2698:. The lower part of the press contains a V-shaped groove called the die. The upper part of the press contains a punch that presses the sheet metal down into the v-shaped die, causing it to bend. There are several techniques used, but the most common modern method is "air bending". Here, the die has a sharper angle than the required bend (typically 85 degrees for a 90 degree bend) and the upper tool is precisely controlled in its stroke to push the metal down the required amount to bend it through 90 degrees. Typically, a general purpose machine has an available bending force of around 25 tons per meter of length. The opening width of the lower die is typically 8 to 10 times the thickness of the metal to be bent (for example, 5 mm material could be bent in a 40 mm die). The inner radius of the bend formed in the metal is determined not by the radius of the upper tool, but by the lower die width. Typically, the inner radius is equal to 1/6 of the V-width used in the forming process.
228:" later as manufacturers of the period did not use the term. The popularity of both shingles and ceilings encouraged widespread production. With further advances of steel sheet metal production in the 1890s, the promise of being cheap, durable, easy to install, lightweight and fireproof gave the middle-class a significant appetite for sheet metal products. It was not until the 1930s and WWII that metals became scarce and the sheet metal industry began to collapse. However, some American companies, such as the W.F. Norman Corporation, were able to stay in business by making other products until
2497:
49:
31:
2683:
2892:, splicing, etc. to make the final product we want (such as computer chassis, washing machine shells, refrigerator door panels, etc.), we generally called sheet metal fabrication. The academic community currently has no uniform definition, but this process has a common feature of the process is that the material is generally a thin sheet, and will not change the thickness of most of the material of the part.
2763:
382:
219:
Hand-hammered metal sheets have been used since ancient times for architectural purposes. Water-powered rolling mills replaced the manual process in the late 17th century. The process of flattening metal sheets required large rotating iron cylinders which pressed metal pieces into sheets. The metals
2863:
The process of using an
English wheel is called wheeling. It is basically a metal working or metal forming process. An English wheel is used by a craftsperson to form compound curves from a flat sheet of metal of aluminium or steel. It is costly, as highly skilled labour is required. It can produce
2720:
Punching is performed by placing the sheet of metal stock between a punch and a die mounted in a press. The punch and die are made of hardened steel and are the same shape. The punch is sized to be a very close fit in the die. The press pushes the punch against and into the die with enough force to
2466:
The curling process is used to form an edge on a ring. This process is used to remove sharp edges. It also increases the moment of inertia near the curled end. The flare/burr should be turned away from the die. It is used to curl a material of specific thickness. Tool steel is generally used due to
2732:
has a choice of up to 60 tools in a "turret" that can be rotated to bring any tool to the punching position. A simple shape (e.g. a square, circle, or hexagon) is cut directly from the sheet. A complex shape can be cut out by making many square or rounded cuts around the perimeter. A punch is less
2705:
to position depth of the bend along the workpiece. The backgauge can be computer controlled to allow the operator to make a series of bends in a component to a high degree of accuracy. Simple machines control only the backstop, more advanced machines control the position and angle of the stop, its
367:
For forming limit curves of materials aluminium, mild steel and brass. Theoretical analysis is carried out by deriving governing equations for determining of equivalent stress and equivalent strain based on the bulging to be spherical and Tresca's yield criterion with the associated flow rule. For
2534:
and then stretching the sheet open in accordion-like fashion. It is used in applications where air and water flow are desired as well as when light weight is desired at cost of a solid flat surface. A similar process is used in other materials such as paper to create a low cost packing paper with
1873:
process the rollers bow slightly, which results in the sheets being thinner on the edges. The tolerances in the table and attachments reflect current manufacturing practices and commercial standards and are not representative of the
Manufacturer's Standard Gauge, which has no inherent tolerances.
435:
Use of gauge numbers to designate sheet metal thickness is discouraged by numerous international standards organizations. For example, ASTM states in specification ASTM A480-10a: "The use of gauge number is discouraged as being an archaic term of limited usefulness not having general agreement on
2632:
CNC laser involves moving a lens assembly carrying a beam of laser light over the surface of the metal. Oxygen, nitrogen or air is fed through the same nozzle from which the laser beam exits. The metal is heated and burnt by the laser beam, cutting the metal sheet. The quality of the edge can be
2655:
Photochemical machining, also known as photo etching, is a tightly controlled corrosion process which is used to produce complex metal parts from sheet metal with very fine detail. The photo etching process involves photo sensitive polymer being applied to a raw metal sheet. Using CAD designed
439:
Manufacturers' Standard Gauge for Sheet Steel is based on an average density of 41.82 lb per square foot per inch thick, equivalent to 501.84 pounds per cubic foot (8,038.7 kg/m). Gauge is defined differently for ferrous (iron-based) and non-ferrous metals (e.g. aluminium and brass).
363:
In sheet hydroforming, variation in incoming sheet coil properties is a common problem for forming process, especially with materials for automotive applications. Even though incoming sheet coil may meet tensile test specifications, high rejection rate is often observed in production due to
2609:
Ironing is a sheet metal working or sheet metal forming process. It uniformly thins the workpiece in a specific area. This is a very useful process. It is used to produce a uniform wall thickness part with a high height-to-diameter ratio. It is used in making aluminium beverage cans.
443:
The gauge thicknesses shown in column 2 (U.S. standard sheet and plate iron and steel decimal inch (mm)) seem somewhat arbitrary. The progression of thicknesses is clear in column 3 (U.S. standard for sheet and plate iron and steel 64ths inch (delta)). The thicknesses vary first by
155:
process is adopted as needed to prevent it from rusting due to constant exposure to the outdoors. Sometimes a layer of color coating is applied to the surface of the cold-rolled sheet to obtain a decorative and protective metal sheet, generally called a color-coated metal sheet.
2706:
height and the position of the two reference pegs used to locate the material. The machine can also record the exact position and pressure required for each bending operation to allow the operator to achieve a perfect 90 degree bend across a variety of operations on the part.
96:) metals and nonferrous metals such as aluminum or copper. Copper thickness, for example, is measured in ounces, representing the weight of copper contained in an area of one square foot. Parts manufactured from sheet metal must maintain a uniform thickness for ideal results.
