915:
36:
65:
990:
147:). He was a devious tyrant who killed visitors to show off his power. This violation of the sacred hospitality tradition greatly angered the gods. They punished him for trickery of others, including his cheating death twice. The gods forced him to roll an immense boulder up a hill only for it to roll back down every time it neared the top, repeating this action for
805:, whose job it was to guide souls to the underworld, had not appeared on this occasion. Sisyphus slyly asked Thanatos to demonstrate how the chains worked. As Thanatos was granting him his wish, Sisyphus seized the opportunity and trapped Thanatos in the chains instead. Once Thanatos was bound by the strong chains, no one died on Earth, causing an uproar.
1036:. When Orpheus descends and confronts Hades and Persephone, he sings a song so that they will grant his wish to bring Eurydice back from the dead. After this song is sung, Ovid shows how moving it was by noting that Sisyphus, emotionally affected for just a moment, stops his eternal task and sits on his rock, the Latin wording being
893:
belief that his cleverness surpassed that of Zeus himself. Hades accordingly displayed his own cleverness by enchanting the boulder into rolling away from
Sisyphus before he reached the top which ended up consigning Sisyphus to an eternity of useless efforts and unending frustration. Thus, pointless
980:
In experiments that test how workers respond when the meaning of their task is diminished, the test condition is referred to as the
Sisyphusian condition. The two main conclusions of the experiment are that people work harder when their work seems more meaningful, and that people underestimate the
816:
was sent to chain
Sisyphus and was chained himself. As long as Hades was trapped, nobody could die. Consequently, sacrifices could not be made to the gods, and those that were old and sick were suffering. The gods finally threatened to make life so miserable for Sisyphus that he would wish he were
1082:
for him were those qualities that brought out the
Sisyphus-like qualities in himself. According to Frederick Karl: "The man who struggled to reach the heights only to be thrown down to the depths embodied all of Kafka's aspirations; and he remained himself, alone,
973:, speculates that the origin of the name "Sisyphus" is onomatopoetic of the continual back-and-forth, susurrant sound ("siss phuss") made by the breath in the nasal passages, situating the mythology of Sisyphus in a far larger context of archaic (see
837:. Once back in Ephyra, the spirit of Sisyphus scolded his wife for not burying his body and giving it a proper funeral as a loving wife should. When Sisyphus refused to return to the underworld, he was forcibly dragged back there by
934:, King Sisyphus is the disk of the sun that rises every day in the east and then sinks into the west. Other scholars regard him as a personification of waves rising and falling, or of the treacherous sea. The 1st-century BC
942:
interprets the myth of
Sisyphus as personifying politicians aspiring for political office who are constantly defeated, with the quest for power, in itself an "empty thing", being likened to rolling the boulder up the hill.
809:, the god of war, became annoyed that his battles had lost their fun because his opponents would not die. The exasperated Ares intervened, freeing Thanatos, enabling deaths to happen again and turned Sisyphus over to him.
1344:
1277:
820:
Before
Sisyphus died, he had told his wife to throw his naked corpse into the middle of the public square (purportedly as a test of his wife's love for him). This caused Sisyphus to end up on the shores of the river
965:, saw Sisyphus as personifying the absurdity of human life, but Camus concludes "one must imagine Sisyphus happy" as "The struggle itself towards the heights is enough to fill a man's heart." More recently,
1318:
1053:, Socrates looks forward to the after-life where he can meet figures such as Sisyphus, who think themselves wise, so that he can question them and find who is wise and who "thinks he is when he is not."
977:) trance-inducing techniques related to breath control. The repetitive inhalation–exhalation cycle is described esoterically in the myth as an up–down motion of Sisyphus and his boulder on a hill.
2356:
1564:
2301:
1341:
1274:
767:
in one of his plots to kill
Salmoneus, only for Tyro to slay their children when she discovered that Sisyphus was planning on using them to eventually dethrone her father.
2197:
1929:
with an
English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.
1315:
2258:
1973:
with an
English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.
844:
In another version of the myth, Persephone was tricked by
Sisyphus that he had been conducted to Tartarus by mistake, and so she ordered that he be released.
