863:
696:. Sigismund had little control over the act, unlike the senators, whom he personally appointed. Eventually, during his reign, Sigismund benefited from the advice of the local nobility, competent ministers in charge of the royal judiciary system, and the wealthy influential treasurers of Kraków. Although he was reluctant to the parliamentary system and political independence of the nobility, he recognised the authority of legal norms, supported legalism and summoned annual sessions of the Sejm, usually obtaining funds on state defence. However he was unsuccessful at attempting to create a permanent fund for defence from the annual income tax. Despite this, in 1527 he established a conscript army and the bureaucracy needed to finance it. He set up the legal codes that formalised
1523:
668:
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800:(revolt) by the Polish nobility that occurred in 1537. The derisive name was coined by the magnates, who for the most part supported the King and claimed that the "war's" only effect was the near-extinction of the local chickens, eaten by the nobles gathered for the rebellion at Lwów in eastern part of
836:
However, the revolt soon transpired that the nobility's leaders were divided and that achieving a settlement was almost impossible. Too weak to start a civil war against the King, the protesters finally agreed to what was thought a compromise. Sigismund rejected most of their demands, while accepting
1133:
were poisoned by a subject of Queen Bona. The accusations were so pervasive and rampant that
Sigismund ordered an investigation, as a result of which a special edict was declared on 9 February 1528 confirming that the Masovian princes died naturally or due to related illness. According to chronicler
745:
Sigismund successfully organised the agricultural economy, looked after the development of the royal cities and recovered numerous goods of the treasury belonging to the crown that were under lien. During the financial activities, the King received full support of his wife, Queen Bona, who aimed to
807:
To strengthen his power, Sigismund initiated a set of reforms, establishing a permanent conscription army in 1527 and extending the bureaucratic apparatus necessary to govern the state and finance the army. Supported by his
Italian consort Bona Sforza, he began buying up land and issue agriculture
606:
When
Casimir died in 1492, Sigismund was his only son without any titles or land. From 1495 to 1496, he petitioned his brother Alexander to provide him with land, and Elisabeth of Austria attempted to install him on the Austrian throne. Both efforts failed. In 1497, King John I Albert, his older
435:
in
Hungary, thus temporarily uniting these kingdoms. When Casimir died, the Polish-Lithuanian realm was divided between the remaining two older sons, with John Albert being crowned King of Poland, and Alexander as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Alexander inherited Poland following John Albert's sudden
722:
Sigismund I achieved several economic successes, including partial debt reduction, separation of accounts of public taxation from the royal treasury, strengthening of the activities of the mint operating in Kraków, and the attempt to organise the processing of income from operating salt mines.
719:- and his potential supporters was never established. Unclear motives remained after the assassination attempt. Three weeks before the event, Sigismund I introduced a new edict that was very unfavourable and somewhat hostile to the high-ranking nobles and their interests.
821:. However, the lesser and middle strata of the nobility organised a revolt to force the King to abandon his risky reforms. The nobles presented him with 36 demands, most notably a cessation of further land acquisitions by Queen Bona, exemption of the nobility from the
3207:
1315:
and brought renowned
Italian artists, architects and sculptors from her native country. It was under Sigismund's reign that Renaissance began to flourish in Poland and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Sigismund II Augustus later continued his father's legacy.
714:
Likely related to tax matters was an unsuccessful attempt on the life of the king, made on 5 May 1523. The identity of the would-be assassin - who shot the ruler while he was strolling in the evening around the cloisters of the
1453:
in 1529 as a result of these pervasive pains and in case his father died unexpectedly. Furthermore, bad eating habits and a poor diet contributed to the king's ailing health, in particular large amounts of beer and
943:
stated that "Muscovites are not
Christians; they are cruel and barbaric; they are Asians and not Europeans; they are in league with Turks and the Tatars to destroy Christendom". Regardless of victory, the
1429:
was installed 13 July 1521 on Wawel
Cathedral's northernmost tower. Apart from religious and national holidays, the bell rung on some of the most significant moments in Polish history and is one of
780:
At the start of his reign, King
Sigismund I the Old inherited a Kingdom of Poland with a century-long tradition of liberties of the nobility, confirmed in numerous privileges. A rebellion in
1489:. Hence, Sigismund III could not belong to the Jagiellonian dynasty by his mother, but the Jagiellon bloodline of Polish monarchs continued until the death of Sigismund Vasa's second son
1449:
in the autumn of 1528. The condition, which severely affected his joints and right leg, was repetitive and continued in 1529 and 1534. It is likely that
Sigismund Augustus was co-crowned
1418:
is gold-plated and interior tombs made of marble were designed by Santi Gucci. Historians, experts and architects unanimously voted the chapel as "the most beautiful example of the
1568:
2432:
3981:
2950:
960:, the older brother of Sigismund. However, this was dubbed by historians as a folk tale. In 1522, a truce was signed between Lithuania and Muscovy which extended until 1534.
1441:
Sigismund suffered from numerous illnesses and diseases, especially towards the end of his life. Most notably, he was tormented by constant fevers since youth as well as
1522:
1556:
1469:
Sigismund died on 1 April 1548, Easter day at the age of 81 and was buried on 7 July at Wawel
Cathedral in Kraków. He was succeeded by his only legitimate son,
829:— an individual wouldn't be able to hold two or more official administrative positions in the country. The role of the Incompatibilitas was to prevent wealthy
885:
beginning in 1507, before the Polish army was fully under his command. Further tensions escalated when Vasili also discovered that Sigismund was bribing Khan
1899:
3007:
1957:
3888:
2783:"Stosunki polsko-tureckie w czasach Zygmunta III Wazy | HISTORIA.org.pl - historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne"
2929:
682:
The internal situation in Poland was characterised by broad authorisation of the Chamber of Deputies, confirmed and extended in the constitution of
730:
Between 1530 and 1538 the king issued two statutes defining the rules for the selection of the monarch, which permanently established the election
3335:
1150:
4116:
4111:
1462:. However, despite his age, Sigismund was of sound mind throughout and remained active in politics until death. In 1543, he recovered from an
808:
reformas to enlarge the royal treasury. He initiated a process of restitution of royal properties, previously pawned or rented to the nobles.
