850:
838:
154:
38:
31:
137:. Its highest point is 1,260 m (4,130 ft). There are no cities or towns in the Sierra and the small population is largely agricultural. The higher elevations of the Sierra have forests of oak and pine, contrasting with the semi-arid brush that dominates at lower altitudes. Several archaeological sites establish that the Sierra de Tamaulipas was the northern outpost of the agricultural
816:, is at the northern edge of the Sierra. El Sabinito may have consisted of 600 houses with a population of 1,500 at its peak. It was abandoned in about 1300 AD, possibly because climatic changes made agriculture less feasible. Archaeologists speculate that the inhabitants reverted to a hunting-gathering means of subsistence.
185:) is found at elevations of 300 to 700 metres (1,000 to 2,300 ft). The average height of this closed-canopy forest is about 7.5 metres (25 ft). Montane scrub is found in dry areas between 600 and 900 metres (2,000 and 3,000 ft) elevation. This vegetation type consists of low thickets and
164:
The Sierra de
Tamaulipas is about 110 kilometres (68 mi) north to south and 64 kilometres (40 mi) east to west at its widest point in the southern part of the range. The Sierra is located between 23 and 24 north latitude and 98 and 99 west longitude and has an estimated area of 3,339 square
229:
Precipitation in the Sierra de
Tamaulipas ranges from about 710 millimetres (28 in) at the lowest elevations to more than 1,000 millimetres (39 in) at higher elevations. Most precipitation is in the summer between May and October, although winters are not as dry as in much of Mexico.
780:
Due to greater precipitation than the surrounding lowlands, the Sierra de
Tamaulipas was probably the northernmost area of eastern Mexico in which the cultivation of maize was practiced during pre-Hispanic times. Northward in the semi-arid brushlands extending into
800:
in the Sierra de
Tamaulipas dating from 2,500 BC which suggests a transition in culture from nomadic hunter-gathering to a more settled lifeway. From 300 to 550 AD, several settlements in the Sierra de Tamaulipas comprised the northern outpost of the
849:
144:
On 5 December 2016, the Sierra de
Tamaulipas was declared a "Protected Natural Area" by the government of Mexico. The Protected Area has a core area of 38,285 hectares (94,600 acres) and a buffer zone containing 269,992 hectares (667,160 acres).
176:
and rising high enough to have cooler and wetter conditions than the adjacent land at lower elevations. The area surrounding the Sierra at elevations below 300 metres (980 ft) is vegetated primarily by a tropical thorn forest
220:
No major highways nor rivers cross the Sierra, nor are there any towns or cities. The population is rural. Abundant small, clear waterways drain from the highest points of the Sierra outward in all directions.
230:
Freezes are rare at lower elevations, but common in the temperate forests at higher altitudes. The climate of the hamlet of Santa Maria de los
Nogales is typical of the higher elevations of the Sierra.
837:
808:
culture. The Sierra settlements featured villages built around public squares and small pyramids, indicating a centralized and possibly theocratic government. The archaeological ruin of
197:. In areas undisturbed by agriculture and logging, vegetation at the higher altitudes can be luxuriant with many ferns. In the lowland southeast of the Sierra, in the municipality of
964:
92:
193:
is a common shrub. Pine-oak forests found at elevations of greater than 800 metres (2,600 ft) are an island of temperate forest in the ecoregion of
1006:
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990, p. 73. In the opinion of most authorities, Salinas mistakenly identifies the Soto La Marina River as the
899:
Martin, Paul S., Robins, C. Richard, and Heed, William B. "Birds and
Biogeography of the Sierra de Tamaulipas, an Isolated Pine-Oak Habitat"
827:. From there northward lived hunter-gatherers who, according to Garay's men, were numerous and warlike on the lower stretches of the
968:
1056:
248:
Climate data for Santa Maria de los
Nogales, Tamaulipas. 23 12 29N, 98 21 30W, Elevation: 3,041 ft (927 m) (1950-2010)
1061:
194:
30:
153:
1066:
1051:
1046:
181:). The Sierra, with higher rainfall and lower temperatures, has three major vegetation types. Tropical deciduous forest (
1026:
213:
which is the deepest sinkhole in the world with a depth of 339 metres (1,112 ft). In 1994, cave-diving pioneer
1031:
990:
238:
1071:
1041:
874:
916:
887:
85:
813:
165:
kilometres (1,289 sq mi). Elevation ranges from 300 to 1,260 metres (980 to 4,130 ft).