2028:
2008:
1879:
1987:
1977:
1956:
894:
or interminable activities are sometimes described as "Sisyphean". Sisyphus was a common subject for ancient writers and was depicted by the painter
1869:
1846:
1826:
1865:
with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919.
1526:
733:). King Sisyphus promoted navigation and commerce but was avaricious and deceitful. He killed guests and travelers in his palace, a violation of
1822:
with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924.
1767:
Wolfgang Mieder. 2013. Neues von Sisyphus: Sprichtwortliche Mythen der Antike in moderner Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen. Vienna: Praesens.
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743:' domain, thus angering the god. Sisyphus took pleasure in these killings because they allowed him to maintain his iron-fisted rule.
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1966:
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uses the myth of Sisyphus as a representation of a life made meaningless because it consists of bare repetition.
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704:
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that this was a sign of his wife's disrespect for him, Sisyphus persuaded her to allow him to return to the
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As a punishment for his crimes, Hades made Sisyphus roll a huge boulder endlessly up a steep hill in
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that his punishment is based on a picture in which Sisyphus was represented rolling a huge stone
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857:, there is a reference to the father of Odysseus (rumoured to have been Sisyphus, and not
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on just how to kill Salmoneus without incurring any severe consequences for himself. From
8:
1241:
919:
834:
403:
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210:
2048:
1622:
240:(σίσυς, "a goat's skin"), in reference to a rain-charm in which goats' skins were used.
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suggested that he symbolises the vain struggle of man in the pursuit of knowledge, and
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onward, Sisyphus was famed as the craftiest of men. He seduced Salmoneus' daughter
729:
Sisyphus was the founder and first king of Ephyra (supposedly the original name of
679:
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350:, through Almus. Another account related that Minyas was Sisyphus's son instead.
140:
85:
1176:– also tasked with the impossible: to fell a self-regenerating tree on the Moon
1135:
1125:, a 2021 South Korean TV series, which uses the myth as a symbol for its theme.
1060:
873:
2004:
translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922.
955:, symbolic of the labour and skill involved in the building of the Sisypheum.
889:. The maddening nature of the punishment was reserved for Sisyphus due to his
2372:
1617:
1154:
952:
735:
132:
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Sisyphus betrayed one of Zeus' secrets by revealing the whereabouts of the
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226:
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2182:
1298:
1096:
has collected cartoons that build on the image of Sisyphus, many of them
1075:
423:
339:
229:
1632:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 161.
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39:
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214:
2124:
1459:"Ancient Greeks: Is death necessary and can death actually harm us?"
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27:
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In other versions of the myth, Sisyphus was the true father of
293:
1439:
1032:, the Roman poet, makes reference to Sisyphus in the story of
194:
191:
2154:
1856:
1835:
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1813:
1367:
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1072:, in which he elevates Sisyphus to the status of absurd hero.
1044:
1016:
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77:
2024:
Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892.
2017:
1997:
1419:
1119:
which uses Sisyphus' punishment as a symbol for the absurd.
1029:
822:
806:
786:, in return for causing a spring to flow on the Corinthian
764:
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586:
563:
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120:
1745:
New York: International Publishing Corporation, 1991. p. 2
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were known to hate each other, and Sisyphus consulted the
2211:
1541:
478:
182:
176:
114:
108:
1842:
in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920.
1784:
Gods, Demigods and Demons: A Handbook of Greek Mythology
1358:
1356:
924:
Meditationes emblematicae de restaurata pace Germaniae
918:
Sisyphus as a symbol for continuing a senseless war.
188:
179:
173:
123:
117:
111:
105:
1170:, who was similarly punished with a neverending toil
2026:
Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library
1954:
Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library
1844:
Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library
1584:
1582:
1353:
1207:
1131:, a cooling technique named after the Sisyphus myth
185:
102:
1208:
817:dead. He then had no choice but to release Hades.
217:origin and a connection with the root of the word
1890:Morford, Mark P. O.; Lenardon, Robert J. (1999).
2370:
1579:
877:, also identified Sisyphus as Odysseus' father.
1889:
1445:
1161:with a limpet shell or weave sand into rope at
1078:repeatedly referred to Sisyphus as a bachelor;
880:
2006:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
1975:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
1867:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
1824:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
2108:
2094:
1931:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
1151:, a willing boulder pusher in Indian folklore
981:relationship between meaning and motivation.
