1623:
from the Serer society; no family would want to marry into his family and he would be excommunicated. This was and is seen as extremely humiliating; many male Serers have been known to take their own lives because they couldn't bear the humiliation. The public display of undergarments was not applied to women; when women marry in Serer society, they braid their hair in a particular style, which is restricted to married women – it is a symbol of their status, which is highly valued in Serer society. An adulteress's female relatives unbraid her hair. This is so humiliating and degrading for a married woman that many women have been known to commit suicide rather than endure the shame. The wronged man can forgive both his wife and her lover if he chooses to. The adulterers and their respective families must gather at the king, chief, or elder's compound to formally seek forgiveness. This will be in front of the community because the rules that govern society have been broken. The doctrine extends to both married men and women. Protection is given to the wronged spouse regardless of his or her gender.
1640:(millet) to be shared among the community and the victim's family. The victim's family would nominate a strong man armed with a spear with a piece of cooked lamb or beef at the end of it. This executioner, taking his instruction from the victim's family, would run towards the murderer, who was required to keep his mouth open. If the victim's family chose accordingly, the executioner would kill the murderer with his spear, after which the food that had been cooked would not be eaten and everyone would disperse. From that day on, the families would be strangers to each other. On the other hand, if the victim's family had forgiven the murderer, then would the executioner run and gently feed the murderer the piece of meat on his spear. In that case, the community would enjoy the meal and the two families would be sealed as one and sometimes even marry off their children to each other.
4828:
2133:
1040:
581:
1898:
2161:
1807:
46:
51:
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1255:) as they are the intermediaries between the living world and the divine. An orthodox Serer must remain faithful to the ancestral spirits as the soul is sanctified as a result of the ancestors' intercession between the living world and the divine. The pangool have both a historical significance as well as a religious one. They are connected to the history of the Serer by virtue of the fact that the pangool is associated with the founding of Serer villages and towns as a group of
2175:
2119:
1027:
431:
419:
2147:
2105:
1309:) is a strongly held belief in Serer religion. The pangool are viewed as holy saints, and will be called upon and venerated, and have the power to intercede between the living and the divine. The Serer strive to be accepted by their ancestors who have long departed and to gain the ability to intercede with the divine. Failure to do so results in rejection by the ancestors and becoming a lost and wandering soul.
1423:(who are a distinct group but still revere the ancient religious practices of their Serer ancestors) among others gather at Sine for this ancient ceremony. Serers who live in the West sometimes spend months planning for the pilgrimage. The event goes on for several days where the Saltigue take centre stage and the ceremony usually begins in the first week of June at
1568:. After that, he makes a tour of Tukar and perform ritual offerings of milk, millet and wine as well as small animals at key shrines, trees, and sacred locations. The people make their way to the compound of the chief Saltigue (the Serer high priests and priestess – who are the "hereditary rain priests selected from the Lamane's lineage for their oracular talent").
1407:. It is the time when the initiated Saltigue (Serer High Priests and Priestesses) come together to literally predict the future in front of the community. These diviners and healers deliver sermons at the Xooy Ceremony which relates to the future weather, politics, economics, and so on. The event brings together thousands of people to
1442:
1852:) with the king. His other drums would be played for the last time before their burial in the ground facing east. The griots then chant ancient songs marked by sadness and praise for the departed king. The last time this ceremony occurred was on 8 March 1969 following the death of the last king of Sine –
1622:
with another man, both adulterers are humiliated in different ways. The wronged male spouse (the husband) is entitled to take the undergarment of the other male and hang it outside his house to show that the male lover had broken custom by committing adultery with his wife. The lover would be shunned
1221:
is the lifeblood to which the incorruptible and sanctified soul returns to eternal peace after they depart the living world. Roog Sene sees, knows and hears everything, but does not interfere in the day-to-day affairs of the living world. Instead, lesser gods and goddesses act as Roog's assistants in
1597:
Courting for a wife is permitted but with boundaries. Women are given respect and honour in Serer religion. The woman must not be dishonoured or engaged in a physical relationship until after she has been married. When a man desires a woman, the man provides the woman gifts as a mark of interest. If
1639:
In the past, when someone killed another person, the victim's family had the right to either forgive or seek vengeance. The murderer and his family would gather at a local centre headed by the Chief or the palace headed by the King. Before this judgement, the murderer's family would cook some food
1274:
Whenever any member of the lamanic lineage dies, the whole Serer community celebrates in honour of the exemplary lives they had lived on earth in accordance with the teachings of the Serer religion. Serer prayers are addressed to the pangool who act as intercessors between the living world and the
1226:
to either live a good and spiritually fulfilled life in accordance with Serer religious doctrines or waver from such doctrines by living an unsanctified lifestyle in the physical world. Those who live their lives contrary to the teachings will be rightfully punished in the afterlife.
2005:. The crossing of the lines ("bottom left" and "top right" and "top left and bottom right") pinpoints the axis of the Universe, that all energies pass. The top point is "the point of departure and conclusion, the origin and the end". Among the Serers who cannot read or write the
1389:(Spiritual Elder). In accordance with Serer religious doctrines, for one to become a Saltigue, one must be initiated which is somewhat reserved for a small number of insiders, particularly in the mysteries of the universe and the unseen world. The
3828:, (suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no. 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10)
5364:
1267:– who were their ancient kings) as they make their journey looking for land to exploit. Without them, the lamane exploits would not have been possible. In the religious sense, these ancient lamanes created
3831:
Krzyżaniak, Lech; Kroeper, Karla & Kobusiewicz, Michał, Muzeum
Archeologiczne w Poznaniu. Interregional contacts in the later prehistory of northeastern Africa. Poznań Archaeological Museum, 1996, pp.
1685:, who are considered to be the custodians of indigenous knowledge. Such meetings are aimed at providing information and warning people about what will happen in the village during the next rainy season.
1209:), who have been initiated and possess the knowledge and power to organise their thoughts into a single cohesive unit. However, Roog is always watching over its children and always available to them.
3001:
Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources Ă©crites concernant le royaume du Sine par
Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972).
2081:
wars, many of the Serers villagers committed martyrdom, including jumping to their deaths at the Well of
Tahompa. In Serer religion, suicide is only permitted if it satisfies the Serer principle of
1942:. With an ancient heritage of farming, "Yoonir" is very important and sacred in Serer religion, because it announces the beginning of flooding and enables Serer farmers to start planting seeds. The
540:), but some are Christians or follow their traditional religion. Traditional Serer religious practices encompass ancient chants and poems, veneration of and offerings to deities as well as spirits (
3880:
Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji, Canadian Museum of
Civilization, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition (Louvain, Belgium),
2077:
At the surprise attacks of
Naodorou, Kaymor and Ngaye, where the Serers were defeated, they killed themselves rather than be conquered by the Muslim forces. In these 19th-century Islamic
2516:
Ciiɗ means poetry in Serer, it can also mean the reincarnated or the dead who seek to reincarnate in Serer religion. Two chapters are devoted to this by Faye see: Faye, Louis Diène,
4090:
4417:
1552:
in April. On the morning of Raan, the Lamane would prepare offerings of millet, sour milk and sugar. After sunrise, the Lamane makes a visit to the sacred pond – the shrine of
4576:
4427:
1606:
Were a young man and a woman found engaged in premarital relationships, both are exiled to avoid bringing shame to the family, even if pregnancy resulted from that courtship.
4040:
3222:
No. 17., "People of The Gambia. I. The Wolof with notes on the Serer and the Lebou", By David P. Gamble & Linda K. Salmon with Alhaji Hassan Njie, San
Francisco (1985).
5023:
4432:
1666:
which is passed down and takes years to acquire. The
Senegalese government has set a school and centre to preserve this ancient knowledge and teach it to the young. The
1598:
the woman and her family accept, this then becomes an implied contract that she should therefore not court or accept gifts from another man whose aim is to court her.