1363:, the fortified residence was extensively reconstructed in the Renaissance style and to the personal needs of the royal family. The Italian
3780:
411:. He was one of thirteen children and was not expected to assume the throne after his father. Sigismund's eldest brother and rightful heir
17:
3199:
2652:
3454:
3411:
3379:
2353:
1630:
862:
642:(1501), which proposed a joint Polish-Lithuanian election of a monarch. On 8 December 1506, during the session of the Polish Senate in
239:
2782:
1634:
971:
pillaged western Russia, the Muscovites in retaliation invaded Lithuania once more. They were eventually stopped by Polish commander
1083:". Furthermore, Queen Bona was instrumental in establishing an alliance between Poland and France, with the objective of recovering
1191:
487:
in 1535, thereby strengthening the country's eastern borders. His 42-year reign was further marked by decisive contributions to
1544:
1507:
1080:
630:
John I Albert died suddenly in 1501, and was succeeded by Alexander I, who died in 1506. After his death, Sigismund arrived in
1671:
4390:
4355:
3153:
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667:
1029:
584:
557:
408:
897:, a major trading center between Russia and Europe. The initial six- and four-week sieges in 1513 were a failure, but the
4395:
4086:
3328:
948:
troops were incapable of moving quickly enough to retake Smolensk. In 1518, Russian forces were again beaten during the
436:
death in 1501. Hence, Sigismund's reign only began when he succeeded Alexander to both titles in 1506 at the age of 39.
3622:
3618:
3134:
1262:
1214:. The Order attempted to avoid paying tribute to Polish monarchs which was a demonstration of weakness and dependence.
927:
and vanquished a Russian force of approximately 6,000 men. On 8 September 1514, Muscovy suffered a major defeat at the
608:
2746:
1591:
1102:
The negotiations came to an end and the alliance was disbanded when Francis' troops were defeated by Charles V at the
4370:
3172:
2716:
2680:
2604:
2433:"To nie szlachta upowszechniła w Polsce pańszczyznę. Ziemianie wzięli przykład z najpotężniejszej instytucji w kraju"
2415:
2254:
773:. Seated Sigismund is accompanied by his wife Bona Sforza and royal court whilst being surrounded by an angry mob at
611:
that was intended to place Sigismund on its throne. This, too, was a disastrous failure. Finally, his eldest brother
320:
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4021:
3773:
3670:
2988:
2264:
1667:
1021:
553:
299:
254:
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2732:
1473:, who became the last Jagiellon king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1587 Sigismund the Old's grandson,
837:
the principle of Incompatibilitas the following year and agreeing not to force the election of the future king in
4360:
4202:
3531:
1161:
1045:
4305:
3695:
1241:, and paid a feudal homage to Sigismund. In return he was granted the domains of the Order as the First Duke of
4350:
3354:
3321:
2917:
The much admired Sigismund Chapel, called 'the pearl of the Renaissance north of the Alps' by foreign scholars.
2105:
572:
1355:
in Kraków, the seat of Polish monarchs as well as one of the largest castles in Central Europe. Situated on a
1099:, was to marry one of Sigismund's daughters, and Sigismund's eldest son was to marry a daughter of Francis I.
4385:
4375:
2141:
1076:
1064:
1005:
992:
600:
2869:"Krakow info - Wawel Cathedral's Sigismund Chapel | The Renaissance masterpiece of Krakow architecture"
703:
463:
or tribute to Polish monarchs as a sign of political and diplomatic dependence. This was observed until the
4207:
1713:
1195:
1025:
264:
234:
4156:
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1721:
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in 1535. Their defeat strengthened the Polish-Lithuanian union's eastern flank until the beginning of the
3996:
3766:
3728:
3709:
3359:
3118:
1837:
1739:
1387:
1340:
945:
3093:"Adducimus gemmam et florem: Bona Sforza's bridal journey (1518) in the light of rituals and ceremonies"
4295:
3685:
2021:
1430:
1425:
north of the Alps". The monarch also commissioned a 12.6-tonne bell which was named in his honour. The
1166:
1013:
was instrumental in establishing alliances for Poland. She was known for being a notorious conspirator.
47:
734:. The laws held that all social groups, regardless of their wealth, could watch the election process (
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4138:
3631:
3257:
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1368:
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in 1525. Disturbed by the failure of his campaign, Francis turned to Hungary instead and formed a
893:. In December 1512, Muscovite forces marched into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania seeking to capture
4380:
4171:
3961:
3789:
2167:
1230:
1175:
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had been instituted, which forbade kings of Poland from enacting laws without the consent of the
672:
635:
576:
452:
451:, while retaining the nation's wealth and prominence in the region. He made sure that his nephew
357:
349:
60:
3956:
3929:
2764:
2356:[Bibliotheca Corviniana: From the History of Hungarian Culture in the Late Middle Ages]
1351:
who had a profound impact on Poland's architecture as a whole. The centrepiece of their work is
1130:
746:
expand the royal estates by purchasing and improving economic efficiency. In 1514 he set up the
643:
4300:
4290:
4270:
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3604:
3302:
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3266:
2930:"Królewska Katedra na Wawelu p.w. św. Stanisława BM i św. Wacława - The Royal Sigismund Bell"
2594:
1706:
1677:
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1307:
humanism and the revival of classical antiquity. His second consort Bona Sforza, daughter of
1278:
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1118:
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289:
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1291:
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placed the Teutonic Order under Polish suzerainty and interfered with German interests in
1032:, his brother, to the grandchildren of Maximilian. Through this double marriage contract,
8:
4250:
4222:
4061:
4036:
4011:
3640:
3594:
3507:
3250:
1687:
1482:
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with the Kingdom of Poland. There was speculation whether Janusz and his younger brother
1068:
920:
724:
488:
389:
341:
92:
1406:. It was constructed between 1519 and 1533 according to plans by Bartolomeo Berrecci of
1347:. Most of the decorators working for the court were foreigners, especially Italians and
1187:
1053:
904:
4265:
4179:
4046:
3990:
3966:
3939:
3655:
3580:
3524:
3188:
1925:
1691:
1690:(1 November 1526 – 16 September 1583), wed 4 October 1562 John, Duke of Finland (later
1651:
1614:
1486:
1466:
which spread in Kraków and in 1545 he enjoyed a last hunting excursion to Niepołomice.
