980s to house 80,000 inhabitants on the site of the old airport. Between Karpoš and Aerodrom lies the city centre, rebuilt according to plans by Japanese architect

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Again the evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in Macedonian territories relies on the phonological development of particular locations. In Macedonia the names of Ohrid (Alb

4544:. After the 1991 independence of the country, power was centralized and municipalities lost much of their competences. A 1996 law restored them and created two new municipalities: 3935:, rather than religious principles. The Slavic population of the bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly, by 91% in favour of joining the Exarchate and became part of the 6869:, which is viewed as nationalistic kitsch, and has made Skopje an example to see how national identities are constructed and how this construction is mirrored in the urban space. 6201: 5955:

Skopje is the largest media centre in North Macedonia. Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information, over 600 had their headquarters in Skopje. The daily

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opened shops. The town greatly benefited from its location near European, Middle Eastern, and African markets. In the 14th century, Skopje became such an important city that king

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network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines out of 80. Only 24 lines are urban, the others serving localities around the city. Many of the JSP vehicles are red

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and lapidary collections are particularly rich. The Macedonian Archeological Museum, opened in 2014, keeps some of the best archeological finds in North Macedonia, dating from

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The city industry is dominated by food processing, textile, printing and metal processing. In 2012, it accounted for 30% of the city's GDP. Most of the industrial areas are in

4255: 18552: 16053: 7083: 6491: 731: 13428: 12896: 12422: 11607: 10686: 6975:

has been held annually in October since 1981. It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of World Wide Festivals. The artists' profiles include fusion,

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experiments in the 20th century, following the 1963 earthquake. At the beginning of the 21st century, it is again the subject of massive building campaigns, thanks to the "

13455: 3223:' army may already have been stationed there around 29–28 BC before the official imperial command was instituted. The first mention of the city was made at that period by 2750: 8586:"Annual and sesonnal variations of indoor radon concentration in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia), Zdenka Stojanovska, Faculty of Electronic Engeeniring, Nis, Serbia, 2012" 15328: 5990:, Telma, Alfa TV, and AlsatM. MRT also operates radio stations with national coverage, the private station Skopje's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a span. Radio 1546:

and experiences regular seismic activity. This activity in enhanced by the porous structure of the subsoil. Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518, 1555 and 1963.

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The average net monthly wage in Skopje was at €400 in October 2010, which represented 120% of the national figure. The average wage in Skopje was then lower than in

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Skopje is a medium city at the European level. Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy. The

3714:, without mentioning his social position or his profession, indicating a higher social status. This may suggest a relation to Hasan Bey Zenebishi adescendant of the 15583: 11747: 6825:. However, modernist architecture only fully developed in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake. The reconstruction of the city centre was partially planned by Japanese 18545: 16854: 13946: 12931: 12815: 9581: 8472: 7811: 15723: 13210: 3891:

as a whole entered in recession and political decline. Many rebellions and pillages occurred in Macedonia during the 18th century, either led by Ottoman outlaws,

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is elected every four years. The mayor represents the City of Skopje and can submit ideas to the council, manages the administrative bodies and their officials.

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In 518, Scupi was destroyed by a violent earthquake, possibly the most devastating the town had ever experienced. At that time, the region was threatened by the

1433:. The water table is 4 to 12 m under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep. Several wells collect its waters but most of the drinking water used in Skopje comes from a 5312:

According to the results of the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants. Skopje's employment area covers a large part of the country, including

4039: 16887: 15658: 15404: 14196: 13685: 12897:"Comparative Swot Analysis of the Four Metropolitan Regions, Transportation, Interaction, Relations and Networks among Skopje, Sofia, Tirana, and Thessaloniki" 7090: 15753: 7990: 3385:

Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political troubles. It served as the Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992, and

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the early 8th century the Byzantines again settled at this strategic location. Along with the rest of the Upper Vardar valley it became part of the expanding

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started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks. Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October. Ottoman forces had left the city the day before. During the conflict,

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The city population was very diverse. Engravings on tombstones suggest that only a minority of the population came from Italy, while many veterans were from

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and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year. The annual traffic has constantly risen since 2008, reaching one million passengers in 2014.

3702:, who had converted to Islam, was re-registered among the Muslim heads of the family. In the other register of 1467/68, now in the Christian mahallah named 3156:

emerged on Zajčev Rid hill, some 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the fortress promontory. At the centre of the Balkan peninsula and on the road between the

9695: 8996: 8768: 8398: 5655: 8270: 3730:. Individuals bearing Albanian anthroponyms, be they in conjunction with Oriental/Islamic, Slavic or Christian ones, also appear in the neighbourhoods of 15643: 15593: 15008: 11120: 7046:

The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer. The festival is a member of the

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Skopje topped the ranks in December 2017 as one of the most polluted cities in the world. In 2017, as part of the city's efforts to reduce pollution, a

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rule, settlement has spread outside the walls of the fortress, towards Gazi Baba hill. Churches, monasteries and markets were built and tradesmen from

13983: 13227: 11979: 8868: 8794: 2785:

The city's smog has reduced its air quality and affected the health of many of its citizens, many of whom have died from pollution-related illnesses.

16046: 12572: 11479: 10999: 9469: 8328: 8187: 6085:, who play in first, second or third national league. Another popular sport in North Macedonia is basketball, represented in particular by the teams 15653: 10609: 10586: 9272:

Arsovski, Slobodan; Kwiatkowski, Michał; Lewandowska, Aleksandra; Peshevska, Dimitrinka Jordanova; Sofeska, Emilija; Dymitrow, Mirek (1 June 2018).

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in 1093, and again by the Normans four years later. However, because of epidemics and food shortage, Normans quickly surrendered to the Byzantines.

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until the 1960s when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted. Originally, it met the Vardar close to the seat of the

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After 1912, when Skopje was annexed by Serbia, the city was drastically westernized. Wealthy Serbs built mansions and town houses such as the 1926

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they had heterogeneous, Christian, Slavic and Oriental names, they appear to have been Albanians. Some have names indicating their origin, such as

13533: 13279: 11623: 11505: 8585: 15728: 14936: 14009: 10246:

La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est : genèse, émergence et développement de l'indentité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine

8747: 4064: 3227:, who died in 17 AD. Scupi first served as a military base to maintain peace in the region and was officially named "Colonia Flavia Scupinorum", 899: 15718: 11942: 18987: 15668: 15633: 14489: 10972:

Michailidis, Iakovos D. (2018). "Cleansing the Nation: War related Demographic Changes in Macedonia". In Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabine (eds.).