2628:
up to very large powered shears. With the advances in technology, sheet metal cutting has turned to computers for precise cutting. Many sheet metal cutting operations are based on computer numerically controlled (CNC) laser cutting or multi-tool CNC punch press.
2579:
to the workpiece or to a bladder that is in contact with the workpiece, rather than by the movable part of a die in a mechanical or hydraulic press. Unlike deep drawing, hydroforming usually does not involve draw reductionsβthe piece is formed in a single step.
2512:, etc. Deep drawing is generally done in multiple steps called draw reductions. The greater the depth, the more reductions are required. Deep drawing may also be accomplished with fewer reductions by heating the workpiece, for example in sink manufacture.
2594:
Incremental sheet forming or ISF forming process is basically sheet metal working or sheet metal forming process. In this case, sheet is formed into final shape by a series of processes in which small incremental deformation can be done in each series.
364:
inconsistent material behavior. Thus there is a strong need for a discriminating method for testing incoming sheet material formability. The hydraulic sheet bulge test emulates biaxial deformation conditions commonly seen in production operations.
2826:
Stamping includes a variety of operations such as punching, blanking, embossing, bending, flanging, and coining; simple or complex shapes can be formed at high production rates; tooling and equipment costs can be high, but labor costs are low.
397:. In particular, it does not explain the difference among the various gauge standards like Manufacturers' Standard Gauge, Standard Decimal Gauge, U.S. Standard Gauge, Birmingham Gage and British Standard Gauge and their appropriate application.
2725:, a coil of stock is fed into a long die/punch set with many stages. Multiple simple shaped holes may be produced in one stage, but complex holes are created in multiple stages. In the final stage, the part is punched free from the "web".
294:
is widely used in sheet metal form due to its flexibility, wide range of options, cost effectiveness, and other properties. The four most common aluminium grades available as sheet metal are 1100-H14, 3003-H14, 5052-H32, and 6061-T6.
2782:
Rolling is metal working or metal forming process. In this method, stock passes through one or more pair of rolls to reduce thickness. It is used to make thickness uniform. It is classified according to its temperature of rolling:
2633:
mirror smooth and a precision of around 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) can be obtained. Cutting speeds on thin 1.2 mm (0.047 in) sheet can be as high as 25 m (82 ft) per minute. Most laser cutting systems use a CO
2812:). Rollers or rigid tools press the stock against the form, stretching it until the stock takes the shape of the form. Spinning is used to make rocket motor casings, missile nose cones, satellite dishes and metal kitchen funnels.
2481:
It is a metal working process of removing camber, the horizontal bend, from a strip shaped material. It may be done to a finite length section or coils. It resembles flattening of leveling process, but on a deformed edge.
351:
is a common heat-treated structural aluminium alloy. It is weldable, corrosion resistant, and stronger than 5052, but not as formable. It loses some of its strength when welded. It is used in modern aircraft structures.
2848:
A water jet cutter, also known as a waterjet, is a tool capable of a controlled erosion into metal or other materials using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure, or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance.
282:
Grade 430 is a popular grade, low-cost alternative to series 300's grades. This is used when high corrosion resistance is not a primary criterion. Common grade for appliance products, often with a brushed finish.
487:
Some steel tubes are manufactured by folding a single steel sheet into a square/circle and welding the seam together. Their wall thickness has a similar (but distinct) gauge to the thickness of steel sheets.
3178:
Baptiste, R., Clark, D.L. and Matin, P., 2017, June. Designing a Strain
Measurement System based on Circle Grid Analysis for Sheet Metal Forming Applications. In 2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition.
2515:
In many cases, material is rolled at the mill in both directions to aid in deep drawing. This leads to a more uniform grain structure which limits tearing and is referred to as "draw quality" material.
88:
In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in millimeters. In the U.S., the thickness of sheet metal is commonly specified by a traditional, non-linear measure known as its
340:
Grade 5052-H32 is much stronger than 3003 while still maintaining good formability. It maintains high corrosion resistance and weldability. Common applications include electronic chassis, tanks, and
2670:
Perforating is a cutting process that punches multiple small holes close together in a flat workpiece. Perforated sheet metal is used to make a wide variety of surface cutting tools, such as the
2423:
224:." Sheet metals appeared in the United States in the 1870s, being used for shingle roofing, stamped ornamental ceilings, and exterior façades. Sheet metal ceilings were only popularly known as "
2733:
flexible than a laser for cutting compound shapes, but faster for repetitive shapes (for example, the grille of an air-conditioning unit). A CNC punch can achieve 600 strokes per minute.
360:
Brass is an alloy of copper, which is widely used as a sheet metal. It has more strength, corrosion resistance and formability when compared to copper while retaining its conductivity.
220:
suited for this were lead, copper, zinc, iron and later steel. Tin was often used to coat iron and steel sheets to prevent it from rusting. This tin-coated sheet metal was called "
2553:
Hemming is a process of folding the edge of sheet metal onto itself to reinforce that edge. Seaming is a process of folding two sheets of metal together to form a joint.
3397:"The influence of the laser and plasma traverse cutting speed process parameter on the cut-edge characteristics and durability of Yellow Goods vehicle applications"
2508:. In deep drawing the depth of the part being made is more than half its diameter. Deep drawing is used for making automotive fuel tanks, kitchen sinks, two-piece
2568:
92:. The larger the gauge number, the thinner the metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 7 gauge. Gauge differs between ferrous (
3358:
3562:
3660:
309:
Grade 3003-H14 is stronger than 1100, while maintaining the same formability and low cost. It is corrosion resistant and weldable. It is often used in
211:. Sheet metal workers are also known as "tin bashers" (or "tin knockers"), a name derived from the hammering of panel seams when installing tin roofs.
3190:"ASTM A480/A480M-13b Standard Specification for General Requirements for Flat-Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip"
3052:
3547:
3622:
2736:
A typical component (such as the side of a computer case) can be cut to high precision from a blank sheet in under 15 seconds by either a
2656:
photo-tools as stencils, the metal is exposed to UV light to leave a design pattern, which is developed and etched from the metal sheet.
