Passive smoking - Knowledge

534: 754:, the metabolite of nicotine, is a biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure. Typically, cotinine is measured in the blood, saliva, and urine. Hair analysis has recently become a new, noninvasive measurement technique. Cotinine accumulates in hair during hair growth, which results in a measure of long-term, cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke. Urinary cotinine levels have been a reliable biomarker of tobacco exposure and have been used as a reference in many epidemiological studies. However, cotinine levels found in the urine reflect exposure only over the preceding 48 hours. Cotinine levels of the skin, such as the hair and nails, reflect tobacco exposure over the previous three months and are a more reliable biomarker. 571:

publication bias in the studies included in this meta-analysis. They further concluded that after correcting for publication bias, and assuming that 40% of all studies are unpublished, this increased risk decreased from 24% to 15%. This conclusion has been challenged on the basis that the assumption that 40% of all studies are unpublished was "extreme". In 2006, Takagi et al. reanalyzed the data from this meta-analysis to account for publication bias and estimated that the relative risk of lung cancer among those exposed to secondhand smoke was 1.19, slightly lower than the original estimate. A 2000 meta-analysis found a

40: 1239:, and other tobacco companies in an effort to discredit scientific findings which would harm their business interests. A WHO inquiry, conducted after the release of the tobacco-industry documents, found that this controversy was generated by the tobacco industry as part of its larger campaign to cut the WHO's budget, distort the results of scientific studies on passive smoking, and discredit the WHO as an institution. This campaign was carried out using a network of ostensibly independent 733:, and proteins are the most specific biological markers of tobacco smoke exposure. Biochemical tests are a much more reliable biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure than surveys. Certain groups of people are reluctant to disclose their smoking status and exposure to tobacco smoke, especially pregnant women and parents of young children. This is due to their smoking being socially unacceptable. Also, it may be difficult for individuals to recall their exposure to tobacco smoke. 5529:

Neri, Monica; Vineis, Paolo; Kiyohara, Chikako; Hong, Yun-Chul; Morgenstern, Hal; Matsuo, Keitaro; Tajima, Kazuo; Christiani, David C.; McLaughlin, John R.; Bencko, Vladimir; Holcatova, Ivana; Boffetta, Paolo; Brennan, Paul; Fabianova, Eleonora; Foretova, Lenka; Janout, Vladimir; Lissowska, Jolanta; Mates, Dana; Rudnai, Peter; Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Neonila; Mukeria, Anush; Zaridze, David; Seow, Adeline; Schwartz, Ann G.; Yang, Ping; Zhang, Zuo-Feng (15 October 2014).

11732: 11180: 1580:, particularly in bars and restaurants. For example, critics of smoke-free laws cite studies suggesting ventilation as a means of reducing tobacco smoke pollutants and improving air quality. Ventilation has also been heavily promoted by the tobacco industry as an alternative to outright bans, via a network of ostensibly independent experts with often undisclosed ties to the industry. However, not all critics have connections to the industry. 710: 2267:, p. 1191: "During smoking of cigarettes, cigars, pipes and other tobacco productions, in addition to the mainstream smoke drawn and inhaled by the smokers, a stream of smoke is released between puffs into the air from the burning cone. Once released, this stream (also known as the sidestream smoke) is mixed with exhaled mainstream smoke as well as the air in an indoor environment to form the secondhand smoke to which ..." 11290: 11742: 855:" was recently coined to identify the residual tobacco smoke contamination that remains after the cigarette is extinguished and secondhand smoke has cleared from the air. Preliminary research suggests that by-products of third-hand smoke may pose a health risk, though the magnitude of risk, if any, remains unknown. In October 2011, it was reported that Christus St. Frances Cabrini Hospital in 1277:

before research had begun...adjusted established procedure and scientific norms to validate the Agency's public conclusion... In conducting the ETS Risk Assessment, disregarded information and made findings on selective information; did not disseminate significant epidemiologic information; deviated from its Risk Assessment Guidelines; failed to disclose important findings and reasoning..."

863:

factors other than first-hand smoking were found in nonsmokers. Lung cancer in non-smokers may well be considered one of the most common cancer mortalities in the United States. Clinical epidemiology of lung cancer has linked the primary factors closely tied to lung cancer in non-smokers as exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, carcinogens including radon, and other indoor air pollutants.

580:

smoke is not simply a diluted version of "mainstream" smoke, but has a different composition with more toxic substances per gram of total particulate matter. Passive smoking appears to be capable of precipitating the acute manifestations of cardio-vascular diseases (atherothrombosis) and may also have a negative impact on the outcome of patients who have acute coronary syndromes.

1334:, the District Court for the District of Columbia found that the tobacco industry "... recognized from the mid-1970s forward that the health effects of passive smoking posed a profound threat to industry viability and cigarette profits," and that the industry responded with "efforts to undermine and discredit the scientific consensus that ETS causes disease." 471:, and worse outcome, as well as increased risk of developing tuberculosis if exposed to a carrier. In the United States, it is estimated that secondhand smoke has been associated with between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year. 1052:(ACS), whose database Enstrom and Kabat used to compile their data, criticized the paper as "neither reliable nor independent", stating that scientists at the ACS had repeatedly pointed out serious flaws in Enstrom and Kabat's methodology prior to publication. Notably, the study had failed to identify a comparison group of "unexposed" persons. 1297:

times more likely than independent researchers to conclude that secondhand smoke was not harmful. In a specific example which came to light with the release of tobacco-industry documents, Philip Morris executives successfully encouraged an author to revise his industry-funded review article to downplay the role of secondhand smoke in

1587:(ASHRAE) officially concluded in 2005 that while completely isolated smoking rooms do eliminate the risk to nearby non-smoking areas, smoking bans are the only means of eliminating health risks associated with indoor exposure. They further concluded that no system of dilution or cleaning was effective at eliminating risk. The 1538:, enacted a smoke-free law in 2003, hospital admissions for heart attacks dropped 27%. Admissions in neighbouring towns without smoke-free laws showed no change, and the decline in heart attacks in Pueblo was attributed to the resulting reduction in secondhand smoke exposure. A 2004 smoking ban instituted in 1542:

workplaces decreased workers' secondhand smoke exposure from 8% of workers in 2003 to 5.4% of workers in 2010. A 2016 review also found that bans and policy changes in specific locations such as hospitals or universities can lead to reduced smoking rates. In prison settings bans might lead to reduced

1397:

Citing the tobacco industry's production of biased research and efforts to undermine scientific findings, the 2006 U.S. Surgeon General's report concluded that the industry had "attempted to sustain controversy even as the scientific community reached consensus... industry documents indicate that the

1310:

This strategy was outlined at an international meeting of tobacco companies in 1988, at which Philip Morris proposed to set up a team of scientists, organized by company lawyers, to "carry out work on ETS to keep the controversy alive." All scientific research was subject to oversight and "filtering"

1305:

The industry has funded or carried out research that has been judged to be biased, supported scientists to generate letters to editors that criticized research publications, attempted to undermine the findings of key studies, assisted in establishing a scientific society with a journal, and attempted

1139:

and epidemiological practices in studies of passive smoking. Milloy, who has a master's degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, argued that studies yielding relative risks of less than 2 were meaningless junk science. This approach to epidemiological analysis was criticized

1546:

In 2001, a systematic review for the Guide to Community Preventive Services acknowledged strong evidence of the effectiveness of smoke-free policies and restrictions in reducing expose to secondhand smoke. A follow-up to this review, identified the evidence on which the effectiveness of smoking bans

1155:

The tobacco industry and affiliated scientists also put forward a set of "Good Epidemiology Practices" which would have the practical effect of obscuring the link between secondhand smoke and lung cancer; the privately stated goal of these standards was to "impede adverse legislation". However, this

742:

journal found a positive correlation between secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and concentrations of nicotine and/or biomarkers of nicotine in the body. Significant biological levels of nicotine from secondhand smoke exposure were equivalent to nicotine levels from active smoking and levels that are

143:

has viewed public concern over secondhand smoke as a serious threat to its business interests. Despite the industry's awareness of the harms of secondhand smoke as early as the 1980s, the tobacco industry coordinated a scientific controversy with the purpose of stopping regulation of their products.

1329:

Measures to tackle secondhand smoke pose a serious economic threat to the tobacco industry, having broadened the definition of smoking beyond a personal habit to something with a social impact. In a confidential 1978 report, the tobacco industry described increasing public concerns about secondhand

1170:

regarding the association between spousal exposure to secondhand smoke and heart disease. Both of these papers reported no association between secondhand smoke and heart disease. These analyses have been criticized for failing to distinguish between current and former smokers, despite the fact that

575:

of 1.48 for lung cancer among men exposed to secondhand smoke, and a relative risk of 1.16 among those exposed to it at work. Another meta-analysis confirmed the finding of an increased risk of lung cancer among women with spousal exposure to secondhand smoke the following year. It found a relative

562:

Evidence shows that inhaled sidestream smoke, the main component of secondhand smoke, is about four times more toxic than mainstream smoke. This fact has been known to the tobacco industry since the 1980s, though it kept its findings secret. Some scientists believe that the risk of passive smoking,

5528:

Kim, Claire H.; Lee, Yuan-Chin Amy; Hung, Rayjean J.; McNallan, Sheila R.; Cote, Michele L.; Lim, Wei-Yen; Chang, Shen-Chih; Kim, Jin Hee; Ugolini, Donatella; Chen, Ying; Liloglou, Triantafillos; Andrew, Angeline S.; Onega, Tracy; Duell, Eric J.; Field, John K.; Lazarus, Philip; Le Marchand, Loic;

1669:

researchers, looking at cases of canine lung cancer, was generally inconclusive, though the authors reported a weak relation for lung cancer in dogs exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. The number of smokers within the home, the number of packs smoked in the home per day, and the amount of time

1554:

Air nicotine levels were measured in Guatemalan bars and restaurants before and after an implemented smoke-free law in 2009. Nicotine concentrations significantly decreased in both the bars and restaurants measured. Also, the employees' support for a smoke-free workplace substantially increased in

1550:

While a number of studies funded by the tobacco industry have claimed a negative economic impact from smoke-free laws, no independently funded research has shown any such impact. A 2003 review reported that independently funded, methodologically sound research consistently found either no economic

454:(SIDS). In his 2006 report, the US Surgeon General concludes: "The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and sudden infant death syndrome." Secondhand smoking has been estimated to be associated with 430 SIDS deaths in the United States annually. 264:

concluded in 2004 that there was "no support for a causal relation between involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke and breast cancer in never-smokers." A 2015 meta-analysis found that the evidence that passive smoking moderately increased the risk of breast cancer had become "more substantial than a

168:

prefers to use the phrase "secondhand smoke" rather than "environmental tobacco smoke", stating that "The descriptor 'secondhand' captures the involuntary nature of the exposure, while 'environmental' does not." Most researchers consider the term "passive smoking" to be synonymous with "secondhand

1461:

The ruling found that tobacco companies undertook joint efforts to undermine and discredit the scientific consensus that secondhand smoke causes disease, notably by controlling research findings via paid consultants. The ruling also concluded that tobacco companies were fraudulently continuing to

1296:

The tobacco industry's role in funding scientific research on secondhand smoke has been controversial. A review of published studies found that tobacco-industry affiliation was strongly correlated with findings exonerating secondhand smoke; researchers affiliated with the tobacco industry were 88

1276:

ruled in favor of the tobacco industry in 1998, finding that the EPA had failed to follow proper scientific and epidemiologic practices and had "cherry picked" evidence to support conclusions which they had committed to in advance. The court stated in part, "EPA publicly committed to a conclusion

765:

is also a reliable biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure as well as tobacco use. With high sensitivity and specificity, it not only provides an accurate measure, but the test is also non-invasive, highly reproducible, and low in cost. Breath CO monitoring measures the concentration of CO in an

2388:

Bhatnagar, A; Whitsel, LP; Ribisl, KM; Bullen, C; Chaloupka, F; Piano, MR; Robertson, RM; McAuley, T; Goff, D; Benowitz, N; American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Quality of Care and

579:

A minority of epidemiologists have found it hard to understand how secondhand smoke, which is more diluted than actively inhaled smoke, could have an effect that is such a large fraction of the added risk of coronary heart disease among active smokers. One proposed explanation is that secondhand

570:

In 1997, a meta-analysis on the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and lung cancer concluded that such exposure caused lung cancer. The increase in risk was estimated to be 24% among non-smokers who lived with a smoker. In 2000, Copas and Shi reported that there was clear evidence of

8479:

Boffetta, Paolo; Agudo, Antonio; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Benhamou, Ellen; Benhamou, Simone; Darby, Sarah C.; Ferro, Gilles; Fortes, Cristina; Gonzalez, Carlos A.; Jöckel, Karl-Heinz; Krauss, Martin; Kreienbrock, Lothar; Kreuzer, Michaela; Mendes, Anabela; Merletti, Franco; Nyberg, Fredrik; Pershagen,

1355:

in research; in all reviews of the effects of secondhand smoke on health published between 1980 and 1995, the only factor associated with concluding that secondhand smoke is not harmful was whether an author was affiliated with the tobacco industry. However, not all studies that failed to find

982:

As part of its attempt to prevent or delay tighter regulation of smoking, the tobacco industry funded a number of scientific studies and, where the results cast doubt on the risks associated with secondhand smoke, sought wide publicity for those results. The industry also funded libertarian and

862:

In 2008, there were more than 161,000 deaths attributed to lung cancer in the United States. Of these deaths, an estimated 10% to 15% were caused by factors other than first-hand smoking; equivalent to 16,000 to 24,000 deaths annually. Slightly more than half of the lung cancer deaths caused by

828:

Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure has immediate and substantial effects on blood and blood vessels in a way that increases the risk of a heart attack, particularly in people already at risk. Exposure to tobacco smoke for 30 minutes significantly reduces coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy

700:

A systematic review compared smoking control programmes and their effects on smoke exposure in children. The review distinguishes between community-based, ill-child and healthy-child settings and the most common types of interventions were counselling or brief advice during clinical visits. The

1599:

states that engineering approaches, such as ventilation, are ineffective and do not protect against secondhand smoke exposure. However, this does not necessarily mean that such measures are useless in reducing harm, only that they fall short of the goal of reducing exposure completely to zero.

433:

Overall increased risk of death in both adults, where it was estimated to kill 53,000 nonsmokers per year in the U.S in 1991, and in children. The World Health Organization states that passive smoking causes about 600,000 deaths a year, and about 1% of the global burden of disease. As of 2017,

342:: Exposure to secondhand smoke may increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in adults 50 and over. Children exposed to secondhand smoke show reduced vocabulary and reasoning skills when compared with non-exposed children as well as more general cognitive and intellectual deficits. 1998:

The industry quickly realised that, if it wanted to continue to prosper, it became vital that research did not demonstrate that tobacco smoke was a dangerous community air pollutant. This requirement has been the central pillar of its passive smoking policy from the early 1970s to the present

1633:

To simulate environmental tobacco smoke, scientists expose animals to sidestream smoke, that which emanates from the cigarette's burning cone and through its paper, or a combination of mainstream and sidestream smoke. The IARC monographs conclude that mice with prolonged exposure to simulated

1567:

demonstrate supportive attitudes of the public towards smoke-free policies in outdoor areas. A vast majority of the public supports restricting smoking in various outdoor settings. The respondents' support for the policies were for varying reasons such as litter control, establishing positive

1083:

of studies regarding passive smoking and coronary heart disease in which they reported a very weak association between passive smoking and heart disease mortality. They concluded that exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk of death from CHD by only 5%, although this analysis has been

965:

have found widespread public awareness that secondhand smoke is harmful. In both 1992 and 2000 surveys, more than 80% of respondents agreed with the statement that secondhand smoke was harmful. A 2001 study found that 95% of adults agreed that secondhand smoke was harmful to children, and 96%

595:

These meta-analyses show that there is a statistically significant and consistent association between lung cancer risk in spouses of smokers and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke from the spouse who smokes. The excess risk is of the order of 20% for women and 30% for men and remains after

159:

during the 1930s. Terms used include "environmental tobacco smoke" to refer to the airborne matter, while "involuntary smoking" and "passive smoking" refer to exposure to secondhand smoke. The term "environmental tobacco smoke" can be traced back to a 1974 industry-sponsored meeting held in

1287:

In 1998, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, through the publication by its National Toxicology Program of the 9th Report on Carcinogens, listed environmental tobacco smoke among the known carcinogens, observing of the EPA assessment that "The individual studies were carefully

1214:

in October of the same year, and concluded the authors found "no association between childhood exposure to ETS and lung cancer risk" but "did find weak evidence of a dose–response relationship between risk of lung cancer and exposure to spousal and workplace ETS." An accompanying editorial

654:

concluded in 2004 that there was sufficient evidence that secondhand smoke caused cancer in humans. Those who work in environments where smoke is not regulated are at higher risk. Workers particularly at risk of exposure include those in installation repair and maintenance, construction and

859:, would seek to eliminate third-hand smoke beginning in July 2012, and that employees whose clothing smelled of smoke would not be allowed to work. This prohibition was enacted because third-hand smoke poses a special danger for the developing brains of infants and small children. 1547:

reduced the prevalence of tobacco use. Articles published until 2005, were examined to further support this evidence. The examined studies provided sufficient evidence that smoke-free policies reduce tobacco use among workers when implemented in worksites or by communities.

