1127:
887:
259:
676:
175:
899:
1051:
1028:
829:
969:
73:
32:
957:). Although coming from a humble background not dynastically related to the Severan dynasty; he rose through the imperial household until, under Caracalla, he was made prefect of the Praetorian Guard. On account of the cruelty and the treachery of the emperor, Macrinus became involved in a conspiracy to kill him and ordered the Praetorian Guard to do so. On April 8, 217, Caracalla was assassinated travelling to
1162:
1077:, which was stationed near Emesa, by using her enormous wealth as well as the claim that Caracalla had slept with her daughter and that the boy was his bastard to swear fealty to Elagabalus. He was later invited alongside his mother and daughters to the military camp, clad in imperial purple and crowned as emperor by the soldiers.
860:
assassinations of perceived enemies and rivals. Caracalla was also indifferent to the full responsibilities of the empire during his reign and handed them over to his mother, Julia Domna, who took part in a provincial tour and military campaign and accompanied her son. He campaigned with indifferent success against the
1153:
On March 6, 222, when
Alexander was 14, a rumour went around the city's troops that Alexander had been killed, ironically triggering his ascension as emperor. Elagabalus was said to have initiated the rumour or attempted to murder Alexander. The 18-year-old Elagabalus and his mother were taken from
1080:
His reign in Rome has long been known for being outrageous although the historical sources are few and in many cases not to be fully trusted. He is said to have smothered guests at a banquet by flooding the room with rose petals, married his male lover (who was later referred to as the "empress's
859:
with his father, and later his younger brother Geta. Conflict between the two culminated in the assassination of the latter less than a year after their father's death. Reigning alone, Caracalla was noted for lavish bribes to the legionaries and unprecedented cruelty by authorising numerous
1245:
The women of the
Severan dynasty, beginning with Septimius Severus's wife Julia Domna, were notably active in advancing the careers of their male relatives. Other notable women who exercised power behind the scenes included Julia Maesa, sister of Julia Domna, and Maesa's two daughters
980:, but many thought that the terms were degrading to the Romans. However, his downfall was his refusal to award the pay and privileges promised to the eastern troops by Caracalla. He also kept those forces wintered in Syria, where they became attracted to the young
819:
Severus died while campaigning in
Britain. He was succeeded by his sons Caracalla and Geta, whom he had elevated as co-emperors in the years preceding his death. The growing hostility between the brothers was initially buffered by Julia Domna's mediation.
644:
Although
Septimius Severus restored peace following the upheaval of the late 2nd century, the dynasty was disturbed by highly unstable family relationships and constant political turmoil, which foreshadowed the imminent
931:) the previous century, relations were hostile between the two Severan brothers after their father's death. Geta was assassinated in their mother's apartments by order of Caracalla, who then ruled as sole emperor.
988:. Despite a good fight by the Praetorian Guard, his soldiers were defeated. Macrinus managed to escape to Chalcedon but his authority was lost. He was betrayed and executed after a reign of only 14 months.
1501:
Dio 74:16:7 "He carried his lewdness to such a point that he asked the physicians to contrive a woman's vagina in his body by means of an incision, promising them large sums for doing so".
1061:
Elagabalus was born Varius Avitus
Bassianus in 204 and became known later as Marcus Aurelius Antonius. The name "Elagabalus" followed the Latin nomenclature for the Syrian sun god
853:, Gaul. "Caracalla" was a nickname referring to the Gallic hooded tunic that he habitually wore even while he slept. Years before his father's death, Caracalla was proclaimed co-
1112:
from his cousin, which enraged the
Praetorian Guard. Elagabalus, his mother, and other advisors close to him were assassinated in a Praetorian Guard camp mutiny.
1281:
770:. In Rome, his relations with the Senate were poor, but he was popular with the commoners and with his soldiers, whose salary he raised. Starting in 197, his
1108:). Alexander was popular with the troops, who increasingly objected to Elagabalus's behaviour. Jealous of this popularity, Elagabalus removed the title of
1073:, Julia Domna's sister and sister-in-law of Emperor Septimius Severus, arranged for the restoration of the Severan dynasty and persuaded soldiers from the
2004:
739:. Julia Domna also held a prominent political role in government during her husband's reign. Severus was proclaimed emperor in 193 by his legionaries in
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1999:
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809:
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Seeing that her grandson's outrageous behaviour could mean the loss of power, Julia Maesa persuaded
Elagabalus to accept his young cousin
1207:, where a succession of briefly-reigning military emperors, rebellious generals, and counter-claimants presided over governmental chaos,
868:
in Rome are the most enduring monument of his rule. He was assassinated en route to a campaign against the
Parthians by a member of the
1266:, the Prefect Commander of the Praetorian Guard, was married to but despised by Caracalla, who had her exiled and eventually executed.