705:
1754:Taylor, Richard. "Time and Life's Meaning."
1489:"Encyclopedia of Greek Mythology: Sisyphus"
984:
2101:
2087:
1985:Greek text available from the same website
1877:Greek text available from the same website
1014:describes Sisyphus in both Book VI of the
746:
712:
698:
1612:
1610:
1616:
1195:
1040:("and you sat, Sisyphus, on your rock").
988:
913:
63:
34:
155:on modern culture, tasks that are both
2371:
1780:
1691:
1607:
1547:
1157:, a Cornish magistrate who must empty
867:) upon having returned from the dead.
2082:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1229:participating institution membership
861:, whom we know as the father in the
1400:
232:thought that the name derived from
13:
1910:from the original on 23 March 2023
1801:from the original on 23 March 2023
1567:from the original on 23 March 2023
1529:from the original on 11 April 2020
1374:
909:
14:
2455:
2040:
1380:Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes,
1327:
801:. Sisyphus was curious as to why
770:
16:King of Ephyra in Greek mythology
2404:Katabasis in classical mythology
1743:Franz Kafka: Representative Man.
1246:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
1115:, a 1942 philosophical essay by
1038:inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo
318:by whom he became the father of
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98:
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2071:New International Encyclopedia
1675:. Rochester, 1994, pp. 45–52.
1305:
1286:
1264:
1251:
1235:
1201:
1188:
139:) was the founder and king of
1:
1773:
782:to her father, the river god
51:
975:Proto-Indo-European religion
881:Punishment in the underworld
368:
338:. He was the grandfather of
235:
220:
205:
59:Staatliche Antikensammlungen
42:supervising Sisyphus in the
7:
2409:Condemned souls in Tartarus
1896:. Oxford University Press.
1694:The Upside of Irrationality
1563:. Perseus Digital Library.
1446:Morford & Lenardon 1999
1104:
825:when he was brought to the
163:are therefore described as
10:
2460:
2389:Mythological city founders
2384:Princes in Greek mythology
2212:two kings at the same time
1952:. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903.
1066:, wrote an essay entitled
969:, building on the work of
252:prince as the son of King
25:
18:
2339:
2277:
2244:
2235:
2163:
2117:
1561:"Homeros, Odyssey, 11.13"
1248:, Brill, 2009, p. xxxiii.
1216:Oxford English Dictionary
751:Sisyphus and his brother
243:
21:Sisyphus (disambiguation)
2424:Mythological Thessalians
2419:Mythological Corinthians
2399:Kings in Greek mythology
1872:8 September 2021 at the
1781:Evslin, Bernard (2006).
1758:40 (June 1987): 675–686.
1431:25 February 2021 at the
1182:
985:Literary interpretations
724:
342:through Glaucus; and of
264:. He was the brother of
248:Sisyphus was formerly a
225:(σοφός, "wise"). German
26:Not to be confused with
2379:Mythological tricksters
2055:Encyclopædia Britannica
1990:10 October 2021 at the
1787:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1629:Encyclopædia Britannica
1221:Oxford University Press
1145:Comparable characters:
747:Conflict with Salmoneus
377:Part of a series on the
2058:(11th ed.). 1911.
1980:28 August 2021 at the
1959:31 August 2021 at the
1936:5 October 2021 at the
1882:8 October 2021 at the
1523:www.greekmythology.com
1259:Griechische Mythologie
1007:
927:
81:
80:made in 4th century BC
61:
1927:Description of Greece
1756:Review of Metaphysics
992:
917:
797:to chain Sisyphus in
311:Sisyphus married the
67:
38:
2434:Thessalian mythology
2429:Corinthian mythology
2018:Publius Ovidius Naso
1998:Publius Ovidius Naso
1947:Graeciae Descriptio.
1849:18 June 2021 at the
1692:Ariely, Dan (2010).
1347:2 April 2022 at the
1294:Apollonius of Rhodes
1261:(1906), ii., p. 1021
1112:The Myth of Sisyphus
1069:The Myth of Sisyphus
1034:Orpheus and Eurydice
962:The Myth of Sisyphus
959:, in his 1942 essay
898:on the walls of the
19:For other uses, see
1893:Classical Mythology
1829:6 July 2021 at the
1669:Sansonese, J. Nigro
1657:Revue archéologique
1416:Quaestiones Graecae
1321:13 May 2021 at the
1219:(Online ed.).