1419:) acknowledge the medical consensus that secondhand smoke carries health risks, while others continue to assert that the evidence is inconclusive. Several tobacco companies advocate the creation of smoke-free areas within public buildings as an alternative to comprehensive 1209:

In response, the WHO issued a press release stating that the results of the study had been "completely misrepresented" in the popular press and were in fact very much in line with similar studies demonstrating the harms of passive smoking. The study was published in the

399:

Worsening of asthma, allergies, and other conditions. A 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found that passive smoking was associated with a slightly increased risk of allergic diseases among children and adolescents; the evidence for an association was weaker for

1063:, the Enstrom and Kabat paper was cited by the US District Court as "a prime example of how nine tobacco companies engaged in criminal racketeering and fraud to hide the dangers of tobacco smoke." The Court found that the study had been funded and managed by the 973:

found that 56% of respondents felt that secondhand smoke was "very harmful", a number that has held relatively steady since 1997. Another 29% believe that secondhand smoke is "somewhat harmful"; 10% answered "not too harmful", while 5% said "not at all harmful".

1393:, it was found that the executive board of the society and the editorial board of the journal were dominated by paid tobacco-industry consultants. The journal published a large amount of material on passive smoking, much of which was "industry-positive". 386:

Recent studies comparing females exposed to secondhand smoke and non-exposed females, demonstrate that females exposed while pregnant have higher risks of delivering a child with congenital abnormalities, longer lengths, smaller head circumferences, and

1315:

Philip Morris then expect the group of scientists to operate within the confines of decisions taken by PM scientists to determine the general direction of research, which apparently would then be 'filtered' by lawyers to eliminate areas of sensitivity.

1150:

A major component of the industry attack was the mounting of a campaign to establish a "bar" for "sound science" that could not be fully met by most individual investigations, leaving studies that did not meet the criteria to be dismissed as "junk

1410:

The positions of major tobacco companies on the issue of secondhand smoke is somewhat varied. In general, tobacco companies have continued to focus on questioning the methodology of studies showing that secondhand smoke is harmful. Some (such as

1634:

environmental tobacco smoke, that is six hours a day, five days a week, for five months with a subsequent four-month interval before dissection, will have significantly higher incidence and multiplicity of lung tumors than with control groups.

14635: 1517:

which state that "effective measures to provide protection from exposure to tobacco smoke ... require the total elimination of smoking and tobacco smoke in a particular space or environment in order to create a 100% smoke-free environment."

1059:, Enstrom requested a "substantial research commitment... in order for me to effectively compete against the large mountain of epidemiologic data and opinions that already exist regarding the health effects of ETS and active smoking." In a 246:: Passive smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer. In the United States, secondhand smoke is estimated to cause more than 7,000 deaths from lung cancer a year among non-smokers. A quarter of all cases occur in people who have never smoked. 10124:

U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Coordinating Center for Health Promotion; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; Office on Smoking and Health (2006-06-27).

1625:

Multiple studies have been conducted to determine the carcinogenicity of environmental tobacco smoke to animals. These studies typically fall under the categories of simulated environmental tobacco smoke, administering condensates of

5408:

Takagi, Hisato; Sekino, Seishiro; Kato, Takayoshi; Matsuno, Yukihiro; Umemoto, Takuya (February 2006). "Revisiting evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking: Adjustment for publication bias by means of "trim and fill" algorithm".

1512:

legislation "for protection from exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor workplaces, public transport, indoor public places and, as appropriate, other public places." (Article 8 of the FCTC) The parties to the FCTC have further adopted

1048:, though the accompanying editorial noted that "they may overemphasise the negative nature of their findings." This paper was widely promoted by the tobacco industry as evidence that the harms of passive smoking were unproven. The 10236:Öberg, Mattias; Jaakkola, Maritta S; Woodward, Alistair; Peruga, Armando; Prüss-Ustün, Annette (January 2011). "Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries". 9106:""Conclusions about exposure to ETS and health that will be unhelpful to us"*: How the tobacco industry attempted to delay and discredit the 1997 Australian National Health and Medical Research Council report on passive smoking" 10358:

Small, Elysia; Shah, Hina P.; Davenport, Jake J.; Geier, Jacqueline E.; Yavarovich, Kate R.; Yamada, Hidetaka; Sabarinath, Sreedharan N.; Derendorf, Hartmut; Pauly, James R.; Gold, Mark S.; Bruijnzeel, Adrie W. (January 2010).

4421:

Feleszko, W; Ruszczyński, M; Jaworska, J; Strzelak, A; Zalewski, BM; Kulus, M (November 2014). "Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of allergic sensitisation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

810:, all known to be highly carcinogenic. Mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke, and secondhand smoke contain largely the same components, however the concentration varies depending on type of smoke. Several well-established 1206:, among other sources, alleged that the WHO withheld from publication of its own report that supposedly failed to prove an association between passive smoking and a number of other diseases (lung cancer in particular). 1108:

that "...of the 75 published studies of ETS and lung cancer, some 70% did not report statistically significant differences of risk and are moot. Roughly 17% claim an increased risk and 13% imply a reduction of risk."

576:

risk of lung cancer of 1.29 for women exposed to secondhand smoke from their spouses. A 2014 meta-analysis noted that "the association between exposure to secondhand smoke and lung cancer risk is well established."

9829:

The industry developed a network of ventilation 'experts' to promote its position that smoke-free environments were not necessary, often without disclosing the financial relationship between these experts and the

9242:

The most current positions of major tobacco companies on the issue of passive smoking can be found on their websites. As of 13 January 2009, the following websites contain tobacco-industry positions on the topic:

2999:

Chen, R; Hu, Z; Orton, S; Chen, RL; Wei, L (December 2013). "Association of passive smoking with cognitive impairment in nonsmoking older adults: a systematic literature review and a new study of Chinese cohort".

1503:

was the first country in the world to institute a comprehensive national ban on smoking in all indoor workplaces on 29 March 2004. Since then, many others have followed suit. The countries which have ratified the

1075:

argued that the disclosure section in the Enstrom and Kabat BMJ paper, although it met the journal's requirements, "does not reveal the full extent of the relationship the authors had with the tobacco industry."

1521:

Opinion polls have shown considerable support for smoke-free laws. In June 2007, a survey of 15 countries found 80% approval for such laws. A survey in France, reputedly a nation of smokers, showed 70% support.

1320:

Philip Morris reported that it was putting "...vast amounts of funding into these projects... in attempting to coordinate and pay so many scientists on an international basis to keep the ETS controversy alive."

2683:

Lv, X; Sun, J; Bi, Y; Xu, M; Lu, J; Zhao, L; Xu, Y (15 November 2015). "Risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with secondhand smoke exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

4842:"Cardiovascular Consequences of Childhood Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Prevailing Evidence, Burden, and Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association" 825:, one after the other, in a 60 m garage with a limited air exchange. The cigarettes produced PM pollution exceeding outdoor limits, as well as PM concentrations up to 10-fold that of the idling engine. 3279:

Been, Jasper; Nurmatov, U. B.; Cox, B; Nawrot, T. S.; Van Schayck, C. P.; Sheikh, A (28 March 2014). "Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1044:, argued that the harms of passive smoking had been overstated. Their analysis reported no statistically significant relationship between passive smoking and lung cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), or 5214:"Concentrations of the Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Increase after Release into Indoor Air: Results from Unpublished Tobacco Industry Research" 623:

Doctor-diagnosed asthma is more common among non-smoking adults exposed to ETS than those not exposed. Among people with asthma, higher ETS exposure is associated with a greater risk of severe attacks.

9902: 9687:

Barnoya J, Arvizu M, Jones MR, Hernandez JC, Breysse PN, Navas-Acien A (November 2010). "Secondhand smoke exposure in bars and restaurants in Guatemala City: before and after smoking ban evaluation".

8480:

Göran; Pohlabeln, Hermann; Riboli, Elio; Schmid, Giovanni; Simonato, Lorenzo; Tre'daniel, Jean; Whitley, Elise; Wichmann, Heinz-Erich; Winck, Carlos; Zambon, Paola; Saracci, Rodolfo (7 October 1998).

2848:

Bentayeb, Malek; Simoni, Marzia; Norback, Dan; Baldacci, Sandra; Maio, Sara; Viegi, Giovanni; Annesi-Maesano, Isabella (6 December 2013). "Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly".

1269:, and groups representing growers, distributors and marketers of tobacco took legal action, claiming that the EPA had manipulated this study and ignored accepted scientific and statistical practices. 6313:

Tsai, James; Homa, David M.; Gentzke, Andrea S.; Mahoney, Margaret; Sharapova, Saida R.; Sosnoff, Connie S.; Caron, Kevin T.; Wang, Lanqing; Melstrom, Paul C.; Trivers, Katrina F. (7 December 2018).

521:: Most studies have found a significant association between passive smoking and sleep disordered breathing in children, but further studies are needed to determine whether this association is causal. 9849: 1584: 1273: 662:, in his 2006 report, estimated that living or working in a place where smoking is permitted increases the non-smokers' risk of developing heart disease by 25–30% and lung cancer by 20–30%. 13060: 1219:

When all the evidence, including the important new data reported in this issue of the Journal, is assessed, the inescapable scientific conclusion is that ETS is a low-level lung carcinogen.

5531:"Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and lung cancer by histological type: A pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO): Secondhand tobacco smoke and lung cancer" 1611:

in recent decades to curb other types of pollution. This would guarantee that a portion of bars/restaurants in a jurisdiction will be smoke-free, while leaving the decision to the market.

4840:

Raghuveer, Geetha; White, David A.; Hayman, Laura L.; Woo, Jessica G.; Villafane, Juan; Celermajer, David; Ward, Kenneth D.; de Ferranti, Sarah D.; Zachariah, Justin (18 October 2016).

8800:

U.S. Department of Health; Human Services; National Toxicology Program, eds. (December 2–3, 1998). "Final Report on Carcinogens – Background Document for Environmental Tobacco Smoke".

9153:

Garne D, Watson M, Chapman S, Byrne F (2005). "Environmental tobacco smoke research published in the journal Indoor and Built Environment and associations with the tobacco industry".

7517: 9284: 3415:

Wang, Meng; Wang, Zhi-Ping; Zhang, Meng; Zhao, Zhong-Tang (13 August 2013). "Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and neural tube defects in offspring: a meta-analysis".

665:

Similarly, children who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are shown to experience a range of adverse effects and a higher risk of becoming smokers later in life. The

10352: 5444:

Zhong, Lijie; Goldberg, Mark S; Parent, Marie-Élise; Hanley, James A (January 2000). "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis".

717:

Environmental tobacco smoke can be evaluated either by directly measuring tobacco smoke pollutants found in the air or by using biomarkers, an indirect measure of exposure.

713:

Breath CO monitor displaying carbon monoxide concentration of an exhaled breath sample (in ppm) with corresponding percent concentration of carboxyhemoglobin displayed below

559:

was 23%. A 1997 meta-analysis found that secondhand smoke exposure increased the risk of heart disease by a quarter, and two 1999 meta-analyses reached similar conclusions.

1071:

tasked with "offsetting" damaging studies on passive smoking, as well as by Philip Morris who stated that Enstrom's work was "clearly litigation-oriented". A 2005 paper in

1132:

consultant, claimed that "of the 19 studies" on passive smoking "only 8— slightly more than 42%— reported statistically significant increases in heart disease incidence."

875:

that exposure to secondhand smoke is harmful. The link between passive smoking and health risks is accepted by every major medical and scientific organisation, including:

3487:"Active or Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Dermatitis, and Food Allergy in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 175:

argued that research into "thirdhand smoke" renders it inappropriate to refer to passive smoking with the term "secondhand smoke", which the authors stated constitutes a

108:

According to latest WHO report, more than 1.3 million deaths are attributed to passive smoking worldwide every year. The health risks of secondhand smoke are a matter of

7524:, reviewing new evidence published since the 1998 report, found that recent research had confirmed the initially reported link between passive smoking and health risks. 4108:

Tinuoye, O.; Pell, J. P.; Mackay, D. F. (28 March 2013). "Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Physician-Diagnosed Childhood Asthma".

635:

during his announcement of a nationwide smoke-free law: "That makes more than 13 deaths a day. It is an unacceptable reality in our country in terms of public health."

10186:. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 83. Lyon, France: IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 7391: 5807: 14655: 10410: 4797:

Jara, SM; Benke, JR; Lin, SY; Ishman, SL (January 2015). "The association between secondhand smoke and sleep-disordered breathing in children: a systematic review".

1487:

As a consequence of the health risks associated with secondhand smoke, many national and local governments have outlawed smoking in indoor public places, including

6487:

Klesges RC, Debon M, Ray JW (October 1995). "Are self-reports of smoking rate biased? Evidence from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey".

11679: 10956: 1156:

effort was largely abandoned when it became clear that no independent epidemiological organization would agree to the standards proposed by Philip Morris et al.

844:

Pulmonary emphysema can be induced in rats through acute exposure to sidestream tobacco smoke (30 cigarettes per day) over a period of 45 days. Degranulation of

4386:

Jafta, N; Jeena, PM; Barregard, L; Naidoo, RN (May 2015). "Childhood tuberculosis and exposure to indoor air pollution: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

14223: 1381:

Creation of outlets for favourable research. In 1989, the tobacco industry established the International Society of the Built Environment, which published the

1637:

The IARC monographs concluded that sidestream smoke condensates had a significantly higher carcinogenic effect on mice than did mainstream smoke condensates.

373:(Evidence of the causal link is described only as "suggestive" by the US Surgeon General in his 2006 report.) Laws limiting smoking decrease premature births. 13010: 4030: 1281: 631:, exposure to secondhand smoke has been estimated to cause between 3,000 and 5,000 premature deaths per year, with the larger figure cited by Prime Minister 9364: 8049:

Enstrom, JE; Kabat, GC (March 2006). "Environmental tobacco smoke and coronary heart disease mortality in the United States--a meta-analysis and critique".

3814:"Environmental tobacco smoke and cardiovascular disease. A position paper from the Council on Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care, American Heart Association" 13040: 6872:"Why is environmental tobacco smoke more strongly associated with coronary heart disease than expected? A review of potential biases and experimental data" 4369: 2516: 1724: 1342: 701:

review did not find superior outcomes for any intervention, and the authors caution that evidence from adult settings may not generalise well to children.

