Snake - Knowledge

4539:) when the snake must move in an environment that lacks irregularities to push against (rendering lateral undulation impossible), such as a slick mud flat, or a sand dune, sidewinding is a modified form of lateral undulation in which all of the body segments oriented in one direction remain in contact with the ground, while the other segments are lifted up, resulting in a peculiar "rolling" motion. The sidewinder moves forward by throwing a loop of itself and then pulling itself up by it. By lowering its head the snake gets leverage, straightening itself out and pressing itself against the ground, it brings itself forward and at an angle that leaves it ready for the next jump. The head and the loop are in effect the two feet upon which the snake walks. The snake's body, appearing roughly perpendicular to its direction, may bewilder the observer, since preconception may lead one to associate snake movement with a head that leads and a body that follows. It appears the sidewinder is going sideways - but precisely where the snake is going, where it wants to go, the head gives clear indication. The snake leaves behind a trail that looks like a series of hooks one after the next. Snakes can move backwards to retreat from an enemy, though they normally do not. This mode of locomotion overcomes the slippery nature of sand or mud by pushing off with only static portions on the body, thereby minimizing slipping. The static nature of the contact points can be shown from the tracks of a sidewinding snake, which show each belly scale imprint, without any smearing. This mode of locomotion has very low caloric cost, less than 3391:(or "ecdysis") serves a number of purposes - it allows old, worn skin to be replaced and can be synced to mating cycles, as with other animals. Molting occurs periodically throughout the life of a snake. Before each molt, the snake regulates its diet and seeks defensible shelter. Just before shedding, the skin becomes grey and the snake's eyes turn silvery. The inner surface of the old skin liquefies, causing it to separate from the new skin beneath it. After a few days, the eyes clear and the snake reaches out of its old skin, which splits. The snake rubs its body against rough surfaces to aid in the shedding of its old skin. In many cases, the castaway skin peels backward over the body from head to tail in one piece, like taking the dust jacket off a book, revealing a new, larger, brighter layer of skin which has formed underneath. Renewal of the skin by molting supposedly increases the mass of some animals such as insects, but in the case of snakes this has been disputed. Shedding skin can release pheromones and revitalize color and patterns of the skin to increase attraction of mates. 3200:

made of a pit cavity and an inner cavity, the larger one lies just behind and generally below the level of the nostril, and opens forward. Behind this larger cavity is a finer one, barely visible; the cavities are connected internally, separated only by a membrane with nerves that are extraordinarily attuned to detecting temperature changes between. As in the overlapping vision fields of human eyes, the forward-facing pit on either side of the face combined produces a field of vision: a pit viper can distinguish between objects and their environments, as well as accurately judge the distance between objects and itself. The heat sensing ability of a pit viper is so great that it can react to a difference as small as one third of a degree Fahrenheit. Other infrared-sensitive snakes have multiple, smaller labial pits lining the upper lip, just below the nostrils.

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conditions". Although there aren't many recorded snakebite deaths, the bites can cause serious complications and permanent impairments. The most successful treatment for snakebites is still antivenom, which is made from snake venom. However, access to antivenom differs greatly by location, with rural areas frequently experiencing difficulties with both cost and availability. Clinical studies, serum preparation, and venom extraction are among the intricate procedures involved in the manufacturing of antivenom. The development of alternative treatments and increased accessibility and affordability of antivenom are essential for reducing the global impact of snake bites on human populations.

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ingested. It is customary to drink wine laced with snake blood in an attempt to increase virility and vigor. Traditional Chinese medicine holds that snake wine, a traditional beverage infused with whole snakes, offers medicinal uses. Snake wine's origins are in Chinese culture. However, using snake goods creates moral questions about conservation and animal welfare. It is important to pay attention to and regulate the sustainable harvesting of snakes for human food, particularly in areas where snake populations are in decline as a result of habitat degradation and overexploitation.

12823: 214: 4337: 4295: 3324:, which in mammals is the same basic material that forms nails, claws, and hair. The snake's epidermis of keratin provides it with the armor it needs to protect its internal organs and reduce friction as it passes over rocks. Parts of this keratin armor are rougher than others. The less restricted portion overlaps the front of the scale beneath it. Between them lies a folded back connecting material, also of keratin, also part of the epidermis. This folded back material gives as the snake undulates or eats things bigger than the circumference of its body. 3018: 4326: 4495:

generates a reaction force directed forward and towards the midline of the snake, resulting in forward thrust while the lateral components cancel out. The speed of this movement depends upon the density of push-points in the environment, with a medium density of about 8 along the snake's length being ideal. The wave speed is precisely the same as the snake speed, and as a result, every point on the snake's body follows the path of the point ahead of it, allowing snakes to move through very dense vegetation and small openings.

2986: 3094: 396: 5228: 4202: 273: 3538: 2756:. The axial skeleton of the snakes' common ancestor, like most other tetrapods, had regional specializations consisting of cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Early in snake evolution, the Hox gene expression in the axial skeleton responsible for the development of the thorax became dominant. As a result, the vertebrae anterior to the hindlimb buds (when present) all have the same thoracic-like identity (except from the 12974: 4270: 3377: 248: 4353: 4156: 2764:, and 1–3 neck vertebrae). In other words, most of a snake's skeleton is an extremely extended thorax. Ribs are found exclusively on the thoracic vertebrae. Neck, lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are very reduced in number (only 2–10 lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are present), while only a short tail remains of the caudal vertebrae. However, the tail is still long enough to be of important use in many species, and is modified in some aquatic and tree-dwelling species. 232: 4483: 4629: 5026: 4064: 198: 4857: 4573: 4648: 4696: 3484: 4564:

straightens. The front portion then flexes and forms an anchor point, and the posterior is straightened and pulled forwards. This mode of locomotion is slow and very demanding, up to seven times the cost of laterally undulating over the same distance. This high cost is due to the repeated stops and starts of portions of the body as well as the necessity of using active muscular effort to brace against the tunnel walls.

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organ. As the tongue is peeled back into the mouth, the forked tip is pressed into the cavities of the Jacobson's organ. Withdrawn to a point, the tongue and the Jacobson's organ work in concert for a taste-smell analysis. The organ itself gives the snake an extrasensory conduit. Quite literally, the snake gets a taste of the neighborhood, capable of slithering in rooms of information like the doors are open.

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snake to escape without being noticed. Plain snakes usually adopt active hunting strategies, as their pattern allows them to send little information to prey about motion. Blotched snakes usually use ambush-based strategies, likely because it helps them blend into an environment with irregularly shaped objects, like sticks or rocks. Spotted patterning can similarly help snakes to blend into their environment.

12950: 12962: 4789: 33: 3735: 3456:. Between the two halves of the lower jaw at the chin there is an elastic ligament that allows for a separation. This allows the snake to swallow food larger in proportion to their size and go longer without it, since snakes ingest relatively more in one feeding. Because the sides of the lower jaw can move independently of one another, a snake resting its jaw on a surface has stereo 4837: 3508:. The vertebral column consists of between 200 and 400 vertebrae, or sometimes more. The body vertebrae each have two ribs articulating with them. The tail vertebrae are comparatively few in number (often less than 20% of the total) and lack ribs. The vertebrae have projections that allow for strong muscle attachment, enabling locomotion without limbs. 2845:, which lived 95 million years ago, also had a skull with several features typical for lizards, but had evolved some of the mobile skull joints that define the flexible skull in most modern snakes. The species did not show any resemblances to the modern burrowing blind snakes, which have often been seen as the most primitive group of extant forms. One 3515:(self-amputation of the tail), a feature found in some lizards, is absent in most snakes. In the rare cases where it does exist in snakes, caudal autotomy is intervertebral (meaning the separation of adjacent vertebrae), unlike that in lizards, which is intravertebral, i.e. the break happens along a predefined fracture plane present on a vertebra. 4198:. Cell division and proliferation continues until an early snake embryo develops and the typical body shape of a snake can be observed. Multiple features differentiate the embryologic development of snakes from other vertebrates, two significant factors being the elongation of the body and the lack of limb development. 4677:, 250,000 snakebites are recorded in a single year, with as many as 50,000 recorded initial deaths. The WHO estimates that on the order of 100,000 people die each year as a result of snake bites, and around three times as many amputations and other permanent disabilities are caused by snakebites annually. 4499:

of muscle activation is different in aquatic versus terrestrial lateral undulation, which justifies calling them separate modes. All snakes can laterally undulate forward (with backward-moving waves), but only sea snakes have been observed reversing the motion (moving backwards with forward-moving waves).

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Consuming snake flesh and related goods is a reflection of many cultures around the world, especially in Asian nations like China, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Because of its supposed health benefits and aphrodisiac qualities, snake meat is frequently regarded as a delicacy and

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Snakes have a wide diversity of skin coloration patterns which are often related to behavior, such as the tendency to have to flee from predators. Snakes that are at a high risk of predation tend to be plain, or have longitudinal stripes, providing few reference points to predators, thus allowing the

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in the mouth for examination. The fork in the tongue provides a sort of directional sense of smell and taste simultaneously. The snake's tongue is constantly in motion, sampling particles from the air, ground, and water, analyzing the chemicals found, and determining the presence of prey or predators

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industry has developed. Snakes bred in captivity are considered preferable to specimens caught in the wild and tend to make better pets. Compared with more traditional types of companion animal, snakes can be very low-maintenance pets; they require minimal space, as most common species do not exceed

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When swimming, the waves become larger as they move down the snake's body, and the wave travels backwards faster than the snake moves forwards. Thrust is generated by pushing their body against the water, resulting in the observed slip. In spite of overall similarities, studies show that the pattern

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The circulatory system of a snake is basically like those of any other vertebrae. However, snakes do not regulate internally the temperature of their blood. Called cold-blooded, snakes actually have blood that is responsive to the varying temperature of the immediate environment. Snakes can regulate

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gene which is critically required for limb development. More advanced snakes have no remnants of limbs, but basal snakes such as pythons and boas do have traces of highly reduced, vestigial hind limbs. Python embryos even have fully developed hind limb buds, but their later development is stopped by

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Title, Pascal O.; Singhal, Sonal; Grundler, Michael C.; Costa, Gabriel C.; Pyron, R. Alexander; Colston, Timothy J.; Grundler, Maggie R.; Prates, Ivan; Stepanova, Natasha; Jones, Marc E. H.; Cavalcanti, Lucas B. Q.; Colli, Guarino R.; Di-Poï, Nicolas; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Moritz, Craig; Mesquita,

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In some parts of the world, especially in India, snake charming is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In such a show, the snake charmer carries a basket containing a snake that he seemingly charms by playing tunes with his flutelike musical instrument, to which the snake responds. The snake is

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Documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon. Nonfatal bites from venomous snakes may result in the need for amputation of a limb or part thereof. Of the roughly 725 species of venomous snakes worldwide, only 250 are able to kill a human with one bite. Australia averages only one fatal

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The slowest mode of snake locomotion is rectilinear locomotion, which is also the only one where the snake does not need to bend its body laterally, though it may do so when turning. In this mode, the belly scales are lifted and pulled forward before being placed down and the body pulled over them.

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on small animals including lizards, frogs, other snakes, small mammals, birds, eggs, fish, snails, worms, and insects. Snakes cannot bite or tear their food to pieces so must swallow their prey whole. The eating habits of a snake are largely influenced by body size; smaller snakes eat smaller prey.

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which they abandon shortly after laying. However, a few species (such as the king cobra) construct nests and stay in the vicinity of the hatchlings after incubation. Most pythons coil around their egg-clutches and remain with them until they hatch. A female python will not leave the eggs, except to

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Snake vision varies greatly between species. Some have keen eyesight and others are only able to distinguish light from dark, but the important trend is that a snake's visual perception is adequate enough to track movements. Generally, vision is best in tree-dwelling snakes and weakest in burrowing

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To pick up particles in the air, the tongue is flicked out. Like a hand getting the weight of something, the fork in the tongue simultaneously provides a sort of directional sense. Snakes have a good sense of smell, but this sense is greatly enhanced in the window of a special organ, the Jacobson's

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The snake with its particular arrangement of organs may achieve a greater efficiency. For example, the lung encloses at the part nearest the head and throat an oxygen intake organ, while the other half is used for air reserve. The esophagus-stomach-intestine arrangement is a straight line. It ends

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Up until as late as the mid 20th century it was assumed snakes could not hear. In fact snakes have two distinct and wholly independent systems. One of these systems, the somatic, involves transmission of frequencies through ventral skin receptors via the spine. The other system involves vibrations

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located on either side of the head, between the nostrils and the eyes. In fact the pit looks like an extra pair of nostrils. All snakes have the ability to sense warmth with touch and heat receptors like other animals ;however, the highly developed pit of the pit vipers is distinctive. Each pit is

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The movement of snakes in arboreal habitats has only recently been studied. While on tree branches, snakes use several modes of locomotion depending on species and bark texture. In general, snakes will use a modified form of concertina locomotion on smooth branches, but will laterally undulate if

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When push-points are absent, but there is not enough space to use sidewinding because of lateral constraints, such as in tunnels, snakes rely on concertina locomotion. In this mode, the snake braces the posterior portion of its body against the tunnel wall while the front of the snake extends and

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Lateral undulation is the sole mode of aquatic locomotion, and the most common mode of terrestrial locomotion. In this mode, the body of the snake alternately flexes to the left and right, resulting in a series of rearward-moving "waves". While this movement appears rapid, snakes have rarely been

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The lack of limbs does not impede the movement of snakes. They have developed several different modes of locomotion to deal with particular environments. Unlike the gaits of limbed animals, which form a continuum, each mode of snake locomotion is discrete and distinct from the others; transitions

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Terrestrial lateral undulation is the most common mode of terrestrial locomotion for most snake species. In this mode, the posteriorly moving waves push against contact points in the environment, such as rocks, twigs, irregularities in the soil, etc. Each of these environmental objects, in turn,

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For a snake, the skin has been modified to its specialized form of locomotion. Between the inner layer and the outer layer lies the dermis, which contains all the pigments and cells that make up the snake's distinguishing pattern and color. The epidermis, or outer layer, is formed of a substance

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Genetic studies in recent years have indicated snakes are not as closely related to monitor lizards as was once believed—and therefore not to mosasaurs, the proposed ancestor in the aquatic scenario of their evolution. However, more evidence links mosasaurs to snakes than to varanids. Fragmented

10227:. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2004. Update Date: 2/27/2008. Updated by: Stephen C. Acosta, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc. 4458:

Hooding (expansion of the neck area) is a visual deterrent, mostly seen in cobras (elapids), and is primarily controlled by rib muscles. Hooding can be accompanied by spitting venom towards the threatening object, and producing a specialized sound; hissing. Studies on captive cobras showed that

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It has been suggested that all snakes may be venomous to a certain degree, with harmless snakes having weak venom and no fangs. According to this theory, most snakes that are labelled "nonvenomous" would be considered harmless because they either lack a venom delivery method or are incapable of

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show, where the two animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common, as the animals may be seriously injured or killed. Snake charming as a profession is dying out in India because of competition from modern forms of entertainment and environment laws proscribing the practice. Many

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The health of people is seriously threatened by snakebites, especially in areas where there is a great diversity of snakes and little access to medical care such as the Amazon Rainforest region in South America. Snakebite is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "other neglected

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Snakes do not ordinarily prey on humans. Unless startled or injured, most snakes prefer to avoid contact and will not attack humans. With the exception of large constrictors, nonvenomous snakes are not a threat to humans. The bite of a nonvenomous snake is usually harmless; their teeth are not

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that develops with some cartilage and a cartilaginous pelvic element, however this degenerates before hatching. This presence of vestigial development suggests that some snakes are still undergoing hind limb reduction before they are eliminated. There is no evidence in basal snakes of forelimb

3673:, located in fatty tissue above the heart, is responsible for the generation of immune cells in the blood. The cardiovascular system of snakes is unique for the presence of a renal portal system in which the blood from the snake's tail passes through the kidneys before returning to the heart. 3688:

is often small or sometimes even absent, as snakes' tubular bodies require all of their organs to be long and thin. In the majority of species, only one lung is functional. This lung contains a vascularized anterior portion and a posterior portion that does not function in gas exchange. This

2955:. According to this hypothesis, the fused, transparent eyelids of snakes are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions (corneal water loss through osmosis), and the external ears were lost through disuse in an aquatic environment. This ultimately led to an animal similar to today's 532:

Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, and the islands of New Zealand, as well as many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific oceans. Additionally,

2779:. The expansion of grasslands in North America also led to an explosive radiation among snakes. Previously, snakes were a minor component of the North American fauna, but during the Miocene, the number of species and their prevalence increased dramatically with the first appearances of 4749:, they formed the Irula Snake Catcher's Cooperative and switched to catching snakes for removal of venom, releasing them in the wild after four extractions. The venom so collected is used for producing life-saving antivenom, biomedical research and for other medicinal products. The 3394:

Snakes may shed four of five times a year, depending on the weather conditions, food supply, age of the snake, and other factors. It is theoretically possible to identify the snake from its cast skin if it is reasonably intact. Mythological associations of snakes with symbols of

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blood temperature by moving. Too long in direct sunlight, the snakes' blood is heated by beyond tolerance. Left in the ice or snow, the snake may freeze. In temperate zones with pronounced seasonal changes, snakes denning together have adapted to the onslaught of winter.

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or their enhancers could contribute to snake limblessness. Since multiple studies have found evidence suggesting different genes played a role in the loss of limbs in snakes, it is likely that multiple gene mutations had an additive effect leading to limb loss in snakes

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turns his staff into a snake as a sign of God's power, and later when he makes the Nehushtan, a bronze snake on a pole that when looked at cured the people of bites from the snakes that plagued them in the desert. The serpent makes its final appearance symbolizing

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There are about 3,900 species of snakes, ranging as far northward as the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and southward through Australia. Snakes can be found on every continent except Antarctica, as well as in the sea, and as high as 16,000 feet (4,900 m) in the

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in India have been hunter-gatherers in the hot, dry plains forests, and have practiced the art of snake catching for generations. They have a vast knowledge of snakes in the field. They generally catch the snakes with the help of a simple stick. Earlier, the

4233:. The snake somitogenesis clock operates at a frequency 4 times that of a mouse (after correction for developmental time), creating more somites, and therefore creating more vertebrae. This difference in clock speed is believed to be caused by differences in 10451:

Williams, David J.; Faiz, Mohd Abul; Abela-Ridder, Bernadette; Ainsworth, Stuart; Bulfone, Tommaso C.; Nickerson, Andrea D.; Habib, Abdulrazaq G.; Junghanss, Thomas; Fan, Hui Wen; Turner, Michael; Harrison, Robert A.; Warrell, David A. (21 February 2019).