1020:and Book XI of the
739:, which fell under
153:classical influence
72:, copy of mural in
2031:6 May 2021 at the
2011:6 May 2021 at the
1967:Pseudo-Apollodorus
1550:, p. 209-210.
1393:Scholia on Homer,
1280:8 May 2022 at the
1149:Naranath Bhranthan
1123:Sisyphus: The Myth
1098:editorial cartoons
1008:
967:J. Nigro Sansonese
928:
812:In some versions,
82:
62:
2366:
2365:
2335:
2334:
2231:
2230:
1903:978-0-19-514338-6
1794:978-1-84511-321-6
1703:978-0-06-199503-3
1227:(Subscription or
945:Friedrich Welcker
930:According to the
829:. Complaining to
736:guest-obligations
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721:
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2394:Kings of Corinth
2340:Cypselid tyrants
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1673:The Body of Myth
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1499:on 29 March 2021
1495:. Archived from
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1129:Sisyphus cooling
1086:The philosopher
757:Oracle of Delphi
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384:Greek underworld
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1618:Chisholm, Hugh
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151:. Through the
143:(now known as
15:
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2444:Deeds of Ares
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133:Ancient Greek
128:
95:
91:
87:
79:
75:
74:François Tomb
71:
68:Sisyphus and
66:
60:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2357:Psammetichus
2172:
2069:
2053:
2021:
2001:
1970:
1949:
1946:
1926:
1912:. Retrieved
1892:
1861:
1840:Homeri Opera
1839:
1818:
1803:. Retrieved
1783:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1729:Apology, 41c
1725:
1717:
1712:
1693:
1687:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1597:
1589:
1569:. Retrieved
1555:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1522:
1513:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:the original
1492:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1462:
1453:
1441:
1435:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
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1253:
1245:
1237:
1214:
1203:
1190:
1159:Dozmary Pool
1134:
1117:Albert Camus
1110:
1067:
1057:Albert Camus
1048:
1037:
1021:
1015:
1004:Prado Museum
993:
979:
960:
957:Albert Camus
938:philosopher
932:solar theory
929:
923:
920:Johann Vogel
884:
872:
862:
848:
846:
843:
819:
811:
792:
774:
750:
734:
728:
611:
494:Rhadamanthus
352:
310:
247:
233:
227:mythographer
218:
209:
164:
136:
93:
89:
83:
48:black-figure
32:
2302:Aristomedes
2237:Heracleidae
2183:Bellerophon
1971:The Library
1862:The Odyssey
1548:Evslin 2006
1493:mythweb.com
1473:19 February
1463:Mlahanas.de
1382:Argonautica
1299:Argonautica
1292:Scholia on
1271:Apollodorus
1257:Gruppe, O.
1210:"Sisyphean"
1163:Gwenor Cove
1076:Franz Kafka
850:Philoctetes
835:upper world
424:Ceuthonymus
361:instead of
340:Bellerophon
230:Otto Gruppe
2373:Categories
2347:Cypselus I
2279:Bacchiadae
2223:Hyanthidas
2165:Sisyphidae
2109:Rulers of
1914:21 October
1805:21 October
1774:References
1519:"Sisyphus"
1231:required.)
1083:solitary."
1080:Kafkaesque
896:Polygnotus
831:Persephone
827:underworld
559:Phlegethon
484:Persephone
414:Ascalaphus
348:Orchomenus
332:Thersander
324:Porphyrion
250:Thessalian
135:: Σίσυφος
70:Amphiaraus
55: 530
44:Underworld
40:Persephone
2352:Periander
2327:Pritanius
2322:Automenes
2312:Alexander
2292:Agelas II
2140:Corinthus
1943:Pausanias
1923:Pausanias
1819:The Iliad
1602:Pausanias
1571:9 October
1406:Hyginus,
1371:6.152 ff.