4025:
4045:
4422:
4412:
1271:
to these pangool, thereby becoming the priests and custodians of the shrine. As such, "they became the intermediaries among the land, the people and the pangool".
1071:
1119:("Roog The Immensity" or "The Merciful God"). Serer tradition deals with various dimensions of life, death, space and time, ancestral spirit communications and
5351:
1275:
divine. In addressing their prayers to the pangool, the Serers chant ancient songs and offer sacrifices such as bull, sheep, goat, chicken or harvested crops.
5344:
5332:
1713:
in a different way to describe genuine
Islamic festivals in their own language. The Serers are one of very few communities in Senegambia, apart from the
345:
340:
4085:
3175:, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, "International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition", (Louvain, Belgium), pp. 27, 155,
5085:
1404:
1011:
4342:
1934:. The "Star of Yoonir" is part of the Serer cosmos. It is very important and sacred and just one of many religious symbols in Serer religion and
1648:
Serers may wear an item belonging to their ancestor, such as the hair of an ancestor or an ancestor's treasured belonging, which they turn into
1205:), in people's own homes or community shrine, etc. Roog Sene is reachable perhaps to a lesser extent by the Serer high priests and priestesses (
2901:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4148:
3998:
2926:
2082:
3384:'s description of the representation of "Yoonir", Serer ancestral links to the "Sahara" and the ancient relics of Thiemassas in modern day
1833:
and other personal objects. Mummification is less common now, especially post-independence. The dead were buried in a pyramid shaped tomb.
1709:
festivals were borrowed and altered by
Christianity which came later, the names of ancient Serer religious festivals were also borrowed by
1337:. Any brutality against this animal by the Joof family is prohibited. This respect gives the Joof family holy protection. The totem of the
994:
2009:, it is very common for them to sign official documents with the Star of Yoonir, as the Star also represents "good fortune and destiny".
1064:
4802:
4050:
3442:, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition, (Louvain, Belgium),
1667:
580:
5230:
5070:
4516:
3256:
1772:
also derives from Serer religion. The Arabic word for it is "Mawlid" or "Mawlid an-Nabi" (which celebrates the birth of
Muhammad).
462:
1329:). Totems are prohibitions as well as guardians. They can be animals and plants among other beings. For example, the totem of the
4531:
4457:
4075:
2885:
Secka, A.; Sow, I., and Niass, M., (Collaborators: A.D. Ndoye, T. Kante, A. Thiam, P. Faye and T. Ndiaye.) Senegal, Horticonsult
2649:
2628:
3467:
3105:
n°54, revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série, volume 7 2e semestre (1991) (Retrieved : 10 May 2012).
4621:
4526:
4511:
4506:
3940:
3679:
How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004, pp. 108–304,
2203:
2067:
2063:
1057:
1030:
564:
3728:(introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 46, série B, nos 3–4, 1986–1987 pp. 31–38
1978:
annual divination ceremony where they predict the course of the winter months among other things relevant to the lives of the
5220:
3903:
3347:
2655:
2342:
2315:
2278:
4833:
4631:
1044:
792:
3142:
2138:
1677:
Several traditional practices linked with land and agricultural activities are known, two examples are described below:
1197:
Roog is the very embodiment of both male and female to whom offerings are made at the foot of trees, such as the sacred
5309:
2288:
2071:
123:
3637:
Gravrand, Henry : "L'Heritage spirituel Sereer : Valeur Traditionnelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain"
45:
4626:
3889:
3854:
3837:
3812:
3802:
3765:
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3705:
3684:
3656:
3632:
3451:
3368:
3300:
3279:
3207:
3180:
3127:
3071:
3047:
3026:
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2913:
2821:
2759:
2731:
2714:
2693:
2579:
2546:
2525:
2376:
1692:
aimed at ensuring good millet or groundnut production. For this purpose, every grower has to obtain something called
1380:
3882:
Tracing memory: a glossary of graphic signs and symbols in African art and culture. Canadian Museum of Civilization
3665:
latest edition. A dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature, Volume 25, p. 64. Published by Werner, 1902.
2018:
1004:
999:
335:
3500:, Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, pp. 37–39.
3099:
2262:
5320:
4285:
4280:
3788:
3240:
3139:
2685:
2610:
2504:
2496:
2242:
254:
4856:
1242:
118:
5100:
4993:
4941:
4795:
2890:
572:
3807:
Biblical Archaeology Society. Bible review, Volumes 18–19. Published by: Biblical Archaeology Society, 2002.
3731:
Niang, Mor Sadio, IFAN. Ethiopiques numéro 31 révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine 3e trimestre 1982.
2039:
were the last to convert to these religions. Many still follow the Serer religion especially in the ancient
4827:
3870:
Ethiopiques n° 54, revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série, volume 7 2e semestre 1991
3586:, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982 (Retrieved : 10 May 2012).
2132:
1039:
455:
2425:: latest edition. A dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature", Volume 25, p. 64, Werner (1902).
1674:) Membership alone consist of at least 550 professional Serer healers in the Serer region of Sine-Saloum.
4866:
3783:
Dupire, Marguerite, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", KARTHALA Editions (1994), p. 54,
1635:
Serer final resting place with Serer grave diggers. The top points are directed towards the gods. (1821)
353:
5401:
5383:
4332:
4327:
4168:
3933:
3690:
3514:
2990:
2473:
1564:). The Lamane would make an offering to Saint Luguuñ and spends the early morning in ritual prayer and
989:
759:
161:
3908:
Conversion to Islam: Military Recruitment and Generational Conflict in a Sereer-Safin Village (Bandia)
2492:
The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal
5140:
4851:
4521:
4295:
2208:
1879:
1853:
1810:
1801:
615:
307:
302:
259:
171:
50:
3359:
Kalis, Simone, "Médecine Traditionnelle, Religion et Divination Chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal" –
2491:
5370:
5255:
5245:
5050:
4788:
4571:
1897:
1102:
787:
2930:
5420:
5260:
5145:
5080:
4642:
4352:
4337:
4008:
1294:
448:
435:
399:
25:
3038:
Krzyżaniak, Lech; Kroeper, Karla & Kobusiewicz, Michał, "Muzeum Archeologiczne w Poznaniu",
1840:
play a vital and religious role on the death of a Serer King. On the death of a Serer king, the
5377:
5240:
5200:
5185:
5170:
5125:
5065:
4886:
4541:
4536:
4472:
4310:
4227:
4105:
2972:
Wade, Amadou, "Chronique du Walo sénégalais (1186-1855)", (trans : B. Cissé), V. Monteil,
1784:("AĂŻd-el-fitr" in Arabic which celebrates the end of the month of fasting) also comes from the
1557:
840:
394:
297:
5357:
5013:
4290:
2332:
2257:
Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité sérères : l'exemple de la région de Thiès",
1717:, who have a name for god which is not borrowed from Arabic but indigenous to their language.
485:("the way of the Divine"), is the original religious beliefs, practices, and teachings of the
5190:
4616:
3958:
3926:
3581:"L'Heritage spirituel Sereer : Valeur Traditionnelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain"
3485:
Conversion to Islam: Military Recruitment and Generational Conflict in a Sereer-Safin Village
2305:
1990:) are ancestral spirits (also ancient Serer Saints in Serer religion) represented by snakes.
1797:
810:
423:
404:
3745:
the challenge of governance across social scales, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 151,
1284:
1252:
5388:
5295:
5270:
5115:
5110:
5090:
5060:
5045:
4921:
4581:
4462:
4030:
1586:
1509:
1446:
1436:
933:
376:
2625:, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), in
1419:(mix Islam or Christianity with the old Serer religion) as well as non-Serers such as the
8:
5338:
5304:
5280:
5250:
5235:
5215:
5205:
5195:
5160:
5155:
5105:
5055:
5030:
4986:
4566:
4035:
2198:
1917:
1901:
244:
3644:
3115:
2360:
1882:, which were probably built by predecessors of the Serer, were also a place of worship.