855:
View of karstic formations in the Sierra de
Tamaulipas, Municipality of Llera, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
234:
182:
173:
967:[Archaeological tourism in Tamaulipas] (in Spanish). Visiting Mexico. Archived from
205:
area associated with the karstic areas of the Sierra de
Tamaulipas, in which many caves and
929:
828:
178:
912:
8:
786:
160:
with free floating grass island (lower right), Municipality of Aldama, Tamaulipas, Mexico
820:
198:
1036:
824:
793:
991:
http://www.inah.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5500
805:
241:, the climate is Cwbl, sub-tropical with warm summers and dry, mild winters.
1020:
648:
107:
94:
802:
138:
875:
http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5464453&fecha=07/12/2016
917:
http://www.conabio.gob.mx/conocimiento/regionalizacion/doctos/rtp_094.pdf
888:
http://www.conabio.gob.mx/conocimiento/regionalizacion/doctos/rtp_091.pdf
809:
214:
819:
The first European to visit the coastal area adjacent to the Sierra was
1007:
237:
is Cwa, sub-tropical with hot summers and dry, warm winters. Under the
169:
157:
134:
74:
50:
210:
190:
186:
843:
Sierra de Tamaulipas, Municipality of Aldama, Tamaulipas, Mexico
785:
lived the nomadic non-agricultural peoples collectively called
206:
130:
78:
54:
797:
782:
768:
Source: Weatherbase: Santa Maria de los Nogales, Tamaulipas.
202:
954:, London: Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 171-172
913:
http://www.ri.cmu.edu/publication_view.html?pub_id=6144
823:
in 1523. Garay found maize cultivation up to about the
812:, about 13 miles (20 km) southwest of the city of
233:
The climatic classification for Santa Maria under the
168:
The Sierra de Tamaulipas has the characteristics of a
129:
is an isolated, semi-tropical mountain range in the
217:died attempting to dive to the bottom of Zacatón.
1018:
209:(water-filled sinkholes) are found, including
873:"Decreto", Diario Oficial de la Federacion,
37:
903:, Vol 66, No 1 (Mar 1954), pp. 41-42, 55
775:
152:
1019:
195:Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests
965:"Turismo Arqueologico en Tamaulipas"
957:
13:
14:
1083:
796:found evidence of cultivation of
989:"Zona Arqueologica el Sabinito"
886:"Sierra de Tamaulipas: RTP-91"
848:
836:
239:Trewartha climate classification
36:
29:
1004:Indians of the Rio Grande Delta
915:; "Cenotes de Aldama: RTP-94"
1057:Important Bird Areas of Mexico
996:
983:
944:
922:
906:
893:
880:
867:
1:
1062:Protected areas of Tamaulipas
860:
1067:Biosphere reserves of Mexico
148:
7:
721:Average precipitation days
507:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
367:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
141:peoples of eastern Mexico.
10:
1088:
1052:Karst formations of Mexico
1047:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
952:Prehistory of the Americas
767:
247:
224:
1027:Mountain ranges of Mexico
930:"Travel Weather Averages"
720:
646:
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252:
84:
70:
65:
23:
18:
1032:Landforms of Tamaulipas
1072:Veracruz moist forests
919:, accessed 26 Feb 2013
890:, accessed 26 Feb 2013
183:Veracruz moist forests
161:
1042:Mesoamerican cultures
993:, accessed 3 Mar 2013
877:, accessed 4 Sep 2017
776:Pre-Hispanic cultures
235:Köppen Classification
174:Sierra Madre Oriental
156:
829:Soto La Marina River
297:Record high °C (°F)
179:Tamaulipan mezquital
127:Sierra de Tamaulipas
44:Sierra de Tamaulipas
19:Sierra de Tamaulipas
971:on 10 November 2010
901:The Wilson Bulletin
577:Record low °C (°F)
437:Daily mean °C (°F)
172:—isolated from the
104: /
950:Fiedel, Stuart J.
821:Francisco de Garay
199:Aldama, Tamaulipas
162:
1002:Salinas, Martin.