3004:
3275:
3104:
81:
Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by running a continuous sheet of metal through a
3653:
3531:
3035:
3581:
3163:
2370:
2966:
3315:
260:
Grade 316 possesses more corrosion resistance and strength at elevated temperatures than 304. It is commonly used for
183:
for buildings (architecture), and many other applications. Sheet metal of iron and other materials with high magnetic
3646:
3615:
3512:
3122:
2998:
2754:
A continuous bending operation for producing open profiles or welded tubes with long lengths or in large quantities.
422:
17:
3193:
2721:
cut a hole in the stock. In some cases the punch and die "nest" together to create a depression in the stock. In
184:
302:
and weldable, but has low strength. It is commonly used in chemical processing equipment, light reflectors, and
298:
Grade 1100-H14 is commercially pure aluminium, highly chemical and weather resistant. It is ductile enough for
3351:
3566:
2808:
Spinning is used to make tubular (axis-symmetric) parts by fixing a piece of sheet stock to a rotating form (
3973:
3674:
3608:
2530:
Expanding is a process of cutting or stamping slits in alternating pattern much like the stretcher bond in
2567:
Hydroforming is a process that is analogous to deep drawing, in that the part is formed by stretching the
74:, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate, such as plate steel, a class of
245:
Grade 304 is the most common of the three grades. It offers good corrosion resistance while maintaining
2926:
275:
stainless steel, but it has a lower corrosion resistance than the other grades. It is commonly used in
180:
3595:
2589:
2437:
3890:
3731:
400:
3942:
3761:
3736:
3726:
3499:
2858:
2821:
2650:
310:
2831:
143:). These metal sheets are processed through different processing technologies, mainly including
3968:
3786:
3781:
3721:
3716:
3670:
2873:
2771:
2691:
2604:
2461:
2360:
1870:
318:
168:
3219:
2864:
different panels by the same method. A stamping press is used for high numbers in production.
2988:
2937:
229:
152:
3771:
3271:
2921:
2722:
2694:
used to produce long, thin sheet metal parts. The machine that bends the metal is called a
2576:
2525:
348:
8:
2572:
2544:
2505:
392:
326:
3108:
2641:; some more recent systems use a YAG based laser with a wavelength of around 1 ΞΌm.
2496:
3541:
2548:
268:, chemical equipment, and marine applications. Available finishes are #2B, #3, and #4.
176:
2777:
188:
3917:
3912:
3847:
3741:
3690:
3527:
3508:
3416:
3031:
2994:
2909:
2793:
Warm rolling: In this temperature is used is in between Hot rolling and cold rolling.
89:
41:
36:
3504:
3408:
2901:
2885:
2843:
404:
334:
196:
75:
3396:
48:
3822:
3766:
3412:
3319:
3167:
3160:
341:
164:
3524:
Building
Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II
2872:
The use of sheet metal, through a comprehensive cold working process, including
3870:
3791:
2803:
314:
3246:
2575:. The force required is generated by the direct application of extremely high
3962:
3865:
3860:
3420:
2932:
2881:
2737:
2619:
368:
experimentation circular grid analysis is one of the most effective methods.
272:
254:
82:
3053:"Historic Decorative Metal Ceilings and Walls: Use, Repair, and Replacement"
2504:
Drawing is a forming process in which the metal is stretched over a form or
2448:
are the length and thickness of the sheet metal, respectively. The variable
3801:
3756:
3631:
2749:
2729:
2562:
2509:
2491:
330:
299:
225:
160:
144:
99:
There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such as
67:
30:
3189:
2947:
2942:
2790:
Cold rolling: In this temperature is below recrystallisation temperature.
2695:
2665:
2476:
250:
246:
200:
192:
148:
66:
Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are considered
2787:
Hot rolling: in this temperature is above recrystallisation temperature.
3937:
3932:
3695:
2702:
2432:
is a factor taking into account several parameters including friction.
322:
208:
207:, and sheet metal continues to have many decorative uses, including in
71:
3028:
Cheap, Quick, & Easy: Imitative
Architectural Materials, 1870-1930
3927:
3922:
3855:
3832:
3746:
2625:
2531:
291:
100:
2990:
Wobblies, pile butts, and other heroes : laborlore explorations
2682:
3776:
2877:
2715:
221:
172:
140:
136:
124:
3947:
3907:
3885:
3880:
3837:
3817:
3796:
3751:
2809:
2671:
303:
276:
204:
63:
formed into thin, flat pieces, usually by an industrial process.
3875:
3600:
2624:
Sheet metal can be cut in various ways, from hand tools called
454:
inch in higher thicknesses and then step down to increments of
257:
are #2B, #3, and #4. Grade 303 is not available in sheet form.
128:
120:
108:
3827:
2905:
2889:
2762:
265:
112:
104:
60:
2834:
have low tooling and equipment costs, but high labor costs.
2638:
261:
132:
127:. For decorative uses, some important sheet metals include
93:
2365:
The equation for estimating the maximum bending force is,
2900:
Fasteners that are commonly used on sheet metal include:
116:
3030:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 31.
474:
inch, with the final increments at decimal fractions of
3668:
2637:
based laser source with a wavelength of around 10
199:. Historically, an important use of sheet metal was in
232:
projects aided the revival of ornamental sheet metal.
2373:
2993:. Urbana u.a.: Univ. of Illinois Press. p. 20.
2535:
better supportive properties than flat paper alone.
2418:{\displaystyle F_{\text{max}}=k{\frac {TLt^{2}}{W}}}
2417:
3325:Standard gauge for sheet and plate iron and steel
3960:
3274:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
3591:. Sachiya Steel International. September 2023.
52:Microscopic close-up of mild steel sheet metal
3654:
3616:
3334:
3332:
2583:
2452:is the open width of a V-die or wiping die.
403:. There might be a discussion about this on
139:(platinum sheet metal is also utilized as a
3295:
3293:
3661:
3647:
3623:
3609:
3546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3123:"Sustainability of Aluminium in Buildings"
2867:
2644:
3329:
3107:. precisionsheetmetal.com. Archived from
423:Learn how and when to remove this message
3596:Milestones in the History of Sheet Metal
3497:Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D. (2004).