277:: A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that secondhand smoke exposure was associated with a significant increase in the risk of bladder cancer. 7907:"Proposed Research on the relationship of Low Levels of Active Smoking to Mortality: Letter from James Enstrom to Philip Morris Scientific Affairs office" 15613: 3630:

Sun, K; Liu, D; Wang, C; Ren, M; Yang, C; Yan, L (November 2014). "Passive smoke exposure and risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies".

1465:

On May 22, 2009, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously upheld the lower court's 2006 ruling.

1402:, found that "...despite their internal acknowledgment of the hazards of secondhand smoke, Defendants have fraudulently denied that ETS causes disease." 7444: 5261:

Whincup, Peter H; Gilg, Julie A; Emberson, Jonathan R; Jarvis, Martin J; Feyerabend, Colin; Bryant, Andrew; Walker, Mary; Cook, Derek G (24 July 2004).

1398:

tobacco industry has engaged in widespread activities... that have gone beyond the bounds of accepted scientific practice." The U.S. District Court, in

139:

Concerns around secondhand smoke have played a central role in the debate over the harms and regulation of tobacco products. Since the early 1970s, the

15391: 11607: 1444: 295:

Passive smoking is strongly associated with an increased risk of stroke, and this increased risk is disproportionately high at low levels of exposure.

14905: 9379: 8539: 3724:"Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association Between Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Periodontitis Endpoints Among Nonsmokers" 14650: 8406:

Levois, M.E.; Layard, M.W. (February 1995). "Publication Bias in the Environmental Tobacco Smoke/Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiologic Literature".

10417: 4699:"Association of Secondhand Smoke Exposure with Pediatric Invasive Bacterial Disease and Bacterial Carriage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 4524:

Pagani, Linda S. (July 2014). "Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and brain development: The case of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

3104:

Zeng, Yan-Ni; Li, Ya-Min (10 December 2015). "Secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in adults: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies".

2572:"Association of Secondhand Smoke Exposure with Pediatric Invasive Bacterial Disease and Bacterial Carriage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 14645: 11504: 9603:

Hopkins DP, Razi S, Leeks KD, Priya Kalra G, Chattopadhyay SK, Soler RE (2010). "Smokefree policies to reduce tobacco use. A systematic review".

460:. Secondhand smoke exposure is also associated with an almost doubled risk of hospitalization for asthma exacerbation among children with asthma. 9842: 7166: 6927:

Cendon, S.P.; Battlehner, C.; Lorenzi-Filho, G.; Dohlnikoff, M.; Pereira, P.M.; Conceição, G.M.S.; Beppu, O.S.; Saldiva, P.H.N. (October 1997).

3323:

Leonardi-Bee, J; Britton, J; Venn, A (April 2011). "Secondhand smoke and adverse fetal outcomes in nonsmoking pregnant women: a meta-analysis".

15638: 15618: 15396: 14203: 8827: 8540:"Smokescreens – The World Health Organization is showing signs of allowing politics to get in the way of truth. The Economist March 14th, 1998" 7473: 2719:

Dinas, PC; Koutedakis, Y; Flouris, AD (20 February 2013). "Effects of active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking on heart rate variability".

97:, which leads to its inhalation by nearby bystanders within the same environment. Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke causes many of the same 9912: 5071:

Diethelm PA, Rielle JC, McKee M (2005). "The whole truth and nothing but the truth? The research that Philip Morris did not want you to see".

2631:"The Role of Tobacco Smoke in Bladder and Kidney Carcinogenesis: A Comparison of Exposures and Meta-analysis of Incidence and Mortality Risks" 1786:"There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans" 15216: 13055: 10105: 9863: 9525:"Reduced hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction after implementation of a smoke-free ordinance—City of Pueblo, Colorado, 2002–2006" 7318: 7243: 6829:

Celermajer, David S.; Adams, Mark R.; Clarkson, Peter; Robinson, Jacqui; McCredie, Robyn; Donald, Ann; Deanfield, John E. (18 January 1996).

2954: 1608: 1252: 906: 7118:"Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards" 814:

have been shown by the tobacco companies' own research to be present at higher concentrations in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke.

15176: 10088: 9437: 7285: 1564: 1439:

lawsuit against Philip Morris and other major cigarette manufacturers. Almost 7 years later, on August 17, 2006, U.S. District Court Judge

940: 7514: 3210:"Associations between Passive Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Preterm Birth: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies" 2755: 1284:. The EPA's appeal was upheld on the preliminary grounds that their report had no regulatory weight, and the earlier finding was vacated. 15336: 11669: 10946: 10174: 8116:, United States Factual Memorandum Pursuant to Order No. 470, Section V, United States District Court for the District of Columbia. p. 44 4145:"Effects of secondhand smoke exposure on asthma morbidity and health care utilization in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1970: 1596: 1505: 1180: 783: 647: 584: 261: 256:

concluded in 2005 that passive smoking increases the risk of breast cancer in younger, primarily premenopausal females by 70% and the US

233: 9474:

Frazer, Kate; Callinan, Joanne E; McHugh, Jack; van Baarsel, Susan; Clarke, Anna; Doherty, Kirsten; Kelleher, Cecily (4 February 2016).

9281: 7362: 4750:"Impact of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on anaesthetic and surgical outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2061: 14931: 12548: 11797: 10222: 10213: 10204: 8662:

Ong EK, Glantz SA (2000). "Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study".

7271: 911: 673: 669:

has identified reduction of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as key element for actions to encourage healthy child development.

253: 237: 9414:

Parties recognize that scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to tobacco causes death, disease and disability

9014: 8139: 3485:

Saulyte, Jurgita; Regueira, Carlos; Montes-Martínez, Agustín; Khudyakov, Polyna; Takkouche, Bahi; Novotny, Thomas E. (11 March 2014).

1940: 544:

studies show that non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking.

236:

concluded in 2004 that "Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans." The

11090: 4333:

Chatzimichael, A; Tsalkidis, A; Cassimos, D; Gardikis, S; Tripsianis, G; Deftereos, S; Ktenidou-Kartali, S; Tsanakas, I (June 2007).

1592: 9462: 8769: 4575:. The Collaborative on Health and the Environment's Learning and Developmental Disabilities Initiative. July 1, 2008. Archived from 15643: 14822: 13050: 12982: 11390: 10282: 8705: 7267: 5832:

Wirth, N.; Abou-Hamdan, K.; Spinosa, A.; Bohadana, A.; Martinet, Y. (March 2005). "Le tabagisme passif" [Passive smoking].

2313: 6289: 4595:"Is exposure to secondhand smoke associated with cognitive parameters of children and adolescents?—a systematic literature review" 15401: 14941: 14620: 14193: 10323: 8521: 4526: 8801: 8751: 6559:"Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: focus on developmental toxicology" 15631: 15301: 14832: 9259: 4334: 1166: 260:

has concluded that the evidence is "suggestive", but still insufficient to assert such a causal relationship. In contrast, the

9015:"Minutes of a meeting of Philip Morris with British tobacco companies to discuss tobacco-industry strategy on passive smoking" 5758:

Stayner, Leslie; Bena, James; Sasco, Annie J.; Smith, Randall; Steenland, Kyle; Kreuzer, Michaela; Straif, Kurt (March 2007).

1665:; the risk increased with the duration of exposure to secondhand smoke and the number of smokers in the household. A study by 1363:'s landmark study, and for an example of how it attempted to delay and discredit a major Australian report on passive smoking) 638:

There is good observational evidence that smoke-free legislation reduces the number of hospital admissions for heart disease.

15311: 14630: 14173: 12855: 11602: 10445: 10230: 10191: 7179:

Samet, J. M.; Avila-Tang, E.; Boffetta, P.; Hannan, L. M.; Olivo-Marston, S.; Thun, M. J.; Rudin, C. M. (15 September 2009).

6606:

Irving JM, Clark EC, Crombie IK, Smith WC (January 1988). "Evaluation of a portable measure of expired-air carbon monoxide".

4569: 4143:

Wang, Zhen; May, Sara M.; Charoenlap, Suvanee; Pyle, Regan; Ott, Nancy L.; Mohammed, Khaled; Joshi, Avni Y. (November 2015).

2135: 1983: 1045: 313: 8113: 7399: 5811: 1389:. This journal did not require conflict-of-interest disclosures from its authors. With documents made available through the 774:). Breath CO monitors can also be used by emergency services to identify patients who are suspected of having CO poisoning. 437:

Skin conditions: A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that passive smoking was associated with a higher rate of

14910: 13825: 13015: 12977: 11226: 10130: 9210: 8988: 8810: 6452:

McClure JB (April 2002). "Are biomarkers useful treatment aids for promoting health behavior change? An empirical review".

2446: 1731: 659: 257: 165: 10200: 9302: 7574: 3536:

Wei, X; E, M; Yu, S (January 2015). "A meta-analysis of passive smoking and risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus".

15256: 14625: 11702: 11654: 10332: 9292: 9042: 1650: 1390: 1224: 688:

of secondhand smoke exposure among U.S. nonsmokers declined from 87.5% in 1988 to 25.2% in 2014. However, nearly half of

10228:

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children Aged 3-19 Years with and Without Asthma in the United States, 1999-2010

9476:"Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption" 8371:

Layard, M.W. (February 1995). "Ischemic Heart Disease and Spousal Smoking in the National Mortality Followback Survey".

3675:"Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1661:

gene. Another study conducted at the same universities concluded that cats living with a smoker were more likely to get

1084:

criticized for including two previous industry-funded studies that suffered from widespread exposure misclassification.

15682: 15351: 14725: 14006: 13183: 12838: 11659: 10991: 10986: 10941: 10403: 8893:

Barnes DE, Bero LA (1998). "Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions".

547:

In 1992, a review estimated that secondhand smoke exposure was responsible for 35,000 to 40,000 deaths per year in the

292:

Epidemiological studies have shown that both active and passive cigarette smoking increase the risk of atherosclerosis.

2012: 271:: A 2015 overview of systematic reviews found that exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk of cervical cancer. 15371: 15356: 15326: 15181: 15091: 14777: 14742: 14094: 13845: 13282: 12880: 12593: 12129: 11858: 11458: 11433: 11075: 10891: 9199: 8977: 6144:"Health effects of passive smoking. 1. Parental smoking and lower respiratory illness in infancy and early childhood" 1142: 997: 795: 171: 1568:

smoke-free role models for youth, reducing youth opportunities to smoke, and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke.

991:

in Australia which criticised both scientific research on passive smoking and policy proposals to restrict smoking.

603:

The National Asthma Council of Australia cites studies showing that secondhand smoke is probably the most important

15341: 15246: 15161: 15106: 14915: 14747: 14735: 11949: 11644: 11067: 11052: 7549: 1482: 17: 8930:"Changing conclusions on secondhand smoke in a sudden infant death syndrome review funded by the tobacco industry" 4697:

Lee, Chien-Chang; Middaugh, Nicole A.; Howie, Stephen R. C.; Ezzati, Majid; Lanphear, Bruce P. (7 December 2010).

1341:

The industry has sought to position the secondhand smoke debate as essentially concerned with civil liberties and

1095:, a tobacco industry spokesman and consultant and an expert on risk utility and scientific research, wrote in the 533: 15580: 15504: 15406: 15101: 15065: 14900: 14807: 14168: 13030: 12844: 12224: 11509: 11400: 11321: 11140: 10098: 7228: 4366: 5030:

He, Jiang; Vupputuri, Suma; Allen, Krista; Prerost, Monica R.; Hughes, Janet; Whelton, Paul K. (25 March 1999).

1735: 15626: 15381: 15366: 15346: 15321: 15306: 15266: 15206: 15156: 14792: 11788: 11755: 11193: 11115: 11011: 9791:"Tobacco industry efforts to present ventilation as an alternative to smoke-free environments in North America" 9297: 7452: 7448: 6193:"Health effects of passive smoking. 4. Parental smoking, middle ear disease and adenotonsillectomy in children" 1184: 1064: 934: 762: 718: 7507: 1337:

Accordingly, the tobacco industry have developed several strategies to minimise the impact on their business:

817:

Secondhand smoke has been shown to produce more particulate-matter (PM) pollution than an idling low-emission

361:: a 2014 meta-analysis found that maternal secondhand smoke exposure increased the risk of miscarriage by 11%. 15687: 15560: 15509: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15126: 14837: 13682: 12992: 12936: 12931: 12508: 12036: 11582: 11057: 10727: 10118: 9640:"Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry" 7239: 6367:"Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke" 5938:"The effects of smoke-free legislation on acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1359:

Delaying and discrediting legitimate research (see for an example of how the industry attempted to discredit

1330:

smoke as "the most dangerous development to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred." In

1266: 895: 885: 9340: 5263:"Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: prospective study with cotinine measurement" 4233:

Dybing E, Sanner T (1999). "Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections".

3149:"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Miscarriage and Maternal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke During Pregnancy" 1454:

publicly denied, while internally acknowledging, that secondhand tobacco smoke is harmful to nonsmokers, and

1190:

In March 1998, before the study was published, reports appeared in the media alleging that the IARC and the

15386: 15376: 15331: 15316: 15296: 15286: 15261: 15241: 15171: 15131: 15121: 15111: 12553: 12104: 12025: 11984: 11597: 11531: 10926: 10789: 9352: 7686:"Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960-98" 7424: 4282: 4060:"Developing Asthma in Childhood from Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke: Insights from a Meta-Regression" 1298: 929: 451: 9376: 8546: 4975:"Epidemiologic studies of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease and ETS exposure from spousal smoking" 4467:"Passive smoking in the etiology of non-syndromic orofacial clefts: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2339:

Alberg, Anthony J.; Brock, Malcolm V.; Ford, Jean G.; Samet, Jonathan M.; Spivack, Simon D. (1 May 2013).

1530:

Smoking bans by governments result in decreased harm from secondhand smoke, including less admissions for

1301:. The 2006 U.S. Surgeon General's report criticized the tobacco industry's role in the scientific debate: 15482: 15418: 15361: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15211: 15201: 15151: 15146: 15136: 15116: 15096: 15055: 14506: 12896: 12698: 12209: 12144: 12062: 11974: 11838: 11587: 10901: 9732:"At the frontier of tobacco control: A brief review of public attitudes toward smoke-free outdoor places" 1378:. Ong & Glantz (2001) cite an internal Phillip Morris memo giving evidence of this as company policy. 988: 962: 890: 9250: 8441:

Law, Malcolm R; Wald, Nicholas J (July 2003). "Environmental tobacco smoke and ischemic heart disease".

7735:"Effect of passive smoking on health: More information is available, but the controversy still persists" 6095:"Environmental tobacco smoke exposure among infants, children and young people: now is no time to relax" 4658:"Parental Smoking and the Risk of Middle Ear Disease in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 15590: 15565: 15291: 15251: 15221: 15166: 13580: 13045: 12926: 12633: 12398: 12242: 11592: 10803: 10573: 8706:"Tobacco Companies Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities at the World Health Organization" 7342: 6643:"Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke" 5116:"Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke" 3890: 1645:

Secondhand smoke is popularly recognised as a risk factor for cancer in pets. A study conducted by the

1443:

found that the Government had proven its case and that the tobacco company defendants had violated the

1432: 916: 591:(WHO) reviewed all significant published evidence related to tobacco smoking and cancer. It concluded: 518: 434:

passive smoking causes about 900,000 deaths a year, which is about 1/8 of all deaths caused by smoking.

10218: 7116:

Sleiman, M.; Gundel, L. A.; Pankow, J. F.; Jacob, P.; Singer, B. C.; Destaillats, H. (13 April 2010).