325:
5290:
5285:
5225:
5175:
5135:
5035:
4971:
4946:
4911:
4881:
4876:
4811:
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1998:
1994:
1806:
1198:
764:
742:
708:
622:
186:
4125:
3821:
B. Cissé trans. V. Monteil. Bulletin de l'IFAN, Series B, Vol. 26, no. 3/4. 1941, 1964
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1376:
1191:
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522:
113:
70:
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4998:
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4760:
4501:
4198:
3973:
3899:
3885:
3850:
3833:
3808:
3798:
3784:
3773:
3761:
3746:
3701:
3680:
3652:
3628:
3447:
3364:
3343:
3296:
3275:
3236:
3203:
3176:
3135:
3123:
3067:
3043:
3022:
2956:
2909:
2854:
2817:
2755:
2727:
2710:
2689:
2606:
2575:
2561:, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut, KARTHALA Editions (1994), p. 116
2558:
2542:
2521:
2500:
2372:
2338:
2311:
2284:
2238:
2230:
2180:
1533:
870:
703:
667:
642:
287:
191:
5275:
5180:
5075:
4966:
4951:
4841:
4552:
4362:
4270:
3842:
3059:
2707:
Achieving sustainable development: the challenge of governance across social scales
2447:
1710:
880:
677:
657:
652:
600:
510:
239:
3580:
3444:
Tracing memory: a glossary of graphic signs and symbols in African art and culture
2653:
769:
5008:
4976:
4931:
4926:
4861:
4491:
4367:
4265:
3978:
3599:
2809:
2659:
2443:
2152:
2040:
1845:
1738:
1561:
1548:). The Raan occurs every year on the second Thursday after the appearance of the
1408:
885:
719:
682:
672:
292:
176:
3795:
Médecine Traditionnelle, Religion et Divination Chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal
2906:
Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal
2857:, "Les tombes de chiens : mythologies de la mort en pays Serer" (Sénégal),
1970:. It is before this event where the Serer High Priests and Priestesses known as
4956:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4300:
3616:
3576:
3381:
3192:
2870:
2594:
2397:
2274:
2110:
2090:
2028:
2006:
1857:
1785:
1306:
662:
637:
632:
627:
610:
605:
146:
3233:
A thousand years of West African history: a handbook for teachers and students
1753:). "Eid al kabir" or "eidul adha" (which are Arabic) are different from Serer
108:
5414:
4846:
4482:
4377:
4372:
4275:
4240:
3780:(Sénégal), Journal of Religion in Africa, 1985, vol. 15, fasc. 3, pp. 201–215
2166:
2124:
1631:
1298:
1147:
966:
915:
845:
647:
595:
549:
498:
330:
2793:
Moving from Teaching African Cusmary Laws to Teaching African Indigenous Law
2307:
Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick
2066:. He himself was killed in battle fighting against the Serer King of Sine –
4765:
4694:
4452:
4235:
3993:
3988:
3968:
3949:
3721:
3641:, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982
3295:, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp. 9, 20 & 77,
3005:, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).
2622:
2032:
2024:
1979:
1943:
1927:
1923:
1441:
1420:
1124:
875:
693:
486:
282:
249:
196:
33:
1867:
1581:
In Serer religion, Monday is the day of rest. Cultural activities such as
5003:
4755:
4750:
4689:
4664:
4659:
4611:
4601:
4188:
3261:. Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M (Excerpt) (Retrieved : 28 June 2012).
2036:
1826:
1714:
1330:
713:
494:
3235:, Editors: J. F. Ade Ajayi, Ian Espie, Humanities Press (1972), p. 134,
4203:
4183:
3983:
3875:
Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer
3314:
Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer
3258:
Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer
2726:
Galvan, Dennis Charles, University of California Press (2004), p. 202,
2648:
numéro 31" - révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine 3e trimestre,
2048:
1758:
1696:, further to a competitive ceremony consisting of hunting, racing, etc.
1565:
1414:
1202:
900:
890:
815:
737:
545:
533:
151:
4780:
3040:
Interregional contacts in the later prehistory of northeastern Africa
2055:
1935:
1886:
1663:
1223:
1120:
835:
749:
3738:, The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables, p. 85–110.
2929:(in French). Prometra International, Prometra France. Archived from
1817:
The dead, especially those from the upper echelons of society, were
4871:
4606:
4255:
4213:
4115:
4080:
3696:
Gastellu, Jean-Marc (with ref to notes of : M. Sambe – 1937),
2955:, Volumes 18–19. Published by: Biblical Archaeology Society, 2002.
2193:
2146:
2078:
2002:
1971:
1912:
the invisible world, the terrestrial world and the nocturnal world.
1905:
1883:
1762:
1682:
1619:
1549:
1386:
1370:
1334:
1206:
971:
910:
865:
850:
536:. In the 20th century, around 85% of the Serer converted to Islam (
526:
234:
206:
75:
3086:, Volumes 3–4, American Society of African Culture, (1967), p. 85.
1288:
358:
4916:
4674:
4158:
4065:
4055:
3778:
Les "tombes de chiens : mythologies de la mort en pays Serer
3611:
L'Education traditionnelle à travers les chants et poèmes sereer,
3385:
3198:
2754:(Sénégal), L'Harmattan, Paris, septembre (2005), pp. 92, 255–65,
2044:
1849:
1541:
1385:
Both men and women can be initiated into the secret order of the
1354:
1248:
1236:
1179:
1155:
1136:
1128:
961:
830:
820:
687:
541:
490:
229:
103:
85:
3863:, Volumes 3–4. American Society of African Culture., 1967. p. 85
3551:
It can mean either "heart" or "honour" depending on the context.
2448:"La religiosité des Seereer, avant et pendant leur islamisation"
1544:) around the 11th century. It is headed by his descendants (the
1346:
4724:
4719:
4669:
4437:
4260:
4245:
4178:
4153:
4060:
3918:
3100:"Diversite et unicite Sereres: L'exemple de la Region de Thies"
2368:
2188:
2062:
is considered a national hero and given a saint like status by
1993:
The peak of the Star (top point) represents the Supreme Deity (
1939:
1830:
1791:
1671:
1545:
1424:
1268:
1260:
1171:
1167:
860:
855:
825:
537:
224:
166:
156:
80:
3868:
Diversite et unicite Sereres: L'exemple de la Region de Thies.
3670:
La religiosité des Seereer, avant et pendant leur islamisation
1411:
from all over the world. Ultra orthodox Serers and Serers who
4654:
4447:
4442:
4208:
3202:, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, 1990, p. 77,
2775:
2409:
1837:
1818:
1706:
1529:
1358:
1318:
1187:
1151:
956:
938:
905:
754:
201:
3797:, La Coonaissance de la Nuit. L'Harmattan, 1997, pp. 25–60,
2054:
The Serers have also battled many prominent African Islamic
4684:
4679:
4250:
4193:
4130:
4120:
4095:
3539:
3132:
Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures
2391:
1975:
1947:
1650:
1458:
1391:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1108:
1094:
1090:
895:
502:
264:
181:
141:
65:
3446:, Canadian Museum of Civilization (1996), pp. 5, 27, 115,
3019:
La Tabaski au Sénégal: Une fête musulmane en milieu urbain
2093:) – a code of beliefs and values that govern Serer lives.
1618:(the rule of compensation). If a married woman engaged in
3167:
3165:
3163:
1737:
was the season (or month) Serer males went through their
3627:, Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1990, pp. 9–77,
3414:
Sign of God :Image of Man." (Gravrand, "Pangool" p. 21).