3290:
3148:Central Steel & Wire Company Catalog
2761:
2681:
2495:
47:
29:
3269:
3025:
2967:"Design Guide: Sheet Metal Fabrication"
2214:Stainless steel sheet metal tolerances
14:
3961:
3563:"Manufacturers Standard Gauge History"
3394:
3352:"ASTM-AISI Thickness Tolerance Ranges"
3099:
3097:
2929:, also known as Corrugated Sheet Metal
2830:Alternatively, the related techniques
2677:
2538:
2467:the amount of wear done by operation.
3642:
3604:
3565:. Steel Market Update. Archived from
3310:
3308:
3241:
3239:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3050:
2986:
279:. The only available finish is dull.
3582:"Sheet Steel Gauges and Thicknesses"
2837:
2349:
375:
2701:The press usually has some sort of
161:automobile and truck (lorry) bodies
27:Metal formed into thin, flat pieces
24:
3401:Journal of Manufacturing Processes
3364:from the original on 5 August 2012
3305:
3236:
3074:
2778:Tinplate Β§ Strip mill process
240:
25:
3985:
3555:
3395:Thomas, Daniel J. (August 2011).
3278:from the original on 19 July 2013
3150:(2006β2008 ed.), p. 151
3007:from the original on 14 July 2015
2056:Aluminium sheet metal tolerances
3630:
3196:from the original on 2014-02-22.
3161:All Metal Construction Made Easy
3128:. European Aluminium Association
2766:Bending sheet metal with rollers
2613:
380:
3490:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3388:
3376:
3344:
3263:
3212:
3200:
3182:
2743:
2556:
2485:
3272:"Sheet Metal Thickness Gauges"
3270:Rowlett, Ross (26 July 2002).
3172:
3154:
3140:
3115:
3044:
3019:
2980:
2959:
2659:
2470:
13:
1:
2953:
2686:Forming metal on a pressbrake
2212:
2054:
1878:Steel sheet metal tolerances
1876:
1864:
3413:10.1016/j.jmapro.2011.02.002
2895:
2519:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1654:
1648:
1625:
1619:
1596:
1590:
1567:
1561:
1538:
1532:
1509:
1503:
1480:
1474:
946:
920:
917:
897:
891:
888:
868:
862:
859:
839:
833:
830:
813:
810:
804:
801:
798:
784:
781:
775:
772:
769:
755:
752:
746:
743:
740:
726:
723:
717:
714:
711:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
492:Standard sheet metal gauges
286:
235:
7:
3521:
3503:(27th ed.). New York:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3382:
3220:"How Is Steel Tubing Made?"
3026:Simpson, Pamela H. (1999).
2915:
2852:
2815:
2797:
2709:
1078:
1049:
1020:
10:
3990:
3496:
3338:
3299:
3251:Tech Steel & Materials
3206:
2927:Corrugated galvanised iron
2856:
2841:
2819:
2801:
2775:
2769:
2757:
2747:
2713:
2663:
2648:
2617:
2602:
2598:
2587:
2560:
2542:
2523:
2500:Example of deep drawn part
2489:
2474:
2459:
2455:
2358:
2354:
991:
962:
933:
904:
214:
40:stainless steel cover the
3903:
3846:
3810:
3709:
3683:
3638:
2590:Incremental sheet forming
2584:Incremental sheet forming
2438:ultimate tensile strength
2222:
2218:
2064:
2060:
3732:Electrohydraulic forming
3484:, pp. 17, 22, 29β30, 117
2740:or a laser CNC machine.
371:
355:
3737:Electromagnetic forming
2868:Sheet metal fabrication
2651:Photochemical machining
2645:Photochemical machining
2249:0.031β0.041 (0.79β1.04)
2238:0.017β0.030 (0.43β0.76)
2102:0.037β0.045 (0.94β1.14)
2091:0.029β0.036 (0.74β0.91)
2080:0.018β0.028 (0.46β0.71)
159:Sheet metal is used in
3722:Casting (metalworking)
3192:. ASTM International.
3105:"Sheet metal material"
2987:Green, Archie (1993).
2767:
2687:
2501:
2419:
191:, has applications in
53:
45:
3943:Tools and terminology
3051:Staveteig, Kaaren R.
2938:Forming limit diagram
2765:
2685:
2499:
2420:
2337:0.147β0.187 (3.7β4.7)
2326:0.132β0.146 (3.4β3.7)
2315:0.116β0.131 (2.9β3.3)
2304:0.100β0.115 (2.5β2.9)
2293:0.085β0.099 (2.2β2.5)
2282:0.074β0.084 (1.9β2.1)
2271:0.060β0.073 (1.5β1.9)
2260:0.042β0.059 (1.1β1.5)
2201:0.204β0.249 (5.2β6.3)
2190:0.173β0.203 (4.4β5.2)
2179:0.141β0.172 (3.6β4.4)
2168:0.126β0.140 (3.2β3.6)
2157:0.109β0.125 (2.8β3.2)
2146:0.097β0.108 (2.5β2.7)
2135:0.077β0.096 (2.0β2.4)
2124:0.069β0.076 (1.8β1.9)
2113:0.046β0.068 (1.2β1.7)
230:Historic preservation
189:laminated steel cores
51:
33:
3772:Progressive stamping
3500:Machinery's Handbook
2922:Circle grid analysis
2832:repoussΓ© and chasing
2723:progressive stamping
2577:hydrostatic pressure
2526:Expanded sheet metal
2371:
393:confusing or unclear
3974:Fabrication (metal)
3848:Finishing processes
3357:. CoyoteSteel.com.
3247:"Tube Sizing Chart"
3060:Preservation Briefs
2678:Press brake forming
2545:Hemming and seaming
2539:Hemming and seaming
2215:
2057:
1879:
515:64ths inch (delta)
511:for sheet and plate
502:for sheet and plate
493:
401:clarify the article
169:fuselages and wings
153:hot-dip galvanizing
3166:2012-02-18 at the
2910:sheet metal screws
2768:
2690:This is a form of
2688:
2571:over a stationary
2549:Automotive Hemming
2502:
2415:
2213:
2055:
1877:
506:decimal inch (mm)
491:
54:
46:
3956:
3955:
3899:
3898:
3811:Joining processes
3742:Explosive forming
3710:Forming processes
3589:Sheet Steel Facts
3533:978-0-9897906-0-4
3037:978-1-62190-157-0
2886:water jet cutting
2844:Water jet cutting
2838:Water jet cutting
2413:
2381:
2350:Forming processes
2347:
2346:
2211:
2210:
2053:
2052:
1862:
1861:
433:
432:
425:
197:electric machines
42:Chrysler Building
18:Sheet metal gauge
16:(Redirected from
3981:
3678:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3551:
3545:
3537:
3518:
3505:Industrial Press
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3327:
3322:
3312:
3303:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2963:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2216:
2058:
1880:
527:Galvanized steel
494:
490:
483:
482:
478:
473:
472:
468:
463:
462:
458:
453:
452:
448:
428:
421:
417:
414:
408:
384:
383:
376:
342:pressure vessels
187:, also known as
165:major appliances
76:structural steel
21:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3895:
3842:
3806:
3767:Press hardening
3705:
3679:
3677:, and finishing
3669:
3667:
3634:
3629:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3558:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3526:. Cypress, CA.