649:. In particular, the discord between Caracalla and Geta and the tension between Elagabalus and Severus Alexander added to the turmoil.
984:. After months of mild rebellion by the bulk of the army in Syria, Macrinus took his loyal troops to meet the army of Elagabalus near
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1192:) heralded perhaps the greatest external challenge that Rome faced in the 3rd century. His prosecution of the war against a
109:
576:), who succeeded their father in the government of the empire, Julia Domna's relatives themselves assumed power by raising
1222:), the first of a series of weak emperors, each ruling on average only 2 to 3 years, which ended 50 years later with the
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Edited by Lukas De Blois, Paul
Erdkamp, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn, and S. Mols, 148–156. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.
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invasion of Gaul led to his overthrow by his own troops, whose regard the 27-year-old had lost during the affair.
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The Roman Empire During the
Severan Dynasty: Case Studies in History, Art, Architecture, Economy and Literature.
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Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193–284.
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Dynastic aureus of Septimius Severus, minted in 202. The reverse feature the portraits of Geta (right),
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Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron, 1–27. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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alongside his father and older brother Caracalla. Unlike the much more successful joint reign of
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Moscovich, M. James. 2004. "Cassius Dio’s Palace Sources for the Reign of Septimius Severus."
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De Blois, Lukas. 2003. "The Perception of Roman Imperial Authority in Herodian’s Work." In
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Born Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus in around 208, Alexander was adopted as
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Alföldy, Géza. 1974. "The Crisis of the Third Century as Seen by Contemporaries."
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Aureus of Macrinus celebrating the "generosity of the emperor" (LIBERALITAS AVG)
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by his slightly older and very unpopular cousin, Elagabalus, at the urging of
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and offered large sums to the physician who could give him female genitalia.
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and secured sole rule over the empire in 197 after defeating his last rival,
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The dynasty's control over the empire was interrupted by the joint reigns of
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The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor
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Maternal Megalomania: Julia Domna and the Imperial Politics of Motherhood.
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the palace, dragged through the streets, murdered and thrown in the river
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Change and discontinuity within the Severan dynasty: the case of Macrinus
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1211:, general instability and great economic disruption. He was succeeded by
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by the Praetorian Guard, which proclaimed Alexander Severus as Augustus.
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1009:. After his father's defeat outside Antioch, he tried to escape east to
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1392:"Chapitre III - Septime Sévère ou la « revanche d'Hannibal »"
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The eldest son of Severus, he was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus in
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Bust of Severus Alexander, the last emperor of the Severan dynasty;
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The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, part II, Marcinus to Pupienus
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American Journal of Ancient History 6–8. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias.
1547:, Berlin, Verlag Antike, 2009 (Studien zur Alten Geschichte, 10).
1338:"Severan Dynasty · Arch for Septimius Severus · Piranesi in Rome"
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The Severan Buildings of Lepcis Magna: An Architectural Survey.
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Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire (A.D. 193–337).
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His most significant early decision was to make peace with the
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554:. After the short reigns and assassinations of their two sons,
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as the victor of the civil war of 193–197, and his wife,
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Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012).
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The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, part I, Pertinax to Geta
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Ruling from the age of 14 under the influence of his mother,
1155:
1038:. The reverse commemorates the journey to Rome of the sacred
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and instrumental in securing their sons' imperial positions.
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Birley, Eric. 1969. "Septimius Severus and the Roman Army."
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The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power.
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762:, campaigned with success against barbarian incursions in
1258:, mother of Severus Alexander. Also of interest, Publia
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The younger son of Septimius Severus, Geta was made co-
812:, who did not assimilate their beliefs to the official
743:
during the political unrest that followed the death of
267:, depicting Septimius Severus and most of his family.
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1735:
1610:Campbell, Brian. 2005. "The Severan Dynasty." In
999:, born in 208. He was given the imperial rank of
1966:
1596:Benario, Herbert W. 1958. "Rome of the Severi."
934:
789:experienced more favorable conditions under the
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19:"Severan" redirects here. For other uses, see
1721:
489:
758:Severus fought a successful war against the
1365:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States.
945:Marcus Opelius Macrinus was born in 164 at
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2005:230s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1728:
1714:
1642:Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill
1375:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
961:. Three days later, Macrinus was declared
715:rank. He rose through military service to
496:
482:
1481:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 11.