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in 1908, the Ottoman Empire experienced democracy and several political parties were created. However, some of the policies implemented by the

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at the end of the 6th century and the city seems to have fallen under Slavic rule in 595. The Slavic tribe which sacked Scupi was probably the

12789: 12277: 6061:. Their games are held at Toše Proeski Arena, like those of the national team. The city is also home to many smaller football clubs, such as: 2649:

account respectively for 20% and 6%. Each ethnic group generally restricts itself to certain areas of the city. Macedonians live south of the

16924: 15663: 15555: 15494: 9334: 9200: 8424: 7123:

are just some of the many musicians that have visited the club. Nighttime concerts in local, regional and global music are often held at the

7032: 5971:, reprinted 20,000 copies. Other major newspapers in Skopje, totally private, are Utrinski Vesnik (30,000 copies), Vest (25,000 copies), and 5871:. The community comprised 2,424 members in 1939 (representing about 3% of the city population), but most of them were deported and killed by 1479: 15613: 9672: 5875:. After the war, most of the survivors settled in Israel. Today the city has around 200 Jewish inhabitants (about 0.04% of the population). 3136:. Archeological research suggests that the settlement always belonged to the same culture, which progressively evolved due to contacts with 16039: 15525: 15283: 13401: 12763: 10885:

Salajdin SALIHI. "DISA SHËNIME PËR SHQIPTARËT ORTODOKSË TË REKËS SË EPËRME". FILOLOGJIA - International Journal of Human Sciences 19:85-90.

10599:

Dokumente për historinë e Shqipërisë (1623-1653) - Documenti per la storia dell'Albania (1623-1653). Injac Zamputti. Parafjala Albert Ramaj

10291: 9646: 8952: 7036: 6857:" project in 2010. It made plans to erect a large number of statues, fountains, bridges, and museums at a cost of about €500 million. 5925: 5912: 3035: 13073: 12209: 6581:

was built after the 1963 earthquake thanks to international assistance. Its collections include Macedonian and foreign art, with works by

6372:

A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014, not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city centre.

5975:(15,000 copies). Magazines Fokus (12,000 copies), Start (10,000 copies), and Denes (7,500 copies) also have their headquarters in Skopje. 3342:, and the city inhabitants had already fled to the forests and mountains before the disaster occurred. The city was eventually rebuilt by 1312: 18856: 15389: 12251: 4168: 2739: 15748: 13959: 13375: 8231: 6197:

in Bulgaria. Corridor X links Skopje to Thessaloniki, Belgrade, and Western Europe, while Corridor VIII links it with Tirana and Sofia.

14988: 11604: 8249: 6890: 6629: 6547: 3706:, among the 29 heads of families with Slavic Christian anthroponyms, a number also carry Albanian anthroponyms. In the neighborhood of 2593: 13016: 9232: 9180: 3424:

During the 12th and 13th centuries, Bulgarians and Serbs took advantage of Byzantine decline to create large kingdoms stretching from

18512: 15683: 15560: 14983: 9846:

Ivan Mikulčiḱ, Medieval towns and castles in the Republic of Macedonia, Book 5 of Makroproekt "Istorija na kulturata na Makedonija",

6882: 6715: 6578: 6554: 6420:, which linked Skopje to a number of domestic and international destinations until the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. 4137: 3802: 3444:

declared autonomy along the Upper Vardar with Serbian help only five years later. In 1209, Strez switched allegiances and recognized

431: 13584:. The Second International Congress on "Biodiversity, Ecological Aspects and Conservation of the Balkan Fauna". 1998. Archived from 11793: 15693: 14931: 14916: 13099: 11422: 6786: 4278:

which occurred on 26 July. Although relatively weak in magnitude, it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the

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reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise. After the end of the World War, Vardar Macedonia became part of the new

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Outside of the urban area, the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements. Some of them are becoming outer suburbs, such as

1252: 940:, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. In 1004, when it was seized by the Byzantine Empire, the city became a centre of a new 329: 13253: 12963: 12867: 6917: 3868:, leaders of the uprisings, had to follow them in their retreat north of the Balkans. Some were arrested by the Ottomans, such as 1379:, flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the urban area. The Serava, also coming from the North, had flowed through the 1336: 16074: 13859: 13481: 13432: 12903: 12841: 12426: 11886: 11649: 10694: 9847: 6495: 3263:. In Roman times the eastern part of Dardania, from Scupi to Naissus, remained inhabited mostly by a local population, mainly of 2411: 1384: 13459: 8974: 8895:"Urbanistic aspects of post earthquake reconstruction and renewal – experiences of Skopje following earthquake of July 26, 1963" 7159:

is also popular. Apart from the traditional Macedonian restaurants, there are restaurants featuring international cuisines. The

6809:. The architecture of that time is very similar to the one of Central Europe, but some buildings are more creative, such as the 5041:, Makstil steel plants and the Skopje Brewery are there. Other zones are between Aerodrom and Kisela Voda, along the railway to 18849: 15784: 14661: 14101: 13581: 12157:"Estimations of the Population by Sex and Age, by Municipalities and by Statistical Regions, 30.06. 2011 and 31.12. 2011, 2011" 9305: 8743: 4524:

Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945, but the first municipalities were created in 1976. They were five:

3401:. Later Skopje was briefly seized twice by Slavic insurgents who wanted to restore the Bulgarian state. At first in 1040 under 481: 13327: 5654:

Religious affiliation is diverse: Macedonians, Serbs, and Aromanians are mainly Orthodox, with the majority affiliated to the

3121:

stands was the first site to be settled in Skopje. The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on this site date from the

1140:

in agreement with the Albanian phonological development, the basis of evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in the area.

13840: 12005: 11043: 10831: 10803: 10778: 10753: 10571: 10171: 10144: 10117: 10086: 10008: 9871: 9831: 9375: 7933: 6668:" project. Skopje is thus an environment where old, new, progressist, reactionary, eastern and western perspectives coexist. 4342:

positioned in the upper-left corner. It is either vertical or horizontal, but the vertical version was the first to be used.

13875: 13181: 9919: 9888: 8675: 8057: 2633:

Kapištec neighbourhood, developed during the 1970s. Some post-earthquake prefabricated houses can be seen in the foreground.

1606: 1197:) and many languages adopted this name. To reflect local pronunciation, the city's name was eventually spelled as "Skopje" ( 19074: 18095: 14676: 14456: 12515: 9401: 8364: 6875: 4434: 3507: 2766:

recommended maximum levels. In winter, smoke regularly obscures vision and can lead to problems for drivers. Together with

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Skopje after being captured by Albanian revolutionaries in August 1912 after defeating the Ottoman forces holding the city

3879:

After the war, Skopje was in ruins. Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt, but the city experienced new

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connects its peak to the downtown, and many pedestrian paths run through its woods. Other large natural spots include the

14998: 10861:Църква и църковен живот в Македония, Петър Петров, Христо Темелски, Македонски Научен Институт, София, 2003 г., стр. 105. 7887: 7605: 4402:

President of the council is elected by the Council Members. Since 2021 the president has been Trajko Slaveski, member of

4247: 1459: 15094: 13943: 13794: 12819: 9585: 8717: 8553: 8476: 6941: 6380:

The airport was built in 1928. The first commercial flights in Skopje were introduced in 1929 when the Yugoslav carrier

5658:; Turks are almost entirely Muslim; those of Albanian ethnicity are largely Muslim, although Skopje also has a sizeable 4239: 3491: 1399:, meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city. These three rivers are less than 70 km (43 mi) long. 19094: 19084: 19079: 18980: 15288: 15059: 14993: 14482: 12358: 11359: 10956: 10728: 10254: 10227: 10202: 9470:"Vladimir P. Petrović, Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania Historical and Geographical Considerations, Balcanica XXXVII, p 10" 8662: 5793: 4073: 4006: 3969: 1590: 13768: 13207: 12547: 12037: 10446:"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane" 10413:"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane" 10394:"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane" 10358:"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane" 10325:"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane" 8445: 6039:

is the largest sports complex in the country with 6,250 seats. It was opened in 2008 and named after former president

5666:

was born; the Roma (Gypsies) represent a mixture (in almost equal numbers) of Muslim and Orthodox religious heritage.