1374:): attacking the methodology behind research showing health risks as flawed and attempting to promote 15595: 14842: 14576: 14521: 13654: 13265: 13098: 12957: 12921: 12723: 12353: 12308: 12236: 12088: 12031: 11707: 11559: 11420: 10886: 10861: 10652: 10438: 10310: 10170: 10092: 9442: 9402: 8482:"Multicenter Case-Control Study of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer in Europe" 7366: 7289: 6522:

Okoli CT, Kelly T, Hahn EJ (October 2007). "Secondhand smoke and nicotine exposure: a brief review".

5936:

Lin, Hualiang; Wang, Hongchun; Wu, Wei; Lang, Lingling; Wang, Qinzhou; Tian, Linwei (December 2013).

4570:"Scientific Consensus Statement on Environmental Agents Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders" 4335:"The role of breastfeeding and passive smoking on the development of severe bronchiolitis in infants" 4064: 2072: 1679: 1666: 1620: 1191: 1164:

In 1995, Levois and Layard, both tobacco industry consultants, published two analyses in the journal

958: 920: 901: 879: 787: 666: 651: 588: 556: 98: 10162: 10143:

Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke

8324:"Constructing "Sound Science" and "Good Epidemiology": Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms" 8272:"Constructing 'Sound Science' and 'Good Epidemiology': Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms" 8170: 8063: 7796:"Tobacco industry efforts undermining evidence linking secondhand smoke with cardiovascular disease" 7510:

concluded that passive smoking was a cause of lung cancer, heart disease, and other health problems.

7480: 6068:. Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). 3368:"Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses" 1893:"Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease" 14213: 13145: 12967: 12663: 12263: 12042: 11933: 11918: 11745: 11697: 11219: 10816: 10127:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General" 9246: 5032:"Passive Smoking and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease — A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies" 1725:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General" 1695: 1412: 1236: 419: 9877: 9260:"Imperial Tobacco Group PLC - Media - Our view - Smoking and health - Environmental tobacco smoke" 8799: 8737: 7338: 7090: 5716:"Meta-analysis of studies of passive smoking and lung cancer: effects of study type and continent" 1653:

linked the occurrence of feline oral cancer to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke through an

821:. In an experiment conducted by the Italian National Cancer Institute, three cigarettes were left 164:, while the term "passive smoking" was first used in the title of a scientific paper in 1970. The 14895: 14862: 14852: 14802: 14797: 14422: 13741: 13736: 13140: 13065: 12987: 12916: 12860: 12792: 12688: 12603: 12513: 12478: 11954: 11634: 11629: 10936: 10578: 10487: 9907: 7850: 7395: 7293: 6365:

Behbod, Behrooz; Sharma, Mohit; Baxi, Ruchi; Roseby, Robert; Webster, Premila (31 January 2018).

6065:

The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General

4926:"Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence" 1531: 1171:

former smokers, unlike current ones, are not at a significantly increased risk of heart disease.

1049: 1040: 1001:

have identified these industry-wide coordinated activities as one of the earliest expressions of

924: 681: 564: 380: 14885: 10346: 9957:"p53 expression and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma" 9429: 6831:"Passive Smoking and Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Arterial Dilatation in Healthy Young Adults" 2950:"The role of secondhand smoke in sinusitis: a systematic review: Sinusitis and secondhand smoke" 1972:

Lifting the smokescreen: tobacco industry strategy to defeat smoke free policies and legislation

676:

monitors the extent of and trends in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke by measuring serum

15677: 14976: 14412: 14407: 14143: 13944: 13748: 13677: 13176: 13130: 13092: 12972: 12683: 12114: 11712: 11674: 11549: 11499: 11473: 11080: 10951: 10624: 10553: 10548: 10503: 8058: 5638:

Bailar, John C. (25 March 1999). "Passive Smoking, Coronary Heart Disease, and Meta-Analysis".

3458:

Janson C (2004). "The effect of passive smoking on respiratory health in children and adults".

2285: 617:

Children with asthma who are exposed to smoking in the home generally have more severe disease.

611:

Smoking by either parent, particularly by the mother, increases the risk of asthma in children.

552: 413: 211: 195: 14304: 10045:

Reif JS, Dunn K, Ogilvie GK, Harris CK (1992). "Passive smoking and canine lung cancer risk".

9934: 5673:

Raupach, Tobias; Schäfer, Katrin; Konstantinides, Stavros; Andreas, Stefan (1 February 2006).

2772: 2570:

Lee, Chien-Chang; Middaugh, Nicole A.; Howie, Stephen R. C.; Ezzati, Majid (7 December 2010).

1750:

Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and in adults who do not smoke

232:

General: overall increased risk; reviewing the evidence accumulated on a worldwide basis, the

14857: 14812: 14772: 14228: 13470: 13306: 13192: 13150: 12828: 12787: 12503: 12174: 11994: 11766: 11016: 10911: 10811: 10513: 10149: 9873: 9771: 7370: 2629:

Cumberbatch, Marcus G.; Rota, Matteo; Catto, James W.F.; La Vecchia, Carlo (September 2016).

1104: 856: 632: 506: 10178: 9395: 3573:"Passive smoking and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies" 2094:

Brawley, Otis W.; Glynn, Thomas J.; Khuri, Fadlo R.; Wender, Richard C. (18 November 2013).

406:. It remains unclear whether the association between passive smoking and diabetes is causal. 15585: 15477: 14890: 14847: 14787: 14715: 14688: 14208: 14183: 14153: 14148: 13974: 13775: 12952: 12942: 12886: 12823: 12718: 12298: 12247: 11813: 11750: 11717: 11521: 11362: 11269: 11047: 10963: 10743: 10619: 10583: 10528: 10518: 10431: 9018: 8154: 7940: 7609: 6040: 5594: 4478: 4287: 3584: 3221: 2891:

Dogar, O. F.; Pillai, N.; Safdar, N.; Shah, S. K.; Zahid, R.; Siddiqi, K. (November 2015).

2583: 1797: 1785: 1588: 1478: 1005:. Further, they state that the disinformation spread by the tobacco industry has created a 966:

considered tobacco-industry claims that secondhand smoke was not harmful to be untruthful.

872: 794:

contains more than 4,000 chemicals, including 69 known carcinogens. Of special concern are

499: 348:: Exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms. 335: 109: 101:, although to a lower prevalence due to the reduced concentration of smoke that enters the 11006: 3969:"Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: review of the epidemiological evidence" 2218:"The New Danger of Thirdhand Smoke: Why Passive Smoking Does Not Stop at Secondhand Smoke" 1451:

conspired to minimize, distort and confuse the public about the health hazards of smoking;

8: 15555: 15492: 15060: 14996: 14730: 14432: 14354: 13801: 13785: 13731: 13615: 12818: 12808: 12782: 12568: 12230: 12139: 12109: 12009: 11979: 11873: 11833: 11735: 11438: 11254: 11212: 11188: 10916: 10870: 10753: 10568: 10563: 10404:"United States of America v. Philip Morris et al.: Final Opinion of Judge Gladys Kessler" 9870: 9524: 8776: 5675:"Secondhand smoke as an acute threat for the cardiovascular system: a change in paradigm" 2893:"Second-hand smoke and the risk of tuberculosis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis" 1240: 1231:) that the controversy over the WHO's alleged suppression of data had been engineered by 1002: 738: 388: 219: 125: 14251: 11001: 10996: 9580: 9555: 7944: 7613: 5598: 4482: 3722:

Akinkugbe, Aderonke A.; Slade, Gary D.; Divaris, Kimon; Poole, Charles (November 2016).

3588: 3225: 2630: 2587: 15499: 15086: 14705: 14561: 14516: 14496: 14455: 13573: 13441: 13393: 13243: 13081: 13025: 12962: 12739: 12618: 12613: 12403: 12214: 12199: 11781: 11554: 11443: 11249: 11160: 11120: 10865: 10763: 10758: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10672: 10662: 10657: 10647: 10631: 10603: 10482: 10385: 10360: 10289: 10261: 10058: 9986: 9815: 9790: 9712: 9664: 9639: 9500: 9475: 9328: 9178: 9130: 9105: 9081: 9056: 8959: 8821: 8712: 8687: 8348: 8323: 8296: 8271: 8243: 8218: 8200: 8084: 8026: 8009: 7966: 7888: 7871:

Thun, Michael J (4 October 2003). "More misleading science from the tobacco industry".

7825: 7759: 7734: 7666: 7205: 7180: 7144: 7117: 7066: 7041: 7017: 6992: 6904: 6891: 6871: 6770: 6716: 6692:"Particulate matter from tobacco versus diesel car exhaust: an educational perspective" 6691: 6667: 6642: 6583: 6558: 6391: 6366: 6339: 6314: 6266: 6241: 6217: 6192: 6168: 6143: 6124: 6013: 5988: 5964: 5937: 5784: 5759: 5620: 5555: 5530: 5510: 5497: 5480: 5336: 5311: 5243: 5189: 5164: 5140: 5115: 5096: 5007: 4994: 4974: 4950: 4925: 4866: 4841: 4822: 4774: 4749: 4725: 4698: 4656:

Jones, Laura L.; Hassanien, A; Cook, DG; Britton, J; Leonardi-Bee, J (1 January 2012).

4551: 4501: 4466: 4447: 4367:

Preventing Smoking and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Before, During, and After Pregnancy

4312: 4258: 4210: 4185: 4085: 4059: 3993: 3968: 3944: 3919: 3748: 3723: 3699: 3674: 3655: 3607: 3572: 3513: 3486: 3440: 3397: 3348: 3305: 3244: 3209: 3173: 3148: 3129: 3081: 3054: 3035: 2981: 2930: 2917: 2892: 2873: 2606: 2571: 2547: 2428: 2415: 2365: 2340: 2242: 2217: 2190: 2165: 1922: 604: 488: 323:

infection and accelerate the progression of the disease, but the evidence remains weak.

300: 282: 10249: 9556:"Impact of institutional smoking bans on reducing harms and secondhand smoke exposure" 9166: 8867: 8842: 8803:

Meeting of the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors – Report on Carcinogens Subcommittee

8675: 8525: 8454: 7812: 7795: 7710: 7685: 7621: 7420: 6790:"Acute effects of passive smoking on the coronary circulation in healthy young adults" 6757: 6740: 6465: 6430: 5870: 5845: 5457: 5287: 5262: 5084: 3920:"Association of atopic dermatitis with smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3690: 3293: 2469: 2032: 1909: 1892: 15570: 15550: 15141: 14946: 14817: 14678: 14475: 14442: 14417: 13929: 13662: 13335: 13169: 12653: 12608: 12363: 12358: 12288: 12184: 12020: 11823: 11639: 11468: 11405: 11367: 11274: 11135: 10978: 10931: 10779: 10748: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10677: 10667: 10598: 10593: 10390: 10253: 10187: 10134: 10062: 10027: 9978: 9820: 9753: 9704: 9669: 9620: 9585: 9536: 9505: 9277: 9170: 9135: 9086: 9039:

A Study of Public Attitudes toward Cigarette Smoking and the Tobacco Industry in 1978

8951: 8910: 8872: 8755: 8679: 8644: 8603: 8503: 8458: 8423: 8388: 8353: 8301: 8248: 8076: 8031: 7958: 7817: 7764: 7715: 7658: 7210: 7149: 7071: 7022: 6993:"Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures" 6950: 6909: 6852: 6811: 6762: 6721: 6672: 6623: 6619: 6588: 6539: 6504: 6500: 6469: 6434: 6396: 6344: 6271: 6257: 6242:"Perceptions of Second-hand Smoke Risks Predict Future Adolescent Smoking Initiation" 6222: 6173: 6116: 6111: 6094: 6069: 6018: 5969: 5918: 5849: 5789: 5737: 5696: 5655: 5612: 5560: 5502: 5461: 5426: 5390: 5385: 5360: 5341: 5292: 5235: 5194: 5145: 5088: 5053: 5012: 4955: 4906: 4871: 4814: 4779: 4765: 4730: 4679: 4626: 4543: 4506: 4451: 4439: 4435: 4403: 4346: 4304: 4250: 4215: 4166: 4125: 4090: 3998: 3949: 3835: 3794: 3753: 3704: 3647: 3612: 3553: 3518: 3467: 3432: 3389: 3340: 3297: 3249: 3178: 3121: 3086: 3027: 2973: 2934: 2922: 2865: 2818: 2777: 2736: 2701: 2653: 2611: 2539: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2420: 2370: 2247: 2195: 2117: 2036: 1989: 1979: 1914: 1866: 1604: 1603:

Others have suggested a system of tradable smoking pollution permits, similar to the

1416: 1243:

and international and scientific experts with hidden financial ties to the industry.

1129: 1056: 771: 767: 491:

problems, and neurobehavioral effects. Animal models suggest a role for nicotine and

438: 186:" is sometimes used to refer to smoke that goes into the air directly from a burning 31: 9990: 9955:

Snyder LA, Bertone ER, Jakowski RM, Dooner MS, Jennings-Ritchie J, Moore AS (2004).

9263: 9182: 8963: 8691: 8268:, from the Philip Morris document archive. Retrieved October 3, 2007. Also cited in 7970: 7892: 7844:"American Cancer Society Condemns Tobacco Industry Study for Inaccurate Use of Data" 7181:"Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Risk Factors" 6945: 6928: 6128: 5514: 5100: 4826: 4674: 4657: 4611: 4594: 4555: 4539: 4262: 3352: 3039: 2877: 2432: 1861: 1844: 1670:

that the dog spent within the home had no effect on the dog's risk for lung cancer.

15672: 15487: 15070: 14986: 14767: 14710: 14698: 14397: 14276: 14218: 14178: 14135: 14036: 13939: 13900: 13883: 13821: 13718: 13120: 12875: 12870: 12453: 12159: 12057: 12052: 12047: 11964: 11664: 11541: 11494: 11463: 11453: 11347: 11316: 11259: 11183: 11165: 11042: 10906: 10896: 10881: 10697: 10588: 10558: 10543: 10523: 10508: 10477: 10380: 10372: 10353:

WHO Policy recommendations on protection from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke

10265: 10245: 10054: 10017: 9968: 9810: 9802: 9743: 9696: 9659: 9651: 9612: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9254: 9162: 9125: 9117: 9076: 9068: 8941: 8902: 8862: 8854: 8671: 8634: 8493: 8450: 8415: 8380: 8343: 8335: 8291: 8283: 8238: 8230: 8175: 8088: 8068: 8021: 7948: 7880: 7829: 7807: 7754: 7746: 7705: 7697: 7670: 7648: 7617: 7200: 7192: 7139: 7129: 7061: 7053: 7012: 7004: 6940: 6899: 6883: 6842: 6801: 6774: 6752: 6711: 6703: 6662: 6654: 6615: 6578: 6570: 6531: 6496: 6461: 6426: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6334: 6326: 6261: 6253: 6212: 6204: 6163: 6155: 6106: 6008: 6000: 5959: 5949: 5908: 5841: 5779: 5771: 5727: 5686: 5647: 5624: 5602: 5550: 5542: 5492: 5453: 5418: 5380: 5372: 5331: 5323: 5282: 5274: 5225: 5184: 5176: 5135: 5127: 5080: 5043: 5002: 4986: 4945: 4937: 4898: 4861: 4853: 4806: 4769: 4761: 4720: 4710: 4669: 4616: 4606: 4535: 4496: 4486: 4431: 4395: 4296: 4283:"Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children's health" 4242: 4205: 4197: 4156: 4117: 4080: 4072: 3988: 3980: 3939: 3931: 3865: 3825: 3784: 3743: 3735: 3694: 3686: 3659: 3639: 3602: 3592: 3545: 3508: 3498: 3444: 3424: 3401: 3379: 3332: 3309: 3289: 3239: 3229: 3168: 3160: 3133: 3113: 3076: 3066: 3017: 3009: 2985: 2963: 2912: 2904: 2857: 2808: 2767: 2728: 2693: 2645: 2601: 2591: 2551: 2531: 2481: 2410: 2402: 2360: 2352: 2237: 2229: 2185: 2177: 2107: 2028: 1941:"CDC - Fact Sheet - Smoke-Free Policies Reduce Smoking - Smoking & Tobacco Use" 1926: 1904: 1856: 1684: 1646: 1627: 1535: 1360: 1196: 852: 791: 658:

Much research has come from studies of nonsmokers who are married to a smoker. The

207: 183: 140: 9716: 8265: 7314: 7196: 5422: 5247: 5230: 5213: 4576: 4316: 3673:

Pan, An; Wang, Yeli; Talaei, Mohammad; Hu, Frank B; Wu, Tangchun (December 2015).