3913:
Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914
3760:(Sénégal), L'Harmattan, Paris, septembre 2005, p. 169,
3511:
Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914
2605:, Nouvelles Ă©ditions africaines, Dakar (1983), p. 211,
2541:, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1983), pp. 17–25,
3160:
3651:, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1983, pp. 9–44,
2520:, Les Nouvelles Edition Africaines (1983), pp. 9–10,
1614:
Adultery is dealt with by the Serer jurisprudence of
4823:
3672:, in Éthiopiques, no. 54, volume 7, 2e semestre 1991
3604:
Myth de la Creation du monde selon les sages Seereer
2850:
2848:
2846:
2334:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
2303:
2280:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
2100:
1889:
were carved, planted, and directed towards the sky.
1556:
who guided Lamane Jegan Joof after he migrated from
3847:
The African origin of civilization: myth or reality
3469:
Sufism and jihad in modern Senegal: the Murid order
3462:
3460:
3272:
The African origin of civilization: myth or reality
3064:
The African origin of civilization: myth or reality
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2673:"The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables",
2012:
1670:(Centre Expérimental de Médecine Traditionnelle de
1532:takes place in the old village of Tukar founded by
1364:
1107:The Serer people believe in a supreme deity called
3042:, Poznań Archaeological Museum (1996), pp. 57–58,
2832:
2830:
2684:Galvan, Dennis Charles, pp. 108–111 and 122, 304,
2330:
1657:
1123:. There are also other lesser gods, goddesses and
760:Index of African mythology and creation narratives
3661:Kellog, Day Otis & Smith, William Robertson,
2843:
2632:, tome 46, série B, nos 3–4, 1986–1987 pp. 31–38.
5412:
3457:
2887:The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables
2816:, L'Harmattan, Paris, septembre (2005), p. 169,
2737:
2457:
2421:Kellog, Day Otis, and Smith, William Robertson,
2235:Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut
1776:(the month of fasting, "Ramadan" in Arabic) and
1768:from Serer religion to describe "Eid al Kabir".
1589:) and weddings are also prohibited on Thursday.
1430:
1012:Traditional African religion and other religions
2881:
2879:
2827:
2671:Seck, A.; Sow, I. & Niass, M., "Senegal",
1403:) ceremony is a special religious event in the
1230:
3698:L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal
3391:"Fixed towards the sky or drawn on the ground.
2572:L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal
2439:Verbatim: "le Maître/Seigneur de la créature"
2310:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–74.
2297:
405:Index of all articles relating to Serer people
4796:
3934:
3480:
3478:
3342:, Benchmark Books (New York) (2009), p. 144,
3021:, Karthala Editions (2009), pp. 13, 141–200,
2709:, Greenwood Publishing Group (2003), p. 151,
1938:. It is the brightest star in the night sky,
1662:The Serers also have an ancient knowledge of
1381:Rainmaker in the Traditional African religion
1247:Ordinary Serers address their prayers to the
1065:
497:. The Serer religion believes in a universal
456:
3718:, Nouvelles Ă©ditions africaines, Dakar, 1983
3693:. Éthiopiques, Issues 55–56. 1991. pp. 62–95
3122:, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1983),
3017:Brisebarre, Anne-Marie, Kuczynski, Liliane,
2876:
2838:Corporal Punishment in Seereer Customary Law
2705:Bressers, Hans, & Rosenbaum, Walter A.,
2388:Nguus means genie. See : Kalis, p. 153.
1821:in order to prepare them for the afterlife (
1792:Mummification and Cult of the Upright Stones
1243:Intercession of Saints in the Serer religion
793:List of African deities and mythical figures
400:Index of articles relating to Serer religion
3741:Bressers, Hans & Rosenbaum, Walter A.,
1878:The cult of the Upright Stone, such as the
1654:on their person or visibly on their necks.
395:Index of articles relating to Serer history
4803:
4789:
3941:
3927:
3915:, Edinburgh at the University Press (1968)
3475:
3225:
2435:
2433:
2431:
1729:was an ancient Serer divination festival;
1700:
1688:Preparation of sowings, a ceremony called
1601:
1072:
1058:
532:The Serer people are found throughout the
463:
449:
3819:Chronique du Walo sénégalais (1186-1855).
3130:) Boyd-Buggs, Debra; Scott, Joyce Hope,
2976:, Series B, Vol. 26, no. 3/4. 1941, 1964.
2023:While most Serers converted to Islam and
1725:) was an ancient Serer hunting festival;
1259:would accompany village founders called "
1222:the physical world. Individuals have the
1201:, the sea, the river (such as the sacred
4517:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof
3613:Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1983, p. 344
2652:, (1982) – (From Xoy to Tourou Peithie)
1896:
1866:
1805:
1630:
1440:
1212:
4532:Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof
2927:"Promotion de Medicine Traditionnelles"
2570:Jean-Marc Gastellu (M. Sambe – 1937 ),
2428:
2324:
2058:over the centuries. Some of those like
1997:). The other four points represent the
1681:Prediction ceremonies organized by the
5413:
4810:
4622:The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof
4527:Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh
4512:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
4507:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
3898:, Benchmark Books (NY), 2009, p. 144,
3770:LA PIAILLÉE No. 141. avril 2006. Dakar
3429:, Les nouvelles Edition (1990), p. 20.
3405:the black man standing head held high,
2985:Meaning man or male. Variation :
2861:(1985), vol. 15, fasc. 3, pp. 201–215.
2204:States headed by ancient Serer Lamanes
2089:which literally means "honour" in the
2074:commonly known as The Battle of Somb.
2068:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
2051:being predominantly Muslim countries.
4784:
3922:
3894:Berg, Elizabeth L., & Wan, Ruth,
3859:American Society of African Culture.
3677:The State Must Be Our Master of Fire:
3338:Berg, Elizabeth L., & Wan, Ruth,
3155:La civilisation sereer : Pangool
2805:
2803:
2801:
2454:, no. 54, volume 7, 2e semestre 1991.
2273:
1848:) would bury his treasured drum (the
1829:including gold, silver, metal, their
4834:Traditional African religions portal
4632:The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof
3734:Seck, A., Sow, I., & Niass, M.,
3134:, Africa World Press (2003), p. 56,
2585:
2267:
1289:Concept of Hell in African Religions
1103:Cosmogony in the Serer creation myth
2261:, no. 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991
2237:, Karthala Editions (1994), p. 54,
2139:Traditional African religion portal
2019:Religious persecution of the Serers
1643:
1285:Reincarnation in the Serer religion
13:
3743:Achieving sustainable development:
2798:
2072:The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune
1253:Serer ancestral spirits and saints
354:Serer views on interfaith marriage
14:
5432:
4627:The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof
3649:Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer
3399:The Sereer symbol of the universe
3363:, L'Harmattan (1997), pp. 25–60,
3120:Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer
2539:Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer
2518:Mort et Naissance Le Monde Sereer
2480:, Issues 55–56 (1991), pp. 62–95.
2408:, Nouvelles Ă©ditions africaines,
2365:Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer
1958:– represented in the form of the
770:Serer astronomy (the star Sirius)
750:Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius)
5365:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
5086:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4826:
3948:
3316:, Dakar (1993), CNRS - ORS TO M.
3293:La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool
2173:
2159:
2145:
2131:
2117:
2103:
2013:Religious devotion and martyrdom
1571:
1519:
1377:Divination in the Serer Religion
1365:The secret order of the Saltigue
1312:
1038:
1026:
1025:
579:
430:
429:
418:
417:
49:
44:
3593:
3567:
3554:
3545:
3520:
3503:
3490:
3440:Canadian Museum of Civilization
3438:Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji,
3432:
3419:
3380:The following is an account of
3374:
3353:
3332:
3319:
3306:
3285:
3264:
3246:
3213:
3186:
3173:Canadian Museum of Civilization
3171:Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji,
3147:
3144:(Retrieved : 10 May 2012).
3108:
3089:
3077:
3053:
3032:
3008:
2995:
2979:
2966:
2945:
2919:
2895:
2864:
2781:
2765:
2720:
2699:
2678:
2665:
2635:
2616:
2574:, IRD Editions (1981), p. 130,
2564:
2552:
2531:
2510:
2483:
2466:
2463:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 205–8.