1312:
1226:
1096:
1018:
972:
909:
825:, confirmation and extension of privileges for nobles and adoption of a law concerning
751:
592:
588:
504:
472:
464:
244:
4260:
4101:
3650:
3123:
3008:"Commissions from the territories of today's Poland in the workshop of Joos van Cleve"
1681:
1623:
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1360:
523:
168:
4285:
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4041:
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3536:
3168:
3149:
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3077:
2951:"Na co chorowali Jagiellonowie? Podagra, syfilis, alkoholizm i inne choroby dynastii"
2891:
2712:
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2600:
2411:
1146:
952:, when according to legend the Lithuanian forces were inspired by the sight of their
770:
508:
432:
218:
3208:
Petr Kozák, „Pátý princ“: Kníže Zikmund mezi periferií a centrem jagellonského světa
3109:
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813:
561:
4066:
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3104:
2199:
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1336:
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1242:
1183:
1122:
1071:
to avoid a possible war on two fronts. Francis I himself was looking for allies in
996:
949:
915:
Russia subsequently suffered a series of disastrous defeats in the field. In 1512,
826:
774:
639:
620:
444:
1178:
receives the Duchy of Prussia in fief from Poland's King Sigismund I the Old, 1525
886:
727:(1519) and strongly intended to harmonise the judicial system across the country.
4096:
4081:
1717:
1583:
1490:
1403:
1246:
1103:
1000:
928:
867:
789:
651:
534:. Their only son and the last Jagiellon king, Sigismund Augustus, was co-crowned
496:
460:
424:
420:
416:
333:
309:
149:
81:
2596:
A People Born to Slavery: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1478-1748
2484:
1655:
1111:
516:
4255:
3834:
3718:
3645:
3435:
3293:
2259:
1529:
1426:
1371:, corridors, archways and portals were designed by Fiorentino with the help of
1319:
Among the illustrious figures that guested or lived in Poland at the time were
1282:
1088:
1072:
1049:
857:
634:, where he was elected by the Lithuanian Ducal Council on 13 September 1506 as
492:
439:
A capable monarch and a patron of arts, Sigismund established Polish rule over
381:
56:
41:
4071:
3565:
2354:"Bibliotheca Corviniana: Z dziejów kultury węgierskiej w późnym Średniowieczu"
1135:
599:. Sigismund was christened as the namesake of his maternal great-grandfather,
4334:
4217:
4148:
3916:
3744:
2641:
2543:] (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 157.
2389:
2326:
1478:
1474:
1238:
957:
801:
624:
531:
499:, and customs, especially at the behest of his second wife, the Italian-born
440:
393:
369:
3425:
1344:
1265:
in Prussia and retreated to the Holy Roman Empire where it became secluded.
1254:
396:
from 1501, and governor of Silesia from 1504 on behalf of his brother, King
1727:
Regina (1500/1 – 20 May 1526), wed c. 20 October 1518 Hieronim Szafraniec,
1352:
1286:
1145:
In other matters of policy, Sigismund sought peaceful coexistence with the
1139:
1092:
980:
953:
839:
716:
536:
3906:
3873:
2868:
843:. Thereupon, the nobility returned to their homes having achieved little.
1644:
1601:
1458:. Eventually, the king's inability to walk forced him to be carried in a
1422:
1392:
1332:
1328:
1304:
1234:
1171:
1010:
785:
762:
676:
540:
in 1529 and formally assumed throne when Sigismund the Old died in 1548.
500:
193:
3543:
3313:
1709:(d. 1528), he also fathered three children prior to his first marriage:
1138:, the real cause of the death of both princes could have been inherited
548:
3855:
3487:
3478:
1446:
1356:
936:
932:
871:
684:
456:
75:
3924:
3848:
3820:
3758:
3555:
3502:
3463:
3388:
2645:
1738:
Katarzyna (1503 – before 9 September 1548), wed after 1522 George II
1562:
Portrait of Sigismund I in an advanced age by Anonymous Painter, 1550
1463:
1411:
1203:
1060:
404:
118:
2847:
1398:
The most prominent example of Sigismund's architectural legacy is a
1217:
In accordance with the new Treaty of Kraków, the Order was abruptly
700:
in Poland, placing the peasants into the private estates of nobles.
647:
135:
3896:
3862:
3841:
3560:
3519:
3514:
3492:
3420:
3192:
1779:
1728:
1626:(d. 1515), a Hungarian noblewoman, with whom he had two daughters:
1407:
1364:
1222:
1041:
1024:. In return for Maximilian lending weight to the provisions of the
976:
894:
830:
818:
476:
360:
from 1506 until his death in 1548. Sigismund I was a member of the
2886:
Nimmrichter, Johann; Kautek, Wolfgang; Schreiner, Manfred (2007).
2747:"Mało czarujący koniec Piastów mazowieckich - Kwartalnik Przekrój"
3934:
3827:
3497:
1805:
1732:
1419:
1348:
1218:
1211:
1199:
1037:
1033:
924:
697:
631:
596:
480:
468:
274:
388:. Before ascending to the Polish and Lithuanian thrones, he was
3901:
3868:
3813:
3444:
1207:
1126:
968:
797:
448:
353:
939:
purposes with strong anti-Russian sentiment. A letter sent to
935:' lands under their lordship. Poland exploited the battle for
833:
from usurping too much power at the expense of lesser nobles.
3378:
1245:. This became known in Polish and Lithuanian history as the "
1084:
1048:, who led his forces against Suleiman the Magnificent of the
822:
623:(1501), and in 1504 Sigismund became governor of Silesia and
503:. Italian styles and fashions dominated at the height of the
3042:
3040:
2656:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1455:
1442:
1415:
940:
781:
693:
3129:. Vol. 9. Gulf Breeze: Academic International Press.
2885:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
615:, King of Bohemia and Hungary, granted him the duchies of
3037:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
1261:. Thereupon, the Teutonic Order lost its importance as a
1028:, Sigismund consented to the marriage of the children of
671:
Sigismund grants a noble status to the professors of the
27:
King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506-1548
3025:
2277:
931:, which prevented the Russians to place all the former
3065:
Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania
2300:
1670:(13 July 1522 – 28 May 1575), wed 22/25 February 1556
650:
on 20 January 1507 and was crowned four days later in
646:, Sigismund was elected King of Poland. He arrived in
526:
from Hungary and then to Bona Sforza, the daughter of
1680:(18 October 1523 – 9 September 1596), wed 1 May 1576
1225:
into a puppet state of Poland which lasted until the
3717:
2410:]. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 548.