3522:Parker (2013).
3515:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3330:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3268:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3168:Wayback Machine
3159:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2918:
2898:
2870:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2840:
2824:
2818:
2806:
2800:
2780:
2774:
2760:
2752:
2746:
2718:
2712:
2680:
2668:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2636:
2622:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2543:Main articles:
2541:
2528:
2522:
2494:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2390:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2097:0.0025 (0.064)
2086:0.0025 (0.064)
2075:
2071:
2062:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1867:
648:0.4063 (10.32)
619:0.4375 (11.11)
590:0.4688 (11.91)
561:0.5000 (12.70)
552:
547:
542:
540:
538:
533:
532:Stainless steel
528:
523:
522:for Sheet Steel
521:
520:Standard Gauge
519:
518:Manufacturers'
514:
513:iron and steel
512:
510:
505:
503:
501:
480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
429:
418:
412:
409:
398:
385:
381:
374:
358:
289:
271:Grade 410 is a
243:
241:Stainless steel
238:
217:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:Mass finishing
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3578:
3557:
3556:External links
3554:
3553:
3552:
3532:
3519:
3513:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3407:(2): 120β132.
3387:
3375:
3343:
3328:
3304:
3289:
3262:
3235:
3211:
3199:
3181:
3171:
3153:
3139:
3114:
3111:on 2009-06-15.
3073:
3043:
3036:
3018:
2999:
2979:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2897:
2894:
2869:
2866:
2857:Main article:
2854:
2851:
2842:Main article:
2839:
2836:
2820:Main article:
2817:
2814:
2804:Metal spinning
2802:Main article:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2770:Main article:
2759:
2756:
2748:Main article:
2745:
2742:
2728:A typical CNC
2714:Main article:
2711:
2708:
2679:
2676:
2664:Main article:
2661:
2658:
2649:Main article:
2646:
2643:
2634:
2618:Main article:
2615:
2612:
2603:Main article:
2600:
2597:
2588:Main article:
2585:
2582:
2561:Main article:
2558:
2555:
2540:
2537:
2524:Main article:
2521:
2518:
2490:Main article:
2487:
2484:
2475:Main article:
2472:
2469:
2460:Main article:
2457:
2454:
2440:of the metal.
2412:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2377:
2359:Main article:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:0.0105 (0.27)
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2321:0.0075 (0.19)
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:0.0055 (0.14)
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2277:0.0045 (0.11)
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2255:0.003 (0.076)
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:0.002 (0.051)
2242:
2241:0.0015 (0.038)
2239:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:0.0035 (0.089)
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:0.003 (0.076)
2106:
2105:0.0025 (0.064)
2103:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2049:0.0129 (0.33)
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2035:0.0159 (0.40)
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2021:0.0209 (0.53)
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2007:0.0269 (0.68)
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1993:0.0329 (0.84)
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1979:0.0438 (1.11)
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:0.0548 (1.39)
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1951:0.0697 (1.77)
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1937:0.0986 (2.50)
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:0.1136 (2.89)
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:0.1285 (3.26)
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:0.400 (-0.025)
1838:
1837:0.0063 (0.16)
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:0.425 (-0.025)
1809:
1808:0.0066 (0.17)
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:0.0070 (0.18)
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:0.0078 (0.20)
1748:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:0.0086 (0.22)
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:0.0094 (0.24)
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:0.0102 (0.26)
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:0.0109 (0.28)
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:0.0125 (0.32)
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1576:0.0141 (0.36)
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:0.0156 (0.40)
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:0.0172 (0.44)
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:0.0188 (0.48)
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:0.0219 (0.56)
1458:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:0.0250 (0.64)
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:0.0281 (0.71)
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1373:0.0313 (0.80)
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:0.0344 (0.87)
1342:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:0.0375 (0.95)
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:0.0375 (0.95)
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:0.0438 (1.11)
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:0.0500 (1.27)
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:0.0500 (1.27)
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:0.0563 (1.43)
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:0.0625 (1.59)
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:0.0625 (1.59)
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:0.0703 (1.79)
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:0.0781 (1.98)
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:0.0781 (1.98)
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:0.0938 (2.38)
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:0.1094 (2.78)
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:0.1094 (2.78)
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:0.1250 (3.18)
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:0.1250 (3.18)
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:0.1406 (3.57)
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:0.1406 (3.57)
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:0.1563 (3.97)
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:0.1563 (3.97)