4593:) of Southeast Asia launch themselves from branch tips, spreading their ribs and laterally undulating as they glide between trees. These snakes can perform a controlled glide for hundreds of feet depending upon launch altitude and can even turn in midair. 2963:, snakes recolonized land, and continued to diversify into today's snakes. Fossilized snake remains are known from early Late Cretaceous marine sediments, which is consistent with this hypothesis; particularly so, as they are older than the terrestrial 4661:

adapted for tearing or inflicting a deep puncture wound, but rather grabbing and holding. Although the possibility of infection and tissue damage is present in the bite of a nonvenomous snake, venomous snakes present far greater hazard to humans. The

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Boughner, Julia C.; Buchtová, Marcela; Fu, Katherine; Diewert, Virginia; Hallgrímsson, Benedikt; Richman, Joy M. (June 2007). "Embryonic development of Python sebae – I: Staging criteria and macroscopic skeletal morphogenesis of the head and limbs".

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India is often called the land of snakes and is steeped in tradition regarding snakes. Snakes are worshipped as gods even today with many women pouring milk on snake pits (despite snakes' aversion for milk). The cobra is seen on the neck of

4383:, the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in the skull, which allow the snake to open its mouth wide enough to swallow prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself. For example, the 4082:

with includes topping, a behavior exhibited by most viperids in which one male will twist around the vertically elevated fore body of its opponent and force it downward. It is common for neck-biting to occur while the snakes are entwined.

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snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and rear limbs. The hyoid is a small bone located posterior and ventral to the skull, in the 'neck' region, which serves as an attachment for the muscles of the snake's tongue, as it does in all other

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Several compounds from snake venoms are being researched as potential treatments or preventatives for pain, cancers, arthritis, stroke, heart disease, hemophilia, and hypertension, as well as to control bleeding (e.g., during surgery).

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Some of the most highly developed sensory systems are found in the Crotalidae, or pit vipers—the rattlesnakes and their associates. Pit vipers have all the sense organs of other snakes, as well as additional aids. Pit refers to special

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via the left and right atrium, and one ventricle. Internally, the ventricle is divided into three interconnected cavities: the cavum arteriosum, the cavum pulmonale, and the cavum venosum. The cavum venosum receives deoxygenated

4310:, in which the dormant mammals are actually asleep, brumating reptiles are awake but inactive. Individual snakes may brumate in burrows, under rock piles, or inside fallen trees, or large numbers of snakes may clump together in 9711: 1778:

While snakes are limbless reptiles, evolved from (and grouped with) lizards, there are many other species of lizards that have lost their limbs independently but which superficially look similar to snakes. These include the

10986: 3278:-sensitive vision, but most snakes that depend on their eyesight to hunt in daylight have evolved lenses that act like sunglasses for filtering out the UV-light, which probably also sharpens their vision by improving the 9402:

Kvon, Evgeny Z.; Kamneva, Olga K.; Melo, Uirá S.; Barozzi, Iros; Osterwalder, Marco; Mannion, Brandon J.; Tissières, Virginie; Pickle, Catherine S.; Plajzer-Frick, Ingrid; Lee, Elizabeth A.; Kato, Momoe (October 2016).

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Venom, like all salivary secretions, is a predigestant that initiates the breakdown of food into soluble compounds, facilitating proper digestion. Even nonvenomous snakebites (like any animal bite) cause tissue damage.

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texts as a magical protective entity. A dragon-like creature with horns, the body and neck of a snake, the forelegs of a lion, and the hind-legs of a bird appears in Mesopotamian art from the Akkadian Period until the

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rudiments and no examples of snake forelimb bud initiation in embryo, so little is known regarding the loss of this trait. Recent studies suggest that hind limb reduction could be due to mutations in enhancers for the

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The skull of a snake differs from a lizards in several ways. Snakes have more flexible jaws, that is, instead of a juncture at the upper and lower jaw, the snake's jaws are connected by a bone hinge that is called the

3859:) have fangs in the back of their mouths, with the fangs curled backwards. This makes it difficult both for the snake to use its venom and for scientists to milk them. Elapids, however, such as cobras and kraits are 9955:

Jayne BC (August 1988). "Muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion: an electromyographic study of lateral undulation of the Florida banded water snake (Nerodia fasciata) and the yellow rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta)".

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use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom that is potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by

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Note: the tree only indicates relationships, not evolutionary branching times. This is not a definitive tree. It is the best that could be done as of 2024. See original paper for a discussion of difficulties.

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term "poisonous snake" is generally an incorrect label for snakes. A poison is inhaled or ingested, whereas venom produced by snakes is injected into its victim via fangs. There are, however, two exceptions:

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documented moving faster than two body-lengths per second, often much less. This mode of movement has the same net cost of transport (calories burned per meter moved) as running in lizards of the same mass.

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that are transmitted through the snake's attenuated lung to the brain via cranial nerve. A snake's sensitivity to vibration is extremely high. In a quiet room, a snake can hear someone speaking softly.

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Western India and Sri Lanka through tropical Southeast Asia to the Philippines, south through the Indonesian/Malaysian island group to Timor, east through New Guinea to the northern coast of Australia to

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The shape and number of scales on the head, back, and belly are often characteristic and used for taxonomic purposes. Scales are named mainly according to their positions on the body. In "advanced" (

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Waves of movement and stasis pass posteriorly, resulting in a series of ripples in the skin. The ribs of the snake do not move in this mode of locomotion and this method is most often used by large

4428:("cold-blooded"), the surrounding temperature plays an important role in the digestion process. The ideal temperature for snakes to digest food is 30 °C (86 °F). There is a huge amount of 3855:

Venomous snakes that use hemotoxins usually have fangs in the front of their mouths, making it easier for them to inject the venom into their victims. Some snakes that use neurotoxins (such as the

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from the right atrium and the cavum arteriosum receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium. Located beneath the cavum venosum is the cavum pulmonale, which pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk.

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use snakes as an integral part of church worship, to demonstrate their faith in divine protection. However, more commonly in Christianity, the serpent has been depicted as a representative of

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contact points are available. Snakes move faster on small branches and when contact points are present, in contrast to limbed animals, which do better on large branches with little 'clutter'.

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Head JJ, Bloch JI, Hastings AK, Bourque JR, Cadena EA, Herrera FA, et al. (February 2009). "Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures".

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snakes such as the boomslang simply have a groove on the posterior edge to channel venom into the wound. Snake venoms are often prey-specific, and their role in self-defense is secondary.

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5 feet (1.5 m) in length, and can be fed relatively infrequently—usually once every five to fourteen days. Certain snakes have a lifespan of more than 40 years if given proper care.

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in other vertebrates. In a snake's skull the brain is well protected. As brain tissues could be damaged through the palate, this protection is especially valuable. The solid and complete

3266:. Diurnal snakes have round pupils and many nocturnal snakes have slit pupils. Most species possess three visual pigments and are probably able to see two primary colors in daylight. The 2883:

and dirt in the ears. Some primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs, but their pelvic bones lacked a direct connection to the vertebrae. These include fossil species like

4935:, meaning "furious serpent", was used as a symbol for particular deities and also as a general protective emblem. It seems to have originally been the attendant of the Underworld god 3069:, hence the question became which genetic changes led to limb loss in the snake ancestor. Limb loss is actually very common in extant reptiles and has happened dozens of times within 1706:. In Pacific South America they occur as far south as southern coastal Peru, and on the Atlantic side as far as Uruguay and Argentina. In the Caribbean they are found on the Bahamas, 10922: 5132: 3869:

delivering enough to endanger a human. The theory postulates that snakes may have evolved from a common lizard ancestor that was venomous, and also that venomous lizards like the

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appears to have regained much of their color vision as an adaption to the marine environment they live in. It has been concluded that the last common ancestors of all snakes had

5011:, an early Gnostic text, describes "a great dragon whose tail is in its mouth". In medieval alchemy, the ouroboros became a typical western dragon with wings, legs, and a tail. 3080:

In 2016, two studies reported that limb loss in snakes is associated with DNA mutations in the Zone of Polarizing Activity Regulatory Sequence (ZRS), a regulatory region of the

3522:. These small, claw-like protrusions on each side of the cloaca are the external portion of the vestigial hindlimb skeleton, which includes the remains of an ilium and femur. 10073:

Astley HC, Jayne BC (November 2007). "Effects of perch diameter and incline on the kinematics, performance and modes of arboreal locomotion of corn snakes (Elaphe guttata)".

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Lee MS, Hugall AF, Lawson R, Scanlon JD (2007). "Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses".

3653:. The heart is able to move around, owing to the lack of a diaphragm; this adjustment protects the heart from potential damage when large ingested prey is passed through the 2928:

does not have distinctive snake features in its spine and skull. A study in 2021 places the animal in a group of extinct marine lizards from the Cretaceous period known as

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Most tropical and many subtropical regions around the world, particularly in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, islands in the Pacific, tropical America and in southeastern Europe.

493:). To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional 3830:

at the back of the head. In all venomous snakes, these glands open through ducts into grooved or hollow teeth in the upper jaw. The proteins can potentially be a mix of

4387:

has flexible jaws adapted for eating eggs much larger than the diameter of its head. This snake has no teeth, but does have bony protrusions on the inside edge of its

10584: 4424:

enters a reduced state between meals to conserve energy. The digestive system is then 'up-regulated' to full capacity within 48 hours of prey consumption. Being

10936: 5409:

is purported to have expelled all snakes from Ireland while converting the country to Christianity in the 5th century, thus explaining the absence of snakes there.

5120:

mentioned a monster snake guarding the spring from which the new settlement was to draw its water. In fighting and killing the snake, the companions of the founder

9675:

Young, Bruce A.; Dunlap, Karen; Koenig, Kristen; Singer, Meredith (15 September 2004). "The buccal buckle: the functional morphology of venom spitting in cobras".

5982: 5187:

is depicted often as sleeping on a seven-headed snake or within the coils of a serpent. There are also several temples in India solely for cobras sometimes called

7769: 4141:

reptiles is almost exclusively sexual. Males ordinarily have a ZZ pair of sex-determining chromosomes, and females a ZW pair. However, the Colombian Rainbow boa (

517:. These resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal (see 5809: 4243:

There is ample literature focusing on the limb development/lack of development in snake embryos and the gene expression associated with the different stages. In

3846:(related to neurotoxins, but also directly affect muscle tissue), and many other toxins that affect the body in different ways. Almost all snake venom contains 12441: 11413: 7945: 6994: 4134:, and often to developmental abnormalities. Both captive-born and wild-born copperheads and cottonmouths appear to be capable of this form of parthenogenesis. 3233: 4993:, was said to coil around the corpse of the sun god Ra protectively. The earliest surviving depiction of a "true" ouroboros comes from the gilded shrines in 4549:

of the cost for a lizard to move the same distance. Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence that sidewinding is associated with the sand being hot.

4147:) can also reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis, resulting in production of WW female progeny. The WW females are likely produced by terminal automixis. 4078:

in snakes is demonstrated by the 3,000 species that each use different tactics in acquiring mates. Ritual combat between males for the females they want to

10517: 4632:

Most common symptoms of any kind of snake bite envenomation. Furthermore, there is vast variation in symptoms between bites from different types of snakes.

1385: 4745:

caught thousands of snakes for the snake-skin industry. After the complete ban of the snake-skin industry in India and protection of all snakes under the

7237:

Bergmann, Philip J.; Morinaga, Gen (March 2019). "The convergent evolution of snake-like forms by divergent evolutionary pathways in squamate reptiles".

6690: 2916:. It has many snake-like features, is adapted for burrowing and its stomach indicates that it was preying on other animals. It is currently uncertain if 1335: 1079: 3865:—they possess hollow fangs that cannot be erected toward the front of their mouths, and cannot "stab" like a viper. They must actually bite the victim. 8792: 7312: 10561: 8952:

Shine R, Langkilde T, Mason RT (2004). "Courtship tactics in garter snakes: How do a male's morphology and behaviour influence his mating success?".

4438:) increases by as much as 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) during the digestive process. If a snake is disturbed after having eaten recently, it will often 11641: 8739:

Fry BG, Vidal N, Norman JA, Vonk FJ, Scheib H, Ramjan SF, et al. (February 2006). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes".

6898: 6389:

McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.

3001: 1425:

Subsaharan Africa, India, Myanmar, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.

11382: 4985:

symbol of a serpent swallowing its own tail. The precursor to the ouroboros was the "Many-Faced", a serpent with five heads, who, according to the

7272: 5553:"The origin of snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record" 3762:. The fangs of 'advanced' venomous snakes like viperids and elapids are hollow, allowing venom to be injected more effectively, and the fangs of 3693:

purposes to adjust buoyancy in some aquatic snakes and its function remains unknown in terrestrial species. Many organs that are paired, such as

7817: 4013:, which are stored, inverted, in the male's tail. The hemipenes are often grooved, hooked, or spined—designed to grip the walls of the female's 3544: 2910:

This hypothesis was strengthened in 2015 by the discovery of a 113-million-year-old fossil of a four-legged snake in Brazil that has been named

11514: 9357:

Leal, Francisca; Cohn, Martin J. (January 2018). "Developmental, genetic, and genomic insights into the evolutionary loss of limbs in snakes".

1237: 1083: 3308:

has a smooth, dry texture. Most snakes use specialized belly scales to travel, allowing them to grip surfaces. The body scales may be smooth,

13128: 12770: 7795: 6682: 7853: 6114: 13220: 4708:

in fact responding to the movement of the flute, not the sound it makes, as snakes lack external ears (though they do have internal ears).

4420:

to take place; this is an intense activity, especially after consumption of large prey. In species that feed only sporadically, the entire

4406:

have more teeth on the right side of their mouths than on the left, as they mostly prey on snails and the shells usually spiral clockwise.

3186:, with a length of about 10.4 cm (4.1 in). Most snakes are fairly small animals, approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. 11682: 8564: 1008:

Northern, Central and South America, the Caribbean, southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, Northern, Central and East Africa, Madagascar and

10633: 7506: 5836:"At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles" 3799:

sequesters toxins from the toads it eats, then secretes them from nuchal glands to ward off predators; and a small unusual population of

12453: 11783: 10210: 2967:. Similar skull structure, reduced or absent limbs, and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to a positive 10245: 9936: 4715:

in India technically prohibits snake charming on the grounds of reducing animal cruelty. Other types of snake charmers use a snake and

4442:

its prey to be able to escape the perceived threat. When undisturbed, the digestive process is highly efficient; the snake's digestive

2867:

species evolved bodies streamlined for burrowing, and eventually lost their limbs. According to this hypothesis, features such as the

12011: 11556: 11253: 7922: 580: 6971: 3177:, which measures about 5.21 m (17.1 ft) long and is considered the heaviest snake on Earth at 97.5 kg (215 lb). 12900: 12514: 11451: 6912: 5862: 563:

was 12.8 meters (42 ft) long. Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the

10834: 8627:

Oliveira, Ana L.; Viegas, Matilde F.; da Silva, Saulo L.; Soares, Andreimar M.; Ramos, Maria J.; Fernandes, Pedro A. (July 2022).

5412:

In Christianity and Judaism, the snake makes its infamous appearance in the first book of the Bible when a serpent appears before

2686:

uncommon. Fossils readily identifiable as snakes (though often retaining hind limbs) first appear in the fossil record during the

1651:

From southern Central America to northwestern South America. Disjunct populations in northeastern and southeastern South America.

807:, a family of giant, primitive, python-like snakes, was around until 50,000 years ago in Australia, represented by genera such as 13102: 12433: 10336: 9809:

Hekrotte C (1967). "Relations of Body Temperature, Size, and Crawling Speed of the Common Garter Snake, Thamnophis s. sirtalis".

8034: 6223: 5719: 3033: 10280: 8324: 6657: 1152:

On land, worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, except in Europe. Sea snakes occur in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific.

509:. Lizards have independently evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs at least twenty-five times via 12283:

Nóbrega Alves RR, Silva Vieira WL, Santana GG (2008). "Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications".

6167: 1529:

Southern and southeastern Asia, and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands).

11473:

Tsoucalas, Gregory; Androutsos, George (2019). "Asclepius and the Snake as Toxicological Symbols in Ancient Greece and Rome".

7974: 5022:, whose name means "Snake", is depicted very negatively, as a particularly cruel and despicable enemy of the ancient Hebrews. 13210: 12403: 12384: 12353: 12331: 12273: 12250: 12231: 12208: 12141: 12099: 12069: 12050: 12021: 11989: 11956: 11932: 11908: 11873: 11591: 11490: 11357: 11319: 11288: 11132: 11095: 10980: 10930: 10848: 10739: 8837: 8412:"Organized emergence of multiple-generations of teeth in snakes is dysregulated by activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling" 7489: 6835: 6469: 6461: 6257: 5764: 4620:

when stalking prey across open ground as the snake's movements are subtle and harder to detect by their prey in this manner.

4379:

is a complex structure. Contrary to the popular belief that snakes can dislocate their jaws, they have an extremely flexible

4372:

Juvenile pythons might start out feeding on lizards or mice and graduate to small deer or antelope as an adult, for example.

1127:

off the southwestern coast of New Guinea. Also found in southern China (Fujian, Hong Kong and on Hainan Island) and in Laos.

13107: 12429: 11962: 9194:

Zehr, David R. (20 July 1962). "Stages in the Normal Development of the Common Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis".

6219: 6137: 3777:) that prey on venomous snakes have developed resistance and even immunity to certain venoms. Venomous snakes include three 3345:—hence they are not shed separately but as a complete outer layer during each molt, akin to a sock being turned inside out. 13215: 10966: 10916: 9231:

Gomez, Céline; Özbudak, Ertuğrul M.; Wunderlich, Joshua; Baumann, Diana; Lewis, Julian; Pourquié, Olivier (17 July 2008).

4302:

In regions where winters are too cold for snakes to tolerate while remaining active, local species will enter a period of

9286: 4000: 3543: 5612:"Integrated analyses resolve conflicts over squamate reptile phylogeny and reveal unexpected placements for fossil taxa" 1562:, east through Myanmar to southern China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies to 11822: 10785: 8863: 8278: 7761: 6732: 5681:"Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles" 5421: 3550: 12156:

Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

7545: 5801: 5441:: "And he laid hold on the dragon the old serpent, which is the devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years." 4409:

Some snakes have a venomous bite, which they use to kill their prey before eating it. Other snakes kill their prey by

4221:

count (mice have 60 vertebrae, whereas snakes may have over 300). This increase in vertebrae is due to an increase in

2979:

and Early Cretaceous indicate deeper fossil records for these groups, which may potentially refute either hypothesis.