1075:
to curtail the increasing power of Habsburg Emperor
1017:
In 1515 Sigismund entered into an alliance with the
471:
gained its sovereignty. Sigismund and his commander
407:
in 1467 as the fifth son of Casimir IV and his wife
3630:
3122:
2800:"WHKMLA: History of the Teutonic Order, 1409-1525"
1311:of Milan, was also instrumental in developing the
1257:, where envoys embraced both the new Duke and the
811:The nobility gathered near the city to meet to a
662:
522:Sigismund was married twice, first to noblewoman
4332:
1697:Wojciech Olbracht (b. and d. 20 September 1527).
1654:(18 January 1519 – 15 September 1559), wed 1539
1647:, with whom he had two sons and four daughters:
1481:, was elected King of Poland. He was the son of
3203:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 67–68.
707:Medal featuring the profile of Sigismund I, by
384:to distinguish him from his son and successor,
1674:, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneberg (d. 11 June 1568)
1087:. The official negotiations were conducted by
235:John of the Lithuanian Dukes, Bishop of Poznań
3774:
3329:
2430:
1095:. Through the agreement, the son of Francis,
1044:in 1526, on the death of Sigismund's nephew,
3167:(in Polish), International Cultural Centre,
2733:"Fragment of a robe of the dukes of Masovia"
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2457:
1633:(15 March 1513 – 7 February 1573), wed 1535
1121:in 1526, Sigismund succeeded in uniting the
543:
515:. He was commemorated on a contemporary 200-
4321:indicates monarch of questioned historicity
2534:
2460:"SIGISMUND I THE OLD: A GOOD, THRIFTY KING"
2270:
1059:Worried about the growing ties between the
817:and called for a military campaign against
796:) was an anti-royalist and anti-absolutist
583:to the Polish throne. Their eldest brother
3781:
3767:
3336:
3322:
3071:
3062:
3046:
2665:
2663:
2392:, Elekcja Zygmunta I, Kraków 1910, s. 214.
2351:
2313:
2294:
40:
3343:
3162:
3108:
2834:
2689:
2636:
2634:
1635:Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg
1400:funerary monument in the form of a chapel
1379:, the hunting retreat of the Jagiellons.
1268:
1249:", which was often featured in arts. The
877:Sigismund was intermittently at war with
723:Furthermore, he issued a statute for the
3125:History of Russia. The Age of Vasily III
3117:
3090:
3031:
3005:
2983:
2981:
2962:
2960:
2945:
2943:
2863:
2861:
2705:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (2 January 1976).
2640:
2599:. Cornell University Press. p. 21.
2552:
2550:
1613:
1381:
1290:
1160:
1004:
903:
899:city fell to the Muscovites in July 1514
861:
761:
757:
702:
666:
547:
224:
3143:
2794:
2792:
2660:
2401:
1550:Portrait made by Andreas Jungholz, 1546
1436:
1182:Over two centuries of wars against the
1063:and Russia, in 1524 Sigismund signed a
688:. During Alexander's reign, the law of
183: 1512; died 1515)
14:
4333:
3788:
2989:"Jak bardzo stary był… Zygmunt Stary?"
2910:
2704:
2631:
2121:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1879:
1769:
1765:
1609:
1081:the empire on which the sun never sets
3762:
3317:
2978:
2957:
2940:
2915:. Philosophical Library. p. 24.
2858:
2547:
2352:Tafiłowski, Piotr (14 January 2012).
2197:
2187:
2183:
2171:
2165:
2155:
2139:
2129:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2077:
2067:
2063:
2051:
2045:
2035:
2019:
2009:
2005:
1981:
1971:
1955:
1945:
1941:
1929:
1923:
1913:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1867:
1861:
1851:
1835:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1806:Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland
1803:
1793:
1777:
1773:
1716:(8 January 1499 – 18 February 1538),
1668:Sophia, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1414:of the last Jagiellons. The exterior
1388:Hanging of the Sigismund Bell in 1521
1375:. A similar design was undertaken in
1303:Sigismund had a profound interest in
348:; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548) was
255:Sophia, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3187:
3146:Russia's Wars of Emergence 1460–1730
3067:. Central European University Press.
2789:
2708:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
2404:Jagiellonowie: leksykon biograficzny
1900:Andrew Ivanovich, Prince of Halshany
1864:Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland
1496:
1030:Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary
738:), and the election was to be free (
657:
2592:
2586:
1156:
1149:, but was unable to completely end
846:
552:Sigismund (far right) with Emperor
24:
2932:. 22 December 2010. Archived from
2711:. American Philosophical Society.
2431:Kamil Janicki (2 September 2021).
1091:in 1524, who was then followed by
866:Polish-Lithuanian army during the
851:
403:Sigismund was born in the town of
25:
4407:
3181:
3072:Nowakowska, Natalia, ed. (2019).
3056:
2511:"YIVO | Bohemus, Abraham Judeus"
2408:Jagiellons: biographical lexicon
1958:Alexandra Dimitrijewna of Drutsk
1755:Ancestors of Sigismund I the Old
1639:Anna (1 July 1515 – 8 May 1520).
1590:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1521:
1506:
1502:Depictions of Sigismund I in art
654:by Primate Andrzej Boryszewski.
319:
3121:(1976). Graham, Hugh F. (ed.).
3110:10.4467/25442562SDS.18.012.9814
2999:
2922:
2904:
2879:
2840:
2828:
2818:"Albert | duke of Prussia"
2810:
2775:
2757:
2739:
2725:
2672:The Cambridge History of Poland
2622:
2613:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2528:
2503:
1740:Count von Montfort in Pfannberg
1631:Electress Hedwig of Brandenburg
1192:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
240:Hedwig, Electress of Bradenburg
206:
180:
3355:List of early Lithuanian dukes
3097:Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza
2911:Rouček, Joseph Slabey (1949).
2477:
2451:
2424:
2395:
2383:
2345:
2319:
1574:Sigismund I the Old's tomb by
1079:, whose realms were labelled "
663:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
567:Sigismund was the son of King
70:8 December 1506 – 1 April 1548
13:
1:
3074:Remembering the Jagiellonians
2765:"Ostatni książęta mazowieccy"
2255:History of Poland (1385–1569)
2142:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
1664:(1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572)
1618:Medal of Sigismund I the Old.