1954:, whilst in Serer it is called
1745:(comes from the old Serer word
1658:Medicine, harvest and offerings
1353:and for the Sarr family is the
1115:) and sometimes referred to as
4286:Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune
4281:States headed by Serer Lamanes
3896:Cultures of the World: Senegal
3877:, Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M
3700:, IRD Editions, 1981. p. 130.
3427:La civilisation Sereer Pangool
3340:Cultures of the World: Senegal
2951:Biblical Archaeology Society.
2686:University of California Press
2497:University of California Press
2415:
2382:
2351:
2248:
2221:
2031:), their conversion was after
1844:(the chief griot in the Serer
1576:
359:Serer views on heaven and hell
320:Relations with other religions
255:States headed by Serer Lamanes
1:
4994:Traditional African religions
3849:, L. Hill, 1974, pp. 9, 197,
2859:Journal of Religion in Africa
2791:(Sénégal), Fatou K. Camara,
2304:Leonardo A. VillalĂłn (2006).
1431:Holy ceremonies and festivals
1154:that bears her name; the god
984:Relation with other religions
573:Traditional African religions
4577:Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof
4494:(ancient kings / landowners)
3826:Chronique du royaume du Sine
3663:The Encyclopædia Britannica:
3402:The five branches represents
2873:: "What are their beliefs?".
2814:"La femme Seereer" (Sénégal)
1892:
1825:). They were accompanied by
1733:was a male initiation rite;
1278:
1231:Ancestral spirits and saints
7:
5146:Ivory Coast (CĂ´te d'Ivoire)
4867:Traditional Berber religion
2423:The Encyclopædia Britannica
2331:James Stuart Olson (1996).
2096:
1609:
1592:
1084:
10:
5437:
5402:African diaspora religions
4553:Queens & Queen Mothers
3515:Edinburgh University Press
3361:La Coonaissance de la Nuit
3274:, L. Hill (1974), p. 196,
2337:. Greenwood. p. 516.
2283:. Greenwood. p. 516.
2016:
1922:One of the most important
1915:
1904:. A representation of the
1795:
1434:
1374:
1368:
1282:
1240:
1234:
1088:
990:African diaspora religions
555:
326:Serer views on incarnation
16:West African belief system
5398:
5303:
5022:
4852:Ancient Egyptian religion
4818:
4744:
4737:
4640:
4590:
4550:
4522:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof
4480:
4471:
4405:
4351:
4318:
4309:
4296:Timeline of Serer history
4226:
4167:
4139:
4104:
4016:
4007:
3957:
3408:hands raised representing
3197:La Civilisation Sereer -
2367:, Les Nouvelles Editions
2209:Timeline of Serer history
1966:– the Supreme Deity) and
1880:Senegambian stone circles
1874:, symbol of the Universe.
1854:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof
1811:Senegambian stone circles
1802:Timeline of Serer history
1626:
1146:), a female protector of
513:, Roog is referred to as
308:Index of Serer matriarchs
303:Index of Serer patriarchs
260:Timeline of Serer history
172:Senegambian stone circles
5071:Central African Republic
4031:Classical Ndut teachings
3675:Galvan, Dennis Charles,
3066:L. Hill (1974), p. 197,
2658:24 December 2013 at the
2489:Galvan, Dennis Charles,
2214:
1405:Serer religious calendar
1317:Each Serer family has a
788:Index of African deities
3866:Ndiaye, Ousmane SĂ©mou,
3726:Histoire du Sine-Saloum
3621:La civilisation sereer,
3498:Histoire du Sine-Saloum
3098:Ndiaye, Ousmane SĂ©mou,
2908:, L'Harmattan, (1997),
1701:Influence on Senegambia
1602:Premarital relationship
1295:immortality of the soul
755:Dogon astronomy (Nommo)
436:Serer religion category
4542:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof
4537:Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof
3712:La civilisation sereer
3526:Camara, Alhaji Sait,
2599:La civilisation sereer
2402:La civilisation sereer
1913:
1875:
1814:
1636:
1450:
298:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof
119:Intercession of saints
5231:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
5221:Republic of the Congo
4617:Joos Maternal Dynasty
3691:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
3536:history of Senegambia
2774:No. 141. avril 2006.
2474:LĂ©opold SĂ©dar Senghor
1900:
1870:
1809:
1798:Serer ancient history
1634:
1444:
1213:Divinity and humanity
1190:nor a genie, but the
1005:Persecution of Serers
1000:Persecution of Dogons
811:Bandiagara Escarpment
552:, and Serer history.
424:Serer people category
4582:Serer maternal clans
3716:Cosaan: les origines
2603:Cosaan: les origines
2537:Faye, Louise Diène,
1587:Senegalese wrestling
1447:Ndut initiation rite
1437:Ndut initiation rite
377:Ndut initiation rite
4987:Serer creation myth
4572:Lingeer Ngoné Dièye
4567:Lingeer Ndoye Demba
4291:Battle of Logandème
4256:Kingdom of Biffeche
3884:, 1996. pp. 5–115,
3824:Diouf, Niokhobaye,
3532:Chossani Senegambia
3270:Diop, Cheikh Anta,
2644:Niang, Mor Sadio,
2275:Olson, James Stuart
2199:Serer creation myth
2070:on 18 July 1867 at
2064:Senegambian Muslims
1918:Serer creation myth
1749:, variation :
1711:Senegambian Muslims
1540:in French speaking
1538:Lamane Djigan Diouf
1345:; the totem of the
245:Serer creation myth
162:Index of holy sites
4972:Malagasy mythology
4882:Bushongo mythology
4812:Religion in Africa
4562:Lingeer Fatim Beye
3774:Dupire, Marguerite
3756:Thiaw, Issa Laye,
3668:Thiaw, Issa Laye,
3517:(1968), pp. 90–91.
3509:Klein, Martin A.,
3003:Bulletin de l'IFAN
2974:Bulletin de l'IFAN
2933:on 5 December 2011
2855:Dupire, Marguerite
2836:Thiaw, Issa Laye,
2787:Thiaw, Issa Laye,
2750:Thiaw, Issa Laye,
2559:Dupire, Marguerite
2231:Dupire, Marguerite
1962:(interceders with
1914:
1908:. The three worlds
1876:
1815:
1637:
1451:
1445:The symbol of the
1152:the arm of the sea
1127:spirits or genie (
743:African divination
5408:
5407:
5314:other territories
5101:Equatorial Guinea
4999:Tumbuka mythology
4962:Lugbara mythology
4947:Khoe/San religion
4892:Dahomean religion
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4761:Toucouleur people
4733:
4732:
4502:Lamane Jegan Joof
4401:
4400:
4261:kingdom of Saloum
4222:
4221:
4199:Point of Sangomar
3911:Klein, Martin A,
3904:978-0-7614-4481-7
3873:Becker, Charles:
3843:Diop, Cheikh Anta
3710:Gravrand, Henry,
3645:Faye, Louis Diène
3425:Gravrand, Henry,
3395:The Star (Yoonir)
3348:978-0-7614-4481-7
3325:Gravrand, Henry,
3312:Becker, Charles,
3291:Gravrand, Henry,
3255:Becker, Charles:
3116:Faye, Louis Diène
3060:Diop, Cheikh Anta
2404:, vol. II :
2361:Faye, Louis Diène
2344:978-0-313-27918-8
2317:978-0-521-03232-2
2181:Mauritania portal
1986:(singular :
1554:Saint Luguuñ Joof
1534:Lamane Jegan Joof
1517:
1516:
1082:
1081:
871:Point of Sangomar
534:Senegambia region
473:
472:
288:Lamane Jegan Joof
192:Point of Sangomar
5428:
5024:Sovereign states
4967:Maasai mythology
4952:Lotuko mythology
4842:Akamba mythology
4836:
4831:
4830:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4742:
4741:
4478:
4477:
4316:
4315:
4271:Serer prehistory
4014:
4013:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3920:
3919:
3758:La femme Seereer
3714:, vol. I :
3600:Thiaw, Issa Laye
3587:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3524:
3518:
3507:
3501:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3411:work and prayer.