12763: 11828: 11229: 11175: 10627: 8064: 6623: 6424: 6402: 6394: 6200: 75: 8340:

Cogger, H 1993 Fauna of Australia. Vol. 2A Amphibia and Reptilia. Australian Biological Resources Studies, Canberra.

7004: 6564:

Vidal, N.; Rage, J.-C.; Couloux, A.; Hedges, S.B. (2009). "Snakes (Serpentes)". In Hedges, S. B.; Kumar, S. (eds.).

6192:

Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture

4432:

energy involved in a snake's digestion, for example the surface body temperature of the South American rattlesnake (

4036:

and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch. Several species of snake, such as the

824:

of modern snakes, scolecophidians, typhlopids + anomalepidids, alethinophidians, core alethinophidians, uropeltids (

13177: 13068: 12812: 12787: 11025:

Seelig, Beth J. (August 2002). "The Rape of Medusa in the Temple of Athena: Aspects of Triangulation in the Girl".

7131: 6439: 5055: 4969:, the snake occupies a primary role with the Nile cobra adorning the crown of the pharaoh in ancient times. It was 3341:). Snakes shed the complete outer layer of skin in one piece. Snake scales are not discrete, but extensions of the 10671: 8224:

Friedel P, Young BA, van Hemmen JL (February 2008). "Auditory localization of ground-borne vibrations in snakes".

5219:

Many ancient Peruvian cultures worshipped nature. They emphasized animals and often depicted snakes in their art.

3554: 13133: 13081: 7881: 6550: 4746: 3553: 3542: 356: 12445: 10528: 7604: 5974: 5903: 3549: 3545: 1702:, from the southwestern United States south through Mexico and Central to South America, though not in the high 12890: 12807: 5516: 5386: 5334:. "In states of ecstasy, lords dance a serpent dance; great descending snakes adorn and support buildings from 3541: 3017: 4753:

are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages.

3551: 1277:

Southeast Asia and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands).

803:) and acrochordids, while the other alethinophidian families comprise Henophidia. While not extant today, the 13115: 12285: 11115: 10454:"Strategy for a globally coordinated response to a priority neglected tropical disease: Snakebite envenoming" 8989:

Blouin-Demers G, Gibbs HL, Weatherhead PJ (2005). "Genetic evidence for sexual selection in black ratsnakes,

6275:"Largest known madtsoiid snake from warm Eocene period of India suggests intercontinental Gondwana dispersal" 4712: 1450:

West Indies; also Panama and northwestern South America, as well as in northwestern and southeastern Brazil.

7304: 5452:, the snake is seen as a symbol of wisdom and knowledge. Additionally, snakes are sometimes associated with 3555: 3518:

In some snakes, most notably boas and pythons, there are vestiges of the hindlimbs in the form of a pair of

3440: 12756: 12507: 12486: 12079: 7994: 7518: 7469: 6334: 5191:(King of Snakes) and it is believed that snakes are symbols of fertility. There is a Hindu festival called 4394:

The majority of snakes eat a variety of prey animals, but there is some specialization in certain species.

4225:

during embryogenesis, leading to an increased number of vertebrae which develop. Somites are formed at the

4029:

occasionally bask in the sun or drink water. She will even "shiver" to generate heat to incubate the eggs.

3145: 649: 10551: 7444: 4446:

dissolve and absorb everything but the prey's hair (or feathers) and claws, which are excreted along with

4094:

is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.

2690:

period. The earliest known true snake fossils (members of the crown group Serpentes) come from the marine

13037: 12196: 11633: 8857:

Fowell, Megan J.; Sanders, Kate L.; Brennan, Patricia L. R.; Crowe-Riddell, Jenna M. (21 December 2022).

6852: 3552: 5067:

with serpents for hair whose gaze turned all those who looked at her to stone and was slain by the hero

3487:

The skeletons of snakes are radically different from those of most other reptiles (as compared with the

1123:

Sri Lanka east through Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and the Malay Archipelago to as far east as

12940: 12526: 12223: 11942: 11705: 8995: 8954: 8471:

Jensen B, Moorman AF, Wang T (May 2014). "Structure and function of the hearts of lizards and snakes".

8352: 8088:"Synchronization of Spring Molting with the Onset of Mating Behavior in Male Lizards, Lacerta vivipara" 7178:"The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution" 6491:

Daniel O.; Pianka, Eric R.; Smith, Stephen A.; Vitt, Laurie J.; Rabosky, Daniel L. (23 February 2024).

6006:"The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution" 5484: 4973:

as one of the gods and was also used for sinister purposes: murder of an adversary and ritual suicide (

4513: 3196: 10358: 3548: 272: 13182: 13143: 11711: 11345: 10777: 10331: 10276: 8145:

Wilcox RA, Whitham EM (April 2003). "The symbol of modern medicine: why one snake is more than two".

7909: 4662: 4230: 3300:. Contrary to the popular notion of snakes being slimy (because of possible confusion of snakes with 2985: 48: 17: 12473: 11506: 9090:"Consecutive virgin births in the new world boid snake, the Colombian rainbow Boa, Epicrates maurus" 8159: 2823:

There is fossil evidence to suggest that snakes may have evolved from burrowing lizards, during the

12795: 12091: 10840: 9640:

Young, Bruce A.; Kardong, Kenneth V. (May 2010). "The functional morphology of hooding in cobras".

9532: 7481: 7336:"Loss and Re-emergence of Legs in Snakes by Modular Evolution of Sonic hedgehog and HOXD Enhancers" 6724: 5276:

is said to hold all the planets of the Universe on his hoods and to constantly sing the glories of

5117: 1539: 1162: 879: 9528:"A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes" 7791: 6694: 3547: 1460: 12500: 12457: 11882: 11124: 11083: 8226: 7890: 7843: 7702:

Zdenek, Christina N.; Staples, Timothy; Hay, Chris; Bourke, Lachlan N.; Candusso, Damian (2023).

7562: 6569: 5509: 3238: 2704: 1683: 917: 13169: 12200: 7385:

Kvon EZ, Kamneva OK, Melo US, Barozzi I, Osterwalder M, Mannion BJ, et al. (October 2016).

5756: 5526: 3546: 12990: 11674: 11087: 11071: 8556: 8154: 8092: 6818:

Mc Dowell S (1972). "The Evolution of the Tongue of Snakes, and its Bearing on Snake Origins".

5504: 5231: 4974: 4602: 4311: 4006: 3950: 3946: 3267: 1636: 1485: 1054: 254: 92: 57: 11865: 11855: 11219: 10731: 10725: 10617: 7522: 6190: 2733:—primitive groups among modern snakes—have vestigial hind limbs: tiny, clawed digits known as 13164: 12849: 11793: 10303: 9958: 8786: 7591:

Boback SM, Guyer C (February 2003). "Empirical evidence for an optimal body size in snakes".

7182: 6010: 4757: 4756:

Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers or

4477: 4356: 4341: 4103: 3024: 3008: 2868: 12364: 11075: 10802: 10237: 9907:

Gray, J.; Lissmann, H. W. (February 1950). "The Kinetics of Locomotion of the Grass-Snake".

8168: 4836: 4115: 3763: 13050: 12294: 11349: 11339: 10142: 9862: 9541: 9318: 9246: 8750: 8425: 8361: 8235: 7715: 7558: 7349: 7191: 7041: 6866: 6763: 6504: 6343: 6288: 6019: 5931: 5625: 5564: 5522: 5479: 4111: 3182: 3140: 2936: 1199:

Lamprophiids (formerly included Atracaspididae, Psammophiidae, and several other families)

900: 729: 550: 510: 12376: 12133: 12027: 11548: 11245: 9851:

Walton M, Jayne BC, Bennet AF (August 1990). "The energetic cost of limbless locomotion".

8350:

Arnold EN (1984). "Evolutionary aspects of tail shedding in lizards and their relatives".

7876: 7504: 6963: 5551:

Hsiang AY, Field DJ, Webster TH, Behlke AD, Davis MB, Racicot RA, Gauthier JA (May 2015).

4931: 4336: 3254:, where both eyes are capable of focusing on the same point, an example of this being the 2748:

Front limbs are nonexistent in all known snakes. This is caused by the evolution of their

213: 8: 13028: 12869: 12822: 12779: 12372: 12042: 11922: 11814: 11788: 10522: 9710:

Nasoori, Alireza; Shahbazzadeh, Delavar; Tsubota, Toshio; Young, Bruce A. (Winter 2016).

6999: 5030: 4913: 4849: 4831: 4558: 4399: 4294: 4107: 3705:

where intestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts open, in a chamber called the cloaca.

3698: 3123: 3103: 2745:

also possess remnants of the pelvic girdle, appearing as horny projections when visible.

2720: 1514: 1360: 1212: 1124: 768: 415: 383: 12298: 11443: 10146: 9866: 9545: 9322: 9250: 8754: 8429: 8365: 8239: 7719: 7353: 7195: 7045: 6870: 6767: 6508: 6347: 6292: 6023: 5935: 5835: 5629: 5568: 3646: 3312:, or granular. The eyelids of a snake are transparent "spectacle" scales, also known as 12927: 12664: 12310: 12189: 11759: 11734: 11583: 11482: 11311: 11280: 11050: 10897: 10488: 10453: 10326: 10307: 10166: 10098: 10048: 9983: 9886: 9828: 9564: 9527: 9503: 9476: 9431: 9404: 9384: 9278: 9213: 9168: 9141: 9061: 9034: 9012: 8971: 8885: 8858: 8774: 8661: 8628: 8496: 8448: 8411: 8180: 8117: 7738: 7703: 7616: 7413: 7386: 7153: 7126: 7065: 6890: 6797: 6784: 6749: 6369: 6279: 5955: 5749: 5711: 5656: 5611: 5587: 5552: 5438: 5163: 4922: 4060:. Retention of eggs and live birth are most often associated with colder environments. 3782: 3628: 3469: 3444: 3170: 2838: 2772: 1380: 1026: 904: 634: 554: 267: 11750: 11307:

The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera

10429: 10268: 9477:"Right-handed snakes: convergent evolution of asymmetry for functional specialization" 8042: 1673:

Southern and southeastern Asia, including Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and New Guinea.

12421: 12399: 12380: 12349: 12327: 12269: 12262: 12246: 12227: 12204: 12137: 12095: 12084: 12065: 12046: 12036: 12017: 11985: 11979: 11952: 11928: 11904: 11869: 11818: 11764: 11587: 11486: 11363: 11353: 11315: 11284: 11225: 11171: 11128: 11091: 11076: 11042: 10976: 10926: 10844: 10781: 10735: 10623: 10493: 10475: 10433: 10158: 10090: 9975: 9878: 9853: 9788: 9692: 9657: 9622: 9569: 9508: 9436: 9376: 9359: 9334: 9270: 9262: 9173: 9111: 9066: 8890: 8833: 8766: 8666: 8648: 8537: 8488: 8453: 8316: 8293: 8251: 8172: 8109: 8013: 7914: 7743: 7620: 7608: 7485: 7474: 7418: 7367: 7254: 7219: 7158: 7057: 7032: 6882: 6831: 6789: 6728: 6649: 6619: 6520: 6465: 6420: 6398: 6390: 6314: 6306: 6253: 6196: 6047: 5947: 5760: 5703: 5680: 5661: 5643: 5592: 4926: 4904: 4576: 4519: 4434: 4325: 4226: 4057: 3856: 3411: 3381: 3279: 3208: 2829: 1410: 1187: 1108: 772: 220: 43: 12314: 11054: 10102: 9987: 9890: 8500: 8184: 7096:"Famous Discovery of Four-Legged Snake Fossil Turns Out to Have a Twist in The Tale" 7069: 6373: 6159: 5892:"Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo" 5715: 5315:

carried a serpent wound around his wand, a symbol seen today on many ambulances. In

2864: 968: 13225: 12895: 12854: 12727: 12649: 12341: 12302: 12007: 11754: 11746: 11478: 11034: 10889: 10483: 10465: 10425: 10170: 10150: 10133: 10082: 10040: 9967: 9916: 9870: 9820: 9780: 9684: 9649: 9612: 9559: 9549: 9498: 9490: 9426: 9418: 9388: 9368: 9326: 9282: 9254: 9237: 9205: 9163: 9155: 9146: 9101: 9056: 9048: 9033:

Booth W, Smith CF, Eskridge PH, Hoss SK, Mendelson JR, Schuett GW (December 2012).

9016: 9004: 8975: 8963: 8880: 8872: 8778: 8758: 8741: 8656: 8640: 8527: 8480: 8443: 8433: 8369: 8308: 8247: 8243: 8164: 8101: 8003: 7966: 7904: 7894: 7733: 7723: 7600: 7408: 7400: 7357: 7246: 7209: 7199: 7148: 7140: 7049: 6894: 6874: 6857: 6823: 6801: 6779: 6771: 6754: 6512: 6359: 6351: 6296: 6037: 6027: 5959: 5939: 5922: 5852: 5695: 5651: 5633: 5610:

Reeder TW, Townsend TM, Mulcahy DG, Noonan BP, Wood PL, Sites JW, Wiens JJ (2015).

5582: 5572: 5213: 5155: 5135: 5046: 4990: 4966: 4940: 4388: 4143: 4075: 3954: 3778: 3419: 3404: 3271: 3251: 3056: 2738: 1837: 1678: 1304: 993: 742: 584: 538: 431: 204: 12126: 10202: 9008: 8967: 5089:, whom Athena turned into a serpent-haired monster after she was raped by the god 4720:

Indians have never seen snake charming and it is becoming a folktale of the past.

4018: 3410:

One can attempt to identify the sex of a snake when the species is not distinctly

13205: 13151: 13042: 13013: 12966: 12917: 12737: 12589: 12365: 12175: 12163: 12151: 12121: 12109: 11900: 11861: 11165: 10470: 9874: 9481: 9039: 8823: 8438: 7728: 7340: 5638: 5417: 5394: 5147: 5125: 5050: 5019: 4891: 4091: 4037: 3861: 3297: 3119: 2757: 2695: 2269: 1744: 1711: 1559: 1555: 1435: 1103: 1012:, the Arabian Peninsula, Central and southwestern Asia, India and Sri Lanka, the 963: 800: 746: 735: 490: 482: 108: 13120: 11946: 11662: 11038: 6827: 5300:

is used to refer to entities that take the form of large snakes in Hinduism and

1400:

Mostly Madagascar and the Comoros; 5 species in subsaharan Africa, 1 in Socotra

13076: 13063: 12978: 12912: 12864: 12717: 12674: 12659: 12566: 9422: 9409: 9330: 9159: 8644: 7404: 7391: 6301: 6274: 5489: 5425: 5402: 5367: 5308: 5227: 5209: 5205: 5106: 4818: 4769: 4733: 4690: 4364: 4307: 4253: 4053: 3878: 3725: 3435: 3259: 3174: 3093: 3081: 2944: 2860: 2761: 2691: 2003: 1960: 1948: 1773: 1724: 1699: 1430: 1355: 1137: 1013: 1009: 845: 760: 621: 591: 514: 395: 371: 12306: 11735:"Therapeutic potential of snake venom in cancer therapy: current perspectives" 11707:

A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities: Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art

10388: 9232: 8373: 7362: 7335: 6355: 5857: 5577: 4201: 4174:

Snake embryonic development initially follows similar steps as any vertebrate

4127: 13199: 12954: 12874: 12801: 12722: 12709: 12699: 12654: 12629: 12584: 12574: 11918: 11535: 11335: 10699: 10479: 9266: 8652: 8541: 8113: 8017: 6310: 6249: 5647: 5406: 5363: 5247: 5077: 5007: 4982: 4970: 4899: 4806: 4761: 4303: 4210: 4195: 4183: 4163: 4118:

with terminal fusion, a process in which two terminal products from the same

4033: 4025: 3874: 3848: 3789: 3453: 3309: 3204: 3062: 2992: 2952: 2929: 2912: 2851: 2753: 2555: 2334: 2254: 2181: 1897: 1860: 1824: 1656: 1602: 1571: 1330: 1182: 937: 896: 874: 764: 700: 498: 379: 352: 150: 11620: 11367: 9971: 9554: 9106: 9089: 8270: 8008: 7989: 7899: 7053: 6516: 5323:

is also a symbol of healing, of one's life being saved from imminent death.

4269: 4021:

consists of two structures located between the cloaca and the scent glands.

3203:

A snake tracks its prey using smell, collecting airborne particles with its

832:, uropeltines), macrostomatans, booids, boids, pythonids and caenophidians. 12973: 12905: 12694: 12689: 12639: 12624: 12614: 12609: 11857:

The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America

11768: 11305: 11150: 11046: 10998: 10948: 10866: 10637: 10556: 10497: 10437: 10162: 10094: 9882: 9792: 9696: 9661: 9626: 9573: 9512: 9494: 9440: 9380: 9338: 9274: 9177: 9115: 9070: 9052: 8894: 8876: 8843: 8770: 8670: 8492: 8457: 8255: 8176: 7918: 7848: 7747: 7612: 7566: 7422: 7371: 7277: 7258: 7223: 7162: 7144: 7061: 6886: 6793: 6775: 6524: 6318: 6051: 5951: 5707: 5665: 5596: 5445: 5413: 5374: 5355: 5339: 5335: 5257: 5192: 4952: 4895: 4845: 4700: 4652: 4410: 4187: 4068: 4005:

Although a wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes, all employ

3926: 3870: 3843: 3800: 3662: 3526: 3477: 3376: 3357: 3166: 2891: 2846: 2811: 2799: 2486: 2372: 2056: 1788: 1631: 1534: 1509: 1501: 1232: 1157: 1074: 796: 596: 567:

period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167

518: 12480: 11808: 11606: 10774:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

9979: 8320: 8056: 6456:

Bush, Brian; Maryan, Brad; Browne-Cooper, Robert; Robinson, David (2007).