3565:

stayed in Skopje for over 520 years and the city’s economic life greatly benefited from its position in the middle of

3370: 395: 18872: 15800: 15777: 14411: 14365: 14339: 14320: 14268: 14226: 13726: 13668: 11777: 11317: 11277: 11250: 11205: 11180: 11093: 11066: 10983: 10643: 10058: 9983: 9806: 9781: 9756: 9628: 9557: 9530: 9441: 9062: 8296: 8071: 7924: 7897: 7871: 6054: 4379: 3850: 3806: 3805:

were all severely damaged. Some modern sources estimate this earthquake to have been a category XII (Extreme) on the

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and held by Bulgaria until 1246 when the Upper Vardar valley was incorporated once more into a Byzantine state – the

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Skopje is an ethnically diverse city, and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and religious affiliation.

2338: 1665:) with a mean annual temperature of 12.6 °C (55 °F). Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced 850: 804: 493: 98: 15049: 14204: 13692: 12938: 11912: 11378:

Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (2010). "Postsocialism, Social Value, and Identity Politics among Albanians in Macedonia".

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city. At the end of the 2000s, the city centre experienced profound changes. A highly controversial urban project, "

14633: 13607: 13158: 12620: 8611: 7996: 7742:"Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци, 2021" 7704: 6058: 5682: 5073: 4454: 4180: 3660:

etc), while a sizeable number of individuals bearing mixed Slavic-Vlach anthroponyms are also registered, such as:

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made it a significant centre of commerce and administration during the Ottoman era. In 1912, it was annexed by the

362: 243: 13969: 13924: 12131: 6632:

is dedicated to the modern national history and the struggle of Macedonians for their independence. Nearby is the

4879: 1658: 1646: 738: 18516: 16575: 15172: 15013: 14511: 13742: 11056: 9725: 8612:"Macedonian Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, OHIS Site Remediation Project Conceptual Design, 2010" 6860:

The project has generated controversy: critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs of reactionary

6625: 6062: 5132: 4474: 3091: 3075: 1275: 1214: 1018: 14170: 10895:

Hart, Laurie Kain (February 1999), "Culture, Civilization, and Demarcation at the Northwest Borders of Greece",

9699: 9000: 8772: 8402: 8250:"The War of Numbers and its First Victim: The Aromanians in Macedonia (End of 19th – Beginning of 20th century)" 18171: 15520: 15039: 14926: 14921: 14686: 14296: 12281: 10463: 10430: 10375: 10342: 9962: 8499: 8094:

1916 (of the III-IV centuries A.D.)77. ln the Balkan Slavic languages this place-name sounds with the initial /

8063: 7964: 7128: 6842: 6814: 6036: 5587: 4913: 4823: 4679: 4599: 4562: 3574: 3573:, "one of the most imposing stone bridges to be found in Yugoslavia", was reconstructed under the patronage of 3417:

and the city remained in their hands until 1088. Skopje was subsequently conquered by the Serbian Grand Prince

2511: 263: 11127: 8041:

are best explained by the phonological developments of Albanian (Stanišić 1995: 10–11 and references therein).

1324: 18973: 14789: 14475: 12104:"Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци" 7164: 6566: 6240: 5354:, and it had 448,200 inhabitants in 1981. Since then, the demographic growth has continued at a steady pace. 5053:

also exist, around the airport and the Okta refinery. They have attracted several foreign companies, such as

4163:, Serbian Macedonia was invaded by Bulgaria, which captured Skopje on 22 October 1915. Serbia, allied to the 4010: 3600:. The neighbourhood displayed mixed Christian Albanian anthroponomy with cases of Slavicisation present (e.g 3418: 3071: 1026: 15578: 14445: 14148: 12989: 12210:"The Political Uses and Social Lives of "National Heroes": Controversies over Skanderbeg's Statue in Skopje" 3640:. Among the 45 family heads of this neighborhood, Christian-Slavic and Albanian anthroponyms were recorded ( 1622: 16633: 15540: 15480: 15445: 15440: 15018: 15003: 13987: 13231: 11983: 8801: 7211: 6810: 6707: 6423: 6317: 6259: 5591: 4793: 4631: 4553: 4525: 4296: 4259: 4251: 4225: 3841:

at the end of the 17th century and consequently experienced recession until the 19th century. In 1689, the

3480: 3247:

in 86 AD, Scupi was elevated to colonial status and became a seat of government within the new province of

3059: 2975: 2915: 2685: 2642: 2581: 673: 15713: 14706: 13507: 12576: 11483: 11006: 9476: 8834: 8332: 8191: 7914: 6790:

including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, which is a large three-nave building designed by

5631: 5327:

Skopje contains roughly a quarter of North Macedonia's population. The second most populous municipality,

4883: 4743: 4549: 2693: 2665: 19089: 17336: 15318: 15303: 12448: 8639: 7082:

groups engaging young writers and actors. The MOT International Theatre Festival is also a member of the

5979: 5920:

to the provincial average of 17%. 80% of Macedonian citizens who hold a PhD take up residence in Skopje.