1533:
993:Franco-Polish alliance (1524)
573:Elisabeth Habsburg of Austria
368:and younger brother of Kings
4391:Knights of the Golden Fleece
4356:16th-century Polish monarchs
4306:Stanisław August Poniatowski
3696:Stanisław August Poniatowski
2537:Historia Polski do roku 1795
2535:Samsonowicz, Henryk (1976).
2402:Duczmal, Małgorzata (1996).
1367:courtyard in the shape of a
1253:and parliament assembled in
1229:in 1655. Sigismund's nephew
1196:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
1026:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
601:Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund
560:in Vienna, 1515. Woodcut by
7:
4281:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
4022:Władysław III Spindleshanks
3671:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
3360:List of Lithuanian monarchs
3063:Mickūnaitė, Giedrė (2006).
2968:"Śmierć Zygmunta I Starego"
2364:(in Polish). Archived from
2248:
1838:Uliana Alexandrovna of Tver
1780:Algirdas, King of Lithuania
1746:
1643:In 1517, Sigismund married
1622:In 1512, Sigismund married
1341:Giovanni Battista di Quadro
963:In 1534, when Grand Hetman
575:. He followed his brothers
513:Catholic identity of Poland
18:Sigismund the Old of Poland
10:
4412:
4396:Burials at Wawel Cathedral
3163:Ostrowski, Jan K. (1992),
3144:Stevens, Carol B. (2007).
2333:(in Polish). 23 April 2019
2115:
2022:Albert IV, Duke of Austria
1999:
1873:
1767:
1513:18th-century depiction by
1272:
990:
923:, ransacked the region of
855:
265:Catherine, Queen of Sweden
245:Isabella, Queen of Hungary
4314:
4241:
4193:
4170:
4146:
4125:
4112:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania
3991:Senior or Supreme Princes
3980:
3915:
3887:
3796:
3742:
3708:
3617:
3579:
3477:
3453:
3434:
3410:
3401:
3369:
3349:
3291:
3274:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3215:
3091:Pastrnak, Patrik (2018).
2993:CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl
2852:www.muzeum.niepolomice.pl
2721:– via Google Books.
2685:– via Google Books.
2593:Poe, Marshall T. (2001).
2574:Stevens (2007), pp. 57–58
2541:History of Poland to 1795
2185:
2177:
2149:
2127:
2123:
2087:
2080:Johanna Sophia of Bavaria
2065:
2057:
2029:
2007:
2003:
1965:
1943:
1935:
1907:
1885:
1881:
1845:
1823:
1815:
1787:
1771:
1688:Queen Catherine of Sweden
1652:Queen Isabella of Hungary
1431:Poland's national symbols
1297:Lucas Cranach the Younger
1295:A posthumous portrait by
1108:Franco-Hungarian alliance
986:
917:Grand Hetman of Lithuania
544:Early life and coronation
315:
305:
295:
285:
273:
217:
157:
142:
125:
112:
108:
98:
88:
74:
66:
55:
39:
34:
4371:Grand dukes of Lithuania
4107:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
3403:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
2271:Citations and references
1373:Benedykt from Sandomierz
1237:under the persuasion of
908:Sigismund's halfarmour,
400:of Bohemia and Hungary.
4087:Dukes of Greater Poland
3258:Grand Duke of Lithuania
3200:Encyclopædia Britannica
2822:Encyclopedia Britannica
2653:Encyclopædia Britannica
2265:List of Polish monarchs
2168:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
1694:) (d. 17 November 1592)
1487:John III Vasa of Sweden
1231:Albert, Duke of Prussia
1186:ended in 1525 with the
1040:passed to the House of
673:Jagiellonian University
636:Grand Duke of Lithuania
453:Albert, Duke of Prussia
431:in Bohemia and then to
358:Grand Duke of Lithuania
61:Grand Duke of Lithuania
4361:Polish Roman Catholics
4291:Augustus II the Strong
4208:Władysław III of Varna
4092:Dukes of Little Poland
3997:Władysław II the Exile
3952:Casimir I the Restorer
3946:Bolesław the Forgotten
3681:Augustus II the Strong
3012:artinpoland.weebly.com
2913:Slavonic encyclopaedia
2647:"Tarnowski, Jan"
2628:Soloviev (1976), p. 78
2619:Soloviev (1976), p. 60
2583:Soloviev (1976), p. 59
2565:Soloviev (1976), p. 55
2556:Soloviev (1976), p. 54
1619:
1528:As one of the Magi by
1395:
1300:
1269:Renaissance and legacy
1259:Protestant Reformation
1179:
1097:Henry, Duke of Orléans
1065:Franco-Polish alliance
1014:
912:
874:
793:
777:
736:unusquisque qui vellet
711:
679:
564:
511:, which developed the
345:
337:
4351:People from Kozienice
4233:Sigismund II Augustus
4203:Władysław II Jagiełło
4180:Louis I the Hungarian
4162:Casimir III the Great
4057:Bolesław V the Chaste
4032:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
4002:Bolesław IV the Curly
3972:Bolesław III Wrymouth
3879:Piast the Wheelwright
3686:Stanisław Leszczyński
3646:Anna the Jagiellonian
3605:Sigismund II Augustus
3571:Sigismund Kęstutaitis
3344:Monarchs of Lithuania
3303:Sigismund II Augustus
3278:Sigismund II Augustus
3267:Sigismund II Augustus
3251:Alexander I Jagiellon
3148:. Pearson Education.
1707:Katarzyna Telniczanka
1684:(d. 12 December 1586)
1662:Sigismund II Augustus
1617:
1471:Sigismund II Augustus
1385:
1294:
1275:Renaissance in Poland
1273:Further information:
1176:Albrecht Hohenzollern
1164:
1119:Janusz III of Masovia
1008:
991:Further information:
907:
891:Grand Duchy of Moscow
865:
856:Further information:
765:
758:Chicken War Rebellion
748:Council of Four Lands
706:
670:
551:
459:successors would pay
386:Sigismund II Augustus
374:Alexander I Jagiellon
346:Žygimantas II Senasis
250:Sigismund II Augustus
103:Sigismund II Augustus
4386:Jagiellonian dynasty
4276:John II Casimir Vasa
4195:Jagiellonian dynasty
4157:Władysław I Łokietek
3957:Bolesław II the Bold
3930:Bolesław I the Brave
3710:Kingdom of Lithuania
3691:August III the Saxon
3666:John II Casimir Vasa
3371:Kingdom of Lithuania
3217:Sigismund I the Old
3194:"Sigismund I."