4902:

and amulets until as late as the thirteenth century BC. The horned viper (

4352: 4155: 3106:

of Asia. There are numerous islands from which snakes are absent, such as

13156: 13089: 13022: 12732: 12679: 12644: 12634: 12599: 11887: 10962: 10589: 9920: 9784: 8532: 8515: 8312: 5331: 5235: 4998: 4948: 4873: 4841: 4810: 4777: 4773: 4764:

using a long stick with a V-shaped end. Some television show hosts, like

4589: 4508: 4425: 4346: 4217:

The elongation in snake body is accompanied by a significant increase in

4191: 3942: 3930: 3886: 3827: 3743: 3721: 3690: 3641: 3519: 3422:. Counting scales determines whether a snake is a male or female, as the 3353: 3291: 3275: 3115: 2924:

order, as a snake-like body has independently evolved at least 26 times.

2742: 2231: 2087: 1882: 1784: 1719: 1455: 1282: 1207: 1021: 804: 780: 752:, though their precise placement within squamates remains controversial. 612: 526: 485:. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their 471: 247: 125: 9599:

Tattersall GJ, Milsom WK, Abe AS, Brito SP, Andrade DV (February 2004).

9405:"Progressive Loss of Function in a Limb Enhancer during Snake Evolution" 9258: 8762: 7387:"Progressive Loss of Function in a Limb Enhancer during Snake Evolution" 6878: 6443: 6129: 5943: 5272:

literature includes various stories associated with snakes, for example

3118:(although New Zealand's northern waters are infrequently visited by the 12669: 12604: 10901: 10086: 10052: 9832: 9653: 9217: 9085: 8121: 8087: 7214: 7204: 7177: 6042: 6032: 6005: 5457: 5042: 5035: 5002: 4814: 4765: 4737: 4609: 4482: 4429: 4395: 4384: 4329: 4282: 4244: 4167: 4041: 3979: 3970: 3965:(rear-fanged) snakes (as well as the majority of other snake species): 3922: 3910: 3831: 3795: 3739: 3709: 3616: 3500: 3365: 3157: 3134: 3040: 2971:

correlation, although some of these features are shared with varanids.

2968: 2960: 2948: 2897: 2885: 2824: 2788: 2726: 2699: 2687: 2524: 2166: 2102: 1707: 1405: 1049: 776: 756: 568: 537:

are widespread throughout the Indian and Pacific oceans. Around thirty

489:

ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads (

478: 170: 135: 12748: 12086:

A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America

9688: 9617: 9600: 9372: 8484: 7476:

A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America

7250: 7028:"EVOLUTION. A four-legged snake from the Early Cretaceous of Gondwana" 6364: 5025: 5001:. In the early centuries AD, the ouroboros was adopted as a symbol by 4881: 4809:, some snakes are kept as pets, especially docile species such as the 4656:, one fang in glove with a small venom stain, the other still in place 4628: 3491:

here, for example), consisting almost entirely of an extended ribcage.

3241:(1890), illustrating the terminology of shields on the head of a snake 674: 13094: 12859: 12579: 11675:"DISCUSSION ON WITCHCRAFT, WICCA NEO-PAGANISM AND AFRICAN TRADITIONS" 10972: 10882:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

10131:

Socha JJ (August 2002). "Gliding flight in the paradise tree snake".

8829: 8557:"The anatomy of the reptilian heart. Part I. Varanus monitor (Linn.)" 7704:"Sound garden: How snakes respond to airborne and groundborne sounds" 6549:. Geoscience Africa. Vol. Abstract. Johannesburg, South Africa: 5891: 5699: 5494: 5382: 5359: 5312: 5289: 5242:, jaws agape, with the head of a human warrior emerging from his maw. 5146:

Three medical symbols involving snakes that are still used today are

4978: 4861: 4666: 4642: 4617: 4536: 4528: 4447: 4421: 4417: 4368: 4278: 4063: 4010: 3983: 3975: 3937: 3882: 3839: 3835: 3774: 3654: 3612: 3423: 3342: 3305: 3255: 3161: 2956: 2876: 2805: 2768: 2734: 2709: 2448: 1988: 1480: 1041: 912: 817: 788: 784: 709: 572: 559: 534: 522: 502: 284: 238: 231: 175: 119: 12984: 12038:

Simon & Schuster's Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World

11120:: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds 10893: 10154: 10044: 9824: 9209: 9142:"From Lizard to Snake; Behind the Evolution of an Extreme Body Plan" 8294:"Physiological basis for detection of sound and vibration in snakes" 8105: 7305:"Snakes Used to Have Legs and Arms … Until These Mutations Happened" 5195:

each year on which day snakes are venerated and prayed to. See also

4572: 3885:, may have derived from this same common ancestor. They share this " 3627:

and allies) reptiles have a three-chambered heart that controls the

549:. They range in size from the tiny, 10.4 cm-long (4.1 in) 13007: 12844: 12839: 12619: 12556: 12544: 8416: 8274: 7877:"Visual Pigments, Ocular Filters and the Evolution of Snake Vision" 7514: 7436: 6943:

Mertens R (1961). "Lanthanotus: an important lizard in evolution".

6853:"A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum" 5616: 5499: 5351: 5301: 5285: 5253: 5239: 5151: 5131: 5102: 5090: 4909: 4865: 4716: 4439: 4403: 4380: 4274: 4257: 4248: 4218: 4138: 4049: 4045: 3914: 3901: 3666: 3620: 3512: 3505: 3473: 3465: 3400: 3361: 3217: 3165:

was 12.8 m (42 ft) in length. By comparison, the largest

3074: 2976: 2940: 2921: 2776: 2749: 2679: 2570: 2410: 1780: 1563: 1260: 1132: 749: 664: 583:). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the 564: 467: 422: 324: 304: 197: 165: 160: 145: 140: 130: 112: 7874: 7505:

Natural History Information Centre; Auckland War Memorial Museum.

4856: 4695: 4647: 4247:, such as the python, embryos in early development exhibit a hind 3483: 13055: 12550: 12492: 12483:

Snake news, and video clips from BBC programmes past and present.

12398:. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Publishing. p. 192. 11414:"What is the significance of the snake around Lord Shiva's neck?" 10616:

Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002). "Snake charmer's bluff".

10450: 9771:

Gray J (December 1946). "The mechanism of locomotion in snakes".

9580: 8856: 8387:

Ananjeva NB, Orlov NL (1994). "Caudal autotomy in Colubrid snake

7818:"Some sea snakes have re-evolved the ability to see more colours" 6714: 6712: 5843: 5343: 5316: 5293: 5269: 5161:

One of the etymologies proposed for the common female first name

5139: 5094: 5068: 4944: 4917: 4886: 4532: 4443: 4119: 3823: 3754:

to immobilize, injure, or kill their prey. The venom is modified

3734: 3701:, are staggered within the body, one located ahead of the other. 3694: 3681: 3650: 3457: 3396: 3388: 3329: 3321: 3111: 3107: 2793: 2715:

Based on genomic analysis it is certain that snakes descend from

955: 809: 792: 546: 475: 418: 337: 314: 180: 155: 12282: 12243:

Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

12182:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co. p. 305. 10880:

Phinney, Edward Jr. (1971). "Perseus' Battle with the Gorgons".

10182: 10180: 10114: 10112: 10009: 10007: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9741: 7987: 5268:

is depicted in most images with a snake coiled around his neck.

5261: 5197: 4256:

gene, however other studies suggested that mutations within the

3227: 3216:

in the local environment. In water-dwelling snakes, such as the

683: 615: 12922: 12594: 12538: 10918:

The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West

10622:. Vol. 4 (3rd ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 482. 10031: 10029:

Jayne BC (1986). "Kinematics of terrestrial snake locomotion".

9811: 9709: 9196: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8906: 8904: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8703: 8701: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8680: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 6913:"Extraordinary skull fossil reveals secrets of snake evolution" 6455: 5453: 5350:

meaning serpent or twin, forms part of primary deities such as

5327: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5260:

festival, participants worship either live cobras or images of

5184: 5121: 5098: 5086: 5082: 5064: 5060: 4986: 4955: 4936: 4613: 4222: 4206: 4179: 4175: 4131: 4123: 4079: 4052:; this is highly unusual among reptiles, and normally found in 4014: 3890: 3804: 3755: 3670: 3658: 3488: 3461: 3415: 3313: 3263: 3066: 2903: 2880: 2872: 2856: 2834: 2784: 2730: 2716: 2683: 2143: 988: 821: 506: 486: 294: 12191:

Their Blood Runs Cold: Adventures With Reptiles and Amphibians

12114:

Poisonous Snakes of the United States: How to Distinguish Them

6709: 5045:, a depiction of a hideous face with serpents for hair, as an 3811:

to be effectively poisonous to small local predators (such as

3468:

scale, despite the absence of an outer ear and the lack of an

455: 12684: 11167:

Reflections in a Serpent's Eye Thebes in Ovid's Metamorphoses

10177: 10109: 9994: 9738: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9230: 9083: 8988: 8086:

Bauwens, Dirk; Van Damme, Raoul; Verheyen, Rudolf F. (1989).

7792:"Sea Snakes Regained Color Vision via Rare Genetic Evolution" 7682: 7680: 7176:

Caldwell MW, Nydam RL, Palci A, Apesteguía S (January 2015).

6004:

Caldwell MW, Nydam RL, Palci A, Apesteguía S (January 2015).

5449: 5434: 5429: 5378: 5320: 5307:

Snakes have been widely revered in many cultures, such as in

5265: 5180: 5110: 5015: 4877: 4788: 4674: 4159: 3987: 3918: 3906: 3759: 3751: 3633: 3496: 3070: 2780: 2678:

The fossil record of snakes is relatively poor because snake

1703: 703: 542: 11634:"Did St. Patrick really banish all the snakes from Ireland?" 9035:"Facultative parthenogenesis discovered in wild vertebrates" 8928: 8901: 8713: 8698: 8677: 8626: 7627: 7175: 6003: 4894:. Representations of two intertwined serpents are common in 4416:

After eating, snakes become dormant to allow the process of

3460:, used for detecting the position of prey. The jaw–quadrate– 3180:

At the other end of the scale, the smallest extant snake is

775:

sequence similarity. Alethinophidia is sometimes split into

557:

of 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length. The fossil species

437: 7990:"The evolution and function of pattern diversity in snakes" 7667: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7605:

10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0345:EEFAOB]2.0.CO;2

5609: 5390: 5072: 4994: 4959: 4234: 3812: 3808: 3685: 3624: 3301: 3173:, measuring about 6.95 m (22.8 ft) long, and the 1698:

Africa, western Asia from Turkey to northwestern India, on

1227:

Along the Pacific versant from Mexico south to Costa Rica.

494: 446: 11733:

Vyas VK, Brahmbhatt K, Bhatt H, Parmar U (February 2013).

9447: 8629:"The chemistry of snake venom and its medicinal potential" 8205: 7988:

Allen WL, Baddeley R, Scott-Samuel NE, Cuthill IC (2013).

7677: 7025: 6492: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6071:, Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic: 5280:

from all his mouths. Other notable snakes in Hinduism are

4898:

and Neo-Sumerian artwork and still appear sporadically on

4114:

mode. The most likely type of parthenogenesis to occur is

3896:

Venomous snakes are classified in two taxonomic families:

3495:

The skeleton of most snakes consists solely of the skull,

2849:

analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor

637: 11951:. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. p. 412. 11732: 9307: 9084:

Booth W, Million L, Reynolds RG, Burghardt GM, Vargo EL,

8473:

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

7521:. Q. Are there any snakes in New Zealand?. Archived from 6967: 6489: 6065: 5398: 5109:, a multiple-headed serpent which dwelt in the swamps of 4376: 3816: 693: 653: 631: 9598: 8085: 7650: 6654:

Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History

5919: 5550: 5101:

and described in detail by Pseudo-Apollodorus, the hero

4413:, while some swallow their prey when it is still alive. 4240:

expression, a gene involved in the somitogenesis clock.

2787:

in North America and the significant diversification of

1375:

Mostly Subsaharan Africa; two species in Southeast Asia

1350:

Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and southern Europe

571:

ago. The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the

11199: 11189: 11187: 10585:"India's snake-charmers sway on the edge of extinction" 9674: 8732: 7127:"Molecular evidence for a terrestrial origin of snakes" 6115:

Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen

5381:

is compared to saving one's life through beholding the

3852:, an enzyme that ensures rapid diffusion of the venom. 1802:

A family level phylogenetic overview of modern snakes.

91:

This article is about the reptile. For other uses, see

12240: 11344:(6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California: 9401: 9032: 8223: 7946:

The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma

7701: 7511:

Auckland War Memorial Museum | Tamaki Paenga Hira

7384: 6563: 6458:

Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: Southwestern Australia

6414: 6331: 5546: 5544: 5093:

in Athena's temple. In another myth referenced by the

2737:, which are used to grasp during mating. The families 715: 667: 12938: 12346:நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள் (Snakes around us, Tamil) 12326:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 7593:

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

7273:"What a Legless Mouse Tells Us About Snake Evolution" 6415:

Spawls, S.; Howell, K.; Drewes, R.; Ashe, J. (2004).

6189:

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, Vjaceslav V. (2010).

5688:

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution

4391:, which it uses to break the shell when eating eggs. 458: 449: 434: 404:

Approximate world distribution of snakes, all species

12245:. Vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. p. 511. 11184: 7026:

Martill DM, Tischlinger H, Longrich NR (July 2015).

5370:, the fifth day of the week was known as Snake Day. 5330:

were arguably the most important animals in ancient

4459:

13–22% of the body length is raised during hooding.

4106:, meaning that they are capable of switching from a 3807:

retains enough toxins in their livers from ingested

3364:, allowing these to be counted without the need for 2791:(including the origin of many modern genera such as 783:, with the latter consisting of "colubroid" snakes ( 682:

went on to narrow in meaning, though in Old English

624: 452: 443: 12456:. Naturemagics Kerala Photo Gallery. Archived from 11580:

The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya

11472: 10518:"India's Snake Charmers Fade, Blaming Eco-Laws, TV" 8951: 6691:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