4219:. Germans seized Skopje on 8 April and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941. To ensure the 3216: 2554: 1070:

Serbian troops overseeing the city's renaming from "Üsküb" to "Skoplje" following Serbia's annexation of

527: 295: 72: 15648: 14589: 13637: 13537: 13048: 12480: 12307:"A tale in stone and bronze: old/new strategies for political mobilization in the Republic of Macedonia" 11572: 10496: 9520: 8237:

USKÜB, Uscup, or Skopia (anc. Scupi, Turk. Üshküb, Slav. Skoplye), the capital of the vilayet of Kossovo

5139:, who represent 4.63% of the city population but affects 70% of the active population in the community. 3577:

between 1451 and 1469. The Ottomans drastically changed the appearance of the city. They organized the

3207:

Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule as a colony of legionnaires, mainly veterans of the

2525:

was restored and its surroundings were rebuilt with low-rise buildings, so as not to spoil views of the

1291: 307: 18506: 17795: 17502: 17285: 17140: 15461: 15298: 15278: 15074: 14769: 13283: 12738: 11627: 11538:"The City of Skopje, Case Study in the Project Financing Metropolitan Cities in Transitional Countries" 11509: 8589: 7610: 7181: 7138: 6282: 6186: 5929: 5880: 5760: 5393: 4484: 4235: 3465: 3394: 2758:

Air pollution is a serious problem in Skopje, especially in winter. Concentrations of certain types of

2638: 2418: 2401:

Water treatment plants are being built, but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the

941: 14312:

The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians

13559: 12399: 9086: 5963:, founded in 1996, with 60 000 runs per day is the most printed in the country. Also based in Skopje, 4909: 4819: 1425:

which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an underground river. Under the table lies an

15064: 14978: 14865: 14736: 9957:

Byzantine Military Organization on the Danube, 10th–12th Centuries, Alexandru Madgearu, BRILL, 2013,

7120: 6427: 5896: 5339: 5124: 5081: 5069: 4962: 4390: 3857:

to end the epidemic. It is however possible that he wanted to avenge damages that Ottomans caused in

3710:, among the residents with Muslim names, the head of the family was registered only with the surname 3393:

in 1004 in exchange for the titles of patrician and strategos. It became a centre of a new Byzantine

3252: 2763: 1654: 1642: 1190: 1093: 917: 486: 34: 30: 15167: 14563: 6905: 6821:

appeared as early as 1933 with the former Ethnographic Museum (today the City Gallery), designed by

6078: 3448:

with whom he led a successful joint campaign against Serbia's first internationally recognized king

1356:

river, which flows through Skopje, is at approximately 60 km (37 mi) from its source near

1283: 17759: 15990: 15623: 15044: 14830: 14696: 12793: 7681: 7142: 6648: 6236:. Furthermore, 26% of Thessalonians, 33% of Sofians and 37% of Tiranans have never been to Skopje. 5998: 5809: 5603: 5128: 4853: 4711: 4541: 4231: 3457: 3449: 2494:

development, the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban extension was anticipated.

1415: 1161: 691: 15142: 10163:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

10136:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

10079:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

5895:

Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialized medical institutions, such as the

4849: 3187:

lived to the south of Skopje. The Dardanians had remained independent after the Roman conquest of

2999: 15954: 14075: 11963: 11818: 7116: 7071: 6833:

designed the City Archives building in 1968 and the Hall of residence Goce Delčev in 1975, while

6174: 5907: 5883:

and the Islamic Religious Union of Macedonia. It has an Orthodox cathedral and seminary, several

5670: 4789: 3982:

with its 30,000 inhabitants. At the beginning of the 20th century, local economy was focused on

3437: 3132:

Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance, it declined during the

2947: 2931: 2646: 1242:. The city was built in the Skopje valley, oriented on a west-east axis, along the course of the 719: 80: 14593: 13405: 12767: 11770:

Serbia on the Road to Eu Accession: Consequences for Agricultural Policy and the Agri-Food Chain

11035: 10548: 10298: 10109: 10103: 6829:

who designed the new train station. Macedonian architects also took part in the reconstruction:

3837:, which was a busy harbour, had not even 7,000 inhabitants. The city severely suffered from the 3612:). During this time period, a number of timariotes of the city are recorded as bearing the name 1295: 18597: 18334: 18244: 17810: 16015: 15949: 15570: 15414: 14784: 14774: 14681: 14541: 13686:"Strategic Plan for the Preservation and Rehabilitation of the Skopje Aqueduct and Environment" 13077: 12221: 11541: 11005:. Basse-Normandie Macédoine, la coopération au service de la gouvernance locale. Archived from 7592: 7509: 6846: 6830: 6818: 6661: 6628:

was built in 2009 on the original site of the church in which the saint had been baptized. The

6224:. This is mainly due to poor infrastructure. As a result, 61.8% of Skopjans have never been to 6170: 5615: 5026: 4808: 4663: 4537: 4464: 4339: 4329: 4309: 4305: 4290: 4279: 4275: 3869: 3364: 2899: 2771: 2677: 2537: 2471: 1303: 1030: 937: 536: 312: 16031: 15618: 15099: 14691: 14537: 14129: 14041: 13379: 12598: 11240: 11083: 10973: 10194: 10188: 10161: 10134: 10048: 9861: 6953: 5599: 4898: 4695: 4533: 1549:

The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region, the subsoil of which is formed of

1491: 1447: 1299: 14885: 14598: 13331: 10975:

The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912–13

10457: 10424: 10369: 10336: 9547: 9274:"Can urban environmental problems be overcome? The case of Skopje–world's most polluted city" 6845:. These two buildings are noted for their originality although they are directly inspired by 6779: 6239:

The first highways were built during the Yugoslav period, when Skopje was linked through the

5050: 5045:. These zones comprise Alkaloid Skopje (pharmaceuticals), Rade Končar (electrical supplies), 4346: 4197: 4184: 4049: 4045: 4026: 3873: 3798: 3570: 3291: 3047: 2735: 2489:. Ciborowski divided the city into blocks dedicated to specific activities. The banks of the 1470: 1152:, the name of the city during the Middle Ages, is the local Slavic (Macedonian) rendition of 1006: 906:. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. Skopje lies in the 652: 279: 15079: 12694: 9863:

History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil: A.D. 802–867

7741: 7124: 6694: 6518: 6032: 5994:

and Metropolis are two other major private stations that have their headquarters in Skopje.

5076:, and of most of the country's banking, insurance, and telecommunication companies, such as 4300:

Monument to the Macedonian partisans – Liberators of Skopje, next to the Government building

16742: 16643: 15409: 15162: 15069: 15054: 14957: 14941: 14626: 14567: 14517: 13353: 13257: 11864: 11842: 8446:"Combined Cycle Co-Generation Power Plant Project, Skopje, Environmental Assessment Report" 7079: 6972: 6897: 6754: 6738: 6431: 6430:, 20 km (12 mi) east of the city. Since 2008, it has been managed by the Turkish 6070: 4894: 4778: 3957: 3790: 3767: 3299: 2789: 2731: 1287: 1279: 971:). The town stayed under Ottoman control for over 500 years, serving as the capital of the 662: 208: 18185: 15769: 15535: 14671: 12541:"Strategy for Local Economic Development of the City of Skopje for the period 2006 – 2009" 9358:"Beijing is nothing compared to Skopje – Air pollution is too high, four men die each day" 8425:"Census 2021: North Macedonia with 1 836 713 citizens, out of whom 526 502 live in Skopje" 8225: 6344: 5964: 5619: 4838: 4647: 4529: 3537:

mentioned Albanians as being in the district of Skopje and regularly going to the Fair of

2689: 2661: 2477:

Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect

8: 18996: 18445: 17840: 17482: 17149: 16653: 16070: 16000: 15293: 15202: 14962: 14779: 13820: 11797: 10931: 7806: 7147: 6758: 6118: 5987: 5343: 4834: 4804: 3928: 3854: 3453: 3433: 3339: 2730:

Some localities outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs, particularly in

2518:. The centre is surrounded by a row of long buildings suggesting a wall ("Gradski Zid"). 1210: 1198: 1109: 1079: 1002: 867: 859: 632: 603: 131: 15157: 13103: 11423:"'Leb I Sol'(Bread And Salt): The Meanings of Work in the Changing Society of Macedonia" 9335:"Skopje Smog Alarm asks for 1% of the GDP of 2018 for the protection of the environment" 6757:, dating from the 15th century. Some mosques show some originality in their appearance: 6255: 5091: 3919:, which were gaining autonomy and independence from the Empire at that time. During the 2374:

Steel processing, which is a crucial activity for the local economy, is responsible for

1267:

and Bardovci. According to the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants.