535:. The dynasty was founded by the emperor
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Roman imperial dynasty (ruled 193 to 235)
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182:This article includes a list of general
2000:190s establishments in the Roman Empire
1528:Septimius Severus: The African Emperor,
1390:Gall, Joël Le; Glay, Marcel Le (1992).
1016:
991:Marcus Opelius Diadumenianus (known as
1967:
1560:Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham,
1169:, advised her son during his minority.
823:
1709:
1635:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
1470:
1456:
1360:
719:rank under the later emperors of the
687:Lucius Septimius Severus was born in
1510:Cassius Dio 80.19-20, Herodian 5.8.5
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1269:
1046:, which is depicted on the quadriga.
683:, the founder of the Severan dynasty
168:
95:adding citations to reliable sources
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25:
1656:London: Society for Libyan Studies.
1591:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
1579:, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
935:Interlude: Macrinus (217–218)
805:"very greatly cherished the Jews."
13:
1583:
1571:Simon Swain, Stephen Harrison and
188:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2016:
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1116:Alexander Severus (222–235)
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665:Septimius Severus (193–211)
41:This article has multiple issues.
1946:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica
1928:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors
1652:Ward-Perkins, John Bryan. 1993.
1568:, London, Spink & Son, 1938.
1557:, London, Spink & Son, 1936.
657:For dynastic relationships, see
531:between 193 and 235, during the
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1985:3rd century in the Roman Empire
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1313:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
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1005:in 217, when his father became
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894:(centre), and Caracalla (left).
731:and had two children with her:
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546:), who rose to power after the
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82:needs additional citations for
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1:
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1203:event beginning the troubled
1181:. The rising strength of the
1104:(and thus the nominal future
1013:but was captured and killed.
782:, a relative of Julia Domna.
1691:Resources in other libraries
1624:De Sena, Eric C., ed. 2013.
1316:. OUP Oxford. p. 1449.
1165:Alexander Severus's mother,
1069:. Elagabalus's grandmother,
7:
1782:Crisis of the Third Century
1427:Birley (1999), pp. 170–187.
1284:
1226:instituted in the reign of
1205:Crisis of the Third Century
1089:. Dio suggests that he was
808:Severus continued official
659:Severan dynasty family tree
647:Crisis of the Third Century
427:Severan dynasty family tree
10:
2021:
1453:, vol. IV, part II, p. 43.
1449:Mattingly & Sydenham,
1440:, vol. IV, part I, p. 115.
1436:Mattingly & Sydenham,
1361:Scott, Andrew (May 2008).
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598:) to the imperial office.
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1686:Resources in your library
1034:of Elagabalus, minted at
824:Caracalla (198–217)
810:persecution of Christians
548:Year of the Five Emperors
1980:Roman imperial dynasties
1545:Die Severer und das Heer
1396:Peuples et Civilisations
1264:Gaius Fulvius Plautianus
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1081:husband") and married a
776:Gaius Fulvius Plautianus
252:Roman imperial dynasties
21:Severan (disambiguation)
1808:(27 BC–AD 68)
1631:Langford, Julie. 2013.
512:, sometimes called the
203:more precise citations.
1922:Western Roman emperors
1854:Year of the 6 Emperors
1830:Year of the 5 Emperors
1824:Nerva–Antonine dynasty
1812:Year of the 4 Emperors
1806:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1750:List of Roman emperors
1638:Manders, Erika. 2012.
1553:, Edward A. Sydenham,
1477:Icks, Martijn (2011).
1451:Roman Imperial Coinage
1438:Roman Imperial Coinage
1418:Birley (1999), p. 135.
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876:Geta (209–211)
837:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
697:Africa Proconsularis
635:, were all powerful
91:improve this article
1562:C. H. V. Sutherland
1464:"The Severan Women"
1342:omeka.wellesley.edu
1132:Musée Saint-Raymond
1075:Gallic Third Legion
679:The Libyan emperor
466:Crisis of the Third
1990:193 establishments
1934:Emperors of Nicaea
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1880:Britannic emperors
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1323:978-0-19-954556-8
1270:Dynastic timeline
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1122:Severus Alexander
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1575:(editors),
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587:) and then
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1777:Principate
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1573:Jas Elsner
1539:0415165911
1347:2022-04-08
1297:References
1252:Elagabalus
1228:Diocletian
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1285:See also
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457:Emperors
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1036:Antioch
1011:Parthia
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653:History
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1775:Early
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705:Libyan
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1377:link
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