5678: 5541: 5085:is said to have once been a beautiful priestess of 3050: 2939:, suggests the ancestors of snakes were related to 2775:of mammals following the extinction of (non-avian) 440: 12261: 12188: 12125: 12083: 11303: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10700:"Articles tagged as Snakes | Smithsonian Magazine" 10223:from Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapcynski JS, eds. 9525: 8738: 7844:"Snake eyes: New insights into visual adaptations" 7473: 5755:. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 5748: 5158:, which are symbols denoting medicine in general. 4229:due to a set of oscillatory genes that direct the 4009:. This is accomplished by means of paired, forked 3773:Certain birds, mammals, and other snakes (such as 3639:The snake's heart is encased in a sac, called the 3464:pathway is capable of detecting vibrations on the 12170:. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 309. 9850: 9716:, with comments on the visual displays of cobras" 9233:"Control of segment number in vertebrate embryos" 8815: 8470: 8271:"Desert Snake Hears Mouse Footsteps with its Jaw" 7981: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6188: 5679:Wiens JJ, Brandley MC, Reeder TW (January 2006). 4844:with four golden uraeus cobra figures. Gold with 4669:under the "other neglected conditions" category. 2875:) and loss of external ears evolved to cope with 2712:, dated to between 112 and 94 million years old. 1069:Widespread on all continents, except Antarctica. 13197: 10836:The Secret Lore of Egypt: Its Impact on the West 10723: 10644: 10636:from the original on 18 August 2016 – via 9902: 9900: 9601:"The thermogenesis of digestion in rattlesnakes" 7236: 5393:and sly plotting, as seen in the description in 4285:after he bulldozed the pile in late autumn 2018. 3750:Cobras, vipers, and closely related species use 692:, is from French, ultimately from Indo-European 688:was the general word for snake. The other term, 10971:. New York City, New York and London, England: 10748: 10730:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. p. 10727:Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book 10650: 10416:Warrell, David A (January 2010). "Snake bite". 10225:Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide 10197: 10195: 8921: 8919: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8029: 8027: 6850: 6273:Datta, Debajit; Bajpai, Sunil (18 April 2024). 3540: 3220:, the tongue functions efficiently underwater. 2767:Many modern snake groups originated during the 1016:and New Guinea through to Melanesia and Samoa. 541:are currently recognized, comprising about 520 12186: 12162: 11217: 9526:Pyron RA, Burbrink FT, Wiens JJ (April 2013). 8791:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 7875:Simões, Bruno F.; et al. (October 2016). 7498: 6478: 4703:is the most common subject of snake charmings. 4086: 954:West Malaysia and on the Indonesian island of 12764: 12508: 12078: 11977: 11917: 11739:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 11383:"Hindus unite to worship the snake god today" 11334: 11163: 11109: 11107: 10186: 10118: 10013: 9897: 9755: 9586: 9474: 8939: 8910: 8821: 8726: 8707: 8692: 8516:"Form and Function in Reptilian Circulations" 8386: 8144: 7697: 7695: 7644: 7468: 6493:"The macroevolutionary singularity of snakes" 6106: 6100: 5128:" (i.e. a victory involving one's own ruin). 4281:in a large pile of wood chips, found by this 3356:) snakes, the broad belly scales and rows of 3065:studies demonstrate that snakes evolved from 643: 53:uncited text, undue weight and bad structure. 12393: 12324:Snakes of the World: a Guide to Every Family 12034: 11895:Campbell, Sheldon; Shaw, Charles E. (1974). 11894: 11507:"The Origin of the Medical Emergency Symbol" 11066: 11064: 10800: 10615: 10192: 9906: 9804: 9802: 9639: 9077: 9028: 9026: 8916: 8825:Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes 8799: 8211: 8191: 8024: 7686: 7671: 7551:), with emphasis on its reproductive Biology 6417:A Field Guide To The Reptiles Of East Africa 6112: 4402:consume other snakes. Species of the family 4264: 3447:skull, showing jaw movements when swallowing 12241:McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). 11616: 11614: 11027:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 10828: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10072: 8409: 7762:"Reptile Senses: Understanding Their World" 7590: 7124: 6272: 5889: 5256:as a part of ritual worship. In the annual 5116:The legendary account of the foundation of 4623: 4186:, also called a blastodisc, then undergoes 3529:with teeth that are continuously replaced. 2833:, was a two-legged burrowing animal with a 1287:Kelly, Barker, Villet & Broadley, 2009 12771: 12757: 12515: 12501: 12321: 11853: 11104: 10771: 10651:Whitaker, Romulus; Captain, Ashok (2004). 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10024: 10022: 9937:Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 9846: 9844: 9842: 9462: 8859:"First evidence of hemiclitores in snakes" 8597:Mader D (June 1995). "Reptilian Anatomy". 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7692: 6964:"Four-legged snake ancestor 'dug burrows'" 6643: 6641: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6419:. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. 5975:"Fossils of oldest known snakes unearthed" 5796: 4840:The reverse side of the throne of Pharaoh 3990:, although not all colubrids are venomous. 3781:of snakes, and do not constitute a formal 3426:of a male being probed is usually longer. 1500:The Americas, Africa, and Eurasia east to 1177:Southeastern Asia and northern Australia. 590:Most species of snake are nonvenomous and 394: 12362: 12016:. London: Chancellor Press. p. 679. 12006: 11758: 11061: 10803:"Did Cleopatra Really Die by Snake Bite?" 10511: 10509: 10507: 10487: 10469: 9799: 9616: 9563: 9553: 9502: 9430: 9167: 9139: 9105: 9060: 9023: 8884: 8660: 8531: 8447: 8437: 8158: 8007: 7937: 7910:1983/2008257f-b043-4206-a44b-39ebbdd1bea8 7908: 7898: 7737: 7727: 7412: 7361: 7213: 7203: 7152: 6817: 6783: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6449: 6363: 6300: 6041: 6031: 5885: 5883: 5856: 5829: 5827: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5742: 5740: 5655: 5637: 5586: 5576: 4780:, prefer to catch them using bare hands. 4527:Most often employed by colubroid snakes ( 4182:, undergoes rapid cell division, forms a 734:All modern snakes are grouped within the 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 12901:Turtle Island (Native American folklore) 12340: 12259: 12217: 11703: 11611: 10839:. Ithaca, New York and London, England: 10813: 9934:Gray J (1953). "Undulatory propulsion". 9808: 9766: 9764: 9356: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8513: 8291: 7949:. Vol I, Loricata and Testudines. p. 30. 7547:The life history of the green anaconda ( 7464: 7462: 7333: 6961: 6747: 6613: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6557: 6385: 6383: 5311:where the serpent was seen as a healer. 5226: 5167:is that it might derive from Old German 5130: 5024: 4939:, but later became the attendant to the 4925:(323 BC–31 BC). This creature, known in 4855: 4835: 4787: 4694: 4646: 4627: 4571: 4512: 4481: 4351: 4335: 4324: 4293: 4268: 4200: 4154: 4150: 4062: 3733: 3536: 3482: 3439: 3375: 3226: 3133: 3097:Approximate world distribution of snakes 3092: 12778: 12434:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 12174: 12150: 12120: 12108: 11781: 11546: 10914: 10879: 10832: 10694: 10692: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10582: 10549: 10415: 10411: 10409: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10304:"No more the land of snake charmers..." 10059: 10019: 9948: 9839: 8822:Aldridge RD, Sever DM (19 April 2016). 8169:10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00016 8049: 7952: 6942: 6750:"The burrowing origin of modern snakes" 6677: 6675: 6632: 6224:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 6214: 6212: 6152: 5972: 5802:"Search results for Higher taxa: snake" 5746: 5053:described by Pseudo-Apollodorus in his 4962:, and the Assyrian national god Ashur. 4760:. Modern-day snake trapping involves a 4453: 4298:A snaked coiled in the cavity of a tree 3961:There is a third family containing the 3838:(which attack the circulatory system), 2719:. This conclusion is also supported by 2682:are typically small and fragile making 1661:Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan and Hedges 2010 14: 13198: 12116:. New York: E. R. Sanborn. p. 11. 12059: 11806: 11577: 11380: 11274: 11024: 10504: 10295: 9927: 9475:Hoso M, Asami T, Hori M (April 2007). 8554: 8349: 8330:from the original on 17 December 2008. 8140: 8138: 7824:from the original on 28 September 2023 7798:from the original on 28 September 2023 6901:from the original on 18 December 2007. 6844: 6718: 6544: 6433: 6266: 5915: 5913: 5880: 5833: 5824: 5773: 5737: 5208:is one of the 12 celestial animals of 4130:, expression of deleterious recessive 4071:has been studied for sexual selection. 2920:is a snake or another species, in the 1749:Vidal, Vences, Branch and Hedges 2010 579: 66 to 56 Ma ago, after the 12989: 12988: 12752: 12496: 12180:A Field Book of North American Snakes 11941: 11454:from the original on 4 September 2022 11381:Kerkar, Rajendra P. (4 August 2011). 11221:Holiday Symbols & Customs, 5th Ed 11205: 11193: 11141:from the original on 19 February 2024 11113: 10989:from the original on 19 February 2024 10961: 10857:from the original on 19 February 2024 10724:Ernest C, Zug GR, Griffin MD (1996). 10672:"The wine that comes with added bite" 10515: 10301: 10283:from the original on 22 February 2014 10130: 10028: 9954: 9761: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9189: 9187: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 8982: 8850: 8622: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8596: 8579: 8281:from the original on 10 October 2011. 8057:"ZooPax: A Matter of Scale: Part III" 7856:from the original on 18 December 2019 7772:from the original on 19 February 2015 7543: 7537: 7459: 7106:from the original on 18 November 2021 6938: 6936: 6934: 6919:from the original on 24 February 2024 6813: 6811: 6660:from the original on 27 November 2007 6576: 6462:University of Western Australia Press 6408: 6380: 6243: 6237: 5238:in Guatemala. This sculpture depicts 4747:Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 4471: 3822:Snake venoms are complex mixtures of 3499:, vertebral column, and ribs, though 816:Recent molecular studies support the 659:'to crawl to creep', which also gave 581:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 13144:202065d2-dd4b-4a3c-9743-3b59cbdfd05a 13082:4cf824f4-dda8-401a-8742-389c38ecce14 12489:at Life is Short but Snakes are Long 12476:. Swedish Museum of Natural History. 11631: 11559:from the original on 20 January 2021 11411: 11224:. 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New York: Macmillan. p. 321. 11965:from the original on 9 October 2019 11256:from the original on 15 August 2017 10619:International Wildlife Encyclopedia 10075:The Journal of Experimental Biology 9773:The Journal of Experimental Biology 9605:The Journal of Experimental Biology 8945: 8520:Integrative and Comparative Biology 8301:The Journal of Experimental Biology 8135: 7977:from the original on 5 August 2006. 6723:(First ed.). Bloomington, IN: 6647: 6616:Living Snakes of the World in Color 6325: 5910: 5868:from the original on 13 August 2008 4320: 4170:embryo 2 days post ovo-positioning. 4044:, nourishing their young through a 4001:Sexual selection in scaled reptiles 3842:(which attack the cells directly), 3834:(which attack the nervous system), 3418:is probed and measured against the 3316:, which remain permanently closed. 24: 12522: 11999: 11644:from the original on 10 March 2021 11517:from the original on 26 March 2023 11483:10.1016/B978-0-12-815339-0.00017-2 11424:from the original on 15 April 2021 10939:from the original on 25 April 2023 10339:from the original on 18 April 2017 10238:"Snake Bite First Aid – Snakebite" 9345: 9289:from the original on 26 March 2023 9184: 9122: 8864:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 8609: 7925:from the original on 23 March 2021 7076:from the original on 2 August 2021 6931: 6808: 6195:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 193. 5812:from the original on 11 April 2021 5326:In religious terms, the snake and 5124:all perished—leading to the term " 5005:Christians and chapter 136 of the 4947:, as well as, later, Ninazu's son 4884:, was represented as a serpent on 4792:Snake meat, in a Taipei restaurant 4517:A neonate sidewinder rattlesnake ( 4289: 4205:Diagram illustrating differential 3532: 3296:The skin of a snake is covered in 3262:back and forth in relation to the 3258:. Most snakes focus by moving the 2827:. An early fossil snake relative, 1767: 1202:Africa (including the Seychelles) 25: 13237: 12414: 11412:Iyer, Gayathri (22 August 2019). 7334:Leal F, Cohn MJ (November 2016). 6974:from the original on 26 July 2015 6822:. Vol. 6. pp. 191–273. 6618:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 6164:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 6140:from the original on 19 July 2010 5906:from the original on 9 July 2014. 4684: 3480:of snakes is closed at the front. 3327:The shedding of scales is called 88:Limbless, scaly, elongate reptile 12972: 12960: 12948: 12821: 12813:Tyrannosaurus in popular culture 12424:. Biodiversity Heritage Library. 12064:. New Jersey: TFH Publications. 12062:The Atlas of Snakes of the World 11984:. New Jersey: TFH Publications. 11831:from the original on 24 May 2018 11800: 11775: 11726: 11697: 11685:from the original on 9 June 2022 11667: 11656: 11632:Drew, April (24 February 2019). 11625: 11600: 11571: 11547:Vickery, Kirby (1 August 2019). 11540: 11529: 11499: 11466: 11436: 11405: 11374: 11328: 11297: 11268: 11238: 11211: 11157: 11018: 11005: 10955: 10908: 10873: 10794: 10717: 10653:Snakes of India: The Field Guide 10609: 10576: 10564:from the original on 16 May 2020 10543: 10458:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10444: 10363:education.nationalgeographic.org 10351: 10319: 10260: 10230: 10124: 9703: 9668: 9633: 9592: 9519: 9468: 9395: 8567:from the original on 10 May 2019 7132:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 5150:, symbolizing pharmacy, and the 3746:whose venom is deadly to humans. 3051:Genetic basis of snake evolution 3032: 3016: 3000: 2984: 2901:, which are slightly older than 2879:difficulties, such as scratched 1588:Borneo and peninsular Malaysia. 430: 271: 246: 230: 212: 196: 123: 31: 12132:. New York: Macmillan. p. 11847: 11393:from the original on 7 May 2021 11304:Berrin K, Larco Museum (1997). 10923:New York State University Press 10597:from the original on 3 May 2020 10552:"Snake tricks lose their charm" 10266: 9909:Journal of Experimental Biology 9726:from the original on 3 May 2021 9677:Journal of Experimental Biology 9642:Journal of Experimental Biology 9301: 9224: 8548: 8514:Burggren WW (1 February 1987). 8507: 8464: 8403: 8380: 8343: 8334: 8285: 8262: 8217: 8079: 7882:Molecular Biology and Evolution 7868: 7836: 7810: 7784: 7754: 7584: 7429: 7378: 7327: 7297: 7265: 7230: 7169: 7125:Vidal N, Hedges SB (May 2004). 7118: 7088: 7019: 6995:"A Fossil Snake With Four Legs" 6986: 6955: 6905: 6741: 6551:University of the Witwatersrand 6538: 6182: 6122: 6058: 5997: 4713:Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 4178:. The snake embryo begins as a 4102:(cottonmouth) can reproduce by 3994: 3138:An adult Barbados threadsnake, 3088: 12891:Cultural depictions of turtles 12808:Stegosaurus in popular culture 12422:"Bibliography for "Serpentes"" 12396:The Dangerous Snakes of Africa 12220:The New Encyclopedia of Snakes 12187:Gibbons JW, Gibbons W (1983). 12013:Bullfinch's Complete Mythology 11277:The Mochica: A Culture of Peru 10801:Sarah Pruitt (10 March 2020). 10583:Chandra S (12 November 2013). 8393:Russian Journal of Herpetology 8248:10.1103/physrevlett.100.048701 6721:Fossil Snakes of North America 5966: 5672: 5603: 5517:The New Encyclopedia of Snakes 5138:, in which the snake, through 4783: 4596: 4502: 4040:and green anaconda, are fully 3085:the DNA mutations in the ZRS. 1566:, as well as the Philippines. 1475:Southern India and Sri Lanka. 1255:Eastern Africa and the Levant 767:. This separation is based on 513:, leading to many lineages of 13: 1: 12286:Biodiversity and Conservation 11981:The World of Venomous Animals 11751:10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60042-8 11078:Indo-European Poetry and Myth 10430:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61754-2 9009:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.03.012 8968:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.05.007 6968:BBC Science & Environment 6444:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database 5973:Perkins S (27 January 2015). 5747:Bauchot, Roland, ed. (1994). 5534: 5034:(1597) by the Italian artist 4552: 4462: 3407:, are derivative of molting. 3189: 2694:, the oldest of which is the 1526:Dragon and odd-scaled snakes 576: 13211:Cenomanian first appearances 12035:Capula M, Behler JL (1989). 11978:Freiberg M, Walls J (1984). 11782:Holland JS (February 2013). 11218:James Chambers, ed. (2015). 10471:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007059 9875:10.1126/science.249.4968.524 9712:"The defensive behaviour of 9140:Woltering, Joost M. (2012). 8439:10.1371/journal.pone.0074484 7729:10.1371/journal.pone.0281285 7519:Auckland War Memorial Museum 6683:"New Fossil Snake With Legs" 6335:Systematics and Biodiversity 5639:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199 5041:The ancient Greeks used the 4825: 4019:clitoris of the female snake 3689:'saccular lung' is used for 3197:infrared-sensitive receptors 1794: 1599: 1576:Wallach & Günther, 1998 842: 710: 699:'to creep', which also gave 602: 505:claws on either side of the 7: 13216:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 12394:Spawls S, Branch B (1995). 12197:University of Alabama Press 11897:Snakes of The American West 11854:Behler JL, King FW (1979). 11039:10.1516/3NLL-UG13-TP2J-927M 9720:The Herpetological Bulletin 8765:(inactive 27 August 2024). 8410:Gaete M, Tucker AS (2013). 8269:Zyga L (13 February 2008). 8147:Annals of Internal Medicine 8035:"General Snake Information" 7507:"Natural History Questions" 6962:Jonathan W (24 July 2014). 6828:10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_8 6446:. Accessed 3 December 2008. 5896:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 5890:Fredriksson, G. M. (2005). 5834:Hedges SB (4 August 2008). 5472: 5463: 5424:. The snake returns in the 5222: 4916:kudurrus and is invoked in 4723: 4567: 4273:Snake coiled on a stick in 4110:mode of reproduction to an 4104:facultative parthenogenesis 4087:Facultative parthenogenesis 4024:Most species of snakes lay 3669:and filters the blood. The 3429: 3207:, then passing them to the 983:Africa and the Middle East 835: 723: 716: 668: 51:. The specific problem is: 10: 13242: 12224:Princeton University Press 11948:The Worship of the Serpent 11549:"The Mesoamerican Serpent" 11275:Benson, Elizabeth (1972). 10550:Harding L (2 April 2002). 9423:10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.028 9331:10.1016/j.zool.2007.01.005 9160:10.2174/138920212800793302 8645:10.1038/s41570-022-00393-7 8353:Journal of Natural History 8292:Hartline PH (April 1971). 7405:10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.028 6302:10.1038/s41598-024-58377-0 6246:Herpetology: Third Edition 5527:Wikibooks:Snakes of Europe 5485:List of Serpentes families 5245: 5105:is said to have slain the 4860:Snakes composing a bronze 4829: 4688: 4640: 4600: 4556: 4506: 4486:Crawling prints of a snake 4475: 4468:between modes are abrupt. 4209:size due to difference in 4032:Some species of snake are 3998: 3719: 3472:mechanism—provided by the 3433: 3371: 3289: 3234:The Fauna of British India 3129: 3054: 2818: 1771: 727: 704: 90: 12997: 12883: 12830: 12819: 12786: 12708: 12565: 12533: 12444:. eNature. Archived from 12307:10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0 11924:Reptiles & Amphibians 11346:Stanford University Press 10778:University of Texas Press 10772:Black J, Green A (1992). 10516:Bagla P (23 April 2002). 