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:0.1719 (4.37)
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:0.1719 (4.37)
965:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
950:0.1875 (4.76)
948:
945:
942:
939:
938:0.1875 (4.76)
936:
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
909:0.2031 (5.16)
907:
903:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:0.2188 (5.56)
878:
874:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:0.2344 (5.95)
849:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:0.2500 (6.35)
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
793:0.2656 (6.75)
791:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
764:0.2813 (7.15)
762:
758:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:0.3125 (7.94)
733:
729:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:0.3438 (8.73)
704:
700:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:0.3750 (9.53)
675:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
555:
554:
549:
544:
535:
530:
525:
516:
507:
504:iron and steel
498:
431:
430:
388:
386:
379:
373:
370:
357:
354:
288:
285:
273:heat treatable
242:
239:
237:
234:
216:
213:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3986:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Metal forming
3967:
3966:
3964:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Heat treating
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3569:on 2013-09-28
3568:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3514:0-8311-2700-7
3510:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3360:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3124:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3006:
3002:
3000:9780252019630
2996:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Diamond plate
2931:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:laser cutting
2879:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2717:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2620:Laser cutting
2614:Laser cutting
2611:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:aluminum cans
2507:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:0.009 (0.23)
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:0.007 (0.18)
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:0.006 (0.15)
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:0.003 (0.076)
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:0.004 (0.10)
2265:
2263:0.003 (0.076)
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:0.002 (0.051)
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2207:0.011 (0.28)
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:0.010 (0.25)
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:0.008 (0.20)
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2174:0.005 (0.13)
2173:
2171:0.0045 (0.11)
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:0.005 (0.13)
2162:
2160:0.0045 (0.11)
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:0.005 (0.13)
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2141:0.004 (0.10)
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:0.004 (0.10)
2129:
2127:0.003 (0.076)
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:0.004 (0.10)
2118:
2116:0.003 (0.076)
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:0.002 (0.051)
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:0.002 (0.051)
2082:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2048:
2046:0.0169 (0.43)
2045:
2043:0.0149 (0.38)
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:0.0199 (0.51)
2031:
2029:0.0179 (0.45)
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:0.0269 (0.68)
2017:
2015:0.0239 (0.61)
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:0.0329 (0.84)
2003:
2001:0.0299 (0.76)
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:0.0389 (0.99)
1989:
1987:0.0359 (0.91)
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:0.0518 (1.32)
1975:
1973:0.0478 (1.21)
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:0.0648 (1.65)
1961:
1959:0.0598 (1.52)
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:0.0797 (2.02)
1947:
1945:0.0747 (1.90)
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:0.1106 (2.81)
1933:
1931:0.1046 (2.66)
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:0.1256 (3.19)
1919:
1917:0.1196 (3.04)
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:0.1405 (3.57)
1905:
1903:0.1345 (3.42)
1902:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1843:0.0060 (0.15)
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1814:0.0064 (0.16)
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1785:0.0067 (0.17)
1784:
1782:0.45 (-0.05)
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1756:0.0075 (0.19)
1755:
1753:0.50 (-0.05)
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1727:0.0082 (0.21)
1726:
1724:0.55 (-0.05)
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1698:0.0090 (0.23)
1697:
1695:0.60 (-0.05)
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1669:0.0097 (0.25)
1668:
1666:0.65 (-0.05)
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1652:0.0089 (0.23)
1651:
1646:0.011 (0.28)
1645:
1643:0.0142 (0.36)
1642:
1640:0.0105 (0.27)
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1623:0.0100 (0.25)
1622:
1617:0.013 (0.33)
1616:
1614:0.0157 (0.40)
1613:
1611:0.0120 (0.30)
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:0.0113 (0.29)
1593:
1588:0.014 (0.36)
1587:
1585:0.0172 (0.44)
1584:
1582:0.0135 (0.34)
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:0.0126 (0.32)
1564:
1559:0.016 (0.41)
1558:
1556:0.0187 (0.47)
1555:
1553:0.0149 (0.38)
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1530:0.017 (0.43)
1529:
1527:0.0202 (0.51)
1526:
1524:0.0164 (0.42)
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1501:0.019 (0.48)
1500:
1498:0.0217 (0.55)
1497:
1495:0.0179 (0.45)
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1472:0.022 (0.56)
1471:
1469:0.0247 (0.63)
1468:
1466:0.0209 (0.53)
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:0.025 (0.64)
1442:
1440:0.0276 (0.70)
1439:
1437:0.0239 (0.61)
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:0.028 (0.71)
1413:
1411:0.0306 (0.78)
1410:
1408:0.0269 (0.68)
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:0.031 (0.79)
1384:
1382:0.0336 (0.85)
1381:
1379:0.0299 (0.76)
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1356:0.034 (0.86)
1355:
1353:0.0366 (0.93)
1352:
1350:0.0329 (0.84)
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:0.0320 (0.81)