3378:
3372:
3357:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3190:
3184:
3169:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3057:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2899:
2893:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2852:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2810:Thaiw, Issa Laye
2807:
2796:
2789:La femme Seereer
2785:
2779:
2769:
2763:
2752:La femme Seereer
2748:
2735:
2724:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2620:
2614:
2601:, vol. I :
2593:
2589:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2487:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2444:Thaiw, Issa Laye
2442:
2437:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2229:
2225:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2169:
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2135:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
1739:initiation rites
1644:Religious attire
1616:Mbaax Dak A Tiit
1453:
1452:
1192:Lord of creation
1074:
1067:
1060:
1043:
1042:
1029:
1028:
881:Sangha Ogol Leye
583:
560:
559:
511:Cangin languages
465:
458:
451:
433:
432:
421:
420:
240:Serer prehistory
219:Related articles
53:
48:
21:
20:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5394:
5313:
5308:
5299:
5018:
5009:Yoruba religion
4977:Mbuti mythology
4932:Isoko mythology
4862:Bantu mythology
4832:
4825:
4814:
4809:
4779:
4770:
4729:
4648:
4646:
4636:
4595:
4593:
4586:
4555:
4546:
4495:
4490:
4467:
4418:Chere (or saay)
4397:
4347:
4305:
4266:Kingdom of Sine
4251:Kingdom of Baol
4218:
4163:
4135:
4126:Kopé Tiatie Cac
4106:Supreme deities
4100:
4003:
3953:
3947:
3793:Kalis, Simone,
3623:vol. II :
3617:Gravrand, Henry
3596:
3591:
3590:
3577:Gravrand, Henry
3573:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3525:
3521:
3508:
3504:
3496:Sarr, Alioune,
3495:
3491:
3483:
3476:
3465:
3458:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3420:
3379:
3375:
3358:
3354:
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3333:
3324:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3290:
3286:
3269:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3230:
3226:
3220:Gambian Studies
3218:
3214:
3193:Gravrand, Henry
3191:
3187:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3113:
3109:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3058:
3054:
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3033:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3000:
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2786:
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2770:
2766:
2749:
2738:
2725:
2721:
2704:
2700:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2660:Wayback Machine
2641:
2640:
2636:
2621:
2617:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2536:
2532:
2515:
2511:
2499:(2004), p. 53,
2488:
2484:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2398:Henry, Gravrand
2396:
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2387:
2383:
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2217:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:Religion portal
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2060:Maba Diakhou Bâ
2041:Kingdom of Sine
2035:. They and the
2021:
2015:
1999:cardinal points
1920:
1902:Serer cosmogony
1895:
1846:Kingdom of Sine
1804:
1796:Main articles:
1794:
1703:
1660:
1646:
1629:
1612:
1604:
1595:
1579:
1574:
1546:Lamanic lineage
1522:
1439:
1433:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1315:
1291:
1281:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1215:
1186:is neither the
1105:
1099:Kopé Tiatie Cac
1089:Main articles:
1087:
1078:
1049:
1037:
1017:
1016:
985:
977:
976:
952:
944:
943:
929:
921:
920:
806:
798:
797:
783:
775:
774:
733:
725:
724:
591:
558:
523:Kopé Tiatie Cac
469:
410:
409:
390:
382:
381:
372:
364:
363:
321:
313:
312:
293:Issa Laye Thiaw
278:
277:Notable figures
270:
269:
220:
212:
211:
187:Tassili n'Ajjer
137:
129:
128:
99:
91:
90:
71:Kopé Tiatie Cac
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5421:Serer religion
5406:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5384:Western Sahara
5381:
5374:
5368:
5361:
5355:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5324:
5321:Canary Islands
5317:
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5293:
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4991:
4990:
4989:
4982:Serer religion
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4957:Lozi mythology
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4907:Efik mythology
4904:
4902:Dogon religion
4899:
4897:Dinka religion
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:Bono mythology
4869:
4864:
4859:
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4776:
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4771:
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4758:
4753:
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4745:
4739:
4738:Related people
4735:
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4707:
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4692:
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4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4301:Western Sahara
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
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4223:
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4118:
4113:
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3909:
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3878:
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3840:
3829:
3822:
3817:Wade, Amadou,
3815:
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3739:
3732:
3729:
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3708:
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3456:
3431:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3382:Henry Gravrand
3373:
3352:
3331:
3318:
3305:
3284:
3263:
3245:
3224:
3212:
3185:
3159:
3146:
3107:
3088:
3076:
3052:
3031:
3007:
2994:
2978:
2965:
2944:
2918:
2894:
2875:
2871:Joshua Project
2863:
2842:
2826:
2797:
2780:
2764:
2736:
2719:
2698:
2677:
2664:
2634:
2627:Bulletin de l'
2615:
2595:Gravrand Henry
2584:
2563:
2551:
2530:
2509:
2482:
2465:
2456:
2427:
2414:
2390:
2381:
2350:
2343:
2323:
2316:
2296:
2290:978-0313279188
2289:
2266:
2247:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2170:
2156:
2142:
2128:
2114:
2111:Senegal portal
2098:
2095:
2091:Serer language
2029:Roman Catholic
2027:(specifically
2014:
2011:
2007:Latin alphabet
1974:gather at the
1916:Main article:
1894:
1891:
1862:Maye Koor Juuf
1842:Fara Lamb Sine
1793:
1790:
1786:Serer language
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1659:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1628:
1625:
1611:
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1507:
1501:
1498:
1497:Tourou Peithie
1495:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1432:
1429:
1369:Main article:
1366:
1363:
1349:family is the
1341:family is the
1314:
1311:
1280:
1277:
1235:Main article:
1232:
1229:
1214:
1211:
1182:or vengeance.
1170:, and the god
1135:) such as the
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
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603:
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568:
557:
554:
477:Serer religion
471:
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468:
467:
460:
453:
445:
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441:
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411:
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147:Cekeen Tumulus
144:
138:
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131:
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121:
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111:
106:
100:
98:Main doctrines
97:
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88:
83:
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68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
41:
40:
38:Serer religion
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5433:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5403:
5397:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
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5264:
5262:
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5254:
5252:
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5244:
5242:
5239:
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5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
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5202:
5199:
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5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Guinea-Bissau
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
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5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5014:Zulu religion
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:Igbo religion
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4847:Akan religion
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4767:
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4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4592:Dynasties and
4589:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4343:Serer country
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
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4276:Serer history
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4140:Other deities
4138:
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4036:Creation myth
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3887:
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3869:
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3862:
3861:African forum
3858:
3856:
3855:1-55652-072-7
3852:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:83-900434-7-5
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3751:0-275-97802-8
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3722:Sarr, Alioune
3720:
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3707:
3706:2-7099-0591-4
3703:
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3685:0-520-23591-6
3682:
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3657:2-7236-0868-9
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3633:2-7236-1055-1
3630:
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3609:Dion, Salif,
3608:
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3466:John Glover.
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3298:
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3280:0-88208-021-0
3277:
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3259:
3249:
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3208:2-7236-1055-1
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3178:
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3168:
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3150:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:2-7236-0868-9
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3092:
3085:
3084:African forum
3080:
3073:
3072:1-55652-072-7
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3048:83-900434-7-5
3045:
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3035:
3028:
3027:2-8111-0244-2
3024:
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3004:
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2961:0-9677901-0-7
2958:
2954:
2948:
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2928:
2922:
2915:
2914:2-7384-5196-9
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:Kalis, Simone
2898:
2891:
2889:, pp. 85–110
2888:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2856:
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2623:Sarr, Alioune
2619:
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2580:2-7099-0591-4
2577:
2573:
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2547:2-7236-0868-9
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2167:Africa portal
2157:
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2125:Gambia portal
2115:
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2020:
2010:
2008:
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1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:stars of the
1925:
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1911:
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1572:Religious law
1569:
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1563:
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1535:
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1527:
1520:Raan festival
1511:
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1313:Family totems
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1299:reincarnation
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1148:Fatick Region
1145:
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916:Youga Dogorou
914:
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846:Mount Hombori
844:
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837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
805:Sacred places
802:
801:
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789:
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766:
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550:folk medicine
547:
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520:
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508:
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499:supreme deity
496:
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386:
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368:
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360:
357:
355:
352:
347:
346:By Christians
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
332:
331:Serer history
329:
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324:
323:
317:
316:
309:
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136:Sacred places
133:
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125:
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120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
95:
94:
87:
84:
82:
79:
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74:
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69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
5376:
5363:
5350:
5305:Dependencies
5256:South Africa
5246:Sierra Leone
5051:Burkina Faso
4981:
4887:Christianity
4857:Baháʼà Faith
4766:Wolof people
4695:Maad a Sinig
4647:royal titles
4594:royal houses
4486:
4368:Lehar/Laalaa
4311:Demographics
4236:Amar Godomat
4169:Sacred sites
4070:
3912:
3895:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3846:
3825:
3818:
3794:
3777:
3757:
3742:
3735:
3725:
3715:
3711:
3697:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3648:
3638:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3603:
3594:Bibliography
3583:
3569:
3561:
3556:
3547:
3535:
3531:
3528:Sunu Chossan
3527:
3522:
3510:
3505:
3497:
3492:
3484:
3468:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3394:
3376:
3360:
3355:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3292:
3287:
3271:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3232:
3231:Espie, Ian,
3227:
3219:
3215:
3196:
3188:
3172:
3154:
3149:
3131:
3119:
3110:
3102:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3063:
3055:
3039:
3034:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2997:
2986:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2953:Bible review
2952:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2931:the original
2921:
2905:
2897:
2886:
2866:
2858:
2837:
2813:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2771:
2767:
2751:
2722:
2706:
2701:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2645:
2637:
2626:
2618:
2602:
2598:
2587:
2571:
2566:
2554:
2538:
2533:
2517:
2512:
2495:, Berkeley,
2490:
2485:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2451:
2422:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2384:
2364:
2353:
2333:
2326:
2306:
2299:
2279:
2269:
2258:
2250:
2234:
2223:
2086:
2085:(also spelt
2076:
2053:
2033:colonization
2025:Christianity
2022:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1980:Serer people
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:Dogon people
1931:
1928:Serer people
1924:cosmological
1921:
1909:
1877:
1871:
1861:
1841:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:(var :
1718:
1704:
1693:
1690:Daqaar mboob
1689:
1676:
1661:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1596:
1585:or "Laamb" (
1582:
1580:
1553:
1537:
1528:festival of
1525:
1523:
1503:
1500:Daqaar mboob
1491:
1475:Randou Rande
1466:
1462:
1461:(variation:
1421:Lebou people
1412:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1302:
1292:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1246:
1218:
1216:
1196:
1183:
1175:
1174:(var :
1163:
1159:
1158:(var :
1143:
1139:
1132:
1125:supernatural
1116:
1112:
1106:
1031:
698:
531:
518:
514:
506:
487:Serer people
481:
480:
476:
474:
434:
422:
283:Amar Godomat
250:Serer people
197:Thiouthioune
37:
18:
5261:South Sudan
5004:Waaqeffanna
4756:Lebu people
4751:Jola people
4715:Sene family
4710:Sarr family
4705:Njie family
4700:Ngum family
4690:Maad Saloum
4665:Joof family
4660:Faye family
4612:Joof family
4602:Faye family
4428:Inheritance
4189:Sine-Saloum
4149:Kumba Njaay
4131:Roog (main)
3639:Ethiopiques
3584:Ethiopiques
3574:(in French)
3253:(in French)
3103:Ethiopiques
3096:(in French)
3015:(in French)
2675:pp. 85–110.
2646:Ethiopiques
2642:(in French)
2592:(in French)
2478:Éthiopiques
2452:Éthiopiques
2441:(in French)
2358:(in French)
2259:Éthiopiques
2255:(in French)
2228:(in French)
2037:Jola people
1827:grave goods
1759:Senegambian
1705:As the old
1577:Day of rest
1490:Gamo (var:
1331:Joof family
1199:baobab tree
1178:) – god of
1166:) – god of
995:Persecution
841:Kanem–Bornu
714:Waaqeffanna
495:West Africa
336:Persecution
5400:See also:
5391:(Tanzania)
5378:Somaliland
5371:St. Helena
5335:(Portugal)
5310:autonomies
5241:Seychelles
5201:Mozambique
5186:Mauritania
5171:Madagascar
5126:The Gambia
5066:Cape Verde
4922:Irreligion
4333:Mauritania
4204:Tattaguine
4184:Sine River
4017:Key topics
3789:2865374874
3689:Fondation
3560:Gravrand,
3241:0391002171
3153:Gravrand,
3140:0865437572
2840:pp. 25–28.
2772:La Piallée
2611:2723608778
2505:0520235916
2472:Fondation
2369:Africaines
2243:2865374874
2049:the Gambia
2017:See also:
1930:is called
1836:The Serer
1757:, but the
1566:meditation
1560:(north of
1435:See also:
1415:syncretise
1375:See also:
1283:See also:
1241:See also:
1217:In Serer,
1203:River Sine
951:Priesthood
901:Tattaguine
891:Sine River
816:Benin City
765:Philosophy
738:Divination
546:initiation
509:). In the
482:a Ćat Roog
341:By Muslims
114:Divination
5191:Mauritius
4819:Religions
4353:Languages
4319:By region
4086:Symbolism
4046:Festivals
4041:Criticism
3542:Programs.
3530:formerly
3487:(Bandia).
3329:, p. 216.
2056:jihadists
1960:"Pangool"
1936:cosmology
1893:Cosmology
1887:megaliths
1819:mummified
1664:herbalism
1409:Holy Sine
1279:Afterlife
1224:free will
1219:Roog Sene
1121:cosmology
1117:Roog Sene
928:Education
836:Igbo-Ukwu
732:Doctrines
590:Religions
371:Education
124:Rainmaker
109:Astronomy
5415:Category
5389:Zanzibar
5360:(France)
5352:Puntland
5341:(France)
5296:Zimbabwe
5271:Tanzania
5116:Ethiopia
5111:Eswatini
5091:Djibouti
5061:Cameroon
5046:Botswana
4912:Hinduism
4877:Buddhism
4643:Families
4607:Guelowar
4433:Marriage
4214:Yaboyabo
4116:Kokh Kox
4081:Saltigue
4071:Religion
4009:Religion
3979:Niominka
3579: :
3564:, p. 40.
2656:Archived
2379:. p. 44.
2371:(1983),
2277:(1996).
2194:Saltigue
2097:See also
2079:Marabout
2003:Universe
1972:Saltigue
1956:"Yoonir"
1950:call it
1906:universe
1884:Laterite
1774:Weri Kor
1761:Muslims
1735:Weri Kor
1620:adultery
1610:Adultery
1593:Marriage
1550:new moon
1506:Festival
1484:Mboudaye
1478:Mindisse
1387:Saltigue
1371:Saltigue
1357:and the
1335:antelope
1207:Saltigue
1176:Taahkarr
1085:Divinity
1032:Category
972:Saltigue
911:Yaboyabo
851:Nri-Igbo
623:Bushongo
565:a series
563:Part of
527:Kokh Kox
389:See also
235:Saltigue
207:Yaboyabo
76:Kokh Kox
26:a series
24:Part of
5358:RĂ©union
5347:(Spain)
5345:Melilla
5339:Mayotte
5333:Madeira
5329:(Spain)
5323:(Spain)
5281:Tunisia
5251:Somalia
5236:Senegal
5216:Nigeria
5206:Namibia
5196:Morocco
5161:Liberia
5156:Lesotho
5106:Eritrea
5081:Comoros
5056:Burundi
5031:Algeria
4942:Judaism
4937:Jainism
4675:Lingeer
4492:Lamanes
4473:Royalty
4406:Culture
4338:Senegal
4228:History
4159:Tiurakh
4066:Pangool
4056:Junjung
4051:Jaaniiw
3959:Peoples
3736:Senegal
3625:Pangool
3606:. p. 45
3562:Pangool
3386:Senegal
3327:Pangool
3199:Pangool
2991:Senghor
2688:(2004)
2412:(1990).
2406:Pangool
2045:Senegal
2001:of the
1988:Fangool
1984:Pangool
1952:"Sigui"
1850:junjung
1823:Jaaniiw
1778:Koriteh
1766:Tobaski
1755:Tobaski
1751:Gamohou
1747:Gamahou
1723:Tabaski
1719:Tobaski
1683:Saltige
1668:CEMETRA
1558:Lambaye
1542:Senegal
1487:Tobaski
1481:Mbosseh
1355:giraffe
1333:is the
1269:shrines
1257:pangool
1249:pangool
1237:Pangool
1180:justice
1164:Tulrakh
1160:Thiorak
1156:Tiurakh
1140:Mendiss
1137:fangool
1129:pangool
962:Houngan
821:Dahomey
782:Deities
716:(Oromo)
704:Tumbuka
688:Odinala
668:Lugbara
556:Beliefs
548:rites,
542:pangool
501:called
491:Senegal
230:Pangool
152:Fandène
104:Animism
86:Tiurakh
60:Deities
5291:Zambia
5286:Uganda
5226:Rwanda
5176:Malawi
5136:Guinea
5036:Angola
4725:Thilas
4720:Teigne
4670:Lamane
4438:Mbalax
4363:Cangin
4328:Gambia
4246:Khasso
4179:Fatick
4154:Takhar
4061:Lamane
3969:Laalaa
3952:topics
3902:
3888:
3853:
3836:
3832:57–58,
3811:
3801:
3787:
3764:
3749:
3704:
3683:
3655:
3631:
3450:
3367:
3346:
3299:
3278:
3239:
3206:
3179:
3157:p. 20.
3138:
3126:
3070:
3046:
3025:
2989:as in
2959:
2937:10 May
2912:
2820:
2758:
2730:
2713:
2692:
2609:
2578:
2545:
2524:
2503:
2375:
2341:
2314:
2287:
2241:
2189:Lamane
2087:"Joom"
1982:. The
1940:Sirius
1932:Yoonir
1872:Yoonir
1838:griots
1831:armour
1782:Korité
1763:loaned
1731:Korite
1672:Fatick
1627:Murder
1425:Fatick
1263:" (or
1261:lamane
1172:Takhar
1168:wealth
1144:Mindis
1101:, and
1045:Portal
876:Sangha
861:Ouidah
856:Nsukka
826:Fatick
720:Yoruba
690:(Igbo)
678:Maasai
658:Lotuko
601:Baluba
538:Sufism
525:, and
225:Lamane
167:Saloum
157:Fatick
81:Takhar
34:Serers
5327:Ceuta
5312:, and
5266:Sudan
5211:Niger
5166:Libya
5151:Kenya
5131:Ghana
5121:Gabon
5096:Egypt
5041:Benin
4927:Islam
4655:Buumi
4489:) and
4483:Kings
4458:Tassu
4448:Sabar
4443:Njuup
4423:Death
4413:Birth
4393:Serer
4388:Safen
4383:Palor
4209:Tukar
4091:Women
4076:Sadax
3994:Saafi
3989:Palor
3950:Serer
3753:. 18.
2776:Dakar
2450:, in
2410:Dakar
2215:Notes
2043:with
1968:"Man"
1858:Serer
1715:Jolas
1707:pagan
1530:Tukar
1492:Gamou
1472:Jobai
1359:camel
1319:totem
1307:Serer
1265:laman
1251:(the
1188:devil
1133:nguus
967:Mambo
957:Hogon
939:Okuyi
906:Tukar
709:Vodun
699:Serer
683:Mbuti
673:Luhya
653:Nubia
648:Hausa
633:Dogon
628:Dinka
611:Kongo
606:Bantu
479:, or
202:Tukar
5373:(UK)
5276:Togo
5181:Mali
5076:Chad
4685:Maad
4680:Loul
4487:Maad
4463:Njom
4453:Tama
4378:Noon
4373:Ndut
4194:Somb
4121:Koox
4096:Xooy
4026:CiiÉ—
3999:Seex
3984:Noon
3974:Ndut
3900:ISBN
3886:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3834:ISBN
3809:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3785:ISBN
3762:ISBN
3747:ISBN
3702:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3653:ISBN
3629:ISBN
3540:GRTS
3448:ISBN
3365:ISBN
3344:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3136:ISBN
3124:ISBN
3068:ISBN
3044:ISBN
3023:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2939:2012
2910:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2756:ISBN
2728:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2690:ISBN
2650:IFAN
2629:IFAN
2607:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2339:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2047:and
1995:Roog
1976:Xooy
1964:Roog
1948:Mali
1800:and
1770:Gamo
1743:Gamo
1727:Gamo
1651:juju
1583:Njom
1562:Sine
1536:(or
1526:Raan
1524:The
1510:Ndut
1504:Raan
1467:Khoy
1459:Xooy
1401:Khoy
1392:Xooy
1379:and
1351:hare
1347:Sène
1343:lion
1339:Njie
1323:tiim
1303:ciiÉ—
1297:and
1293:The
1287:and
1184:Roog
1150:and
1142:(or
1111:(or
1109:Roog
1095:Koox
1091:Roog
934:Ndut
896:Somb
886:Sine
663:Lozi
638:Efik
616:Zulu
596:Akan
519:Kooh
517:(or
515:Koox
505:(or
503:Roog
475:The
265:Xooy
182:Somb
177:Sine
142:Baol
66:Roog
36:and
4645:and
3538:).
2987:gor
2083:Jom
1946:of
1864:).
1780:or
1694:Xos
1465:or
1463:Xoy
1399:or
1397:Xoy
1327:tim
1305:in
1162:or
1131:or
1113:Rog
866:Oyo
831:Ifáşą
694:San
643:Gbe
544:),
521:),
507:Rog
493:in
489:of
5417::
3845:,
3776:,
3724:,
3647:,
3619:,
3602:,
3513:,
3477:^
3459:^
3388::
3195:,
3162:^
3118:,
3062:,
2904:,
2878:^
2845:^
2829:^
2812:,
2800:^
2739:^
2597:,
2476:,
2446:,
2430:^
2400:,
2363:,
2233:,
1860::
1788:.
1741:.
1427:.
1361:.
1325:/
1194:.
1097:,
1093:,
567:on
529:.
28:on
5307:,
4804:e
4797:t
4790:v
4485:(
3942:e
3935:t
3928:v
3534:(
3472:.
3454:.
3371:.
3350:.
3303:.
3282:.
3243:.
3210:.
3183:.
3114:(
3074:.
3050:.
3029:.
2963:.
2941:.
2916:.
2892:.
2824:.
2795:.
2778:.
2762:.
2734:.
2717:.
2696:.
2662:.
2613:.
2582:.
2549:.
2528:.
2507:.
2347:.
2320:.
2293:.
2264:.
2245:.
1910::
1856:(
1813:.
1494:)
1469:)
1449:.
1417:"
1413:"
1395:(
1321:(
1301:(
1073:e
1066:t
1059:v
464:e
457:t
450:v
348:)
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