2972:www.wilanow-palac.pl
2936:on 22 December 2010.
2888:LACONA 6 proceedings
2769:www.wilanow-palac.pl
2515:yivoencyclopedia.org
2106:Elizabeth of Austria
2048:Albert II of Germany
1984:Sigismund I the Old
1678:Queen Anna of Poland
1576:Bartolommeo Berrecci
1515:Marcello Bacciarelli
1437:Death and succession
1427:Royal Sigismund Bell
1325:Francesco Fiorentino
1321:Bartholommeo Berecci
1309:Gian Galeazzo Sforza
784:widely known as the
740:electio Regis libera
709:Giovanni Maria Mosca
675:, 1535. Painting by
609:invasion of Moldavia
569:Casimir IV Jagiellon
528:Gian Galeazzo Sforza
427:as the successor to
409:Elizabeth of Austria
362:Jagiellonian dynasty
300:Elisabeth of Austria
290:Casimir IV of Poland
4228:Sigismund I the Old
4172:Capet-Anjou dynasty
4062:Leszek II the Black
4052:Bolesław the Horned
4012:Casimir II the Just
4007:Mieszko III the Old
3641:Henry III of Valois
3600:Sigismund I the Old
3479:House of Gediminids
3189:Bain, Robert Nisbet
3119:Soloviev, Sergei M.
2873:www.krakow-info.com
2753:. 20 February 2018.
1720:(1519–1536) and of
1610:Marriages and issue
1598:Sigismund I the Old
1483:Catherine Jagiellon
1299:made in around 1553
1117:After the death of
1069:Francis I of France
921:Konstanty Ostrogski
767:Chicken War in 1537
489:Polish architecture
429:George of Poděbrady
415:instead became the
376:. He was nicknamed
330:Sigismund I the Old
80:24 January 1507 in
35:Sigismund I the Old
4266:Sigismund III Vasa
4117:Dukes of Pomerania
4047:Henry II the Pious
3962:Władysław I Herman
3940:Mieszko II Lambert
3790:Monarchs of Poland
3656:Sigismund III Vasa
3581:House of Jagiellon
3455:House of Mindaugas
3412:House of Mindaugas
3380:House of Mindaugas
3222:House of Jagiellon
2953:. 17 October 2017.
2485:"Statut ormiański"
2458:Michał Rzeczycki.
2371:on 14 January 2012
1926:Sophia of Halshany
1692:John III of Sweden
1620:
1580:Sigismund's Chapel
1410:, and serves as a
1396:
1377:Niepołomice Castle
1313:Polish Renaissance
1301:
1279:Sigismund's Chapel
1227:Treaty of Bromberg
1194:. Previously, the
1180:
1052:in the disastrous
1019:Holy Roman Emperor
1015:
973:Jan Amor Tarnowski
913:
910:Polish Army Museum
875:
778:
752:Abraham of Bohemia
712:
680:
638:, contrary to the
565:
505:Polish Renaissance
473:Jan Amor Tarnowski
465:Treaty of Bromberg
4328:
4327:
4286:John III Sobieski
4271:Władysław IV Vasa
4243:Elective monarchy
4127:Přemyslid dynasty
4042:Henry the Bearded
3756:
3755:
3738:
3737:
3704:
3703:
3676:John III Sobieski
3661:Ladislaus IV Vasa
3619:Polish–Lithuanian
3613:
3612:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3511:
3436:House of Monomakh
3397:
3396:
3312:
3311:
3287:
3275:Succeeded by
3155:978-0-582-21891-8
3083:978-1-138-56239-4
2995:. 29 August 2014.
2897:978-3-540-72129-1
2437:wielkahistoria.pl
2327:"Zygmunt I Stary"
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
1497:Portraits and art
1151:border skirmishes
1147:Khanate of Crimea
946:Polish–Lithuanian
771:Henryk Rodakowski
754:in charge of it.
658:Internal politics
509:Polish Golden Age
433:Matthias Corvinus
327:
326:
16:(Redirected from
4403:
4102:Dukes of Kuyavia
4097:Dukes of Masovia
4082:Dukes of Silesia
4067:Henryk IV Probus
4027:Władysław Odonic
4017:Leszek the White
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3715:
3714:
3628:
3627:
3590:Casimir Jagellon
3546:
3534:
3522:
3505:
3408:
3407:
3376:
3375:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3281:
3248:Preceded by
3238:
3231:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3177:
3159:
3140:
3128:
3114:
3112:
3087:
3068:
3050:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2702:
2687:
2686:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2638:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2464:polishhistory.pl
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2359:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2298:
2292:
2200:Barbara of Celje
1761:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1594:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1538:
1535:
1525:
1510:
1485:and her husband
1337:Bernardo Morando
1251:Prussian Landtag
1190:after the final
1188:Treaty of Kraków
1184:Teutonic Knights
1157:Teutonic Knights
1123:Duchy of Masovia
1054:Battle of Mohács
997:Duchy of Masovia
950:siege of Polotsk
847:Foreign politics
827:Incompatibilitas
775:Lwów High Castle
640:Union of Mielnik
607:brother, led an
445:Duchy of Mazovia
443:and annexed the
323:
260:Anna I of Poland
228:
210:
208:
184:
182:
132:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4376:Dukes of Głogów
4366:Kings of Poland
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4310:
4261:Stephen Báthory
4251:Henry of Valois
4237:
4189:
4166:
4142:
4121:
3983:
3976:
3911:
3883:
3792:
3787:
3757:
3752:
3734:
3700:
3651:Stephen Báthory
3621:
3609:
3575:
3473:
3449:
3430:
3393:
3365:
3364:
3345:
3342:
3299:
3297:
3280:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3184:
3175:
3156:
3137:
3084:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3047:Mickūnaitė 2006
3045:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3004:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2890:. p. 125.
2884:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2848:"STRONA GŁÓWNA"
2846:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2785:. 14 June 2014.
2781:
2780:
2776:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2703:
2690:
2683:
2675:. CUP Archive.