772:
771:
123:
122:
108:23.250°N 98.400°W
86:Range coordinates
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825:Tropic of Cancer
794:Richard MacNeish
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201:is a limestone
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814:Soto la Marina
792:Archaeologist
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932:. Weatherbase
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787:Coahuiltecans
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649:precipitation
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76:
73:
69:
64:
56:
52:
32:
22:
17:
1003:
998:
985:
973:. Retrieved
969:the original
959:
951:
946:
936:February 24,
934:. Retrieved
924:
908:
900:
895:
882:
869:
818:
803:Mesoamerican
791:
779:
651:mm (inches)
232:
228:
219:
167:
163:
143:
139:Mesoamerican
126:
124:
810:El Sabinito
215:Sheck Exley
111: /
1021:Categories
1008:Rio Grande
861:References
723:(≥ 0.1 mm)
170:Sky island
158:El Zacatón
135:Tamaulipas
75:Tamaulipas
51:Tamaulipas
149:Geography
133:state of
66:Geography
716:(37.99)
647:Average
362:(110.3)
332:(102.2)
327:(105.8)
322:(110.3)
317:(105.8)
312:(104.0)
191:Huisache
71:Location
1037:Huastec
806:Huastec
711:(1.54)
706:(1.06)
701:(3.43)
696:(7.83)
691:(6.22)
686:(5.51)
681:(5.31)
676:(3.11)
671:(1.46)
666:(0.79)
661:(0.63)
656:(1.10)
642:(15.8)
637:(15.8)
632:(23.0)
627:(32.0)
622:(42.8)
617:(45.5)
612:(45.5)
607:(42.8)
602:(41.9)
597:(34.7)
592:(28.4)
587:(22.1)
572:(55.4)
567:(48.2)
562:(52.3)
557:(56.3)
552:(60.8)
547:(61.9)
542:(63.1)
537:(62.4)
532:(60.4)
527:(55.4)
522:(51.4)
517:(46.9)
512:(46.0)
502:(66.2)
497:(58.1)
492:(62.4)
487:(66.2)
482:(70.3)
477:(72.0)
472:(72.7)
467:(73.0)
462:(72.1)
457:(68.2)
452:(64.2)
447:(58.6)
442:(56.8)
432:(77.0)
427:(68.0)
422:(72.3)
417:(76.3)
412:(80.1)
407:(82.0)
402:(82.2)
397:(83.5)
392:(83.8)
387:(81.1)
382:(77.2)
377:(70.5)
372:(67.5)
357:(92.3)
352:(96.8)
347:(90.5)
342:(98.6)
337:(98.6)
307:(95.0)
302:(96.8)
225:Climate
211:Zacatón
207:cenotes
187:savanna
131:Mexican
99:98°24′W
96:23°15′N
253:Month
79:Mexico
55:Mexico
975:2 Mar
798:maize
783:Texas
763:85.2
751:11.7
748:11.1
714:965.0
694:199.0
689:158.0
684:140.0
679:135.0
582:(23)
292:Year
203:karst
977:2018
938:2013
760:6.2
757:5.9
754:7.4
745:9.4
742:8.8
739:7.2
736:4.4
733:3.2
730:4.1
727:5.8
709:39.0
704:27.0
699:87.0
674:79.0
669:37.0
664:20.0
659:16.0
654:28.0
640:−9.0
635:−9.0
630:−5.0
590:−2.0
585:−5.5
570:13.0
560:11.3
555:13.5
550:16.0
545:16.6
540:17.3
535:16.9
530:15.8
525:13.0
520:10.8
500:19.0
495:14.5
490:16.9
485:19.0
480:21.3
475:22.2
470:22.6
465:22.8
460:22.3
455:20.1
450:17.9
445:14.8
440:13.8
430:25.0
425:20.0
420:22.4
415:24.6
410:26.7
405:27.8
400:27.9
395:28.6
390:28.8
385:27.3
380:25.1
375:21.4
370:19.7
360:43.5
355:33.5
350:36.0
345:32.5
340:37.0
335:37.0
330:39.0
325:41.0
320:43.5
315:41.0
310:40.0
305:35.0
300:36.0
289:Dec
286:Nov
283:Oct
280:Sep
277:Aug
274:Jul
271:Jun
268:May
265:Apr
262:Mar
259:Feb
256:Jan
125:The
625:0.0
620:6.0
615:7.5
610:7.5
605:6.0
600:5.5
595:1.5
565:9.0
515:8.3
510:7.8
1023::
831:.
789:.
580:−5
189:.
77:,
53:,
1010:.
979:.
940:.
177:(
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