257: 16628: 16365: 15980: 15530: 15237: 15177: 15137: 14840: 14701: 14666: 12967: 12871: 12331: 12103: 11403: 11395: 10912: 10445: 10412: 10393: 10357: 10324: 9151: 7916:

Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire

7615: 7160: 6834: 6742: 6723: 6621: 6574: 6354: 6205: 6098: 6074: 5983: 5627: 5623: 5611: 5077: 4928: 4868: 4727: 4615: 4566: 4557: 4243: 4080: 3794: 3782: 3578: 3515: 3484: 3386: 2857: 2724: 2669: 2573: 2545: 2533: 2522: 1670: 1380: 1175: 1108:

toponyms which have been transmitted to Slavic languages in the same way as the modern

1010: 15565: 15147: 13856: 13485: 12845: 11890: 11653: 11537: 6729: 6636:. The Macedonian Museum of Natural History showcases some 4,000 items while the 12-ha 6066: 4143: 3549: 3534: 2810:

extremely high, according to the AQILHC (Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern).

2720: 2536:, and the reconstruction, conducted between the 1960s and 1980s, turned Skopje into a 1260: 273: 19041: 18624: 18465: 18304: 18000: 17402: 16967: 15603: 15472: 15379: 15152: 14855: 14761: 14741: 14407: 14361: 14335: 14316: 14292: 14264: 14117: 14003: 13722: 13664: 12672: 12354: 12335: 11773: 11407: 11355: 11313: 11273: 11246: 11201: 11176: 11089: 11062: 11039: 10979: 10952: 10827: 10799: 10774: 10749: 10724: 10639: 10567: 10250: 10223: 10198: 10167: 10140: 10113: 10082: 10054: 10004: 9979: 9958: 9867: 9827: 9802: 9777: 9752: 9624: 9553: 9526: 9437: 9058: 8658: 8067: 7960: 7920: 7893: 7867: 7600: 7008: 6861: 6806: 6126: 5972: 5586:

Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of

5583:(also known as "Vlachs", 2,778). 6,284 people did not belong to any of these groups. 4924: 4864: 4426: 4105: 3991: 3838: 3620:. Another group bore Christian/Slavic names, while also carrying bearing the surname 3523: 3445: 3398: 3208: 3126: 3023: 2875: 2851: 2797: 2291: 2243: 1520: 1186: 1133: 1105: 990: 982: 945: 933: 888: 880: 743: 636: 613: 145: 13585: 12990:"Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski kicks off reconstruction work on railway Corridor 8" 11269:

The SS Hunter Battalions: The Hidden History of the Nazi Resistance Movement 1944–45

7834: 7748:(in Macedonian). Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical Office. 30 March 2022 6822: 6543: 5010:

few in number, large firms account for 51% of the local production outside finance.

3389:

ruled it from 976 until 1004, when its governor surrendered it to Byzantine Emperor

18324: 17779: 17706: 16897: 16864: 16683: 16102: 15743: 15394: 15242: 15127: 14835: 14306: 14256: 13837: 12321: 11437: 11387: 10904: 10544: 9285: 7620: 7226: 7112: 7063: 6988: 6929: 6838: 6602: 6499: 6040: 6014: 5958: 5054: 5046: 5018: 4201: 4176: 4129: 4014: 3936: 3880: 3861: 3762: 3750:. A number of Sipahis were also of Albanian origin, with these individuals holding 3461: 2963: 2955: 2939: 2923: 2907: 2891: 2532:

The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments, apart from the Ottoman

2502: 2478: 2395: 1392: 1231: 1206: 1182: 1071: 925: 821: 815: 775: 214: 18965: 18274: 15217: 15182: 14900: 14288: 12326: 12156: 9522:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A.D. 69, 2nd ed., 1996

9379: 9025: 6797: 6745:. Mosques in Skopje are usually simple in design, with a square base and a single 6680: 6582: 6090: 6050: 4358: 3519: 3483:

gained the upper hand and ruled until Europe's only successful peasant revolt the

2727:, which is the most rural of the ten municipalities that form the City of Skopje. 1508: 1274:

border to the north-east. Clockwise, it is also bordered by the municipalities of

1029:. The city developed rapidly, but this was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by 19069: 18732: 18384: 17696: 17546: 17359: 16262: 16005: 15804: 15109: 14880: 14870: 14850: 14815: 14619: 14310: 14071: 13950: 13931: 13882: 13863: 13844: 13214: 12090:

Urban planning and transitional development issues: The case of Skopje, Macedonia

12012: 11294: 11267: 11221: 10849:

For the Peace from Above: an Orthodox Resource Book on War, Peace and Nationalism

10690: 10621: 10271: 9923: 9894: 9668: 9650: 9643: 8682: 8358:"Drisla Landfill Feasibility Study, Volume 1 of 2 – Main Findings – Final Report" 8077: 7839: 7169: 7156: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7028: 6791: 6702: 6688: 6606: 6598: 6522: 6514: 6508: 6362: 5997:

Also, the city boasts big news agencies in the country, both public, such as the

5968: 5646: 5127:

was at 27% in 2009, three points under the national rate (30%). The neighbouring

5085: 5058: 4513: 4354: 4193: 4160: 3932: 3786: 3778: 3715: 3414: 3347: 3332: 3248: 3232: 3118: 3104: 2775: 2673: 2526: 2391: 1536: 1157: 1022: 986: 903: 532: 474: 249: 228: 222: 196: 18841: 16822: 15588: 15252: 14810: 11964:

William Bartlett; Hristina Cipusheva; Marjan Nikolov; Miroljub Shukarov (2010).

11819:

William Bartlett; Hristina Cipusheva; Marjan Nikolov; Miroljub Shukarov (2010).