2669:
2668:
2661:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2357:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2314:Nowakowska 2019
2312:
2301:
2295:Nowakowska 2019
2293:
2278:
2273:
2251:
2246:
1749:
1718:Bishop of Wilno
1682:Stephen Báthory
1624:Barbara Zápolya
1612:
1605:
1595:
1586:
1584:Wawel Cathedral
1572:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1499:
1491:John II Casimir
1439:
1404:Wawel Cathedral
1289:
1271:
1247:Prussian Homage
1233:, converted to
1167:Prussian Homage
1159:
1104:Battle of Pavia
1003:
1001:Neapolitan sums
989:
965:Jerzy Radziwiłł
929:Battle of Orsha
868:Battle of Orsha
860:
854:
852:War with Moscow
849:
760:
665:
660:
652:Wawel Cathedral
587:became king of
546:
524:Barbara Zápolya
455:, and Albert's
417:King of Bohemia
338:Zygmunt I Stary
310:Catholic Church
269:
222:
221:
213:
212:
209: 1517)
204:
200:
197:
196:
186:
178:
174:
171:
169:Barbara Zápolya
153:
150:Wawel Cathedral
147:
134:
130:
117:
82:Wawel Cathedral
59:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4409:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:Dukes of Opava
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Anna Jagiellon
4253:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:Wenceslaus III
4136:
4131:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3988:
3986:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3889:Proto-historic
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3745:Titular rulers
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3724:
3722:
3719:House of Urach
3712:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3512:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3294:King of Poland
3289:
3288:
3276:
3273:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:Regnal titles
3240:
3239:
3230:1 January 1467
3219:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3183:
3182:External links
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3160:
3154:
3141:
3136:978-0875690667
3135:
3115:
3088:
3082:
3069:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:, p. 209.
3036:
3034:, p. 174.
3024:
3006:Marcin Latka.
2998:
2977:
2956:
2939:
2921:
2903:
2896:
2878:
2857:
2839:
2835:Ostrowski 1992
2827:
2824:. 13 May 2023.
2809:
2788:
2774:
2756:
2738:
2724:
2717:
2688:
2681:
2659:
2644:, ed. (1911).
2642:Chisholm, Hugh
2630:
2621:
2612:
2605:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2546:
2527:
2502:
2476:
2450:
2423:
2416:
2394:
2382:
2344:
2318:
2299:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2260:Zygmunt (bell)
2257:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
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2209:
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2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
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2059:
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2050:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
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1930:
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1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
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1902:
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1744:
1743:
1736:
1725:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1530:Joos van Cleve
1527:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1438:
1435:
1283:Sigismund Bell
1270:
1267:
1263:military order
1158:
1155:
1089:Antonio Rincon
1073:Central Europe
1050:Ottoman Empire
988:
985:
975:and allies at
889:to attack the
858:Muscovite Wars
853:
850:
848:
845:
814:levée en masse
759:
756:
664:
661:
659:
656:
562:Albrecht Dürer
545:
542:
475:also defeated
390:Duke of Głogów
382:historiography
325:
324:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
287:
283:
282:
277:
271:
270:
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262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
229:
215:
214:
202:
198:
192:
191:
190:
189:
176:
172:
167:
166:
165:
164:
161:
159:
155:
154:
148:
144:
140:
139:
133:(aged 81)
127:
123:
122:
116:1 January 1467
114:
110:
109:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
78:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
57:King of Poland
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4408:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:John I Albert
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4149:Piast dynasty
4145:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Wenceslaus II
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3982:Fragmentation
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3917:Piast dynasty
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:as sole ruler
3279:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3176:
3174:83-221-0621-1
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:. Routledge.
3075:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3057:Cited sources
3048:
3043:
3041:
3033:
3032:Pastrnak 2018
3028:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2720:
2718:9780871691613
2714:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2682:9781001288024
2678:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2625:
2616:
2608:
2606:0-8014-3798-9
2602:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2417:83-08-02577-3
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2390:Ludwik Finkel
2386:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2297:, p. xi.
2296:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1737:
1735:(d. 1556/59);
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:House of Vasa
1476:
1475:Sigismund III
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Martin Luther
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
958:Saint Casimir
955:
951:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:Meñli I Giray
884:
880:
873:
869:
864:
859:
844:
842:
841:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
809:
805:
803:
802:Lesser Poland
799:
795:
794:Wojna kokosza
791:
787:
783:
776:
772:
768:
764:
755:
753:
749:
743:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
720:
718:
710:
705:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:
678:
674:
669:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
625:Lower Lusatia
622:
618:
614:
613:Vladislaus II
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
559:
558:Vladislaus II
555:
550:
541:
539:
538:
533:
532:Duke of Milan
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:in 1531, and
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:in 1657 when
466:
462:
461:feudal homage
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Ducal Prussia
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Vladislaus II
410:
406:
401:
399:
398:Vladislaus II
395:
394:Duke of Opava
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:John I Albert
367:
364:, the son of
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
322:
318:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
284:
281:
278:
276:
272:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
227:
226:
220:
216:
195:
188:
187:
170:
163:
162:
160:
156:
151:
145:
141:
137:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4318:
4301:Augustus III
4227:
4078:
3989:
3944:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3748:
3729:Mindaugas II
3727:
3623:Commonwealth
3599:
3306:
3300:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3237:1 April 1548
3234:
3227:
3220:
3198:
3164:
3145:
3124:
3100:
3096:
3073:
3064:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3011:
3001:
2992:
2971:
2934:the original
2924:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2887:
2881:
2872:
2851:
2842:
2837:, p. 47
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2727:
2707:
2671:
2651:
2624:
2615:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2488:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2436:
2426:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2385:
2375:10 September
2373:. Retrieved
2366:the original
2361:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2330:
2321:
2316:, p. x.
1983:
1724:(1536–1538);
1700:
1656:John Zápolya
1642:
1621:
1597:
1468:
1451:vivente rege
1450:
1440:
1397:
1386:
1359:overlooking
1353:Wawel Castle
1318:
1302:
1287:Wawel Castle
1216:
1181:
1165:
1144:
1140:tuberculosis
1116:
1112:John Zápolya
1101:
1093:Jerome Laski
1058:
1022:Maximilian I
1016:
981:Livonian War
962:
954:patron saint
914:
876:
870:in 1514, by
840:vivente rege
838:
835:
812:
810:
806:
779:
766:
744:
739:
735:
731:
729:
721:
717:Wawel castle
713:
689:
683:
681:
629:
605:
566:
556:and brother
554:Maximilian I
537:vivente rege
535:
521:
438:
402:
377:
329:
328:
223:
131:(1548-04-01)
129:1 April 1548
46:Portrait by
29:
4346:1548 deaths
4341:1467 births
4296:Stanisław I
4072:Przemysł II
3634:(1569–1795)
3583:(1440–1569)
3566:Švitrigaila
3481:(1285–1440)
3457:(1269–1285)
3438:(1267–1269)
3414:(1263–1267)
3382:(1236–1263)
3307:(1530–1548)
3271:(1529–1548)
3103:: 174–193.