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:0.0396 (1.01)
1323:
1321:0.0359 (0.91)
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:0.0456 (1.16)
1294:
1292:0.0418 (1.06)
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:0.0403 (1.02)
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:0.0516 (1.31)
1265:
1263:0.0478 (1.21)
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:0.0575 (1.46)
1236:
1234:0.0538 (1.37)
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:0.0508 (1.29)
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:0.0635 (1.61)
1207:
1205:0.0598 (1.52)
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:0.0710 (1.80)
1178:
1176:0.0673 (1.71)
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:0.036 (0.91)
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:0.0785 (1.99)
1149:
1147:0.0747 (1.90)
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:0.032 (0.81)
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:0.0934 (2.37)
1120:
1118:0.0897 (2.28)
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:0.028 (0.71)
1103:
1101:0.0808 (2.05)
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:0.1084 (2.75)
1091:
1089:0.1046 (2.66)
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:0.024 (0.61)
1074:
1072:0.0907 (2.30)
1071:
1068:
1065:
1063:0.1233 (3.13)
1062:
1060:0.1196 (3.04)
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:0.020 (0.51)
1045:
1043:0.1019 (2.59)
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:0.1382 (3.51)
1033:
1031:0.1345 (3.42)
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:0.018 (0.46)
1016:
1014:0.1144 (2.91)
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:0.1532 (3.89)
1004:
1002:0.1495 (3.80)
1001:
998:
995:
992:
988:0.016 (0.41)
987:
985:0.1285 (3.26)
984:
981:
978:
976:0.1681 (4.27)
975:
973:0.1644 (4.18)
972:
969:
966:
963:
959:0.014 (0.36)
958:
956:0.1443 (3.67)
955:
952:
949:
944:0.1793 (4.55)
943:
940:
937:
934:
930:0.012 (0.30)
929:
926:
923:
915:0.1943 (4.94)
914:
911:
908:
905:
901:0.010 (0.25)
900:
894:
886:0.2092 (5.31)
885:
882:
879:
876:
875:
872:0.008 (0.20)
871:
865:
857:0.2242 (5.69)
856:
853:
850:
847:
846:
843:0.006 (0.15)
842:
836:
828:0.2391 (6.07)
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
807:
795:
792:
789:
788:
778:
766:
763:
760:
759:
749:
737:
734:
731:
730:
720:
708:
705:
702:
701:
679:
676:
673:
672:
650:
647:
644:
643:
621:
618:
615:
614:
592:
589:
586:
585:
563:
560:
557:
556:
550:
545:
536:
531:
526:
517:
509:U.S. standard
508:
500:U.S. standard
499:
496:
495:
489:
485:
441:
437:
427:
424:
416:
406:
405:the talk page
402:
396:
394:
389:This article
387:
378:
377:
369:
365:
361:
353:
350:
345:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
296:
293:
284:
280:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
233:
231:
227:
223:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
86:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
50:
43:
39:
38:
32:
19:
3802:Tube bending
3757:Hydroforming
3700:
3632:Metalworking
3588:
3571:. Retrieved
3567:the original
3523:
3498:
3491:Bibliography
3477:
3465:
3453:
3441:
3436:, pp. 29, 83
3429:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3385:, pp. 20, 85
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3346:
3324:
3280:. Retrieved
3265:
3254:. Retrieved
3250:
3227:. Retrieved
3223:
3214:
3202:
3184:
3174:
3156:
3147:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3117:
3109:the original
3064:. Retrieved
3059:
3046:
3027:
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
2989:
2982:
2973:
2961:
2899:
2876:, shearing,
2871:
2862:
2847:
2829:
2825:
2807:
2781:
2753:
2750:Roll forming
2744:Roll forming
2735:
2730:turret punch
2727:
2719:
2700:
2689:
2669:
2654:
2631:
2623:
2608:
2593:
2566:
2563:Hydroforming
2557:Hydroforming
2552:
2529:
2514:
2503:
2492:Deep drawing
2486:Deep drawing
2480:
2465:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2367:
2364:
2340:0.007 (0.18)
2329:0.006 (0.15)
2318:0.005 (0.13)
2307:0.005 (0.13)
2296:0.004 (0.10)
2285:0.004 (0.10)
2223:Sheet width
2204:0.009 (0.23)
2193:0.007 (0.18)
2182:0.006 (0.15)
2149:0.004 (0.10)
2065:Sheet width
1868:
1536:0.014 (0.36)
1507:0.017 (0.43)
1478:0.018 (0.46)
1452:0.125 (3.2)
1446:0.022 (0.56)
1423:0.100 (2.5)
1420:0.023 (0.58)
1417:0.025 (0.64)
1394:0.090 (2.3)
1391:0.025 (0.64)
1388:0.028 (0.71)
1365:0.080 (2.0)
1362:0.028 (0.71)
1359:0.032 (0.81)
1336:0.070 (1.8)
1330:0.035 (0.89)
1307:0.060 (1.5)
1304:0.036 (0.91)
1298:0.044 (1.1)
1278:0.055 (1.4)
1249:0.050 (1.3)
1240:0.056 (1.4)
1220:0.045 (1.1)
1191:0.040 (1.0)
1124:0.094 (2.4)
486:
442:
438:
434:
419:
410:
399:Please help
390:
366:
362:
359:
346:
339:
308:
300:deep drawing
297:
290:
281:
270:
259:
253:. Available
244:
226:tin ceilings
218:
193:transformers
185:permeability
158:
151:. Sometimes
145:cold rolling
98:
87:
83:roll slitter
80:
65:
56:
55:
35:
3913:Fabrication
3861:Galvanizing
3701:Sheet metal
3691:Fabrication
3675:fabrication
2974:xometry.com
2948:Temper mill
2943:Strip steel
2696:press brake
2666:Perforation
2660:Perforating
2477:Decambering
2471:Decambering
2232:48 (1,219)
2228:36 (914.4)
2070:36 (914.4)
1869:During the
1637:0.7 (-0.1)
1608:0.8 (-0.1)
1579:0.9 (-0.1)
1550:1.0 (-0.1)
1521:1.1 (-0.1)
1492:1.2 (-0.2)
1463:1.4 (-0.2)
1449:0.02 (0.51)
1405:1.8 (-0.2)
1376:2.0 (-0.2)
1347:2.2 (-0.2)
1318:2.4 (-0.4)
1301:0.042 (1.1)
1289:2.8 (-0.4)
1272:0.049 (1.2)
1246:0.045 (1.1)
1243:0.058 (1.5)
1214:0.065 (1.7)
1202:4.0 (-0.5)
1188:0.057 (1.4)
1185:0.072 (1.8)
1182:0.07 (1.8)
1159:0.063 (1.6)
1156:0.083 (2.1)
1130:0.072 (1.8)
1127:0.095 (2.4)
1098:0.109 (2.8)
1069:0.120 (3.0)
1040:0.134 (3.4)
1011:0.148 (3.8)
982:0.165 (4.2)
953:0.180 (4.6)
927:0.162 (4.1)
924:0.203 (5.2)
895:0.220 (5.6)
866:0.238 (6.0)
837:0.259 (6.6)
808:0.284 (7.2)
779:0.300 (7.6)
750:0.340 (8.6)
721:0.380 (9.7)
537:Steel Tube
464:inch, then
251:weldability
247:formability
201:plate armor
167:, airplane
149:hot rolling
57:Sheet metal
3963:Categories
3933:Metallurgy
3876:Patination
3696:Piece work
3573:2013-06-19
3341:, p. 2502.
3320:Β§ 206
3256:2021-05-12
3229:2021-05-12
3209:, p. 2522.
2954:References
2776:See also:
2703:back gauge
2074:48 (1,219)
1865:Tolerances
1434:1.6 (-0.2)
1260:3.2 (-0.4)
1231:3.6 (-0.4)
1173:4.5 (-0.5)
553:inch (mm)
543:inch (mm)
541:Thickness
534:inch (mm)
436:meaning."
395:to readers
323:mail boxes
209:horse tack
94:iron-based
34:Sheets of
3928:Machining
3923:Jewellery
3891:Polishing
3856:Anodizing
3833:Soldering
3747:Extrusion
3542:cite book
3421:1526-6125
3316:15 U.S.C.
3302:, p. 387.