11700: 11675: 10564:Култът към светци безсребърници в България: образи, вярвания и ритуални практики 9405: 6586: 6490:

Skopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the

6482: 6216:

railway. Corridor VIII, less developed, corresponds to the M-4 motorway and the

6102: 5967:

is pulled 50,000 copies and the state owns one-third of its capital, as well as

5669:

According to the 2002 census, 68.5% of the population of Skopje belonged to the

4409:

Following the 2021 local elections, the City Council is constituted as follows:

3378: 19035: 18583: 18570: 16566: 15273: 14279: 12374: 12302: 12041: 11725: 10663: 9945: 9519:

Bury, John Bagnell; Cook, Stanley Arthur; Adcock, Frank Ezra (1 January 1996).

9113: 8053: 7781: 7274: 7221: 6679:

Skopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture which can be seen on the

6285:

railway project, currently scheduled for 2030, the city will also be linked to

6208:), which is the longest highway in North Macedonia. It also corresponds to the 6141: 5933: 5863:, Skopje had a significant Jewish minority which mainly descended from Spanish 5659: 5431: 4335: 4325: 4270: 4164: 4125: 3974: 3949: 3888: 3813: 3562: 3554: 3527: 3511: 3477: 3469: 3283: 3011: 2987: 2600: 2387: 2375: 1543: 1371:

before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of the City of Skopje. The

956: 949: 929: 498: 300: 17097: 15673: 14825: 13305: 11456: 11441: 11391: 3464:. Byzantine conquest was briefly reversed in 1255 by the regents of the young 3294:

and Scupi became the seat of a diocese. In 395, following the division of the

1527:, the highest point inside the city limits, is 1066 m high and is part of the 1363:

Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city boundaries. The largest is the

19063: 18773: 18765: 18354: 18189: 18181: 17596: 16506: 16198: 15904: 15628: 15419: 15212: 15084: 14805: 13798: 13795:"Renaissance Architect Andreja Damjanov- New Ray of Light on a Valuable Work" 11611: 10908: 10872: 10513: 9114:"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia" 8927: 8721: 8685:". University of Nova Gorca, Centre for Atmospheric Research. September 2006. 8560: 8521: 8220: 7578: 7397: 7269: 7051: 7012: 7000: 6683:

Neolithic site. On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient

6610: 6590: 6293:. Daily trains also link Skopje with other towns of North Macedonia, such as 6086: 5864: 5663: 5450: 5038: 4220: 4067:, seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century 3964: 3699: 3406: 3287: 2801: 2081: 446: 433: 17007: 15257: 14467: 12514:. Public Health Institute of the Republic of Macedonia. 2012. Archived from 12479:. Public Health Institute of the Republic of Macedonia. 2011. Archived from 11915:. Directorate for Technological Industrial Development Zones. Archived from 11676:"Gross domestic product and gross fixed capital formation, by regions, 2009" 9255:"Centar, Skopje, Macedonia Air Pollution: Real time Air Quality Index (AQI)" 7024: 6837:

designed the Telecommunication Centre and the main post office (1974–1989).

6106: 1017:, the city was again captured by Bulgaria and in 1945 became the capital of 18575: 17980: 17830: 17666: 17379: 17259: 16708: 16445: 15985: 15939: 15424: 14845: 14746: 14731: 13772: 10025: 9254: 8449: 8399:"The Study on Wastewater Management in Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia" 7649: 7152: 7020: 6771: 6719: 6711: 6594: 6416:, Belgrade and Skopje. After the Second World War, Aeroput was replaced by 6409: 6389: 6310: 6274: 6229: 6190: 6169:

is 433 km (269 mi) north. Skopje is also at the crossroad of two

6162: 5991: 5860: 5313: 5034: 4986: 4266: 4216: 3597: 3586: 3582: 3538: 3402: 3295: 3122: 2883: 2759: 2708: 2486: 2364: 1629: 1613: 1581: 1542:

The Skopje valley is near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian

1368: 1264: 1014: 921: 916:

is attested for the first time in the second century AD as a city in Roman

907: 891: 156: 17960: 16341: 15919: 14646: 12006:"MJESEČNI STATISTIČKI PREGLED FEDERACIJE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE PO KANTONIMA" 11310:

Earthquake Engineering: Mechanism, Damage Assessment and Structural Design

9290: 9273: 8695: 6569:

exhibits paintings dating from the 14th to the 20th century in two former

3199: 599: 179: 17462: 17412: 17323: 17313: 17229: 15515: 15399: 15374: 15197: 15117: 15034: 14716: 12716: 12474:"Здрабјето и здравствената заштита на населенето во Република Македонија" 11916: 11593: 8235:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 811. 7767: 7016: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6854: 6826: 6766:. Other Ottoman public monuments include the 16th-century clock tower, a 6665: 6466: 6417: 6122: 6053:

are the two most popular football teams in the city. Vardar plays in the

5868: 5136: 4313: 4285: 4030: 3924: 3892: 3343: 3191:, and it seems most likely that Dardania lost its independence in 28 BC. 2616: 2541: 2515: 1666: 1422: 998: 994: 18929: 17880: 16718: 15698: 13611: 13017:"Bulgaria, Albania, N. Macedonia pledge to finish Corridor VIII by 2030" 12624: 11399: 8622: 7708: 4374: 3495: 3164:, it was a prosperous locality, although its history is not well known. 2704: 1584:, which is surrounded by ten caves. They are between 20 and 176 m deep. 924:

was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under

18953: 18651: 18485: 18374: 18236: 18030: 17890: 17860: 17789: 17346: 17279: 17159: 16934: 16792: 16762: 16546: 16206: 16166: 15758: 15122: 14875: 13981: 11457:"Beyond ethnicity: The politics of urban nostalgia in modern Macedonia" 10936:(in Bulgarian). Издателство на Националния съвет на Отечествения фронт. 10516:. HAEMUS : Center for scientific research and promotion of culture 9271: 8122:

has also been admitted by Barić ( 1955, p. 49) and Skok78 (before him).

8114:/, and this excludes a Slavic intermediation. The regular evolution of 7445: 7402: 6980: 6959: 6866: 6710:

which flourished around 1300. Among these churches are the ones around

6637: 6562: 6442: 6437:

Skopje's airport has connections to several European cities, including

5949: 5678: 5580: 5351: 5332: 5100:

centres. The largest, Skopje City Mall, opened in 2012. It comprises a

4444: 4403: 4019: 3822: 3628:

etc. These individuals are not noted as having the Slavic appellatives

3429: 3256: 3161: 3145: 3133: 2719:, on the road to Belgrade, which has more than 23,000 inhabitants, and 1554: 1438: 1247: 18254: 16010: 15995: 15924: 15874: 15703: 14611: 13716: 11980:"Скопска просечна бруто плата 593 евра, 20 отсто над државниот просек" 11767: 11701:"Gross domestic product and gross fixed capital formation, by regions" 10916: 10721:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture

10490:"The City of Skopje and its Demographic Structure in the 19th Century" 4345:

The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s. It depicts the

4207: 4101: 2817:

was installed, and promoted by German ambassador Christine Althauser.