3549: 2139: 790:

concluded that non-smokers are exposed to the same carcinogens as active smokers.

15575: 15462: 14961: 14936: 14782: 14566: 14480: 14402: 14392: 14163: 14158: 14041: 13979: 13956: 13600: 13590: 13115: 12729: 12643: 12638: 12583: 12573: 12563: 12493: 12433: 12348: 12333: 12154: 12149: 12124: 12119: 11989: 11913: 11649: 11489: 11410: 11377: 10826: 10784: 10538: 10533: 10454: 9616: 9383: 9288: 9121: 7521: 6574: 6535: 4889:

Steenland, K. (1 January 1992). "Passive smoking and the risk of heart disease".

4857: 4715: 4491: 4373: 3597: 3503: 3234: 2861: 2732: 2697: 2649: 2596: 2406: 2288:

Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant

1689: 1662: 807: 803: 492: 481: 403: 370: 326:

The majority of studies on the association between secondhand smoke exposure and

268: 156: 83: 9554:

Frazer, Kate; McHugh, Jack; Callinan, Joanne E; Kelleher, Cecily (27 May 2016).

9522: 8738:"Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders" 6847: 6830: 6557:

Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson T, Selby P, Soldin O, Koren G (February 2009).

5651: 5479:

Taylor, Richard; Gumming, Robert; Woodward, Alistair; Black, Megan (June 2001).

5278: 5165:"Sidestream cigarette smoke toxicity increases with aging and exposure duration" 5048: 5031: 4593:

Chen, Ruoling; Clifford, Angela; Lang, Linda; Anstey, Kaarin J. (October 2013).

4465:

Sabbagh, HJ; Hassan, MH; Innes, NP; Elkodary, HM; Little, J; Mossey, PA (2015).

2515:

Macacu, Alina; Autier, Philippe; Boniol, Mathieu; Boyle, Peter (November 2015).

2286:

California Environmental Protection Agency: Air Resources Board (24 June 2005).

2096:"The first surgeon general's report on smoking and health: The 50th anniversary" 614:

The outlook for early childhood asthma is less favourable in smoking households.

15472: 15438: 15413: 15003: 14720: 14546: 14536: 14450: 14359: 14299: 14243: 13996: 13951: 13851: 13238: 13228: 12865: 12762: 12538: 12518: 12483: 12418: 12338: 12179: 12169: 12078: 11928: 11898: 11853: 11848: 11526: 11385: 11357: 11342: 11145: 10126: 9306: 8858: 7474:"National Response to Passive Smoking in Enclosed Public Places and Workplaces" 7095: 6929:"Pulmonary emphysema induced by passive smoking: an experimental study in rats" 6240:

Song, Anna V.; Glantz, Stanton A.; Halpern-Felsher, Bonnie L. (December 2009).

6063: 5913: 5896: 5691: 5674: 4246: 4161: 4144: 3935: 3773:"Passive smoking and heart disease. Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry" 2797:"Meta-analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and stroke" 2756:"Passive cigarette smoking induces inflammatory injury in human arterial walls" 2391:"Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association" 1654: 1577: 1440: 1228: 1223:

With the release of formerly classified tobacco industry documents through the

1099: 1096: 1092: 1055:

Enstrom's ties to the tobacco industry also drew scrutiny; in a 1997 letter to

1035: 1014: 984: 945: 841:, and myocardial exercise tolerance at levels commonly found in the workplace. 274: 10376: 9700: 9057:"'We will speak as the smoker': the tobacco industry's smokers' rights groups" 9038: 8639: 8622: 8498: 8481: 8188: 8125: 8072: 7906: 7750: 7701: 7479:. Australian National Public Health Partnership. November 2000. Archived from 3643: 3428: 3384: 3367: 3117: 2908: 2535: 1447:. In particular, Judge Kessler found that PM and other tobacco companies had: 1255:(EPA) issued a report estimating that 3,000 lung cancer related deaths in the 537:

Exposure to secondhand smoke by age, race, and poverty level in the US in 2010

15666: 15545: 15519: 15514: 15428: 14991: 14951: 14571: 14551: 14460: 14387: 14314: 14309: 14294: 14090: 13890: 13873: 13841: 13620: 13561: 13426: 13358: 13340: 13311: 13278: 13260: 12947: 12798: 12693: 12658: 12428: 12423: 12378: 12373: 12219: 12194: 12189: 12164: 12134: 12004: 11903: 11883: 11863: 11774: 11428: 11311: 11110: 10968: 10821: 8906: 8571:

WHO Rejects smoking link with lung cancer. Zimbabwe Independent 1998, Oct 23.

8204: 7843: 7042:"Beliefs about the health effects of "thirdhand" smoke and home smoking bans" 6969: 5954: 5775: 5376: 5327: 4941: 4300: 4201: 3895: 3071: 3013: 2493: 1993: 1539: 1382: 1375: 1371: 1256: 1202: 1136: 1117: 1080: 1031: 818: 572: 548: 464: 427: 345: 286: 249: 240:

reports that about 70 chemicals present in secondhand smoke are carcinogenic.

176: 155:

created the term "passive smoking" ("Passivrauchen") in a publication in the

152: 59: 39: 14289: 10309:: Report of the Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents from the 10209: 9303:"R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company - Smoking & Health - Summary of Opinions" 9072: 8339: 8287: 8234: 7884: 7653: 7636: 7421:"AMA: Surgeon General's secondhand smoke report a wake-up call to lawmakers" 7134: 3830: 3813: 2813: 2796: 2390: 2287: 27:

Inhalation of tobacco smoke by persons other than the intended active smoker

15433: 14981: 14683: 14369: 14188: 14123: 14068: 14016: 13895: 13861: 13813: 13709: 13527: 13383: 13296: 13125: 12803: 12703: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12598: 12533: 12413: 12383: 12323: 12318: 12293: 12204: 12083: 11999: 11923: 11908: 11893: 11155: 11150: 10836: 10394: 10257: 10138: 10031: 9982: 9824: 9806: 9757: 9708: 9673: 9624: 9589: 9540: 9509: 9174: 9139: 9090: 8955: 8946: 8929: 8876: 8683: 8462: 8419: 8384: 8357: 8305: 8252: 8080: 8035: 7962: 7821: 7768: 7719: 7662: 7214: 7153: 7075: 7057: 7026: 7008: 6913: 6815: 6806: 6789: 6766: 6725: 6707: 6676: 6658: 6592: 6543: 6473: 6438: 6400: 6348: 6330: 6275: 6120: 6073: 6004: 5973: 5922: 5853: 5793: 5741: 5700: 5659: 5616: 5564: 5506: 5465: 5430: 5394: 5361:"Reanalysis of epidemiological evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking" 5296: 5239: 5198: 5180: 5149: 5131: 5092: 5057: 5016: 4990: 4875: 4818: 4783: 4734: 4683: 4630: 4547: 4510: 4443: 4407: 4350: 4308: 4254: 4219: 4170: 4129: 4094: 3984: 3953: 3757: 3708: 3651: 3616: 3557: 3522: 3471: 3436: 3393: 3344: 3336: 3301: 3253: 3182: 3125: 3090: 3031: 2977: 2926: 2869: 2822: 2781: 2740: 2705: 2657: 2615: 2543: 2501: 2424: 2374: 2251: 2199: 2121: 2040: 1918: 1870: 1436: 1420: 1367: 1352: 1262: 1232: 1121: 830: 799: 730: 541: 320: 133: 10066: 8914: 8648: 8607: 8507: 8427: 8392: 6954: 6856: 6627: 6508: 6315:"Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Nonsmokers — United States, 1988–2014" 6226: 6177: 6159: 6022: 5345: 4959: 4910: 4902: 4399: 4002: 3839: 3798: 3789: 3772: 2356: 1306:

to sustain controversy even as the scientific community reached consensus.

1194:(WHO) were suppressing information. The reports, appearing in the British 14880: 14827: 14673: 14511: 14379: 14334: 14256: 14233: 13966: 13924: 13632: 13495: 13421: 13376: 13223: 13135: 12777: 12734: 12708: 12648: 12628: 12623: 12498: 12458: 12443: 12388: 12313: 12283: 12278: 12094: 11959: 11878: 11565: 11125: 11030: 10921: 10022: 10005: 9850:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

9748: 9731: 9343:, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 22 May 2009 9041:, produced for the Tobacco Institute and released under the terms of the 5732: 5715: 5312:"The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke" 4121: 3739: 3164: 1585:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

1474: 1068: 970: 838: 358: 243: 215: 113: 48: 13161: 11085: 10006:"Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Risk of Malignant Lymphoma in Pet Cats" 9973: 9956: 8562:

Le Grand C. Anti-smokers blown away by study. Australian 1998, March 10.

6741:"Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking" 6208: 5760:"Lung Cancer Risk and Workplace Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 2470:"Lung cancer in never smokers: Disease characteristics and risk factors" 2233: 2181: 1595:

have reached similar conclusions. The implementation guidelines for the

1187:

between risk of lung cancer and exposure to spousal and workplace ETS."

14956: 14693: 14427: 14319: 13792: 13637: 13585: 13215: 12891: 12813: 12744: 12713: 12588: 12558: 12488: 12438: 12408: 12393: 12368: 12273: 12073: 11969: 11888: 11828: 9655: 6926: 6895: 4998: 4810: 3484: 3022: 2517:"Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis" 2112: 2095: 2024: 1488: 811: 685: 512: 468: 376: 364: 129: 121: 7503:

Two relevant reports have been published by the Scientific Committee:

5546: 4621: 4332: 4076: 2968: 2949: 1576:

Alternatives to smoke-free laws have also been proposed as a means of

1555:

the post-implementation survey compared to pre-implementation survey.

1274:

United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina

1183:(IARC) on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) found "weak evidence of a 1060: 695: 15467: 15423: 14971: 14966: 14541: 14526: 14501: 14349: 14344: 14329: 14324: 14284: 14261: 14198: 14055: 14028: 13912: 13770: 13753: 13726: 13642: 13605: 13595: 13568: 13539: 13500: 13487: 13465: 13436: 13233: 12850: 12528: 12523: 12473: 12448: 12303: 12099: 11235: 10227: 8581: 8219:"Turning Science Into Junk: The Tobacco Industry and Passive Smoking" 8128:, from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Archive. Retrieved July 19, 2007. 7600:

Shermer, Michael (May 2010). "I am a sceptic, but I'm not a denier".

6970:"Effects of long-term passive smoking on the mast cells in rat lungs" 5895:

Meyers, David G.; Neuberger, John S.; He, Jianghua (September 2009).

5607: 5582: 1496: 1010: 845: 770:, and this can be directly correlated to the blood CO concentration ( 620:

Many adults with asthma identify ETS as a trigger for their symptoms.

352: 327: 319:

According to a 2015 review, passive smoking may increase the risk of

187: 117: 94: 44: 10283:"Tobacco Company Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities" 8809:. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. p. 24. Archived from 8594:"Passive smoking does cause lung cancer, do not let them fool you". 7953: 7928: 6887: 6093:

Pugmire, Juliana; Sweeting, Helen; Moore, Laurence (February 2017).

1426: 709: 14470: 14364: 14266: 13989: 13920: 13878: 13868: 13836: 13831: 13796: 13610: 13517: 13477: 13453: 13406: 13301: 13270: 12833: 12767: 12268: 12068: 11868: 11843: 11818: 11130: 10841: 10831: 9864:"Institute for Health and Consumer Protection Activity Report 2003" 6967: 5672: 4420: 1125: 834: 751: 726: 722: 677: 339: 11289: 10423: 10315: 9200:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke" 8978:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke" 198:, while "mainstream smoke" refers to smoke that a smoker exhales. 14581: 14100: 14083: 14078: 14063: 14011: 14001: 13984: 13856: 13697: 13692: 13625: 13551: 13371: 13291: 12343: 12015: 11352: 11337: 11306: 10129:. Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga.: 9523:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (January 2009).

8191:, listing Milloy as a paid consultant. Retrieved August 22, 2007. 7040:

Winickoff JP, Friebely J, Tanski SE, et al. (January 2009).

2468:

Pallis, Athanasios G.; Syrigos, Konstantinos N. (December 2013).

1500: 822: 161: 91: 87: 9430:"Guidelines on the Protection from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke" 3918:

Kantor, R; Kim, A; Thyssen, JP; Silverberg, JI (December 2016).

1492: 14531: 14465: 13934: 13780: 13760: 13522: 13446: 13411: 13350: 13020: 12772: 12578: 12328: 11395: 11264: 9473: 6828: 6043:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 5831: 2138:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from 1346: 833:

among adult nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke exposure also affects

743:

associated with behaviour changes due to nicotine consumption.

689: 628: 596:

controlling for some potential sources of bias and confounding.

457: 307: 226: 102: 30:"Second hand smoke" redirects here. For the Sublime album, see 11796: 10319: 8623:"Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer Risk: What Is the Story Now?" 2628: 1515:

Guidelines on the Protection from Exposure to secondhand Smoke

829:

nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke is also associated with impaired

13667: 13505: 13458: 13321: 13035: 12468: 11279: 11204: 9730:

Thomson, George; Wilson, Nick; Edwards, Richard (June 2009).

8189:

Philip Morris budget for "Strategy and Social Responsibility"

7178: 6556: 6061: 5481:"Passive smoking and lung cancer: a cumulative meta-analysis" 2847: 480:

Maternal passive smoking increases the risk of non-syndromic

191: 10361:"Tobacco smoke exposure induces nicotine dependence in rats" 9553: 8843:"Passive smoking: Tobacco industry publishes disinformation" 3055:"The Cognitive Deficits Associated with Second-Hand Smoking" 2948:

Hur, Kevin; Liang, Jonathan; Lin, Sandra Y. (January 2014).

2387: 1280:

In 2002, the EPA successfully appealed this decision to the

14556: 14073: 13687: 13556: 13544: 13512: 13330: 13253: 13248: 12543: 12463: 11516: 10235: 9954: 9686: 9602: 8478: 7286:"Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 7167:

Louisiana Hospital to Ban Odor of Smoke on Workers' Clothes

6991:

Matt GE, Quintana PJ, Hovell MF, et al. (March 2004).

5897:"Cardiovascular Effect of Bans on Smoking in Public Places" 3147:

Pineles, B. L.; Park, E.; Samet, J. M. (10 February 2014).

8621:

Blot, William J.; McLaughlin, Joseph K. (7 October 1998).

7637:"Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?" 5478: 4464: 4388:

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

3917: 3721: 1135:

Another component of criticism cited by Milloy focused on

14656:

Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

14339: 13765: 13532: 10411:

United States District Court for the District of Columbia

10328: 10219:

Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

10089:

Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

9843:"ASHRAE Position Document on Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 6239: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5443: 5260: 4655: 4385: 3365: 1658: 1009:

movement, sharing many characteristics of other forms of

524:

Adverse effects on the cardiovascular system of children.

463:

Lung infections, also including more severe illness with

7115: 6290:"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)" 4376:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 2007. 1174: 1020: 600:

Subsequent meta-analyses have confirmed these findings.

11680:

Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products

10957:

Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products

10357: 10347:

Guidelines Protection from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

9152: 7039: 6690:

Invernizzi G, Ruprecht A, Mazza R, et al. (2004).