2751:przekroj.pl
2491:(in Polish)
2439:(in Polish)
1645:Bona Sforza
1602:Jan Matejko
1537: 1520
1423:Renaissance
1393:Jan Matejko
1333:Mateo Gucci
1305:Renaissance
1235:Lutheranism
1221:and turned
1219:secularized
1172:Jan Matejko
1136:Jan Długosz
1011:Bona Sforza
786:Chicken War
677:Jan Matejko
619:(1499) and
577:John Albert
501:Bona Sforza
392:from 1499,
194:Bona Sforza
146:7 July 1548
93:Alexander I
89:Predecessor
50:, 1511-1518
4335:Categories
4213:Casimir IV
3856:Leszko III
3488:Butigeidis
3426:Vaišvilkas
3017:18 January
2804:www.zum.de
2520:19 January
2495:19 January
2469:19 January
2443:19 January
2337:19 January
1742:(d. 1544).
1447:rheumatism
1445:and acute
1369:quadrangle
1365:cloistered
1345:Hans Dürer
1255:Königsberg
1110:with King
1067:with King
937:propaganda
933:Kievan Rus
879:Vasili III
872:Hans Krell
690:Nihil novi
685:Nihil novi
585:Vladislaus
519:banknote.
457:Protestant
366:Casimir IV
342:Lithuanian
76:Coronation
4223:Alexander
4147:Restored
4079:See also:
3925:Mieszko I
3907:Siemomysł
3874:Chościsko
3869:Popiel II
3849:Leszko II
3821:Krakus II
3798:Legendary
3595:Alexander
3556:Skirgaila
3503:Gediminas
3469:Daumantas
3464:Traidenis
3389:Mindaugas
3298:1506–1548
3262:1506–1548
2331:dzieje.pl
1658:(d. 1540)
1604:, c. 1880
1477:from the
1464:influenza
1412:mausoleum
1204:Pomerania
1131:Stanisław
1114:in 1528.
1077:Charles V
1061:Habsburgs
983:in 1558.
725:Armenians
581:Alexander
405:Kozienice
380:in later
378:"the Old"
316:Signature
280:Jagiellon
119:Kozienice
99:Successor
4037:Konrad I
3967:Zbigniew
3897:Siemowit
3863:Popiel I
3842:Leszko I
3814:Krakus I
3561:Vytautas
3544:Kęstutis
3520:Algirdas
3515:Jaunutis
3493:Butvydas
3421:Treniota
3191:(1911).
2489:muzhp.pl
2249:See also
1747:Ancestry
1703:mistress
1408:Florence
1361:Old Town
1223:de facto
1174:, 1882.
1046:Louis II
1042:Habsburg
977:Starodub
967:and the
895:Smolensk
831:magnates
819:Moldavia
750:and put
644:Piotrków
497:language
477:Moldavia
306:Religion
152:, Kraków
138:, Poland
121:, Poland
84:, Kraków
48:Kulmbach
4319:Italics
4185:Jadwiga
3935:Bezprym
3828:Lech II
3749:italics
3747:are in
3632:Elected
3532:Jogaila
3498:Vytenis
1733:Cieszyn
1729:Starost
1701:By his
1672:Henry V
1349:Germans
1243:Prussia
1212:Masuria
1200:Livonia
1038:Hungary
1034:Bohemia
925:Severia
883:Muscovy
732:viritim
698:serfdom
632:Vilnius
597:Croatia
593:Hungary
589:Bohemia
493:cuisine
485:Muscovy
481:Obertyn
469:Prussia
425:Croatia
421:Hungary
275:Dynasty
225:more...
211:
203:
199:
185:
177:
173:
3984:period
3902:Lestek
3807:Lech I
3721:(1918)
3549:family
3537:family
3525:family
3508:family
3445:Shvarn
3233:
3171:
3165:Cracow
3152:
3133:
3080:
2894:
2715:
2679:
2603:
2414:
1722:Poznań
1460:litter
1420:Tuscan
1285:, and
1208:Warmia
1127:Warsaw
1009:Queen
999:, and
987:Europe
969:Tatars
798:rokosz
790:Polish
648:Kraków
617:Głogów
595:, and
449:Warsaw
354:Poland
334:Polish
296:Mother
286:Father
158:Spouse
143:Burial
136:Kraków
3835:Wanda
3301:with
3265:with
3235:Died:
3228:Born:
2539:[
2406:[
2369:(PDF)
2358:(PDF)
1391:, by
1329:Santi
1170:, by
1085:Milan
823:tithe
621:Opava
517:złoty
447:with
219:Issue
205:(
201:
179:(
175:
67:Reign
3169:ISBN
3150:ISBN
3131:ISBN
3078:ISBN
3019:2016
2892:ISBN
2713:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2522:2024
2497:2024
2471:2024
2445:2024
2412:ISBN
2377:2021
2362:UMCS
2339:2024
2198:15.
2140:14.
2078:13.
2020:12.
1956:11.
1898:10.
1456:mead
1443:gout
1416:dome
1357:hill
1343:and
1331:and
1210:and
1125:and
1036:and
941:Rome
782:Lwów
694:Sejm
579:and
571:and
507:and
423:and
372:and
356:and
350:King
126:Died
113:Born
3105:doi
2166:7.
2104:3.
2046:6.
1982:1.
1924:5.
1862:2.
1836:9.
1804:4.
1778:8.
1731:of
1714:Jan
1600:by
1402:at
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479:at
352:of
4337::
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3101:22
3099:.
3095:.
3039:^
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2991:.
2980:^
2970:.
2959:^
2942:^
2871:.
2860:^
2850:.
2820:.
2802:.
2791:^
2767:.
2749:.
2691:^
2662:^
2650:.
2633:^
2549:^
2513:.
2487:.
2462:.
2435:.
2360:.
2329:.
2302:^
2279:^
1705:,
1582:,
1578:,
1534:c.
1532:,
1493:.
1433:.
1339:,
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901:.
804:.
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2875:.
2854:.
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2771:.
2735:.
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332:(
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