1312:Pausanias
1064:absurdist
940:Lucretius
936:Epicurean
891:hubristic
869:Euripides
855:Sophocles
788:acropolis
753:Salmoneus
675:Pirithous
607:Salmoneus
578:Prisoners
513:Geography
464:Menoetius
439:Eurynomos
390:Residents
369:Mythology
359:Anticleia
270:Salmoneus
262:Deimachus
215:pre-Greek
206:Etymology
165:Sisyphean
157:laborious
50:amphora,
2414:Aeolides
2317:Telestes
2297:Eudaemus
2264:Agelas I
2246:Aletidae
2203:Propodas
2198:Damophon
2188:Ornytion
2173:Sisyphus
2118:Heleidae
2029:Archived
2009:Archived
1988:Archived
1978:Archived
1957:Archived
1934:Archived
1908:Archived
1880:Archived
1870:Archived
1847:Archived
1827:Archived
1799:Archived
1720:, 10.44.
1565:Archived
1533:30 April
1527:Archived
1429:Archived
1425:Sisyphus
1412:Plutarch
1345:Archived
1319:Archived
1278:Archived
1168:Tantalus
1105:See also
995:Sisyphus
887:Tartarus
799:Tartarus
795:Thanatos
665:Odysseus
655:Heracles
650:Dionysus
636:Visitors
617:Tantalus
612:Sisyphus
592:Danaïdes
569:Tartarus
527:Asphodel
499:Thanatos
419:Cerberus
355:Odysseus
320:Ornytion
306:Perimede
302:Pisidice
282:Deioneus
278:Perieres
274:Cretheus
149:eternity
137:Sísyphos
94:Sisyphos
90:Sisyphus
46:, Attic
28:Syphilis
2287:Bacchis
2269:Prymnes
2219:Doridas
2178:Glaucus
2145:Polybus
2135:Epopeus
2074:. 1905.
1604:, 10.31
1590:Odyssey
1588:Homer,
1422:, s.v.
1408:Fabulae
1194:museum
1174:Wu Gang
1050:Apology
1023:Odyssey
874:Cyclops
864:Odyssey
859:Laërtes
731:Corinth
685:Theseus
670:Orpheus
539:Elysium
534:Cocytus
529:Meadows
522:Acheron
504:Zagreus
459:Melinoë
434:Erinyes
404:Angelos
363:Laërtes
328:Glaucus
298:Alcyone
266:Athamas
258:Enarete
145:Corinth
2307:Agemon
2254:Aletes
2130:Bounos
2125:Aeëtes
1950:3 vols
1900:
1791:
1716:Ovid.
1700:
1679:
1659:, 1904
1592:11.593
1503:1 July
1384:3.1553
1302:3.1094
1061:French
1059:, the
1000:Titian
926:, 1649
904:Delphi
900:Lesche
839:Hermes
803:Charon
784:Asopus
780:Aegina
777:Asopid
680:Psyche
660:Hermes
645:Aeneas
627:Tityus
622:Titans
474:Moirai
454:Hypnos
449:Hecate
429:Charon
399:Aeacus
344:Minyas
316:Merope
313:Pleiad
294:Canace
290:Calyce
286:Magnes
254:Aeolus
244:Family
221:sophos
161:futile
141:Ephyra
2259:Ixion
2193:Thoas
2155:Jason
2150:Creon
1857:Homer
1836:Homer
1814:Homer
1420:Suida
1410:201;
1397:2.511
1395:Iliad
1368:Iliad
1363:Homer
1342:1.9.3
1316:2.4.3
1275:1.7.3
1225:
1183:Notes
1045:Plato
1017:Iliad
1012:Homer
871:, in
814:Hades
761:Homer
725:Reign
602:Ocnus
597:Ixion
554:Lethe
489:Pluto
469:Minos
444:Hades
336:Almus
236:sisys
78:Vulci
76:from
2221:and
1916:2020
1898:ISBN
1807:2020
1789:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1573:2014
1535:2020
1505:2019
1475:2014
1418:43;
1198:1494
1196:inv.
1030:Ovid
823:Styx
807:Ares
765:Tyro
741:Zeus
587:Arke
564:Styx
409:Arae
334:and
304:and
159:and
57:BC,
1647:III
1047:'s
1043:In
902:at
853:by
847:In
479:Nyx
357:by
326:),
202:).
92:or
84:In
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2020:,
2000:,
1969:,
1945:,
1925:,
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300:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