6689: 6605: 6417:

Metz-Favre C, Donnay C, de Blay F (February 2005). "".

6416: 5407: 5029: 4839: 3322: 2514: 2093: 1291: 866: 9377:

Smokers Daring Bloomberg To Ticket Them Under Park Ban

6364: 6312: 5860: 5310:

Hackshaw, A K; Law, M R; Wald, N J (18 October 1997).

4696: 4592: 4280: 2795:

Oono, I.P.; Mackay, D.F.; Pell, J.P. (December 2011).

2718: 2569: 1891:

Tong, Elisa K.; Glantz, Stanton A. (16 October 2007).

1405: 1366:

Promoting "good epidemiology" and attacking so-called

10044: 9637: 8474: 8472: 5757: 5714:

Taylor, R.; Najafi, F.; Dobson, A. (1 October 2007).

4142: 4057: 3278: 3208:

Cui, H; Gong, TT; Liu, CX; Wu, QJ (25 January 2016).

2890: 1543:

mortality and to lower exposure to secondhand smoke.

1445:

Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)

1356:

evidence of harm were by industry-affiliated authors.

1282:

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

330:

have found a significant association between the two.

206:

Secondhand smoke causes many of the same diseases as

9901:

Haveman, Robert; John Mullahy (September 25, 2005).

9729: 9353:

Altria, Cigarette Makers Lose 'Lights' Ruling Appeal

6933:

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research

6788:

Otsuka R, Watanabe H, Hirata K, et al. (2001).

6787: 6360: 6358: 6092: 6086: 4924:

Law, M R; Morris, J K; Wald, N J (18 October 1997).

2338: 848:

contributing to lung damage has also been observed.

474:

Impaired respiratory function and slowed lung growth

10418:"How Secondhand Cigarette Smoke Changes Your Genes" 9900: 9424: 9422: 9194: 9192: 8270:Ong, Elisa K.; Glantz, Stanton A. (November 2001). 7920: 7445:"Tobacco's Toll: Implications for the Pediatrician" 5485:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

5070: 3811: 3053:Ling, Jonathan; Heffernan, Thomas (24 March 2016). 2850:

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

2216:Protano, Carmela; Vitali, Matteo (1 October 2011). 1345:rather than with health, by funding groups such as 696:

Interventions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke

10117:. From the 11th Report on Carcinogens of the U.S. 10003: 9788: 8469: 6990: 6968:Eren, U.; Kum, S.; Sandikci, M.; Kara, E. (2006). 5713: 5527: 4972: 4796: 1551:impact or a positive impact from smoke-free laws. 515:complications and some negative surgical outcomes. 9388: 8927: 8580:No Link Between Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer. 6355: 6184: 6135: 5894: 4973:Thun, M; Henley, J; Apicella, L (December 1999). 4183: 4107: 3571:Wang, Y; Ji, J; Liu, YJ; Deng, X; He, QQ (2013). 3414: 3366:Salmasi G, Grady R, Jones J, McDonald SD (2010). 3046: 1630:, or observational studies of cancer among pets. 1427:US racketeering lawsuit against tobacco companies 1061:US racketeering lawsuit against tobacco companies 15664: 10349:, by WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 9638:Scollo M, Lal A, Hyland A, Glantz S (Mar 2003). 9419: 9365:U.S. appeals court agrees tobacco companies lied 9189: 8655: 8522:"Passive Smoking Doesn't Cause Cancer —Official" 8317: 8315: 8114:United States of America v. Philip Morris et al. 7315:"Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke" 5753: 5751: 5218:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 4662:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 4328: 4326: 4276: 4274: 4272: 3146: 2258: 2136:"Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke" 1332:United States of America v. Philip Morris et al. 555:of heart disease due to ETS was 2.2%, while the 10123: 8888: 8886: 8179:on January 26, 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2007. 8140:"Stoking the Rigged Terror of Secondhand Smoke" 8137: 7590:, 10 April 2000, "The IPA sings its own song". 7550:"More Smokers Feeling Harassed by Smoking Bans" 7535: 7122:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6486: 6191:Strachan, D. P.; Cook, D. G. (1 January 1998). 6034: 6032: 5309: 4643: 4045: 4015: 3852: 3672: 3266: 3195: 2998: 2835: 2670: 2300: 14204:Legal history of cannabis in the United States 9103: 9055:Smith, E. A.; Malone, R. E. (5 January 2007). 8627:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 8620: 8486:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 8010:"The limits of competing interest disclosures" 8007: 6521: 3924:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3106:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2955:International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 2794: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1647:Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine 567:, may have been substantially underestimated. 13177: 11782: 11220: 10439: 9789:Drope J, Bialous SA, Glantz SA (March 2004). 9396:"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control" 9048: 9009: 9007: 9005: 8312: 7732: 7634: 7319:United States Environmental Protection Agency 6781: 6738: 5935: 5901:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 5748: 5707: 4923: 4747: 4323: 4269: 3770: 3629: 3570: 3052: 3002:Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 2754:Zou, N; Hong, J; Dai, QY (20 February 2009). 2467: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2215: 1968: 1609:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1253:United States Environmental Protection Agency 907:United States Environmental Protection Agency 487:Learning difficulties, developmental delays, 13204: 9334: 8883: 8405: 8048: 8008:Bero, LA; Glantz, S; Hong, MK (April 2005). 7836: 7683: 7091:"A New Cigarette Hazard: 'Third-Hand Smoke'" 6640: 6190: 6141: 6029: 5211: 5162: 5113: 4232: 4031:"Secondhand Smoke and Children Fact Sheet", 3966: 3207: 1565:Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 1508:(FCTC) have a legal obligation to implement 1324: 941:National Health and Medical Research Council 11670:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 10947:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 10175:International Agency for Research on Cancer 9054: 8729: 8266:Scientific Communications Through the Media 7635:Diethelm, P.; McKee, M. (16 October 2008). 7547: 6550: 6319:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 6038: 5212:Schick, S. F.; Glantz, S. (1 August 2007). 5064: 4281:DiFranza JR, Aligne CA, Weitzman M (2004). 4058:Vork KL, Broadwin RL, Blaisdell RJ (2007). 2947: 1957: 1778: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1597:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 1534:. In the first 18 months after the town of 1506:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 1457:destroyed documents relevant to litigation. 1181:International Agency for Research on Cancer 957:Recent major surveys conducted by the U.S. 784:International Agency for Research on Cancer 648:International Agency for Research on Cancer 641: 585:International Agency for Research on Cancer 262:International Agency for Research on Cancer 234:International Agency for Research on Cancer 14932:Arguments for and against drug prohibition 13184: 13170: 12549:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 11798:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 11789: 11775: 11227: 11213: 10446: 10432: 10320:British American Tobacco Documents Archive 10223:California Environmental Protection Agency 10214:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10205:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 9002: 8892: 8826:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8216: 7793: 7272:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6869: 6451: 6412: 6410: 6039:Fitzsimmons, Kathleen (21 November 2013). 5989:"Lung cancer from passive smoking at work" 5205: 5156: 5107: 4362: 4360: 4149:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2753: 2270: 2211: 2209: 2159: 2157: 1890: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 948:Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health 912:California Environmental Protection Agency 674:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 254:California Environmental Protection Agency 238:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 169:smoke". In contrast, a 2011 commentary in 13191: 11575: 10384: 10021: 9972: 9814: 9747: 9663: 9579: 9499: 9129: 9080: 8945: 8866: 8661: 8638: 8497: 8347: 8321: 8295: 8269: 8242: 8062: 8025: 7952: 7811: 7787: 7758: 7709: 7652: 7204: 7143: 7133: 7065: 7016: 6944: 6903: 6846: 6805: 6756: 6715: 6666: 6582: 6390: 6338: 6265: 6216: 6167: 6142:Strachan, D P; Cook, D G (October 1997). 6110: 6012: 5963: 5953: 5912: 5783: 5731: 5690: 5606: 5576: 5574: 5554: 5496: 5384: 5335: 5286: 5229: 5188: 5139: 5047: 5006: 4949: 4888: 4882: 4865: 4773: 4724: 4714: 4673: 4620: 4610: 4500: 4490: 4209: 4160: 4084: 3992: 3943: 3829: 3788: 3747: 3698: 3606: 3596: 3512: 3502: 3383: 3243: 3233: 3172: 3080: 3070: 3021: 2967: 2916: 2812: 2773:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2009.04.0016 2771: 2682: 2605: 2595: 2414: 2364: 2241: 2189: 2166:"Other people's smoke: what's in a name?" 2111: 1908: 1860: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1593:European Commission Joint Research Centre 1462:deny the health effects of ETS exposure. 1370:(a term popularised by industry lobbyist 1259:were caused by passive smoking annually. 14906:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S. 14603: 12983:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 11391:Cigarette smoking among college students 10004:Bertone ER, Snyder LA, Moore AS (2002). 9935:"Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Pets" 9932: 9438:Framework Convention for Tobacco Control 8770:"Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative vs. EPA" 7926: 5808:"Health effects of indoor air pollution" 5359:Copas, J B; Shi, JQ (12 February 2000). 5358: 4527:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 3967:Anderson, HR; Cook, DG (November 1997). 3812:Taylor AE, Johnson DC, Kazemi H (1992). 3457: 1969:Diethelm, Pascal; McKee, Martin (2006). 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1842: 1708: 1640: 1212:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 977: 708: 532: 82:), by individuals other than the active 38: 14942:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 13997:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids 10401: 10324:University of California, San Francisco 9835: 9560:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9480:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9230: 8840: 8440: 8101: 7995: 7983: 7781: 7599: 6407: 6371:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5580: 4748:Chiswell, C; Akram, Y (February 2017). 4357: 3679:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 3538:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2474:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2206: 2163: 2154: 1836: 1831: 1755: 1079:In 2006, Enstrom and Kabat published a 757: 112:, and have been a major motivation for 99:health effects caused by active smoking 14: 15665: 14833:Office of National Drug Control Policy 14621:International drug control conventions 9856: 8928:Tong EK, England L, Glantz SA (2005). 8408:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 8373:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 8370: 6062:Office on Smoking Health (US) (2006). 5637: 5571: 4523: 4186:"Cough • 2: Chronic cough in children" 4026: 4024: 3535: 3103: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2389:Outcomes, Research (14 October 2014). 1814: 1607:pollution permits systems used by the 1499:, as well as some outdoor open areas. 1167:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 983:conservative think tanks, such as the 90:into the surrounding atmosphere as an 15024: 14602: 14174:List of cannabis rights organizations 14121: 13203: 13165: 12856:Programmable communicating thermostat 11770: 11208: 10427: 10231:National Center for Health Statistics 10180:Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking 9061:The European Journal of Public Health 7641:The European Journal of Public Health 7466: 7088: 6870:Howard, G; Thun, MJ (December 1999). 5986: 5720:International Journal of Epidemiology 3417:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2010: 1877: 1175:World Health Organization controversy 1046:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1021:Industry-funded studies and critiques 563:in particular the risk of developing 314:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 12978:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 11741: 10316:The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library 10169: 10131:Surgeon General of the United States 9903:"Let Bars Buy, Sell Smoking Permits" 9329:Litigation Against Tobacco Companies 9211:Surgeon General of the United States 8989:Surgeon General of the United States 8735:US Environmental Protection Agency. 7929:"Passive-smoking study faces review" 7870: 5583:"Passive smoking: out from the haze" 2524:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2447:"Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke" 2264: 1782: 1732:Surgeon General of the United States 1571: 1292:Tobacco-industry funding of research 1159: 1025: 867:Opinion of public health authorities 763:Carbon monoxide monitored via breath 607:, especially around young children: 289:and reduced heart rate variability. 166:Surgeon General of the United States 11655:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 10453: 10402:Kessler, Gladys (August 17, 2006). 10333:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 9043:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 8853:(7413): 502–3, author reply 504–5. 8443:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 8173:, by Paul D. Thacker. Published in 4021: 2721:International Journal of Cardiology 2686:International Journal of Cardiology 2558: 1651:University of Massachusetts Amherst 1558: 1406:Position of major tobacco companies 1225:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 692:and the poor were exposed in 2014. 445: 24: 14726:Law Enforcement Action Partnership 12839:Minimum efficiency reporting value 11660:Tobacco packaging warning messages 11288: 10942:Tobacco packaging warning messages 10329:Philip Morris USA Document Archive 10059:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116276 7339:"The Truth about Secondhand Smoke" 5498:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00564.x 4184:de Jongste JC, Shields MD (2003). 1845:"Secondhand smoke: facts and lies" 1468: 777: 51:came into effect on March 29, 2004 25: 15699: 14743:Students for Sensible Drug Policy 12881:Standard temperature and pressure 12594:Packaged terminal air conditioner 12130:Passive daytime radiative cooling 11859:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 11434:Cigarette smoking for weight loss 10331:, made public as a result of the 10076: 8276:American Journal of Public Health 7813:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888 6876:Environmental Health Perspectives 6758:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215 6041:"Reducing Worker Exposure to ETS" 5993:American Journal of Public Health 5871:"France to ban smoking in public" 5764:American Journal of Public Health 4979:Environmental Health Perspectives 2222:Environmental Health Perspectives 1910:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888 1227:, it was found (by Elisa Ong and 1143:American Journal of Public Health 998:European Journal of Public Health 952: 796:polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 201: 172:Environmental Health Perspectives 14748:Transform Drug Policy Foundation 14642:Other treaties addressing drugs 14122: 11950:Absorption-compression heat pump 11740: 11731: 11730: 11708:Countries by tobacco consumption 11645:Smoking bans in private vehicles 11179: 11178: 11053:Smoking bans in private vehicles 10111:from the original on 2008-07-16. 10038: 10010:American Journal of Epidemiology 9997: 9948: 9926: 9894: 9782: 9764: 9723: 9680: 9631: 9596: 9547: 9516: 9467: 9456: 9370: 9358: 9346: 9322: 9236: 9224: 9146: 9097: 9032: 8970: 8921: 8834: 8793: 8762: 8744: 8698: 8614: 8587: 8574: 8565: 8556: 8532: 8514: 8434: 8399: 8364: 8259: 8210: 8194: 8182: 8164: 8131: 8126:ETS / IAQ SCIENTIFIC CONSULTANTS 8119: 8107: 8095: 8042: 8001: 7989: 7977: 7899: 7864: 7775: 7726: 7677: 7628: 7593: 7580: 7567: 7541: 7529: 7497: 7437: 7413: 7384: 7355: 7331: 7307: 7278: 7260: 7221: 7172: 7160: 7109: 7089:Rabin, Roni Caryn (2009-01-02). 7082: 7033: 6984: 6961: 6920: 6863: 6822: 6732: 6683: 6634: 6599: 6515: 6480: 6445: 6306: 6282: 6258:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.04.022 6233: 6112:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311652 6099:Archives of Disease in Childhood 6055: 5980: 5929: 5888: 5825: 5800: 5666: 4766:10.1136/archdischild-2016-310687 4754:Archives of Disease in Childhood 4436:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305444 4424:Archives of Disease in Childhood 3153:American Journal of Epidemiology 2486:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.06.011 2017:The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine 1483:Smoking bans in private vehicles 655:extraction, and transportation. 15581:Regulation of therapeutic goods 15505:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 15066:Opium production in Afghanistan 12845:Normal temperature and pressure 12225:Vapor-compression refrigeration 11401:Smoking in association football 11141:Smoking in association football 9933:Thompson, Andrea (2007-08-31). 9736:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 8138:Gori, Gio Batta (Spring 2007). 7249:from the original on 2008-07-16 6946:10.1590/s0100-879x1997001000017 6835:New England Journal of Medicine 5640:New England Journal of Medicine 5631: 5535:International Journal of Cancer 5521: 5472: 5437: 5401: 5352: 5303: 5254: 5036:New England Journal of Medicine 5023: 4966: 4917: 4833: 4790: 4741: 4690: 4675:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.158 4649: 4637: 4612:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.07.001 4586: 4562: 4540:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.008 4517: 4458: 4414: 4379: 4226: 4177: 4136: 4110:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 4101: 4051: 4039: 4009: 3960: 3911: 3883: 3858: 3846: 3805: 3764: 3728:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 3715: 3666: 3623: 3564: 3529: 3478: 3451: 3408: 3359: 3316: 3272: 3260: 3201: 3189: 3140: 3097: 2992: 2941: 2884: 2841: 2829: 2788: 2747: 2712: 2676: 2664: 2622: 2508: 2461: 2439: 2381: 2332: 2306: 2294: 2128: 2087: 2062:"Chapter 32 History of Tobacco" 2054: 1862:10.1590/S0036-36342008000500016 86:. It occurs when tobacco smoke 15529:of tobacco or other substances 11234: 11116:Tobacco consumption by country 11012:Smoking and female infertility 10210:Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace 9572:10.1002/14651858.CD011856.pub2 9492:10.1002/14651858.CD005992.pub3 9298:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company 7449:American Academy of Pediatrics 6383:10.1002/14651858.CD001746.pub4 3771:Glantz SA, Parmley WW (1991). 2314:"Secondhand Smoke (SHS) Facts" 2004: 1933: 1790: 1400:U.S.A. v. Philip Morris et al. 1246: 1065:Center for Indoor Air Research 935:American Academy of Pediatrics 147: 13: 1: 15561:Needle and syringe programmes 15510:Long-term effects of cannabis 14911:Psilocybin mushrooms legality 14838:School district drug policies 12993:Testing, adjusting, balancing 12937:Building information modeling 12932:Building services engineering 12509:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 12037:Demand controlled ventilation 11985:Building insulation materials 11058:Tobacco-free college campuses 10250:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8 10119:National Institutes of Health 10099:"Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 9167:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17990-2 9104:Trotter L, Chapman S (2003). 8676:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02098-5 8455:10.1016/s0033-0620(03)00078-1 7684:Enstrom JE, Kabat GC (2003). 7622:10.1016/S0262-4079(10)61210-9 7575:Cato and the tobacco industry 7363:"Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet" 7268:"Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet" 7240:National Institutes of Health 7229:"Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 7197:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0376 6974:Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 6739:Barnoya J, Glantz SA (2005). 6466:10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00425-1 6431:10.1016/S0761-8425(05)85439-7 5846:10.1016/s0761-8417(05)84776-5 5834:Revue de Pneumologie Clinique 5458:10.1016/s0169-5002(99)00093-8 5423:10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.11.004 5231:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0210 5085:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66474-4 3691:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00316-2 3550:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.019 3294:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60082-9 2341:"Epidemiology of Lung Cancer" 2033:10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70064-5 1702: 1614: 1311:by tobacco-industry lawyers: 1267:R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company 987:in the United States and the 896:United States Surgeon General 886:National Institutes of Health 704: 426:A possible increased risk of 120:and indoor venues, including 14631:1971 Psychotropic Substances 12554:High-pressure cut-off switch 12105:Ice storage air conditioning 12026:Dedicated outdoor air system 11532:Nicotine replacement therapy 10927:Smoking and male infertility 10141:. O2NLM: WA 754 H4325 2006. 9911:. p. B2. Archived from 9617:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.029 9529:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep 9122:10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii102 7548:Saad, Lydia (25 July 2007). 7425:American Medical Association 6620:10.1016/0091-7435(88)90076-X 6575:10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181957a3b 6536:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.024 6501:10.1016/0895-4356(95)00020-5 6246:Journal of Adolescent Health 5163:Schick S, Glantz SA (2006). 4858:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000443 4716:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000374 4492:10.1371/journal.pone.0116963 3598:10.1371/journal.pone.0069915 3504:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001611 3235:10.1371/journal.pone.0147848 2862:10.1080/10934529.2013.826052 2733:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.140 2698:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.011 2650:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.042 2597:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000374 2407:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107 1734:. 2006-06-27. Archived from 1563:Recent surveys taken by the 1387:Indoor and Built Environment 1299:sudden infant death syndrome 930:American Medical Association 484:by 50% among their children. 452:Sudden infant death syndrome 7: 15419:Pharmaceutical distribution 15056:Coca production in Colombia 14507:Counterculture of the 1960s 12897:Thermostatic radiator valve 12699:Thermostatic radiator valve 12210:Underfloor air distribution 12145:Radiant heating and cooling 12063:Energy recovery ventilation 11975:Automobile air conditioning 11839:Domestic energy consumption 11703:Cigarette smoke carcinogens 10902:Smokeless tobacco keratosis 10201:Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet 9355:Bloomberg news, 22 May 2009 8217:Samet JM, Burke TA (2001). 8171:Smoked Out: Pundit for Hire 7794:Tong EK, Glantz SA (2007). 7169:, Fox News, October 3, 2011 6848:10.1056/NEJM199601183340303 6641:Schick S, Glantz S (2005). 5652:10.1056/NEJM199903253401211 5279:10.1136/bmj.38146.427188.55 5114:Schick S, Glantz S (2005). 5049:10.1056/NEJM199903253401204 2164:Chapman, S. (1 June 2003). 1673: 1431:On September 22, 1999, the 1288:summarized and evaluated." 989:Institute of Public Affairs 963:Centers for Disease Control 891:Centers for Disease Control 746: 528: 495:in neurocognitive problems. 76:environmental tobacco smoke 10: 15704: 15591:Substance abuse prevention 15566:Opioid replacement therapy 13046:Institute of Refrigeration 12927:Architectural technologist 12399:Electrostatic precipitator 10987:Breastfeeding difficulties 9331:U.S. Department of Justice 8859:10.1136/bmj.327.7413.502-c 8596:The Ceylon Medical Journal 8322:Ong EK, Glantz SA (2001). 7343:American Heart Association 7236:11th Report on Carcinogens 5914:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.022 4247:10.1191/096032799678839914 4162:10.1016/j.anai.2015.08.005 3936:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.07.017 2897:Epidemiology and Infection 1618: 1525: 1472: 1433:U.S. Department of Justice 1185:dose–response relationship 917:American Heart Association 721:monitored through breath, 519:Sleep disordered breathing 29: 15683:Health effects of tobacco 15604: 15596:Supervised injection site 15538: 15453: 15079: 15046: 15035: 15031: 15025: 15020: 14924: 14886:Anabolic steroid legality 14873: 14758: 14666: 14651:Convention Against Doping 14646:Law of the Sea Convention 14613: 14609: 14598: 14577:Urban legends about drugs 14489: 14441: 14378: 14275: 14242: 14134: 14130: 14117: 14054: 14027: 13965: 13911: 13812: 13717: 13708: 13653: 13486: 13349: 13214: 13210: 13199: 13108: 13099:Volatile organic compound 13074: 13001: 12958:Environmental engineering 12922:Architectural engineering 12905: 12753: 12724:Ultra-low particulate air 12309:Automatic balancing valve 12256: 12237:Variable refrigerant flow 12089:Heat recovery ventilation 12032:Deep water source cooling 11942: 11804: 11726: 11690: 11635:Plain cigarette packaging 11620: 11540: 11482: 11459:Schizophrenia and smoking 11419: 11376: 11330: 11299: 11286: 11242: 11174: 11103: 11066: 11038: 11029: 10977: 10892:Schizophrenia and smoking 10887:Prevalence of tobacco use 10862:Health effects of tobacco 10857: 10850: 10802: 10772: 10736: 10640: 10612: 10496: 10470: 10461: 10377:10.1007/s00213-009-1716-z 10311:World Health Organization 10171:World Health Organization 10093:National Cancer Institute 9701:10.1007/s10552-010-9673-8 9443:World Health Organization 9403:World Health Organization 8207:. Retrieved May 31, 2013. 8153:(1): 14–7. Archived from 8073:10.1080/08958370500434255 7751:10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1048 7702:10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1057 7577:". Accessed 8 April 2011. 7367:American Lung Association 7290:National Cancer Institute 4065:Environ. Health Perspect. 4033:American Lung Association 3644:10.1007/s12020-014-0194-1 3429:10.1007/s00404-013-2997-3 3385:10.3109/00016340903505748 3372:Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 3118:10.1007/s00127-015-1164-5 2909:10.1017/S0950268815001235 2536:10.1007/s10549-015-3628-4 2073:World Health Organization 2011:Gourd, Katherine (2014). 