2436: 18935: 18887: 18665: 18657: 18455: 18226: 18010: 17746: 17716: 17686: 17422: 17389: 17369: 17293: 17169: 17127: 17117: 17057: 16782: 16673: 16663: 16595: 16397: 16325: 16246: 16182: 16094: 16020: 15889: 15879: 15708: 15247: 15227: 15207: 15192: 15187: 14895: 14820: 13746: 11297:. Universitetsko izd-vo "Kliment Okhridski" – via Google Books. 10622:

Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians

10072: 10070: 10046: 9087:"Revisiting Topaana: touring a neighborhood where the other 1% lives" 7450: 7434: 7322: 6976: 6333: 6278: 6213: 6209: 6194: 6150: 6094: 6082: 6046: 5412: 5101: 4128:. Their goal was to definitively expel the Ottomans from Europe. The 3995: 3842: 3834: 3503: 3306: 3286:

maintained itself as the main language in the city at the expense of

3184: 3176: 3172: 2814: 2521:

On the north bank, where the most ancient parts of the city lie, the

1562: 1404: 643: 15899: 15894: 15688: 15550: 8867:. Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge and Chelmsford. Archived from 6722:

dates from the 12th century. Its expressive frescoes anticipate the

6671: 6446: 6298: 6217: 4151: 3452:. From 1214 to 1230, Skopje was a part of Byzantine successor state 19000: 18941: 18925: 18905: 18692: 18684: 18611: 18603: 18475: 18394: 18364: 18314: 18162: 18105: 17930: 17900: 17736: 17646: 17616: 17556: 17536: 17492: 17432: 17107: 16954: 16812: 16536: 16516: 16437: 16373: 16222: 16190: 16174: 16142: 15975: 15934: 15909: 15884: 15824: 15598: 15222: 15132: 15089: 11085:

Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe

7554: 7514: 7466: 7429: 7418: 7354: 7102: 7040: 6767: 6454: 6385: 6325: 6294: 6270: 6244: 6166: 5884: 5507: 5328: 5317: 5304: 5151: 5143: 5107: 5062: 5030: 4974: 4970: 4133: 4113: 3940: 3920: 3916: 3830: 3826: 3719: 3692: 3626:

Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut

3390: 3271: 3264: 3244: 3240: 3212: 3149: 2821: 2738:. They benefit from the presence of major roads, railways, and the 2497: 1558: 1528: 1512: 1357: 1235: 1045: 701: 16944: 15545: 11820: 11535: 10067: 10050:

Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204

7705:"Local Elections 2021 – Mayor of Skopje State Election Commission" 6763: 4136:, a Serb irregular force razed the Albanian quarter of Skopje and 3939:. Economic growth was permitted by the construction of the Skopje- 3596:- (Gjinaj), is mentioned, being named after the medieval Albanian 2716: 19017: 18911: 18786: 18759: 18705: 18638: 18630: 18415: 18344: 18199: 18145: 18115: 17950: 17940: 17920: 17726: 17636: 17526: 17452: 17442: 17269: 17249: 17199: 17087: 17037: 17027: 16997: 16845: 16752: 16615: 16605: 16526: 16476: 16460: 16413: 16405: 16301: 14890: 14330:

Herold, Stephanie; Langer, Benjamin & Lechler, Julia (2010).

14261:

The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005

12993: 12087: 11939:"Macedonian shoppers set for retail revolution with EBRD support" 11544:, Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative, Budapest 10186: 8900:. International Earthquake Symposium Kocaeli 2007. Archived from 8137: 7493: 7477: 7333: 7317: 7306: 7301: 7290: 7258: 7253: 7191: 6750: 6614: 6381: 6221: 6178: 5347: 4994: 4187:, which became "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" in 1929. A mostly foreign 3987: 3979: 3884: 3846: 3723: 3566: 3410: 3355: 3310: 3260: 3220: 3188: 3168: 2820:

On 29 November 2019, a march, organized by the Skopje Smog Alarm

2657: 2383: 1550: 1516: 1426: 1372: 1083: 1041: 976: 966: 960: 594: 15944: 13847:, Macedonian International News Agency, Saturday, 7 January 2012 10289: 6302: 5308:

People on Macedonia street, the main pedestrian axis of the city

4215:

In 1941, during the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded by

3948:

ideas In 1877, Skopje was chosen as the capital city of the new

3904: 3773:

Around 1529, the Christians of Skopje were mostly non-converted

3328: 2656:

The northern areas are the poorest. This is especially true for

19011: 18947: 18919: 18876: 18827: 18819: 18813: 18746: 18719: 18711: 18678: 18435: 18425: 18294: 18284: 18264: 18125: 18060: 18040: 17990: 17970: 17910: 17769: 17656: 17626: 17606: 17506: 17472: 17239: 17189: 17179: 17077: 17017: 16987: 16977: 16832: 16585: 16484: 16468: 16452: 16421: 16333: 16293: 16286: 16270: 16254: 16238: 16214: 16150: 16126: 16118: 16110: 16061: 15970: 15929: 15841: 15829: 15819: 13511: 12646: 11821:"The Quality of Life and Regional Development in FYR Macedonia" 10714: 10712: 9225:"How Skopje is using innovative tech to clean up air pollution" 7995:(Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 45. Archived from 7549: 7538: 7533: 7498: 7482: 7413: 7370: 7365: 7285: 7237: 7133: 6775: 6570: 6438: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6358: 6306: 6286: 6225: 6182: 6154: 6002: 5944: 5607: 5469: 5321: 5104:

hypermarket, 130 shops and a cinema, and employs 2,000 people.

5042: 4998: 4990: 4978: 4350: 4172: 4121: 4117: 3983: 3953: 3944: 3931:

was established and its separate diocese was created, based on

3912: 3900: 3896: 3865: 3858: 3727: 3665: 3499: 3425: 3359: 3255:(within Moesia Superior) was formed into a special province by 3236: 3157: 3141: 3137: 2806: 2767: 2688:

on the south bank, and only 14 m (151 sq ft) in

2650: 2490: 2482: 2402: 1570: 1466: 1411: 1376: 1364: 1353: 1271: 1243: 1239: 1066: 1049: 1037: 972: 669: 648: 186: 18893: 14451: 13944:

Macedonia statue: Alexander the Great or a warrior on a horse?