3224:Sciencing
3066:March 20,
3062:(49): 1β3
2896:Fasteners
2626:tin snips
2532:brickwork
2520:Expanding
2219:Thickness
2061:Thickness
548:inch (mm)
546:Aluminium
529:inch (mm)
524:inch (mm)
413:June 2013
311:stampings
292:Aluminium
287:Aluminium
236:Materials
101:aluminium
3938:Smithing
3828:Riveting
3823:Crimping
3792:Spinning
3777:Punching
3762:Stamping
3448:, p. 115
3359:Archived
3276:Archived
3194:Archived
3164:Archived
3005:Archived
2916:See also
2890:riveting
2878:punching
2859:Wheeling
2853:Wheeling
2822:Stamping
2816:Stamping
2798:Spinning
2716:Punching
2710:Punching
1886:Nominal
999:10 (-1)
970:11 (-1)
941:12 (-1)
912:13 (-1)
883:14 (-1)
854:15 (-1)
337:blades.
327:cabinets
255:finishes
222:tinplate
203:worn by
177:tin cans
173:tinplate
141:catalyst
137:platinum
125:titanium
3948:Welding
3918:Forming
3908:Casting
3886:Plating
3881:Peening
3838:Welding
3818:Brazing
3797:Swaging
3787:Sinking
3782:Rolling
3752:Forging
3727:Drawing
3717:Coining
3684:General
3671:Forming
3472:, p. 70
3460:, p. 89
3368:20 June
3282:21 June
3132:20 June
3011:14 July
2874:bending
2810:mandrel
2772:Rolling
2758:Rolling
2692:bending
2672:surform
2605:Ironing
2599:Ironing
2462:Curling
2456:Curling
2436:is the
2361:Bending
2355:Bending
1871:rolling
1858:......
1849:......
1829:......
1820:......
1800:......
1791:......
1771:......
1762:......
1742:......
1733:......
1713:......
1704:......
1684:......
1675:......
1655:......
1626:......
1597:......
1568:......
1539:......
1510:......
1481:......
1086:7 (-1)
1057:8 (-1)
1028:9 (-1)
921:......
892:......
863:......
834:......
825:16 (-1)
814:......
805:......
796:17 (-1)
785:......
776:......
767:18 (-2)
756:......
747:......
738:20 (-2)
727:......
718:......
709:22 (-2)
698:......
680:24 (-2)
669:......
651:26 (-2)
640:......
622:28 (-2)
611:......
593:30 (-2)
582:......
558:0000000
479:⁄
469:⁄
459:⁄
449:⁄
391:may be
349:6061-T6
321:parts,
304:jewelry
277:cutlery
215:History
205:cavalry
181:roofing
37:Nirosta
3530:
3511:
3482:Parker
3470:Parker
3458:Parker
3446:Parker
3434:Parker
3419:
3383:Parker
3318:
3034:
2997:
2908:, and
2906:rivets
2902:clecos
2428:where
1855:......
1852:......
1846:......
1826:......
1823:......
1817:......
1797:......
1794:......
1788:......
1768:......
1765:......
1759:......
1739:......
1736:......
1730:......
1710:......
1707:......
1701:......
1681:......
1678:......
1672:......
1649:......
1620:......
1591:......
1562:......
1533:......
1504:......
1475:......
1144:5 (-1)
1115:6 (-1)
947:......
918:......
898:......
889:......
869:......
860:......
840:......
831:......
811:......
802:......
799:......
782:......
773:......
770:......
753:......
744:......
741:......
724:......
715:......
712:......
695:......
692:......
689:......
686:......
683:......
666:......
663:......
660:......
657:......
654:......
637:......
634:......
631:......
628:......
625:......
608:......
605:......
602:......
599:......
596:......
587:000000
579:......
576:......
573:......
570:......
567:......
564:32 (-)
484:inch.
347:Grade
333:, and
266:valves
135:, and
129:silver
121:nickel
109:copper
3585:(PDF)
3362:(PDF)
3355:(PDF)
3339:Oberg
3300:Oberg
3207:Oberg
3126:(PDF)
3056:(PDF)
2970:(PDF)
2738:press
2569:blank
1883:Gauge
616:00000
539:Wall
497:Gauge
372:Gauge
356:Brass
331:tanks
319:drawn
262:pumps
113:steel
105:brass
90:gauge
61:metal
3548:link
3528:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3417:ISSN
3370:2013
3284:2013
3134:2013
3068:2019
3032:ISBN
3013:2015
2995:ISBN
2547:and
2444:and
1894:Min
645:0000
551:Zinc
317:and
315:spun
249:and
195:and
175:for
147:and
133:gold
123:and
72:leaf
68:foil
3409:doi
3179:p.3
2573:die
2506:die
2380:max
1890:Max
674:000
471:128
335:fan
117:tin
70:or
59:is
3965::
3673:,
3587:.
3544:}}
3540:{{
3507:.
3415:.
3405:13
3403:.
3399:.
3331:^
3323::
3307:^
3292:^
3249:.
3238:^
3222:.
3076:^
3058:.
3003:.
2972:.
2912:.
2904:,
2888:,
2884:,
2880:,
2674:.
2639:ΞΌm
2425:,
2040:28
2026:26
2012:24
1998:22
1984:20
1970:18
1956:16
1942:14
1928:12
1914:11
1900:10
1834:38
1805:37
1776:36
1747:35
1718:34
1689:33
1660:32
1631:31
1602:30
1573:29
1544:28
1515:27
1486:26
1457:25
1428:24
1399:23
1370:22
1341:21
1312:20
1283:19
1254:18
1225:17
1196:16
1167:15
1138:14
1109:13
1080:12
1051:11
1022:10
703:00
481:64
461:64
451:32
344:.
329:,
325:,
313:,
306:.
264:,
179:,
171:,
163:,
131:,
119:,
115:,
111:,
107:,
103:,
85:.
78:.
3662:e
3655:t
3648:v
3624:e
3617:t
3610:v
3576:.
3550:)
3536:.
3517:.
3423:.
3411::
3372:.
3286:.
3259:.
3232:.
3136:.
3070:.
3040:.
3015:.
2976:.
2635:2
2450:W
2446:t
2442:L
2434:T
2430:k
2411:W
2405:2
2401:t
2397:L
2394:T
2388:k
2385:=
2376:F
993:9
964:8
935:7
906:6
877:5
848:4
819:3
790:2
761:1
732:0
477:1
467:1
457:1
447:1
426:)
420:(
415:)
411:(
407:.
44:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