10332:World Health Organization 10277:World Health Organization 10187:Cogger & Zweifel 1992 10119:Freiberg & Walls 1984 10014:Cogger & Zweifel 1992 9756:Cogger & Zweifel 1992 9587:Freiberg & Walls 1984 8940:Cogger & Zweifel 1992 8911:Cogger & Zweifel 1992 8727:Freiberg & Walls 1984 8708:Freiberg & Walls 1984 8693:Freiberg & Walls 1984 8374:10.1080/00222938400770131 7645:Cogger & Zweifel 1992 7363:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.020 6356:10.1017/S1477200007002290 6107: 6101: 5858:10.11646/zootaxa.1841.1.1 5751:Snakes: A Natural History 5578:10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5 5416:and tempts them with the 5377:, the redemptive work of 4663:World Health Organization 4265:Behavior and life history 3729: 2723:, and the fossil record. 2568: 2553: 2546: 2522: 2515: 2508: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2446: 2439: 2432: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2370: 2363: 2356: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2267: 2252: 2245: 2229: 2221: 2179: 2164: 2157: 2141: 2133: 2100: 2085: 2078: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2033: 2026: 2001: 1986: 1979: 1971: 1964: 1946: 1938: 1895: 1880: 1873: 1858: 1851: 1835: 1828: 1818: 1670:Indo-Malayan blindsnakes 714:) 'I crawl' and Sanskrit 672:'snake'. The word ousted 402: 393: 368: 363: 268:Scientific classification 266: 190: 102: 12796:Crystal Palace Dinosaurs 12487:Basics of snake taxonomy 12092:Houghton Mifflin Company 11891:, Metheun & Co. Ltd. 11712:Swan Sonnenschein and Co 11704:Seyffert, Oskar (1901). 11444:"naga | Hindu mythology" 10841:Cornell University Press 10302:Sinha K (25 July 2006). 9533:BMC Evolutionary Biology 8633:Nature Reviews Chemistry 8212:Campbell & Shaw 1974 8202:Rosenfeld (1989), p. 11. 7687:Campbell & Shaw 1974 7672:Campbell & Shaw 1974 7482:Houghton Mifflin Company 7441:www.reptile-database.org 6725:Indiana University Press 6614:Mehrtens, J. M. (1987). 5557:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4817:. To meet the demand, a 4673:snake bite per year. In 4624:Interactions with humans 4385:African egg-eating snake 4330:African egg-eating snake 3783:taxonomic classification 3715: 3414:by counting scales. The 3120:yellow-bellied sea snake 1554:Southeast Asia from the 1224:Mexican burrowing snake 932:Tropical South America. 907:in the Solomon Islands. 497:. Some species retain a 12348:. National Book Trust. 11927:. Sydney: Weldon Owen. 11475:Toxicology in Antiquity 11125:Oxford University Press 11084:Oxford University Press 11072:West, Martin Litchfield 10915:Kinsley, David (1989). 10359:"The Amazon Rainforest" 9972:10.1002/jmor.1051970204 9555:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 9094:The Journal of Heredity 8227:Physical Review Letters 7891:Oxford University Press 7563:University of Tennessee 7054:10.1126/science.aaa9208 6993:Yong E (23 July 2015). 6570:Oxford University Press 6517:10.1126/science.adh2449 6160:"Definition of serpent" 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 5510:Spinal osteoarthropathy 5456:, the Greek goddess of 5049:to ward off evil. In a 4989:, the oldest surviving 4880:, the messenger god of 4852:, Thebes (1347–37 BCE). 4800: 4636: 4122:fuse to form a diploid 3742:are often mistaken for 3285: 3162:Titanoboa cerrejonensis 3151: 3146:American quarter dollar 2975:remains found from the 2913:Tetrapodophis amplectus 2705:Haasiophis terrasanctus 1758:Round-nosed blindsnake 1648:Primitive blind snakes 942:Cundall, Wallach, 1993 695: 684: 655: 638: 626: 616: 560:Titanoboa cerrejonensis 481:covered in overlapping 12474:"Herpetology Database" 12268:. New York: Sterling. 12168:Snake-Hunters' Holiday 11246:"The Chinese Calendar" 11164:Micaela Janan (2009). 11114:Ogden, Daniel (2013). 10833:Hornung, Erik (2001). 10704:www.smithsonianmag.com 10327:"Snakebite envenoming" 10242:Health-care-clinic.org 9495:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0600 9463:Behler & King 1979 9088:, et al. (2011). 9053:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0666 8925:Capula (1989), p. 118. 8877:10.1098/rspb.2022.1702 8812:Capula (1989), p. 117. 8093:Journal of Herpetology 7437:"The Reptile Database" 7145:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0151 6945:Sarawak Museum Journal 6776:10.1126/sciadv.1500743 6650:"Diapsids III: Snakes" 6113: 5505:Snake detection theory 5243: 5143: 5038: 4869: 4853: 4793: 4704: 4657: 4633: 4603:Rectilinear locomotion 4580: 4524: 4487: 4360: 4349: 4333: 4299: 4286: 4214: 4171: 4100:Agkistrodon piscivorus 4096:Agkistrodon contortrix 4072: 4007:internal fertilization 3923:Australian copperheads 3881:, and the now-extinct 3747: 3608: 3492: 3448: 3385: 3242: 3148: 3098: 644: 642:'ring snake', Swedish 255:Leptotyphlops distanti 93:Snake (disambiguation) 13165:Paleobiology Database 12850:Serpents in the Bible 12322:O'Shea, Mark (2023). 11784:"The Bite That Heals" 11578:Miller, Mary (1993). 11338:, Traxler LP (2006). 9959:Journal of Morphology 9107:10.1093/jhered/esr080 8389:Xenochrophis piscator 8009:10.1093/beheco/art058 7900:10.1093/molbev/msw148 7183:Nature Communications 6545:Durand, J.F. (2004). 6464:. pp. 243, 244. 6011:Nature Communications 5525:and Snakes of Europe 5230: 5175:, meaning a serpent. 5134: 5028: 4991:Book of the Afterlife 4859: 4839: 4791: 4698: 4650: 4631: 4575: 4516: 4485: 4478:Undulatory locomotion 4355: 4342:Dolichophis jugularis 4339: 4328: 4297: 4272: 4204: 4158: 4151:Embryonic development 4066: 3889:" with various other 3737: 3611:Snakes and other non- 3571:rudimentary left lung 3557: 3486: 3443: 3403:, as pictured in the 3379: 3333:(or in normal usage, 3230: 3137: 3096: 3077:, and other lizards. 3025:Eupodophis descouensi 3009:Eupodophis descouensi 1761:Northern Madagascar. 1736:Typical blind snakes 1695:Slender blind snakes 1472:Shield-tailed snakes 648:'grass snake'), from 592:those that have venom 13077:Fauna Europaea (new) 12373:Simon & Schuster 12363:Rosenfeld A (1989). 12166:, Bridges W (1935). 12082:, Collins J (1991). 12043:Simon & Schuster 11921:, Zweifel R (1992). 11888:The Snakes of Europe 11513:. 26 February 2019. 11477:. pp. 257–265. 11011:Pseudo-Apollodorus, 10921:. Albany, New York: 10780:. pp. 166–168. 9921:10.1242/jeb.26.4.354 9785:10.1242/jeb.23.2.101 8563:. Sect. B 20: 1–29. 8561:Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci 8313:10.1242/jeb.54.2.349 8045:on 25 November 2007. 7472:, Collins J (1991). 6915:. 20 November 2019. 6820:Evolutionary Biology 6727:. pp. 284–323. 6689:. Washington, D.C.: 6566:The Timetree of Life 6547:The origin of snakes 6099:vb., Russ. meaning: 5806:reptile-database.org 5523:The Snakes of Europe 5480:Limbless vertebrates 5397:of a snake tempting 5385:(serpent of brass). 5142:, symbolizes healing 5071:. In the Roman poet 4454:Hooding and spitting 4365:strictly carnivorous 3826:, and are stored in 3758:, delivered through 3558:Anatomy of a snake. 3231:A line diagram from 3183:Leptotyphlops carlae 3141:Leptotyphlops carlae 1296:Shovel-snout snakes 1274:Snail-eating snakes 901:Bismarck Archipelago 771:characteristics and 730:List of snake genera 551:Barbados threadsnake 511:convergent evolution 58:improve this article 47:to meet Knowledge's 12870:Serpent (symbolism) 12780:Reptiles in culture 12299:2008BiCon..17.2037D 12260:Mehrtens J (1987). 12218:Mattison C (2007). 12128:Snakes of the World 12030:on 9 February 2009. 11815:Scientific American 11789:National Geographic 11584:Thames & Hudson 11312:Thames & Hudson 11281:Thames & Hudson 11123:. Oxford, England: 11082:. Oxford, England: 10843:. pp. 13, 44. 10531:on 18 December 2007 10523:National Geographic 10147:2002Natur.418..603S 9867:1990Sci...249..524W 9589:, pp. 125–127. 9546:2013BMCEE..13...93P 9323:2007Zool..110..212B 9259:10.1038/nature07020 9251:2008Natur.454..335G 8763:10.1038/nature04328 8755:2006Natur.439..584F 8430:2013PLoSO...874484G 8366:1984JNatH..18..127A 8240:2008PhRvL.100d8701F 7967:"Are Snakes Slimy?" 7720:2023PLoSO..1881285Z 7354:2016CBio...26.2966L 7196:2015NatCo...6.5996C 7139:(Suppl 4): S226-9. 7046:2015Sci...349..416M 7000:National Geographic 6879:10.1038/nature04413 6871:2006Natur.440.1037A 6768:2015SciA....1E0743Y 6697:on 25 December 2007 6572:. pp. 390–397. 6509:2024Sci...383..918T 6348:2007SyBio...5..371L 6293:2024NatSR..14.8054D 6111:), References: WP ( 6024:2015NatCo...6.5996C 5979:news.sciencemag.org 5944:10.1038/nature07671 5936:2009Natur.457..715H 5630:2015PLoSO..1018199R 5569:2015BMCEE..15...87H 5252:Snakes are used in 4874:ancient Mesopotamia 4850:Valley of the Kings 4832:Serpent (symbolism) 4559:Concertina movement 4398:and the Australian 4231:somitogenesis clock 4227:presomitic mesoderm 4162:embryo 12 day post 3803:in the US state of 3699:reproductive organs 3661:is attached to the 3458:auditory perception 3268:annulated sea snake 3104:Himalayan Mountains 2951:—forming the clade 2859:(though it is also 2752:, controlling limb 2721:comparative anatomy 1812: 1585:Spine-jawed snakes 650:Proto-Indo-European 12928:Reptilian humanoid 12665:Pseudoxyrhophiidae 12122:Ditmars, Raymond L 12110:Ditmars, Raymond L 11679:people.ucalgary.ca 11387:The Times of India 11127:. pp. 28–29. 10308:The Times of India 10087:10.1242/jeb.009050 10081:(Pt 21): 3862–72. 9654:10.1242/jeb.034447 9417:(3): 633–642.e11. 8533:10.1093/icb/27.1.5 7995:Behavioral Ecology 7943:Smith, Malcolm A. 7852:. 16 August 2016. 7399:(3): 633–642.e11. 7205:10.1038/ncomms6996 6719:Holman JA (2000). 6687:UNEP WCMC Database 6280:Scientific Reports 6244:Pough FH (2002) . 6033:10.1038/ncomms6996 5439:Book of Revelation 5244: 5144: 5039: 4958:, the scribal god 4923:Hellenistic Period 4870: 4864:from the mythical 4854: 4794: 4705: 4658: 4634: 4581: 4525: 4488: 4472:Lateral undulation 4361: 4350: 4334: 4300: 4287: 4215: 4172: 4166:side by side with 4073: 3748: 3629:circulatory system 3609: 3493: 3470:impedance matching 3449: 3445:Reticulated python 3412:sexually dimorphic 3386: 3360:correspond to the 3250:snakes. Some have 3243: 3171:reticulated python 3149: 3099: 2947:reptiles from the 2773:adaptive radiation 1809: 1397:Pseudoxyrhophiids 1381:Pseudoxyrhophiidae 1299:Subsaharan Africa 1252:Two-headed snakes 1120:Asian pipe snakes 951:Dwarf pipe snakes 929:False coral snake 905:Guadalcanal Island 555:reticulated python 466:). Like all other 13193: 13192: 12991:Taxon identifiers 12936: 12935: 12746: 12745: 12448:on 15 March 2008. 12405:978-0-88359-029-4 12386:978-0-671-47654-0 12355:978-81-237-1905-4 12333:978-0-691-24066-4 12275:978-0-8069-6461-4 12252:978-1-893777-00-2 12233:978-0-691-13295-2 12210:978-0-8173-0135-4 12143:978-0-02-531730-7 12101:978-0-395-58389-0 12071:978-0-86622-749-0 12060:Coborn J (1991). 12052:978-0-671-69098-4 12023:978-0-7537-0381-6 11991:978-0-87666-567-1 11958:978-1-56459-898-1 11934:978-0-8317-2786-4 11910:978-0-394-48882-0 11875:978-0-394-50824-5 11807:Wilcox C (2016). 11593:978-0-500-27928-1 11536:Numbers 21:6–21:9 11492:978-0-12-815339-0 11359:978-0-8047-4817-9 11321:978-0-500-01802-6 11290:978-0-500-72001-1 11208:, pp. 62–64. 11134:978-0-19-955732-5 11097:978-0-19-928075-9 10982:978-0-415-30066-7 10932:978-0-88706-836-2 10850:978-0-8014-3847-9 10776:. Austin, Texas: 10741:978-1-56098-648-5 10655:. pp. 11–13. 9689:10.1242/jeb.01170 9683:(20): 3483–3494. 9618:10.1242/jeb.00790 9373:10.1002/dvg.23077 9245:(7202): 335–339. 8839:978-1-4398-5833-2 8555:Mathur P (1944). 8485:10.1111/brv.12056 7544:Rivas JA (2000). 7491:978-0-395-58389-0 7348:(21): 2966–2973. 7251:10.1111/evo.13651 6865:(7087): 1037–40. 6837:978-1-4684-9065-7 6503:(6685): 918–923. 6471:978-1-920694-74-6 6259:978-0-13-100849-6 5766:978-1-4027-3181-5 5512:(reptile disease) 5422:Tree of Knowledge 5373:In some parts of 5047:apotropaic symbol 4981:was a well-known 4951:, the Babylonian 4905:Cerastes cerastes 4579:climbing a flower 4577:Golden tree snake 4520:Crotalus cerastes 4435:Crotalus durissus 4213:clock oscillation 4098:(copperhead) and 4058:placental mammals 3645:, located at the 3384:shedding its skin 3382:common watersnake 3209:vomeronasal organ 3061:Both fossils and 2965:Najash rionegrina 2871:, fused eyelids ( 2830:Najash rionegrina 2825:Cretaceous Period 2676: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2662: 2661: 2653: 2652: 2644: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2626: 2625: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2580: 2535: 2534: 2497: 2496: 2459: 2458: 2421: 2420: 2383: 2382: 2345: 2344: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2288: 2280: 2279: 2210: 2209: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2191: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2112: 2067: 2066: 2014: 2013: 1926: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1908: 1907: 1765: 1764: 1626:Geographic range 1592: 1591: 869:Geographic range 773:mitochondrial DNA 759:of Serpentes are 607:The English word 409: 408: 405: 387: 376: 359: 221:Crotalus cerastes 86: 85: 78: 49:quality standards 40:This article may 16:(Redirected from 13233: 13186: 13185: 13173: 13172: 13160: 13159: 13147: 13146: 13137: 13136: 13124: 13123: 13121:NHMSYS0000375563 13111: 13110: 13098: 13097: 13085: 13084: 13072: 13071: 13059: 13058: 13046: 13045: 13033: 13032: 13031: 13018: 13017: 13016: 12986: 12985: 12977: 12976: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12944: 12896:Bixi (mythology) 12855:Rod of Asclepius 12825: 12773: 12766: 12759: 12750: 12749: 12728:Leptotyphlopidae 12650:Psammodynastidae 12517: 12510: 12503: 12494: 12493: 12477: 12469: 12467: 12465: 12460:on 21 March 2009 12449: 12437: 12425: 12409: 12390: 12370: 12359: 12337: 12318: 12293:(8): 2037–2049. 12279: 12267: 12256: 12237: 12214: 12194: 12183: 12171: 12159: 12147: 12131: 12117: 12105: 12089: 12075: 12056: 12031: 12026:. Archived from 11995: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11938: 11914: 11883:Boulenger, G. A. 11879: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11804: 11798: 11797: 11792:. Archived from 11779: 11773: 11772: 11762: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11671: 11665: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11638:IrishCentral.com 11629: 11623: 11618: 11609: 11604: 11598: 11597: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11544: 11538: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11440: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11418:TimesNowNews.com 11409: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11398: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11341:The Ancient Maya 11332: 11326: 11325: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11272: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11197: 11191: 11182: 11181: 11161: 11155: 11154: 11148: 11146: 11111: 11102: 11101: 11081: 11068: 11059: 11058: 11022: 11016: 11009: 11003: 11002: 10996: 10994: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10946: 10944: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10864: 10862: 10830: 10811: 10810: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10769: 10746: 10745: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10710: 10696: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10668: 10657: 10656: 10648: 10642: 10641: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10527:. Archived from 10513: 10502: 10501: 10491: 10473: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10413: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10385: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10234: 10228: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10199: 10190: 10184: 10175: 10174: 10128: 10122: 10116: 10107: 10106: 10070: 10057: 10056: 10026: 10017: 10011: 9992: 9991: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9904: 9895: 9894: 9848: 9837: 9836: 9806: 9797: 9796: 9768: 9759: 9753: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9648:(9): 1521–1528. 9637: 9631: 9630: 9620: 9611:(Pt 4): 579–85. 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9567: 9557: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9506: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9445: 9444: 9434: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9354: 9343: 9342: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9191: 9182: 9181: 9171: 9147:Current Genomics 9137: 9120: 9119: 9109: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9064: 9030: 9021: 9020: 8996:Animal Behaviour 8986: 8980: 8979: 8955:Animal Behaviour 8949: 8943: 8937: 8926: 8923: 8914: 8908: 8899: 8898: 8888: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8797: 8796: 8790: 8782: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8711: 8705: 8696: 8690: 8675: 8674: 8664: 8624: 8607: 8606: 8594: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8535: 8511: 8505: 8504: 8468: 8462: 8461: 8451: 8441: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8347: 8341: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8298: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8189: 8188: 8162: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8041:. Archived from 8031: 8022: 8021: 8011: 8002:(5): 1237–1250. 7985: 7979: 7978: 7963: 7950: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7912: 7902: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7794:. 12 July 2023. 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7741: 7731: 7699: 7690: 7684: 7675: 7669: 7648: 7642: 7625: 7624: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7571: 7565:. Archived from 7556: 7549:Eunectes murinus 7541: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7479: 7466: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7416: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7365: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7217: 7207: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7003:. Archived from 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6940: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6815: 6806: 6805: 6787: 6762:(10): e1500743. 6755:Science Advances 6745: 6739: 6738: 6716: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6693:. Archived from 6679: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6645: 6630: 6629: 6611: 6574: 6573: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6487: 6476: 6475: 6453: 6447: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6412: 6406: 6387: 6378: 6377: 6367: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6304: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6216: 6207: 6206: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6035: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5867: 5860: 5840: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5798: 5771: 5770: 5754: 5744: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5700:10.1554/05-328.1 5685: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5659: 5641: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5580: 5548: 5214:Chinese calendar 5156:Rod of Asclepius 5136:Rod of Asclepius 4983:ancient Egyptian 4967:Egyptian history 4819:captive breeding 4587:Gliding snakes ( 4548: 4547: 4543: 4321:Feeding and diet 4144:Epicrates maurus 4137:Reproduction in 4076:Sexual selection 3539: 3420:subcaudal scales 3405:Rod of Asclepius 3256:Asian vine snake 3252:binocular vision 3213:Jacobson's organ 3124:banded sea krait 3057:Limb development 3036: 3020: 3004: 2988: 2837:, and was fully 2771:, alongside the 2739:Leptotyphlopidae 2549: 2548: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2328: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2248: 2247: 2224: 2223: 2160: 2159: 2136: 2135: 2081: 2080: 2050: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2028: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1941: 1940: 1876: 1875: 1854: 1853: 1838:Leptotyphlopidae 1831: 1830: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1679:Leptotyphlopidae 1597: 1596: 1305:Psammodynastidae 1098:The Philippines 1038:Splitjaw snakes 840: 839: 743:Linnean taxonomy 719: 713: 707: 706: 698: 687: 671: 658: 647: 641: 629: 619: 585:Brooklyn Papyrus 578: 545:and about 3,900 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 403: 398: 382: 374: 351: 276: 275: 250: 234: 216: 205:Corallus caninus 200: 185: 122: 106:Temporal range: 100: 99: 81: 74: 70: 67: 61: 35: 34: 27: 21: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13231: 13230: 13196: 13195: 13194: 13189: 13181: 13176: 13168: 13163: 13155: 13152:Observation.org 13150: 13142: 13140: 13132: 13127: 13119: 13114: 13106: 13101: 13093: 13088: 13080: 13075: 13067: 13062: 13054: 13049: 13041: 13036: 13027: 13026: 13021: 13012: 13011: 13006: 12993: 12983: 12971: 12961: 12959: 12949: 12947: 12939: 12937: 12932: 12918:Crocodile tears 12879: 12826: 12817: 12782: 12777: 12747: 12742: 12738:Xenotyphlopidae 12704: 12615:Cylindrophiidae 12590:Atractaspididae 12561: 12529: 12521: 12472: 12463: 12461: 12452: 12440: 12428: 12420: 12417: 12412: 12406: 12387: 12356: 12334: 12276: 12253: 12234: 12226:. p. 272. 