13658: 11126:. European Architectural History Network. 2010. Archived from 10684: 10662:. Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from 9922:. Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from 9582:"Burial Customs, Death on the Roman Empire's eastern frontier" 9404:. Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from 9378:. Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from 7992:

Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence

7084:

International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM

6401: 6023: 5068:

As the country's financial capital, Skopje is the seat of the

5013: 3698:

in the year 1451/53, a head of the family from noble Albanian

3592:

In the cadastral register of 1451-52, the Skopje neighborhood

3203:

A "Venus Pudica" found in Scupi, dated from the 2nd century AD

936:

period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the

19047: 19029: 18899: 18216: 18135: 18086: 18020: 17850: 17820: 17586: 17576: 17566: 17516: 17219: 17209: 17067: 16907: 16874: 16429: 16389: 16317: 16278: 15914: 15869: 15738: 14860: 14751: 12380:. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2002 12162:. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2012 11966:

The Quality of Life and Regional Development in FYR Macedonia

11845:. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2009 11706:. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2009 11295:"Bŭlgaro-I͡U︡goslavski politicheski otnoshenii͡a︡, 1944–1945" 9119:. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. 2002 7461: 7381: 7349: 7338: 7242: 7131:. For middle-aged people, places for having fun are also the 6684: 6653: 6462: 6329: 6290: 6263: 6233: 6158: 6114: 5872: 5674: 5488: 5147: 4966: 4188: 3774: 3751: 3473: 3441: 3351: 3314: 3279: 3180: 3167:

During the Iron Age, the area of Skopje was inhabited by the

3153: 1597: 1577: 1524: 1434: 1396: 1388: 913: 14076:""Колосеум" меѓу најдобрите пет клуба во Југоисточна Европа" 10709: 8997:"Поставен камен-темелник на плоштадот Скендер-бег во Скопје" 8224: 6505:

Skopje has also several foreign cultural centres, such as a

6121:, the match between the two giants of the European football 4953: 4093: 3759:

from Skopje, making it likely these timariotes were locals.

1485:

The main river running through the centre of Skopje, c. 1950

1230:

Skopje is in the north of the country, in the centre of the

754: 18800: 18792: 17870: 17676: 17047: 16802: 16772: 16357: 16349: 16309: 16230: 16158: 16134: 15799: 15733: 13429:"Македонската филхармонија конечно доби сала, ама сувенир!" 13378:. Embassy of the United States in Macedonia. Archived from 9436:. Anthony Birley, University of Exeter Press. p. 130. 7889:

The Provincial at Rome: And, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14

7386: 6753:. Their entrance is usually emphasized by a portico, as on 6746: 6558: 6458: 6450: 5618:

which are north of the river. Albanians form a majority in

3275: 3224: 2676:

as its local official language. It was developed after the

2629: 2505:. Mount Vodno is visible on the bottom left of the picture. 2379: 2347: 1566: 1430: 842: 833: 796: 11055:Özdoğan, Günay Göksu; Saybaşılı, Kemâli (1 January 1995). 10746:

The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia

7970: 5681:(0.04%) minorities. The Catholics are served by the Latin 4155:

A Bulgarian officer looking at Skopje's centre, April 1941

3943:

railway in 1873. The train station was built south of the

2840:

A panoramic view of the smog in the central area of Skopje

2470:

The urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the

1681:

Climate data for Skopje International Airport (1991-2020)

787: 18050: 17303: 14334:. Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Berlin. 10217: 9893:. London: LG. Bell & Sons. p. 87. Archived from 8953:"Philip of Macedon Statute 'Planned' for Skopje Downtown" 6404:, and also operated a longer international route linking 5131:

had a similar rate, but the less affected region was the

4250:. Skopje became the capital city of the newly proclaimed 1367:, which is 130 km (81 mi) long. It crosses the 1318:

The city of Skopje; its administrative limits are in red.

1005:, and, after the war, it became part of the newly formed 839: 793: 14023: 9600: 8835:"Post 1963 earthquake reconstruction: Long term effects" 8059:

The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated

7812:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4554:

insurgency between Albanian rebels and Macedonian forces

4338:

is a red banner in proportions 1:2 with a gold-coloured

3468:. Meanwhile, in the parallel civil war for the Crown in 1418:

on the Treska in 1994, the flood risk is close to zero.

13228:"TAV Airports puts the New Skopje Airport into service" 13208:

Drustvo za Vazdusni Saobracaj A D – Aeroput (1927–1948)

12250:. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Macedonia. Archived from 12245:"Ohrid Agreement and Minority Communities in Macedonia" 11867:. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia 11823:. Hrčak, Portal znanstvenih časopisa Republike Hrvatske 11681:. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia 11605:

MTM.MK - First constitutive session of the City Council

11198:

The Expulsion of the Jews: Five Hundred Years of Exodus

9450: 9031:. State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia 8975:"Skopje: Controversy Over Albanian Monuments Continues" 7201:

List of twin towns and sister cities in North Macedonia

6687:, with ruins of a theatre, thermae and a basilica. The 3235:. Shortly afterwards it became part of the province of 1387:. Nowadays, it flows into the Vardar near the ruins of 15502: 14429: 13925:

Is Macedonia's capital being turned into a theme park?

13717:

Horst Woldemar Janson & Anthony F. Janson (2004).

13510:. Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia. Archived from 12992:. Western Balkans Investment Framework. Archived from 10387: 10385: 10047:

Judith Herrin; Guillaume Saint-Guillain, eds. (2011).

9662: 9434:

Provincial at Rome: and Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14

7768:"Skopjan dictionary definition | skopjan defined" 6492:

National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid"

6384:

introduced a route linking the city with the capital,

6357:

double-decker buses built by Chinese bus manufacturer

6269:

The main railway station in Skopje is serviced by the

4556:

in 2001, a new law was enacted in 2004 to incorporate

2796:('MojVozduh') has been launched by local eco-activist 2696:, the average was at 13 m (140 sq ft). 14462: 14281:

Die Hydronymie des Vardarsystems als Geschichtsquelle

12132:"Improving Energy Sufficiency in Skopje, TRACE Study" 11152: 10159: 10132: 10076: 9584:. Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from 8554:"Damaging Effects of July 26, 1963 Skopje Earthquake" 8401:. Tokyo Engineering Consultants. 2008. Archived from 7163:

was a popular nightlife destination in the past. The

5630:. They form a large minority in Butel and Gazi Baba. 4316:" project renewed the appearance of the city centre. 3282:. Because of the ethnic diversity of the population, 851: 830: 827: 805: 784: 781: 14423:Скопје од турското освојување до крајот на XVIII vek 13683: 13456:"Новиот турски театар во август, на спорно земјиште" 13179: 13156: 13042:"Macedonian Rails – a potential that must be seized" 12870:. European Handball Federation. 2008. Archived from 12844:. European Handball Federation. 2008. Archived from 12601:. Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje. 2008 12295: 9181:"Inside Skopje, Europe's most polluted capital city" 9179:

Lee and Mickute, Joi and Viktorija (19 March 2019).

8840:. Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y Desastres Guatemala. 7782:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab" 7568: 6348:

A red Yutong City Master double-decker bus in Skopje

5088:. The services sector produces 60% of the city GDP. 4018:

the next few days, the band was pursued by numerous

3175:

tribes lived in most of the area west of Skopje and

2421:

A panoramic view of Skopje as seen from Mount Vodno.

836: 790: 18995: 15009:

Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia

14358:

Waiting for Macedonia: Identity in a Changing World

14329: 14049: 13965: 12816:"Ексклузивно: Надворешниот изглед на "Филип Втори"" 12670: 11222:"Stone & Stone: War Diary for 13 November 1944" 10846: 10450: