28:
1116:
provincial superior courts have the authority to determine constitutional issues, and that power is constitutionally entrenched. The federal
Parliament can create federal courts under section 101 of the Act, and give them jurisdiction to consider constitutional issues, but that jurisdiction cannot be exclusive. The grant of jurisdiction to the federal courts cannot eliminate the jurisdiction of the provincial superior courts to determine constitutional issues.
1149:) held that provincial legislatures could give administrative agencies some powers similar to that of courts, provided the overall function of the administrative agency was sufficiently different from that of a court. The Judicial Committee held that the Labour Relation Board of Saskatchewan met this test, and therefore the Legislature could give it powers similar to that of a court to enforce its decisions, without infringing section 96.
1128:, the Supreme Court confirmed that the provinces could not assign jurisdiction away from the superior courts to courts where the judges were appointed by the provinces. However, the Court held that the statutes in question dealt with matters which had not been in the exclusive jurisdiction of the superior, district and county courts at Confederation, and therefore those subjects could be assigned to provincially appointed judges.
1106:
Although section 96 deals with appointment of judges, it has been interpreted as a restriction on the jurisdiction which can be conferred on courts which are not superior, county or district courts. The argument is that if the
Constitution intends that the federal government has the power to appoint
1115:
The
Supreme Court has held that section 96 confers a certain core of jurisdiction on the provincial superior courts, which cannot be taken away by either Parliament or the provincial legislatures. One of the most important of these is the jurisdiction to determine constitutional issues. The
1131:
The
Supreme Court has held that the monetary jurisdiction of provincial small claims courts is not frozen in time as of Confederation in 1867. The provinces can increase the monetary jurisdiction to recognise the effects of inflation. However, the Court has held that increases in monetary
1168:(3) If the first two steps did not decide the issue, it is necessary to review the tribunal's function as a whole, in its institutional setting of the administrative tribunal. A provincial scheme is only invalid where the adjudicative function is a sole or central function of the tribunal.
1092:
in exercising that power. Although in form an appointing power, it has been given an expansive interpretation by the courts to protect a core of jurisdiction in the provincial superior courts, particularly over constitutional issues, and judicial review of administrative tribunals.
1162:(1) Is the power in issue identical or analogous to powers exercised by the "Superior, District, and County Courts" at the time Canada was created in 1867? If not, the power can be conferred on a provincial tribunal.
871:
863:
1140:
The issue also arose in the case of administrative tribunals: could provinces create administrative tribunals, such as labour relations boards, and give them powers similar to those of a court? In 1948, the
867:
859:
329:
325:
1132:
jurisdiction and related procedural changes cannot be so great as to turn the provincial court into a parallel court to the provincial superior court. A parallel civil jurisdiction infringes section 96.
1107:
those judges, the appointing power would be circumvented if governments could assign the jurisdiction of those courts to other courts or agencies whose judges are not appointed by the federal government.
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
723:
719:
715:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
333:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
207:
203:
199:
177:
173:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
109:
105:
101:
97:
985:, the Act continues to be the foundational statute for the Constitution of Canada, although it has been amended many times since 1867. It is now recognised as part of the supreme law of Canada.
913:
1063:
The
Governor General shall appoint the Judges of the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province, except those of the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
1380:
Reference Re
Authority to Perform Functions Vested by Adoption Act, The Children of Unmarried Parents Act, The Deserted Wives' and Children's Maintenance Act of Ontario
1165:(2) If the power was analogous to court powers, was it being exercised as a “judicial power”? If not, the power could be conferred on a provincial tribunal.
879:
875:
920:
1180:
gives the provincial legislatures the power to create provincial courts and to assign jurisdiction to them, as well as determine the rules of
960:
952:
893:
1239:
1233:
845:
841:
827:
813:
749:
745:
731:
727:
711:
635:
621:
617:
583:
575:
567:
1219:
1209:
1187:
1177:
613:
609:
605:
587:
579:
571:
563:
559:
545:
541:
437:
423:
383:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
337:
269:
255:
211:
195:
181:
169:
155:
1142:
127:
113:
93:
79:
75:
60:
1406:
1470:
1154:
1158:, creating a three-step test to analyse whether a grant of ancillary judicial powers was consistent with section 96:
1022:
1460:
1455:
1084:
the power to appoint the judges of the provincial superior, county and district courts. Under the principles of
1013:
provinces in the 1860s. The Act sets out the constitutional framework of Canada, including the structure of the
906:
1465:
1480:
1394:
Renvoi touchant la constitutionnalité de la Loi concernant la juridiction de la Cour de
Magistrat de Québec
1308:
1227:
1081:
981:
956:
1475:
1039:. Since Patriation the Act can only be amended in Canada, under the amending formula set out in the
1434:
1392:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1250:
1085:
1035:
1002:
997:
971:
948:
52:
43:
22:
1336:
1322:
1072:, dealing with the judicature. The section has not been amended since it was first enacted.
1010:
1286:(Toronto: Macmillan Publishing, 1864; revised ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012).
1268:
1222:
provides security of tenure for the judges, who can only be removed by joint address of the
1014:
8:
1420:
1018:
27:
1089:
964:
1223:
1181:
1124:
In one of the first cases that dealt with the jurisdiction of provincial courts,
940:
1146:
1449:
1199:
1195:
1009:. It was the product of extensive negotiations by the governments of the
1030:
1101:
1029:, in 1982 the Act was brought under full Canadian control through the
1203:
955:. It provides that the judges of those courts are appointed by the
1422:
Labour
Relations Board of Saskatchewan v. John East Iron Works Ltd.
1236:
provides that the judges are to be paid by the federal government.
1191:
963:, the Governor General exercises that power on the advice of the
1242:
provides that the federal
Parliament can create federal courts.
1213:
1006:
976:
1152:
The
Supreme Court provided much more detailed guidance in the
1366:
Attorney General of Canada v Law Society of British Columbia
1110:
1436:
Reference re Residential Tenancies Act, 1979 (Ontario)
1408:
Reference re Code of Civil Procedure (Que.), art. 35
1102:
Guarantee of provincial superior court jurisdiction
1019:powers of the federal government and the provinces
1216:must be appointed from the bar of that province.
1145:(at that time the highest court of appeal in the
1088:, the Governor General acts on the advice of the
1447:
975:is the constitutional statute which established
953:provincial superior, district and county courts
945:article 96 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867
1096:
951:relating to the appointment of judges of the
914:
1299:(Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1997).
1212:provides that the judges of the courts of
1190:provides that the judges of the courts of
1135:
921:
907:
876:Fifth: Allegiance and Senate Qualification
988:
26:
1143:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1068:Section 96 is found in Part VII of the
872:Fourth: Property of Ontario and Quebec
629:VIII. REVENUES; DEBTS; ASSETS; TAXATION
16:Provision of the Constitution of Canada
1448:
864:Second: Electoral Districts of Quebec
860:First: Electoral Districts of Ontario
553:VI. DISTRIBUTION OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS
1326:, s. 52, s. 53, and Schedule, Item 1.
1172:
1111:Adjudication of constitutional issues
1046:
1033:of the Constitution, and renamed the
1119:
1021:. Originally enacted in 1867 by the
1005:and thus part of the supreme law of
13:
1312:, 30 & 31 Victoria, c. 3 (UK).
1297:1867 — How the Fathers Made a Deal
14:
1492:
1428:
1414:
1400:
1386:
1310:British North America Act, 1867
1155:Residential Tenancies Reference
1027:British North America Act, 1867
982:British North America Act, 1867
835:XI. ADMISSION OF OTHER COLONIES
1372:
1358:
1344:
1330:
1316:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1262:
1:
1368:, 2 SCR 307, at pp. 327–328.
1255:
1075:
739:IX. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
7:
1245:
1202:must be appointed from the
375:V. PROVINCIAL CONSTITUTIONS
10:
1497:
1438:, 1 SCR 714, pp. 734–736.
1097:Purpose and interpretation
957:Governor General of Canada
868:Third: Property of Canada
345:Money Votes; Royal Assent
31:Proclamation bringing the
20:
1471:Superior courts in Canada
1284:The Road to Confederation
1178:Section 92(14) of the Act
1126:Reference re Adoption Act
961:constitutional convention
880:Sixth: Natural Resources
979:. Originally named the
947:) is a provision of the
821:X. INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY
35:into force, July 1, 1867
1136:Administrative agencies
1461:Canadian Confederation
1456:Constitution of Canada
1352:Constitution Act, 1867
1338:Constitution Act, 1982
1324:Constitution Act, 1982
1270:Constitution Act, 1982
1251:Court system of Canada
1240:Section 101 of the Act
1234:Section 100 of the Act
1086:responsible government
1070:Constitution Act, 1867
1066:
1041:Constitution Act, 1982
1036:Constitution Act, 1867
1011:British North American
1003:Constitution of Canada
998:Constitution Act, 1867
990:Constitution Act, 1867
972:Constitution Act, 1867
949:Constitution of Canada
944:
936:Constitution Act, 1867
896:Constitution Act, 1867
53:Constitution of Canada
44:Constitution Act, 1867
36:
23:Constitution Act, 1867
1220:Section 99 of the Act
1210:Section 98 of the Act
1188:Section 97 of the Act
1080:Section 96 gives the
1057:Appointment of Judges
1053:
163:IV. LEGISLATIVE POWER
30:
1466:Federalism in Canada
1424:, UKPC 75, AC 134.
1206:of those provinces.
894:Proclamation of the
263:The House of Commons
121:III. EXECUTIVE POWER
1481:Judiciary of Canada
1295:Christopher Moore,
1025:under the name the
1282:Donald Creighton,
1173:Related provisions
1051:Section 96 reads:
1047:Text of section 96
1023:British Parliament
1015:federal government
934:Section 96 of the
37:
1184:in those courts.
1120:Provincial courts
931:
930:
887:COMING INTO FORCE
431:Legislative Power
1488:
1476:Courts in Canada
1440:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1228:House of Commons
1082:Governor General
923:
916:
909:
39:
38:
33:Constitution Act
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1248:
1182:civil procedure
1175:
1138:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1090:federal Cabinet
1078:
1059:
1049:
1001:is part of the
993:
965:federal Cabinet
927:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
595:VII. JUDICATURE
377:Executive Power
376:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1442:
1441:
1427:
1413:
1410:, 2021 SCC 27.
1399:
1385:
1371:
1357:
1343:
1329:
1315:
1301:
1288:
1275:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1147:British Empire
1137:
1134:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1077:
1074:
1048:
1045:
992:
987:
929:
928:
926:
925:
918:
911:
903:
900:
899:
890:
889:
883:
882:
856:
855:
849:
848:
838:
837:
831:
830:
824:
823:
817:
816:
742:
741:
735:
734:
632:
631:
625:
624:
598:
597:
591:
590:
556:
555:
549:
548:
434:
433:
427:
426:
380:
379:
371:
370:
348:
347:
341:
340:
266:
265:
259:
258:
192:
191:
185:
184:
166:
165:
159:
158:
124:
123:
117:
116:
90:
89:
83:
82:
72:
71:
69:I. PRELIMINARY
65:
64:
56:
55:
48:
47:
21:Main article:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1493:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1200:New Brunswick
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1108:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
986:
984:
983:
978:
974:
973:
967:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
902:
901:
898:
897:
892:
891:
888:
885:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:
857:
854:
851:
850:
847:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
832:
829:
826:
825:
822:
819:
818:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:
743:
740:
737:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
633:
630:
627:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
599:
596:
593:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:
557:
554:
551:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
435:
432:
429:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:
381:
378:
373:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
349:
346:
343:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
34:
29:
24:
19:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1388:
1379:
1374:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1346:
1337:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1264:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1218:
1208:
1186:
1176:
1153:
1151:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1026:
996:
994:
989:
980:
970:
968:
935:
933:
932:
895:
886:
852:
834:
820:
738:
628:
601:
594:
552:
430:
374:
344:
262:
188:
162:
120:
86:
68:
59:
51:Part of the
42:
32:
18:
1396:, SCR 772.
1382:, SCR 398.
1272:, s. 52(1).
1196:Nova Scotia
1450:Categories
1256:References
1031:Patriation
189:The Senate
1340:, Part V.
1076:Operation
853:SCHEDULES
87:II. UNION
1354:, s. 96.
1246:See also
1226:and the
1017:and the
61:PREAMBLE
1192:Ontario
1224:Senate
1214:Quebec
1007:Canada
977:Canada
959:. By
941:French
330:51(2)
326:51(1)
1204:bars
1198:and
995:The
969:The
1061:96.
846:147
842:146
828:145
814:144
810:143
806:142
802:141
798:140
794:139
790:138
786:137
782:136
778:135
774:134
770:133
766:132
762:131
758:130
754:129
750:128
746:127
732:126
728:125
724:124
720:123
716:122
712:121
708:120
704:119
700:118
696:117
692:116
688:115
684:114
680:113
676:112
672:111
668:110
664:109
660:108
656:107
652:106
648:105
644:104
640:103
636:102
622:101
618:100
584:94A
576:93A
568:92A
334:51A
1452::
1230:.
1194:,
1043:.
943::
844:,
812:,
808:,
804:,
800:,
796:,
792:,
788:,
784:,
780:,
776:,
772:,
768:,
764:,
760:,
756:,
752:,
748:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
706:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
670:,
666:,
662:,
658:,
654:,
650:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
620:,
616:,
614:99
612:,
610:98
608:,
606:97
604:,
602:96
588:95
586:,
582:,
580:94
578:,
574:,
572:93
570:,
566:,
564:92
562:,
560:91
546:90
544:,
542:89
540:,
538:88
536:,
534:87
532:,
530:86
528:,
526:85
524:,
522:84
520:,
518:83
516:,
514:82
512:,
510:81
508:,
506:86
504:,
502:85
500:,
498:84
496:,
494:83
492:,
490:82
488:,
486:81
482:80
480:,
478:79
476:,
474:78
472:,
470:77
468:,
466:76
464:,
462:75
460:,
458:74
456:,
454:73
452:,
450:72
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