12211: 12144: 12102: 12072: 12053: 12024: 12002: 12000:Further reading 11992: 11968: 11966: 11959: 11935: 11911: 11901:Alfred A. Knopf 11876: 11862:Alfred A. Knopf 11850: 11845: 11844: 11834: 11832: 11825: 11805: 11801: 11796:on 25 May 2018. 11780: 11776: 11731: 11727: 11717: 11715: 11702: 11698: 11688: 11686: 11673: 11672: 11668: 11663:Revelation 20:2 11661: 11657: 11647: 11645: 11630: 11626: 11619: 11612: 11605: 11601: 11594: 11576: 11572: 11562: 11560: 11545: 11541: 11534: 11530: 11520: 11518: 11505: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11471: 11467: 11457: 11455: 11442: 11441: 11437: 11427: 11425: 11410: 11406: 11396: 11394: 11379: 11375: 11360: 11333: 11329: 11322: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11273: 11269: 11259: 11257: 11250:timeanddate.com 11244: 11243: 11239: 11232: 11216: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11162: 11158: 11144: 11142: 11135: 11112: 11105: 11098: 11069: 11062: 11023: 11019: 11010: 11006: 10992: 10990: 10983: 10960: 10956: 10942: 10940: 10933: 10925:. p. 151. 10913: 10909: 10894:10.2307/2935950 10878: 10874: 10860: 10858: 10851: 10831: 10814: 10799: 10795: 10788: 10770: 10749: 10742: 10722: 10718: 10708: 10706: 10698: 10697: 10690: 10680: 10678: 10670: 10669: 10660: 10649: 10645: 10630: 10614: 10610: 10600: 10598: 10581: 10577: 10567: 10565: 10548: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10514: 10505: 10464:(2): e0007059. 10449: 10445: 10424:(9708): 77–88. 10414: 10407: 10397: 10395: 10387: 10386: 10377: 10367: 10365: 10357: 10356: 10352: 10342: 10340: 10325: 10324: 10320: 10300: 10296: 10286: 10284: 10265: 10261: 10251: 10249: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10216: 10214: 10207:MedlinePlus.gov 10201: 10200: 10193: 10185: 10178: 10155:10.1038/418603a 10141:(6898): 603–4. 10129: 10125: 10117: 10110: 10071: 10060: 10045:10.2307/1445288 10027: 10020: 10012: 9995: 9953: 9949: 9932: 9928: 9905: 9898: 9861:(4968): 524–7. 9849: 9840: 9825:10.2307/1441886 9807: 9800: 9769: 9762: 9754: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9708: 9704: 9673: 9669: 9638: 9634: 9597: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9524: 9520: 9482:Biology Letters 9473: 9469: 9461: 9448: 9400: 9396: 9355: 9346: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9229: 9225: 9210:10.2307/1440898 9192: 9185: 9138: 9123: 9082: 9078: 9040:Biology Letters 9031: 9024: 8991:Elaphe obsoleta 8987: 8983: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8929: 8924: 8917: 8909: 8902: 8855: 8851: 8840: 8820: 8816: 8811: 8800: 8784: 8783: 8749:(7076): 584–8. 8737: 8733: 8725: 8714: 8706: 8699: 8691: 8678: 8625: 8610: 8595: 8580: 8570: 8568: 8553: 8549: 8512: 8508: 8469: 8465: 8408: 8404: 8391:from Vietnam". 8385: 8381: 8348: 8344: 8339: 8335: 8327: 8296: 8290: 8286: 8267: 8263: 8222: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8201: 8192: 8160:10.1.1.731.8485 8143: 8136: 8126: 8124: 8106:10.2307/1564326 8084: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8033: 8032: 8025: 7986: 7982: 7965: 7964: 7953: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7873: 7869: 7859: 7857: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7816: 7815: 7811: 7801: 7799: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7768:. 18 May 2015. 7760: 7759: 7755: 7714:(2): e0281285. 7700: 7693: 7685: 7678: 7670: 7651: 7643: 7628: 7589: 7585: 7575: 7573: 7572:on 3 March 2016 7569: 7554: 7542: 7538: 7528: 7526: 7525:on 12 July 2012 7517:, New Zealand: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7467: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7383: 7379: 7341:Current Biology 7332: 7328: 7318: 7316: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7235: 7231: 7174: 7170: 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7077: 7040:(6246): 416–9. 7024: 7020: 7010: 7008: 7007:on 23 July 2015 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6960: 6956: 6941: 6932: 6922: 6920: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6816: 6809: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6717: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6681: 6680: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6646: 6633: 6626: 6612: 6577: 6562: 6558: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6488: 6479: 6472: 6454: 6450: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6413: 6409: 6388: 6381: 6330: 6326: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6218: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6063: 6059: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5971: 5967: 5930:(7230): 715–7. 5918: 5911: 5888: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5838: 5832: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5800: 5799: 5774: 5767: 5745: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5624:(3): e0118199. 5608: 5604: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5475: 5466: 5418:forbidden fruit 5368:Aztec calendars 5319:, the snake of 5250: 5225: 5148:Bowl of Hygieia 5126:Cadmean victory 5020:Nahash of Ammon 4892:boundary stones 4868:river in Sicily 4834: 4828: 4803: 4786: 4726: 4693: 4687: 4645: 4639: 4626: 4605: 4599: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4511: 4505: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4363:All snakes are 4357:Eastern hognose 4323: 4317: 4292: 4290:Winter dormancy 4267: 4153: 4092:Parthenogenesis 4089: 4038:boa constrictor 4003: 3997: 3879:monitor lizards 3862:proteroglyphous 3732: 3718: 3708:Snakes have no 3607: 3556: 3537: 3535: 3533:Internal organs 3438: 3432: 3374: 3294: 3288: 3239:G. A. Boulenger 3192: 3169:snakes are the 3154: 3132: 3091: 3059: 3053: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3021: 3012: 3005: 2996: 2989: 2821: 2696:Late Cretaceous 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2536: 2498: 2460: 2422: 2384: 2346: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2270:Cylindrophiidae 2211: 2202: 2193: 2123: 2114: 2068: 2015: 1927: 1918: 1909: 1797: 1776: 1770: 1768:Legless lizards 1745:Xenotyphlopidae 1712:Lesser Antilles 1594: 1560:Nicobar Islands 1551:Sunbeam snakes 1104:Cylindrophiidae 1066:Typical snakes 980:Burrowing asps 964:Atractaspididae 838: 732: 726: 605: 515:legless lizards 501:with a pair of 491:cranial kinesis 433: 429: 414:are elongated, 350: 270: 262: 261: 260: 259: 258: 251: 243: 242: 235: 226: 225: 224: 217: 209: 208: 201: 186: 184: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 117: 116: 109:Late Cretaceous 107: 104: 96: 89: 82: 71: 65: 62: 55: 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13239: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13187: 13174: 13161: 13148: 13138: 13125: 13112: 13099: 13086: 13073: 13064:Fauna Europaea 13060: 13047: 13034: 13019: 13003: 13001: 12995: 12994: 12982: 12981: 12969: 12957: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12913:Crocodile farm 12910: 12909: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12887: 12885: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12865:Snake charming 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12836: 12834: 12828: 12827: 12820: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12798: 12792: 12790: 12784: 12783: 12776: 12775: 12768: 12761: 12753: 12744: 12743: 12741: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12718:Anomalepididae 12714: 12712: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12675:Tropidophiidae 12672: 12667: 12662: 12660:Pseudaspididae 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12571: 12569: 12567:Alethinophidia 12563: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12541: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12520: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12484: 12478: 12470: 12450: 12438: 12426: 12416: 12415:External links 12413: 12411: 12410: 12404: 12391: 12385: 12360: 12354: 12338: 12332: 12319: 12280: 12274: 12257: 12251: 12238: 12232: 12222:. New Jersey: 12215: 12209: 12184: 12172: 12160: 12148: 12142: 12118: 12106: 12100: 12076: 12070: 12057: 12051: 12032: 12022: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11997: 11996: 11990: 11975: 11957: 11939: 11933: 11915: 11909: 11892: 11880: 11874: 11849: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11824:978-0374283377 11823: 11799: 11774: 11725: 11710:(6 ed.). 11696: 11666: 11655: 11624: 11610: 11599: 11592: 11570: 11553:Manzanillo Sun 11539: 11528: 11498: 11491: 11465: 11435: 11404: 11373: 11358: 11327: 11320: 11296: 11289: 11267: 11237: 11230: 11210: 11198: 11183: 11176: 11170:. OUP Oxford. 11156: 11133: 11103: 11096: 11060: 11033:(4): 895–911. 11017: 11004: 10981: 10954: 10931: 10907: 10872: 10849: 10812: 10793: 10787:978-0714117058 10786: 10747: 10740: 10716: 10688: 10658: 10643: 10628: 10608: 10575: 10542: 10503: 10443: 10405: 10375: 10350: 10318: 10294: 10259: 10229: 10191: 10189:, p. 176. 10176: 10123: 10121:, p. 135. 10108: 10058: 10039:(4): 915–927. 10018: 10016:, p. 177. 9993: 9947: 9926: 9915:(4): 354–367. 9896: 9838: 9819:(4): 759–763. 9798: 9760: 9758:, p. 175. 9737: 9702: 9667: 9632: 9591: 9579: 9518: 9467: 9465:, p. 581. 9446: 9394: 9344: 9317:(3): 212–230. 9300: 9223: 9204:(2): 322–329. 9183: 9154:(4): 289–299. 9121: 9076: 9022: 8981: 8944: 8942:, p. 182. 8927: 8915: 8913:, p. 186. 8900: 8849: 8838: 8814: 8798: 8731: 8729:, p. 126. 8712: 8710:, p. 123. 8697: 8695:, p. 125. 8676: 8639:(7): 451–469. 8608: 8578: 8547: 8506: 8463: 8402: 8379: 8360:(1): 127–169. 8342: 8333: 8284: 8261: 8216: 8204: 8190: 8134: 8078: 8048: 8023: 7980: 7951: 7936: 7867: 7835: 7809: 7783: 7753: 7691: 7676: 7649: 7647:, p. 180. 7626: 7583: 7536: 7497: 7490: 7458: 7428: 7377: 7326: 7296: 7264: 7245:(3): 481–496. 7229: 7168: 7117: 7087: 7018: 6985: 6954: 6930: 6904: 6843: 6836: 6807: 6740: 6734:978-0253337214 6733: 6708: 6671: 6631: 6624: 6575: 6556: 6553:. p. 187. 6537: 6477: 6470: 6448: 6432: 6425: 6407: 6379: 6342:(4): 371–389. 6324: 6265: 6258: 6236: 6208: 6201: 6181: 6151: 6134:etymonline.com 6121: 6057: 6018:(5996): 5996. 5996: 5965: 5909: 5902:(1): 165–168. 5879: 5823: 5772: 5765: 5736: 5671: 5602: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5490:List of snakes 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5426:Book of Exodus 5403:Garden of Eden 5387:Snake handlers 5309:ancient Greece 5246:Main article: 5224: 5221: 5210:Chinese zodiac 5107:Lernaean Hydra 4900:cylinder seals 4830:Main article: 4827: 4824: 4802: 4799: 4785: 4782: 4770:Austin Stevens 4734:Andhra Pradesh 4725: 4722: 4691:Snake charming 4689:Main article: 4686: 4685:Snake charmers 4683: 4641:Main article: 4638: 4635: 4625: 4622: 4601:Main article: 4598: 4595: 4569: 4566: 4557:Main article: 4554: 4551: 4507:Main article: 4504: 4501: 4476:Main article: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4322: 4319: 4291: 4288: 4266: 4263: 4236:Lunatic fringe 4152: 4149: 4088: 4085: 4054:requiem sharks 3996: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3963:opistoglyphous 3959: 3958: 3934: 3857:mangrove snake 3726:Venomous snake 3717: 3714: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3568:tracheal lungs 3566: 3563: 3559: 3534: 3531: 3436:Snake skeleton 3434:Main article: 3431: 3428: 3373: 3370: 3290:Main article: 3287: 3284: 3270:and the genus 3191: 3188: 3175:green anaconda 3153: 3150: 3131: 3128: 3090: 3087: 3082:sonic hedgehog 3055:Main article: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3038: 3031: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2959:. In the Late 2820: 2817: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2004:Tropidophiidae 2000: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1961:Alethinophidia 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1949:Anomalepididae 1945: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1819: 1817: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1789:amphisbaenians 1774:Legless lizard 1772:Main article: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1700:Socotra Island 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1502:Wallace's Line 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1431:Tropidophiidae 1427: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372:Pseudaspidids 1370: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1356:Pseudaspididae 1352: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1325:Tropical Asia 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1010:Reunion Island 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 991: 985: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 966: 960: 959: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 934: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 915: 909: 908: 892: 889: 886: 883: 877: 871: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 851: 850: 846:Alethinophidia 837: 834: 761:Alethinophidia 745:, part of the 725: 722: 622:Proto-Germanic 620:, itself from 604: 601: 407: 406: 400: 399: 391: 390: 389: 388: 377: 372:Alethinophidia 366: 365: 361: 360: 345: 341: 340: 335: 328: 327: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 264: 263: 252: 245: 244: 236: 229: 228: 227: 218: 211: 210: 202: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 105: 87: 84: 83: 39: 37: 30: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13238: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13184: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13139: 13135: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13091: 13087: 13083: 13078: 13074: 13070: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13039: 13035: 13030: 13024: 13020: 13015: 13009: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12987: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12968: 12958: 12956: 12946: 12945: 12942: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12893: 12892: 12889: 12888: 12886: 12882: 12876: 12875:Snake worship 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12824: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12803: 12802:Jurassic Park 12799: 12797: 12794: 12793: 12791: 12789: 12785: 12781: 12774: 12769: 12767: 12762: 12760: 12755: 12754: 12751: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12723:Gerrhopilidae 12721: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12710:Scolecophidia 12707: 12701: 12700:Xenophidiidae 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12655:Psammophiidae 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12630:Lamprophiidae 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12585:Anomochilidae 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12575:Acrochordidae 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12558: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12546: 12542: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12532: 12528: 12525: 12518: 12513: 12511: 12506: 12504: 12499: 12498: 12495: 12488: 12485: 12482: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12407: 12401: 12397: 12392: 12388: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12369: 12368: 12361: 12357: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12329: 12325: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12287: 12281: 12277: 12271: 12266: 12265: 12258: 12254: 12248: 12244: 12239: 12235: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12193: 12192: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12139: 12135: 12130: 12129: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12103: 12097: 12093: 12088: 12087: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12067: 12063: 12058: 12054: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12039: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12019: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12005: 12004: 11993: 11987: 11983: 11982: 11976: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11893: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11811: 11803: 11795: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11778: 11770: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11745:(2): 156–62. 11744: 11740: 11736: 11729: 11714:. p. 271 11713: 11709: 11708: 11700: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11664: 11659: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11628: 11622: 11617: 11615: 11608: 11603: 11595: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11574: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11543: 11537: 11532: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11502: 11494: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11469: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11439: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11408: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11377: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11342: 11337: 11331: 11323: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11308: 11300: 11292: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11271: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11241: 11233: 11231:9780780813656 11227: 11223: 11222: 11214: 11207: 11202: 11196:, p. 61. 11195: 11190: 11188: 11179: 11177:9780191572258 11173: 11169: 11168: 11160: 11152: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11117: 11110: 11108: 11099: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11080: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11065: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11008: 11000: 10988: 10984: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10958: 10950: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10911: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10876: 10868: 10856: 10852: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10808: 10804: 10797: 10789: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10743: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10728: 10720: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10693: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10654: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10629:9780761472704 10625: 10621: 10620: 10612: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10586: 10579: 10563: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10546: 10530: 10526: 10524: 10519: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10499: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10412: 10410: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10309: 10305: 10298: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10263: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10233: 10226: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10203:"Snake bites" 10198: 10196: 10188: 10183: 10181: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10135: 10127: 10120: 10115: 10113: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10069: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10025: 10023: 10015: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9966:(2): 159–81. 9965: 9961: 9960: 9951: 9943: 9939: 9938: 9930: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9903: 9901: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9813: 9805: 9803: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9779:(2): 101–20. 9778: 9774: 9767: 9765: 9757: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9715: 9706: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9671: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9636: 9628: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9595: 9588: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9489:(2): 169–72. 9488: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9411: 9406: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9367:(1): e23077. 9366: 9362: 9361: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9227: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9198: 9190: 9188: 9179: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9117: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9100:(6): 759–63. 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9029: 9027: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9003:(1): 225–34. 9002: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8962:(3): 477–83. 8961: 8957: 8956: 8948: 8941: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8912: 8907: 8905: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8860: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8818: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8794: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8743: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8709: 8704: 8702: 8694: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8479:(2): 302–36. 8478: 8474: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8424:(9): e74484. 8423: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8383: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8354: 8346: 8337: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8307:(2): 349–71. 8306: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8234:(4): 048701. 8233: 8229: 8228: 8220: 8214:, p. 11. 8213: 8208: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8139: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7971:szgdocent.org 7968: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7956: 7948: 7947: 7940: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7893:: 2483–2495. 7892: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7871: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7839: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7698: 7696: 7689:, p. 19. 7688: 7683: 7681: 7673: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7646: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7599:(2): 345–51. 7598: 7594: 7587: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7493: 7487: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7330: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7284: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7022: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6996: 6989: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6847: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6812: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6715: 6713: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6627: 6625:0-8069-6460-X 6621: 6617: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6473: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6428: 6426:0-7136-6817-2 6422: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6403:1-893777-01-4 6400: 6396: 6395:1-893777-00-6 6392: 6386: 6384: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6328: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6250:Prentice Hall 6247: 6240: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6204: 6202:9783110815030 6198: 6194: 6193: 6185: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6117: 6116: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5916: 5914: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5884: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5837: 5830: 5828: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5768: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5743: 5741: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5694:(1): 123–41. 5693: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5545: 5540: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5407:Saint Patrick 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5248:Snake worship 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5078:Metamorphoses 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5008:Pistis Sophia 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4908:) appears in 4907: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4807:Western world 4798: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4762:herpetologist 4759: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4682: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4630: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4578: 4574: 4565: 4560: 4550: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523:) sidewinding 4522: 4521: 4515: 4510: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4479: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4345:preying on a 4344: 4343: 4338: 4332:eating an egg 4331: 4327: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4296: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4211:somitogenesis 4208: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4196:organogenesis 4193: 4189: 4185: 4184:germinal disc 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4164:fertilization 4161: 4157: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4048:as well as a 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034:ovoviviparous 4030: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3875:beaded lizard 3872: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3849:hyaluronidase 3845: 3844:bungarotoxins 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801:garter snakes 3798: 3797: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3530: 3528: 3527:polyphyodonts 3523: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3454:quadrate bone 3446: 3442: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358:dorsal scales 3355: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205:forked tongue 3201: 3198: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3044: 3042: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2993:Tetrapodophis 2987: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2953:Pythonomorpha 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2926:Tetrapodophis 2923: 2919: 2918:Tetrapodophis 2915: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754:morphogenesis 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:simoliophiids 2689: 2685: 2684:fossilization 2681: 2667: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2621: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556:Lamprophiidae 2551: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2335:Acrochordidae 2330: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2255:Anomochilidae 2250: 2249: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2182:Xenophidiidae 2177: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1898:Xenophidiidae 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861:Gerrhopilidae 1856: 1855: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1825:Scolecophidia 1823: 1822: 1815: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1657:Gerrhopilidae 1655: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1614:Taxon author 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1603:Scolecophidia 1598: 1595: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1572:Xenophidiidae 1570: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1347:Psammophiids 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1331:Psammophiidae 1329: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1183:Lamprophiidae 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 957: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 939: 938:Anomochilidae 936: 935: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897:Mussau Island 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 876: 875:Acrochordidae 873: 872: 868: 865: 862: 859: 857:Taxon author 856: 853: 852: 848: 847: 841: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 811: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769:morphological 766: 765:Scolecophidia 762: 758: 753: 751: 748: 744: 740: 737: 731: 721: 718: 712: 702: 701:Ancient Greek 697: 691: 686: 681: 677: 676: 670: 666: 662: 657: 651: 646: 640: 636: 633: 628: 623: 618: 614: 610: 600: 598: 593: 588: 586: 582: 574: 570: 566: 562: 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 499:pelvic girdle 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477: 473: 470:, snakes are 469: 463: 427: 424: 420: 417: 413: 401: 397: 392: 385: 381: 380:Scolecophidia 378: 373: 370: 369: 367: 362: 358: 354: 349: 346: 343: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 329: 326: 323: 320: 319: 316: 313: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 289: 286: 283: 280: 279: 274: 269: 265: 257: 256: 249: 241: 240: 233: 223: 222: 215: 207: 206: 199: 189: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 121: 114: 110: 101: 98: 94: 80: 77: 69: 59: 54: 50: 46: 45: 38: 29: 28: 19: 12998: 12906:World Turtle 12831: 12800: 12695:Xenopeltidae 12690:Xenodermidae 12640:Micrelapidae 12625:Homalopsidae 12610:Cyclocoridae 12523: 12462:. Retrieved 12458:the original 12446:the original 12395: 12371:. New York: 12366: 12345: 12323: 12290: 12284: 12263: 12242: 12219: 12190: 12179: 12167: 12155: 12127: 12113: 12085: 12061: 12041:. New York: 12037: 12028:the original 12012: 11980: 11967:. Retrieved 11947: 11923: 11899:. New York: 11896: 11886: 11860:. New York: 11856: 11848:Bibliography 11833:. Retrieved 11809: 11802: 11794:the original 11787: 11777: 11742: 11738: 11728: 11716:. Retrieved 11706: 11699: 11687:. Retrieved 11678: 11669: 11658: 11646:. Retrieved 11637: 11627: 11602: 11579: 11573: 11561:. Retrieved 11552: 11542: 11531: 11519:. Retrieved 11511:Mediband.com 11510: 11501: 11474: 11468: 11456:. Retrieved 11447: 11438: 11426:. Retrieved 11417: 11407: 11395:. Retrieved 11386: 11376: 11340: 11330: 11310:. New York: 11306: 11299: 11276: 11270: 11258:. Retrieved 11249: 11240: 11220: 11213: 11201: 11166: 11159: 11151:Google Books 11149:– via 11143:. Retrieved 11119: 11116: 11077: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11015:2.37, 38, 39 11012: 11007: 10999:Google Books 10997:– via 10991:. Retrieved 10967: 10963:Deacy, Susan 10957: 10949:Google Books 10947:– via 10941:. Retrieved 10917: 10910: 10885: 10881: 10875: 10867:Google Books 10865:– via 10859:. Retrieved 10835: 10806: 10796: 10773: 10726: 10719: 10707:. Retrieved 10703: 10679:. Retrieved 10675: 10652: 10646: 10638:Google Books 10618: 10611: 10599:. Retrieved 10588: 10578: 10566:. Retrieved 10557:The Guardian 10555: 10545: 10533:. Retrieved 10529:the original 10521: 10461: 10457: 10446: 10421: 10417: 10396:. Retrieved 10392: 10366:. Retrieved 10362: 10353: 10341:. Retrieved 10330: 10321: 10306: 10297: 10285:. Retrieved 10272: 10262: 10250:. Retrieved 10241: 10232: 10224: 10215:. Retrieved 10206: 10138: 10132: 10126: 10078: 10074: 10036: 10030: 9963: 9957: 9950: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9912: 9908: 9858: 9852: 9816: 9810: 9776: 9772: 9728:. Retrieved 9719: 9713: 9705: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9582: 9537: 9531: 9521: 9486: 9480: 9470: 9414: 9408: 9397: 9364: 9358: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9291:. Retrieved 9242: 9236: 9226: 9201: 9195: 9151: 9145: 9097: 9093: 9079: 9047:(6): 983–5. 9044: 9038: 9000: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8868: 8862: 8852: 8844:Google Books 8842:– via 8824: 8817: 8787:cite journal 8746: 8740: 8734: 8636: 8632: 8602: 8598: 8569:. Retrieved 8560: 8550: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8421: 8415: 8405: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8336: 8304: 8300: 8287: 8264: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8207: 8153:(8): 673–7. 8150: 8146: 8125:. Retrieved 8100:(1): 89–91. 8097: 8091: 8081: 8069:. Retrieved 8060: 8051: 8043:the original 8038: 7999: 7993: 7983: 7970: 7944: 7939: 7927:. Retrieved 7886: 7880: 7870: 7858:. Retrieved 7849:ScienceDaily 7847: 7838: 7828:28 September 7826:. Retrieved 7812: 7802:28 September 7800:. Retrieved 7786: 7774:. 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Retrieved 5691: 5687: 5674: 5621: 5615: 5605: 5560: 5556: 5529:, a wikibook 5515: 5467: 5446:Neo-Paganism 5443: 5414:Adam and Eve 5411: 5379:Jesus Christ 5375:Christianity 5372: 5356:Quetzalcoatl 5347: 5340:Tenochtitlan 5336:Chichen Itza 5325: 5306: 5297: 5258:Nag Panchami 5251: 5218: 5203: 5196: 5193:Nag Panchami 5188: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5145: 5115: 5076: 5054: 5040: 5029: 5013: 5006: 4964: 4953:national god 4930: 4914:Neo-Assyrian 4903: 4896:Sumerian art 4885: 4871: 4846:lapis lazuli 4804: 4795: 4755: 4750: 4742: 4729: 4727: 4710: 4706: 4701:Indian cobra 4679: 4671: 4665:(WHO) lists 4659: 4653:Vipera berus 4651: 4606: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4562: 4526: 4518: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4466: 4457: 4433: 4415: 4411:constriction 4408: 4393: 4375:The snake's 4374: 4362: 4340: 4316: 4301: 4245:basal snakes 4242: 4235: 4216: 4188:gastrulation 4173: 4142: 4136: 4128:homozygosity 4099: 4095: 4090: 4074: 4069:garter snake 4031: 4023: 4004: 3995:Reproduction 3969: 3962: 3960: 3951:cottonmouths 3943:rattlesnakes 3936: 3931:coral snakes 3900: 3895: 3871:gila monster 3867: 3860: 3854: 3847: 3828:venom glands 3821: 3794: 3787: 3772: 3768: 3749: 3744:coral snakes 3707: 3703: 3679: 3675: 3663:gall bladder 3640: 3638: 3617:crocodilians 3610: 3524: 3520:pelvic spurs 3517: 3510: 3494: 3478:neurocranium 3450: 3409: 3393: 3387: 3354:Caenophidian 3351: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3318: 3295: 3248: 3244: 3232: 3222: 3212: 3202: 3193: 3181: 3179: 3160: 3155: 3139: 3100: 3089:Distribution 3079: 3063:phylogenetic 3060: 3039: 3023: 3007: 2991: 2973: 2964: 2934: 2930:dolichosaurs 2925: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2892:Pachyrhachis 2890: 2884: 2865:Subterranean 2850: 2842: 2828: 2822: 2812:Pantherophis 2810: 2804: 2800:Lampropeltis 2798: 2792: 2766: 2747: 2725: 2714: 2703: 2677: 2569: 2554: 2523: 2487:Homalopsidae 2485: 2447: 2409: 2373:Xenodermidae 2371: 2333: 2268: 2253: 2230: 2180: 2165: 2142: 2101: 2086: 2057:Xenopeltidae 2055: 2002: 1987: 1947: 1896: 1881: 1859: 1836: 1777: 1632:Anomalepidae 1623:Common name 1601: 1593: 1535:Xenopeltidae 1510:Xenodermidae 1322:Mock vipers 1310: 1265:Romer, 1956 1240: 1233:Micrelapidae 1174:Homalopsids 1158:Homalopsidae 1095:Cyclocorids 1075:Cyclocoridae 891:Wart snakes 866:Common name 849:25 families 844: 829: 826:Cylindrophis 825: 815: 808: 801:atractaspids 754: 738: 733: 689: 679: 673: 660: 608: 606: 597:constriction 589: 558: 531: 519:Amphisbaenia 425: 411: 410: 375:Nopcsa, 1923 364:Infraorders 347: 331: 253: 237: 219: 203: 97: 72: 63: 56:Please help 52: 41: 13090:iNaturalist 13023:Wikispecies 12733:Typhlopidae 12680:Uropeltidae 12645:Prosymnidae 12635:Loxocemidae 12600:Bolyeriidae 12481:BBC Nature: 12442:"US Snakes" 12430:"Serpentes" 12367:Exotic Pets 12195:. Alabama: 12008:Bullfinch T 11943:Deane, John 11621:Genesis 3:1 11521:26 February 11013:Bibliotheca 10888:: 445–463. 10807:History.com 10676:www.bbc.com 10590:India Today 10535:26 November 10393:www.who.int 10389:"Snakebite" 9714:Naja oxiana 8605:(2): 84–93. 8526:(1): 5–19. 7860:18 December 7576:12 December 7215:11336/37995 7190:(1): 5996. 7110:18 November 7100:www.msn.com 6923:24 February 6701:29 November 6664:26 November 6648:Sanchez A. 6287:(1): 8054. 6220:"Serpentes" 6119:) II 697 f. 6043:11336/37995 5332:Mesoamerica 5296:. The term 5236:Mixco Viejo 5056:Bibliotheca 4999:Tutankhamun 4949:Ningishzida 4842:Tutankhamun 4811:ball python 4784:Consumption 4778:Jeff Corwin 4774:Steve Irwin 4597:Rectilinear 4590:Chrysopelea 4509:Sidewinding 4503:Sidewinding 4440:regurgitate 4426:ectothermic 4400:bandy-bandy 4396:King cobras 4347:sheltopusik 4312:hibernacula 4308:hibernation 4192:neurulation 3984:vine snakes 3980:tree snakes 3955:bushmasters 3947:copperheads 3911:king cobras 3887:venom clade 3832:neurotoxins 3764:rear-fanged 3740:milk snakes 3730:§ Bite 3722:Snake venom 3710:lymph nodes 3691:hydrostatic 3647:bifurcation 3642:pericardium 3589:gallbladder 3525:Snakes are 3501:henophidian 3292:Snake scale 3116:New Zealand 2969:cladistical 2869:transparent 2861:semiaquatic 2852:Lanthanotus 2839:terrestrial 2743:Typhlopidae 2232:Uropeltidae 2088:Loxocemidae 1883:Typhlopidae 1785:glass snake 1720:Typhlopidae 1606:5 families 1600:Infraorder 1456:Uropeltidae 1447:Dwarf boas 1283:Prosymnidae 1208:Loxocemidae 1125:Aru Islands 1027:Hoffstetter 1022:Bolyeriidae 843:Infraorder 830:Anomochilus 805:Madtsoiidae 797:hydrophiids 781:Caenophidia 757:infraorders 663:as well as 613:Old English 611:comes from 527:Pygopodidae 479:vertebrates 472:ectothermic 60:if you can. 13200:Categories 12670:Pythonidae 12605:Colubridae 12375:. p. 12342:Whitaker R 12199:. p. 12176:Ditmars RL 12164:Ditmars RL 12152:Ditmars RL 12090:. Boston: 11969:2 December 11864:. p. 11582:. London: 11448:Britannica 11348:. p. 11279:. London: 11206:Deane 1833 11194:Deane 1833 11145:20 October 11086:. p. 10993:20 October 10943:20 October 10861:20 October 10418:The Lancet 10343:27 October 10287:24 October 9944:: 551–578. 8061:Whozoo.org 8039:sdgfp.info 7480:. Boston: 7319:22 October 7289:25 October 6951:: 320–322. 6397:(series). 6365:2440/44258 6248:. Pearson 6174:12 October 6064:Proto-IE: 5989:29 January 5729:21 January 5535:References 5458:witchcraft 5362:." In the 5342:, and the 5051:Greek myth 5043:Gorgoneion 5036:Caravaggio 4971:worshipped 4943:storm-god 4815:corn snake 4766:Bill Haast 4738:Tamil Nadu 4553:Concertina 4463:Locomotion 4283:landscaper 4168:corn snake 4042:viviparous 3999:See also: 3988:cat snakes 3976:boomslangs 3941:– vipers, 3927:sea snakes 3909:including 3840:cytotoxins 3836:hemotoxins 3796:Rhabdophis 3790:colloquial 3775:kingsnakes 3738:Innocuous 3720:See also: 3574:right lung 3366:dissection 3190:Perception 3043:descouensi 3041:Eupodophis 2961:Cretaceous 2957:sea snakes 2949:Cretaceous 2937:morphology 2898:Eupodophis 2886:Haasiophis 2789:Colubridae 2735:anal spurs 2700:Cenomanian 2688:Cretaceous 2525:Colubridae 2167:Bolyeridae 2103:Pythonidae 1708:Hispaniola 1436:Brongersma 1406:Pythonidae 1050:Colubridae 777:Henophidia 728:See also: 535:sea snakes 344:Suborder: 118:94–0 13043:Serpentes 13029:Serpentes 13014:Q25537662 12999:Serpentes 12860:Snakebite 12788:Dinosaurs 12685:Viperidae 12580:Aniliidae 12537:Kingdom: 12464:8 January 11718:2 January 11607:John 3:14 11336:Sharer RJ 10973:Routledge 10480:1935-2735 10252:9 January 9540:(1): 93. 9267:0028-0836 8830:CRC Press 8653:2397-3358 8542:1540-7063 8155:CiteSeerX 8114:0022-1511 8071:9 January 8018:1465-7279 7776:9 January 7621:198156987 7561:thesis). 7239:Evolution 6405:(volume). 6311:2045-2322 6068:(s)nēg-o- 5648:1932-6203 5563:(1): 87. 5495:Ophiology 5420:from the 5383:Nehushtan 5360:Coatlicue 5313:Asclepius 5290:Karkotaka 5232:Ballcourt 5212:, in the 4979:ouroboros 4975:Cleopatra 4862:kerykeion 4826:Symbolism 4758:wranglers 4732:tribe of 4667:snakebite 4643:Snakebite 4529:colubrids 4430:metabolic 4422:intestine 4418:digestion 4381:lower jaw 4306:. Unlike 4304:brumation 4279:brumating 4277:. It was 4258:Hox Genes 4116:automixis 4011:hemipenes 3971:Colubrids 3893:species. 3883:mosasaurs 3682:vestigial 3655:esophagus 3621:dinosaurs 3613:archosaur 3601:testicles 3598:intestine 3562:esophagus 3506:tetrapods 3424:hemipenes 3362:vertebrae 3343:epidermis 3339:sloughing 3306:snakeskin 2943:—extinct 2941:mosasaurs 2877:fossorial 2806:Pituophis 2777:dinosaurs 2769:Paleocene 2750:Hox genes 2710:West Bank 2708:from the 2680:skeletons 2449:Viperidae 1989:Aniliidae 1795:Evolution 1684:Stejneger 1540:Bonaparte 1481:Viperidae 1411:Fitzinger 1336:Bourgeois 1188:Fitzinger 1163:Bonaparte 1109:Fitzinger 1042:Mauritius 918:Stejneger 913:Aniliidae 880:Bonaparte 818:monophyly 785:colubrids 739:Serpentes 720:‘snake’. 656:(s)nēg-o- 603:Etymology 573:Paleocene 523:Dibamidae 503:vestigial 468:squamates 426:Serpentes 348:Serpentes 291:Kingdom: 285:Eukaryota 239:Naja naja 66:June 2024 18:Serpentes 13056:46559499 13008:Wikidata 12967:Reptiles 12845:Caduceus 12840:Basilisk 12620:Elapidae 12557:Squamata 12551:Reptilia 12545:Chordata 12543:Phylum: 12539:Animalia 12527:families 12344:(1996). 12315:42500066 12178:(1939). 12154:(1933). 12124:(1931). 12112:(1906). 12080:Conant R 12010:(2000). 11963:Archived 11945:(1833). 11919:Cogger H 11885:(1913), 11829:Archived 11810:Venomous 11769:23593597 11683:Archived 11642:Archived 11557:Archived 11515:Archived 11452:Archived 11422:Archived 11391:Archived 11368:57577446 11254:Archived 11139:Archived 11074:(2007). 11055:28961886 11047:12204171 10987:Archived 10965:(2008). 10937:Archived 10855:Archived 10634:Archived 10601:16 April 10595:Archived 10568:16 April 10562:Archived 10498:30789906 10438:20109866 10398:23 March 10368:23 March 10337:Archived 10313:Archived 10281:Archived 10246:Archived 10211:Archived 10163:12167849 10103:18129284 10095:17951427 9988:25729192 9891:17065200 9883:17735283 9793:20281580 9724:Archived 9697:15339944 9662:20400637 9627:14718501 9574:23627680 9513:17307721 9441:27768887 9381:29095557 9339:17499493 9293:30 April 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