1680:Health effects of tobacco 1667:Colorado State University 1621:Animals and tobacco smoke 1325:Tobacco industry response 1192:World Health Organization 1112: 959:National Cancer Institute 921:American Lung Association 902:National Cancer Institute 880:World Health Organization 788:World Health Organization 652:World Health Organization 589:World Health Organization 557:attributable risk percent 15392:Turks and Caicos Islands 14901:Methamphetamine legality 14214:Marijuana Policy Project 13205:Major recreational drugs 13146:Template:Home automation 12968:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 12664:Solar-assisted heat pump 12264:Air conditioner inverter 12043:Displacement ventilation 11934:Vapour pressure of water 11919:Thermal destratification 11650:Tobacco control movement 10817:Islamic views on tobacco 9247:British American Tobacco 8907:10.1001/jama.279.19.1566 7515:2004 update by the SCOTH 7508:1998 report of the SCOTH 7185:Clinical Cancer Research 5987:Wells, A J (July 1998). 5955:10.1186/1471-2458-13-529 5776:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061275 5692:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi601 5377:10.1136/bmj.320.7232.417 5328:10.1136/bmj.315.7114.980 4942:10.1136/bmj.315.7114.973 4301:10.1542/peds.113.S3.1007 4202:10.1136/thorax.58.11.998 3072:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00046 3014:10.1177/0891988713496165 2801:Journal of Public Health 1696:Philip Morris v. Uruguay 1413:British American Tobacco 1237:British American Tobacco 642:Exposure and risk levels 551:in the early 1980s. The 420:Streptococcus pneumoniae 381:congenital malformations 14169:Cannabis rights leaders 13141:World Refrigeration Day 12988:Refrigerant reclamation 12917:Architectural acoustics 12861:Programmable thermostat 12793:Clean air delivery rate 12689:Thermal expansion valve 12604:Pressurisation ductwork 12514:Ground source heat pump 11955:Absorption refrigerator 11560:Disinformation playbook 10937:Tobacco-free pharmacies 9908:Wisconsin State Journal 8640:10.1093/jnci/90.19.1416 8499:10.1093/jnci/90.19.1440 8340:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749 8288:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1749 8235:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1742 7927:Dalton R (March 2007). 7885:10.1136/bmjusa.03070002 7851:American Cancer Society 7396:American Cancer Society 7135:10.1073/pnas.0912820107 3831:10.1161/01.cir.86.2.699 3059:Frontiers in Psychiatry 2760:Chinese Medical Journal 1945:Smoking and Tobacco Use 1849:Salud Pública de México 1532:acute coronary syndrome 1087: 1050:American Cancer Society 1041:British Medical Journal 925:American Cancer Society 565:coronary heart diseases 212:cardiovascular diseases 132:, as well as some open 14977:Politics of drug abuse 13945:Mandragora officinarum 13131:Glossary of HVAC terms 13093:Sick building syndrome 12973:Mechanical engineering 12684:Smoke exhaust ductwork 12115:Mixed-mode ventilation 11550:Cultivation of tobacco 11500:Heated tobacco product 11474:Tobacco harm reduction 11293: 10157:Cite journal requires 9876:. 2003. Archived from 9807:10.1136/tc.2003.004101 9116:(Suppl 3:iii): 102–6. 8947:10.1542/peds.2004-1922 8420:10.1006/rtph.1995.1023 8385:10.1006/rtph.1995.1022 7733:Davey Smith G (2003). 7058:10.1542/peds.2008-2184 7009:10.1136/tc.2003.003889 6807:10.1001/jama.286.4.436 6708:10.1136/tc.2003.005975 6659:10.1136/tc.2005.011288 6331:10.15585/mmwr.mm6748a3 6005:10.2105/ajph.88.7.1025 5679:European Heart Journal 5181:10.1136/tc.2006.016162 5132:10.1136/tc.2005.011288 4991:10.1289/ehp.99107s6841 4599:Annals of Epidemiology 3985:10.1136/thx.52.11.1003 3337:10.1542/peds.2010-3041 1318: 1308: 1221: 1153: 714: 598: 553:absolute risk increase 538: 414:Neisseria meningitidis 52: 15337:Saint Kitts and Nevis 14636:1988 Drug Trafficking 14229:Cannabis and religion 13193:Recreational drug use 13151:Template:Solar energy 12829:Intelligent buildings 12788:Carbon dioxide sensor 12175:Room air distribution 11995:Central solar heating 11756:Electronic cigarettes 11292: 11194:Electronic cigarettes 11017:Smoking and pregnancy 10812:Smoking in Jewish law 9874:Joint Research Centre 9689:Cancer Causes Control 9463:Market Research World 9073:10.1093/eurpub/ckl244 8752:"The Osteen Decision" 8051:Inhalation Toxicology 7654:10.1093/eurpub/ckn139 6160:10.1136/thx.52.10.905 4903:10.1001/jama.267.1.94 4400:10.5588/ijtld.14.0686 3790:10.1161/01.cir.83.1.1 3460:Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2814:10.1093/pubmed/fdr025 2357:10.1378/chest.12-2345 2351:(5_suppl): e1S–e29S. 1641:Observational studies 1313: 1303: 1217: 1148: 1067:, a tobacco industry 978:Controversy over harm 857:Alexandria, Louisiana 798:, tobacco-specific N- 712: 633:Dominique de Villepin 593: 536: 507:meningococcal disease 500:middle ear infections 58:is the inhalation of 42: 15688:Indoor air pollution 15586:Responsible drug use 15397:United Arab Emirates 14716:Drug Policy Alliance 14604:Legality of drug use 14209:Legality of cannabis 14184:Cannabis Social Club 14154:Cannabis cultivation 14149:Cannabis consumption 13980:Cannabis (Marijuana) 13802:Psilocybin mushrooms 12953:Duct leakage testing 12943:Deep energy retrofit 12887:Thermographic camera 12824:Infrared thermometer 12299:Air source heat pump 12248:Water heat recycling 11814:Air changes per hour 11522:Electronic cigarette 11048:List of smoking bans 11007:Ptosis of the breast 10964:World No Tobacco Day 9611:(2 Suppl): S275–89. 9367:Reuters, 22 May 2009 8602:(2): 98. June 1998. 7538:, p. 588 Ch. 10 7536:Surgeon General 2006 4985:(suppl 6): 841–846. 4644:Surgeon General 2006 4295:(4 Suppl): 1007–15. 4046:Surgeon General 2006 4016:Surgeon General 2006 3853:Surgeon General 2006 3267:Surgeon General 2006 3196:Surgeon General 2006 2836:Surgeon General 2006 2671:Surgeon General 2006 2301:Surgeon General 2006 1589:U.S. Surgeon General 1479:List of smoking bans 1179:A 1998 study by the 873:scientific consensus 871:There is widespread 782:A 2004 study by the 758:Carbon monoxide (CO) 736:A 2007 study in the 336:Cognitive impairment 220:respiratory diseases 110:scientific consensus 43:Tobacco smoke in an 15644:Tobacco consumption 15614:Alcohol consumption 15556:Drug rehabilitation 15493:Effects of cannabis 15217:Indian Ocean region 14997:Philippine drug war 14626:1961 Narcotic Drugs 13307:nail polish remover 12819:HVAC control system 12809:Home energy monitor 12783:Building automation 12569:Inverter compressor 12231:Variable air volume 12140:Passive ventilation 12110:Kitchen ventilation 12010:Constant air volume 11980:Autonomous building 11630:Cigarette smuggling 11555:Tobacco advertising 11439:Nicotine dependence 10917:Stomatitis nicotina 10871:Nicotine withdrawal 9974:10.1354/vp.41-3-209 9871:European Commission 8201:"Secondhand Joking" 7945:2007Natur.446..242D 7879:(7418): E237–E238. 7614:2010NewSc.206R..36S 6209:10.1136/thx.53.1.50 5599:2007Natur.447.1049N 4483:2015PLoSO..1016963S 3930:(6): 1119–1125.e1. 3866:"Second-hand smoke" 3589:2013PLoSO...869915W 3226:2016PLoSO..1147848C 2588:2015PLoSO..1039907C 2449:. November 24, 2014 2234:10.1289/ehp.1103956 2182:10.1136/tc.12.2.113 2142:on 5 September 2015 1241:front organizations 1038:, published in the 1003:corporate denialism 837:function, vascular 739:Addictive Behaviors 680:in national health 389:neural tube defects 15500:Drug-related crime 15177:Dominican Republic 15087:Illegal drug trade 14562:Religion and drugs 14517:Drug paraphernalia 14497:Chasing the dragon 14456:Fashion cigarettes 14037:Calea zacatechichi 13732:Psychoactive toads 13442:Mitragyna speciosa 13394:Dextropropoxyphene 13336:Nonbenzodiazepines 13244:Alcoholic beverage 13082:Indoor air quality 13026:ASTM International 12963:Hydronic balancing 12740:Wood-burning stove 12619:Radiator reflector 12404:Evaporative cooler 12215:Underfloor heating 12200:Thermal insulation 11444:Nicotine poisoning 11294: 11161:Nicotine marketing 11121:History of smoking 11068:Country and region 10912:Smoker's melanosis 10866:Nicotine poisoning 10365:Psychopharmacology 10295:on August 21, 2004 10023:10.1093/aje/kwf044 9915:on January 4, 2009 9801:(Suppl 1): i41–7. 9749:10.1093/ntr/ntp046 9656:10.1136/tc.12.1.13 9382:2013-11-26 at the 9287:2010-10-06 at the 8991:. 2006. p. 21 8328:Am J Public Health 8223:Am J Public Health 7520:2012-02-06 at the 7392:"Secondhand Smoke" 6882:(Suppl 6): 853–8. 5733:10.1093/ije/dym158 4811:10.1002/lary.24833 4646:, pp. 293–309 4372:2011-09-11 at the 4339:Minerva Pediatrica 4122:10.1093/ntr/ntt033 3855:, pp. 376–380 3740:10.1093/ntr/ntw105 3198:, pp. 198–205 3165:10.1093/aje/kwt334 2113:10.3322/caac.21210 1124:" commentator for 1015:HIV-AIDS denialism 715: 660:US Surgeon General 539: 498:Increased risk of 489:executive function 283:Circulatory system 53: 15660: 15659: 15656: 15655: 15652: 15651: 15571:Pharmacovigilance 15551:Drug legalization 15449: 15448: 15016: 15015: 15012: 15011: 14947:Cognitive liberty 14891:Cannabis legality 14679:Decriminalization 14594: 14593: 14590: 14589: 14476:Smoking fetishism 14113: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14050: 14049: 13930:Atropa belladonna 13297:contact adhesives 13239:Ethanol (alcohol) 13159: 13158: 13075:Health and safety 12654:Scroll compressor 12609:Process duct work 12364:Convection heater 12359:Condensing boiler 12289:Air-mixing plenum 12185:Solar combisystem 12021:Cross ventilation 11824:Building envelope 11764: 11763: 11640:Legal smoking age 11616: 11615: 11469:Smoking cessation 11406:Smoking fetishism 11202: 11201: 11136:Smoking fetishism 11099: 11098: 11025: 11024: 10979:Women and smoking 10932:Smoking cessation 10798: 10797: 10244:(9760): 139–146. 10193:978-92-832-1283-6 10082:Scientific bodies 9883:on March 27, 2009 9772:"No ifs or butts" 9207:Executive Summary 8985:Executive Summary 8633:(19): 1416–1417. 8492:(19): 1440–1450. 8282:(11): 1749–1757. 7998:, pp. 1380–3 7849:(Press release). 7423:(Press release). 7191:(18): 5626–5645. 7128:(15): 6576–6581. 6939:(10): 1241–1247. 6425:(1 Pt 1): 81–92. 6325:(48): 1342–1346. 5942:BMC Public Health 5907:(14): 1249–1255. 5593:(7148): 1049–51. 5547:10.1002/ijc.28835 5371:(7232): 417–418. 5322:(7114): 980–988. 5273:(7459): 200–205. 4936:(7114): 973–980. 4155:(5): 396–401.e2. 4077:10.1289/ehp.10155 3288:(9928): 1549–60. 2969:10.1002/alr.21232 2903:(15): 3158–3172. 2856:(14): 1783–1789. 1985:978-1-904097-57-0 1903:(16): 1845–1854. 1843:Samet JM (2008). 1572:Alternative forms 1391:Master Settlement 1160:Levois and Layard 1026:Enstrom and Kabat 1007:tobacco denialism 772:carboxyhemoglobin 768:parts per million 439:atopic dermatitis 411:Risk of carrying 222:. These include: 32:Second-hand Smoke 16:(Redirected from 15695: 15488:Drug harmfulness 15483:Driving impaired 15302:Papua New Guinea 15071:Rolling meth lab 15044: 15043: 15033: 15032: 15022: 15021: 14987:Mexican drug war 14896:Cocaine legality 14881:Alcohol legality 14711:Demand reduction 14699:Supply reduction 14611: 14610: 14600: 14599: 14277:Drinking culture 14219:Medical cannabis 14179:Cannabis smoking 14136:Cannabis culture 14132: 14131: 14119: 14118: 14095:recreational use 13940:Hyoscyamus niger 13901:Salvia divinorum 13884:Amanita muscaria 13846:recreational use 13826:recreational use 13715: 13714: 13283:recreational use 13212: 13211: 13201: 13200: 13186: 13179: 13172: 13163: 13162: 13121:Building science 12876:Smart thermostat 12871:Room temperature 12454:Fireplace insert 12160:Radon mitigation 12058:Electric heating 12053:District heating 12048:District cooling 11965:Air conditioning 11791: 11784: 11777: 11768: 11767: 11744: 11743: 11734: 11733: 11698:Cigarette brands 11665:Tobacco politics 11573: 11572: 11542:Tobacco industry 11495:Herbal cigarette 11483:Related products 11464:Sidestream smoke 11454:Third-hand smoke 11229: 11222: 11215: 11206: 11205: 11182: 11181: 11166:Tobacco industry 11043:Inflight smoking 11036: 11035: 10897:Sidestream smoke 10882:Third-hand smoke 10855: 10854: 10468: 10467: 10448: 10441: 10434: 10425: 10424: 10414: 10408: 10398: 10388: 10308: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10294: 10288:. Archived from 10287: 10275:Tobacco industry 10269: 10197: 10185: 10166: 10160: 10155: 10153: 10145: 10116: 10112: 10110: 10103: 10091:, from the U.S. 10071: 10070: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10025: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9976: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9882: 9868: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9847: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9818: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9751: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9667: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9583: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9503: 9471: 9465: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9434: 9426: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9410: 9400: 9392: 9386: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9305:. Archived from 9274: 9272: 9271: 9262:. Archived from 9255:Imperial Tobacco 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9218: 9204: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9133: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9084: 9052: 9046: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9017:. Archived from 9011: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8982: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8949: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8890: 8881: 8880: 8870: 8841:Thun MJ (2003). 8838: 8832: 8831: 8825: 8817: 8815: 8808: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8781: 8775:. Archived from 8774: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8754:. Archived from 8748: 8742: 8741: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8717: 8711:. Archived from 8710: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8670:(9211): 1253–9. 8659: 8653: 8652: 8642: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8591: 8585: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8563: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8545:. Archived from 8544: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8524:. Archived from 8518: 8512: 8511: 8501: 8476: 8467: 8466: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8351: 8319: 8310: 8309: 8299: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8246: 8214: 8208: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8176:The New Republic 8168: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8144: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8066: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8029: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7956: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7848: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7815: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7762: 7745:(7398): 1048–9. 7730: 7724: 7723: 7713: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7656: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7597: 7591: 7584: 7578: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7485: 7478: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7451:. Archived from 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7398:. Archived from 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7369:. Archived from 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7292:. Archived from 7282: 7276: 7275: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7248: 7233: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7208: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7147: 7137: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7069: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7020: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6907: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6850: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6809: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6760: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6719: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6670: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6489:J Clin Epidemiol 6484: 6478: 6477: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6394: 6362: 6353: 6352: 6342: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6269: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6220: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6171: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6114: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6016: 5999:(7): 1025–1029. 5984: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5957: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5916: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5867: 5858: 5857: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5810:. Archived from 5804: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5755: 5746: 5745: 5735: 5726:(5): 1048–1059. 5711: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5610: 5608:10.1038/4471049a 5581:Novak K (2007). 5578: 5569: 5568: 5558: 5541:(8): 1918–1930. 5525: 5519: 5518: 5500: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5388: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5339: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5233: 5224:(8): 1547–1553. 5209: 5203: 5202: 5192: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5051: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5010: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4953: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4869: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4799:The Laryngoscope 4794: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4728: 4718: 4709:(12): e1000374. 4694: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4614: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4504: 4494: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4383: 4377: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4278: 4267: 4266: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4213: 4196:(11): 998–1003. 4181: 4175: 4174: 4164: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4116:(9): 1475–1483. 4105: 4099: 4098: 4088: 4071:(10): 1394–400. 4055: 4049: 4048:, pp. 311–9 4043: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3996: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3947: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3833: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3792: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3751: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3702: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3610: 3600: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3516: 3506: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3387: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3276: 3270: 3269:, pp. 194–7 3264: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3237: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3176: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3084: 3074: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3025: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2971: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2920: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2845: 2839: 2838:, pp. 555–8 2833: 2827: 2826: 2816: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2775: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2638:European Urology 2635: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2609: 2599: 2582:(12): e1000374. 2567: 2556: 2555: 2521: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2418: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2368: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2320:. 5 January 2021 2310: 2304: 2303:, pp. 30–46 2298: 2292: 2291: 2283: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2245: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2193: 2161: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2115: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2069:www.afro.who.int 2066: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1977: 1966: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1912: 1888: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1840: 1834: 1829: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1794: 1788: 1780: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1729: 1721: 1685:Third-hand smoke 1628:sidestream smoke 1536:Pueblo, Colorado 1361:Takeshi Hirayama 1197:Sunday Telegraph 1030:A 2003 study by 853:third-hand smoke 792:Sidestream smoke 605:indoor pollutant 482:orofacial clefts 446:Risk to children 365:Low birth weight 184:sidestream smoke 141:tobacco industry 68:secondhand smoke 21: 18:Secondhand smoke 15703: 15702: 15698: 15697: 15696: 15694: 15693: 15692: 15663: 15662: 15661: 15648: 15606: 15600: 15576:Reagent testing 15534: 15525:Passive smoking 15455: 15445: 15075: 15061:Drug precursors 15048: 15039: 15037: 15027: 15008: 14962:Drug possession 14937:Cannabis rights 14920: 14916:Salvia legality 14869: 14760: 14754: 14662: 14605: 14586: 14567:Self-medication 14485: 14481:Tobacco smoking 14443:Smoking culture 14437: 14374: 14271: 14238: 14194:Cannabis vaping 14164:Cannabis rights 14159:Cannabis edible 14126: 14105: 14046: 14042:Silene capensis 14023: 13961: 13957:Diphenhydramine 13907: 13808: 13704: 13649: 13601:Methylphenidate 13591:Methamphetamine 13482: 13345: 13229:Benzodiazepines 13206: 13195: 13190: 13160: 13155: 13116:ASHRAE Handbook 13104: 13088:Passive smoking 13070: 13003: 12997: 12909: 12907: 12901: 12755: 12749: 12730:Whole-house fan 12644:Run-around coil 12639:Reversing valve 12584:Mechanical room 12574:Kerosene heater 12564:Infrared heater 12494:Gasoline heater 12434:Fan filter unit 12349:Condensate pump 12334:Centrifugal fan 12252: 12155:Radiant heating 12150:Radiant cooling 12125:Passive cooling 12120:Microgeneration 11990:Central heating 11938: 11914:Thermal comfort 11806: 11800: 11795: 11765: 11760: 11722: 11686: 11622: 11612: 11571: 11536: 11490:Candy cigarette 11478: 11449:Passive smoking 11415: 11411:Tobacco smoking 11372: 11368:Vending machine 11326: 11295: 11284: 11238: 11233: 11203: 11198: 11170: 11095: 11062: 11021: 10997:Cervical cancer 10973: 10877:Passive smoking 10846: 10827:Ceremonial pipe 10794: 10768: 10732: 10636: 10608: 10492: 10463: 10457: 10455:Tobacco smoking 10452: 10422: 10406: 10337: 10306: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10285: 10281: 10272: 10194: 10183: 10158: 10156: 10147: 10146: 10114: 10108: 10101: 10097: 10079: 10074: 10043: 10039: 10002: 9998: 9953: 9949: 9940: 9938: 9931: 9927: 9918: 9916: 9899: 9895: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9866: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9845: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9787: 9783: 9778:. 7 March 2005. 9770: 9769: 9765: 9728: 9724: 9685: 9681: 9644:Tobacco Control 9636: 9632: 9601: 9597: 9566:(5): CD011856. 9552: 9548: 9521: 9517: 9486:(2): CD005992. 9472: 9468: 9461: 9457: 9448: 9446: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9420: 9408: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9384:Wayback Machine 9375: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9327: 9323: 9312: 9310: 9301: 9289:Wayback Machine 9269: 9267: 9258: 9241: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9216: 9214: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9190: 9161:(9461): 804–9. 9151: 9147: 9102: 9098: 9053: 9049: 9037: 9033: 9024: 9022: 9013: 9012: 9003: 8994: 8992: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8926: 8922: 8901:(19): 1566–70. 8891: 8884: 8839: 8835: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8699: 8660: 8656: 8619: 8615: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8579: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8549: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8477: 8470: 8439: 8435: 8404: 8400: 8369: 8365: 8334:(11): 1749–57. 8320: 8313: 8264: 8260: 8215: 8211: 8199: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8169: 8165: 8157: 8142: 8136: 8132: 8124: 8120: 8112: 8108: 8100: 8096: 8064:10.1.1.495.2191 8047: 8043: 8014:Tobacco Control 8006: 8002: 7994: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7954:10.1038/446242a 7925: 7921: 7912: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7900: 7869: 7865: 7856: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7806:(16): 1845–54. 7792: 7788: 7780: 7776: 7731: 7727: 7682: 7678: 7633: 7629: 7608:(2760): 36–37. 7598: 7594: 7585: 7581: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7546: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7522:Wayback Machine 7502: 7498: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7458: 7456: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7429: 7427: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7405: 7403: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7376: 7374: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7347: 7345: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7323: 7321: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7299: 7297: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7231: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7114: 7110: 7101: 7099: 7087: 7083: 7038: 7034: 6989: 6985: 6966: 6962: 6925: 6921: 6888:10.2307/3434565 6868: 6864: 6827: 6823: 6786: 6782: 6751:(20): 2684–98. 6737: 6733: 6688: 6684: 6639: 6635: 6604: 6600: 6563:Ther Drug Monit 6555: 6551: 6530:(10): 1977–88. 6520: 6516: 6495:(10): 1225–33. 6485: 6481: 6450: 6446: 6415: 6408: 6377:(1): CD001746. 6363: 6356: 6311: 6307: 6298: 6296: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6238: 6234: 6189: 6185: 6154:(10): 905–914. 6140: 6136: 6091: 6087: 6078: 6076: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6037: 6030: 5985: 5981: 5934: 5930: 5893: 5889: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5830: 5826: 5817: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5756: 5749: 5712: 5708: 5671: 5667: 5646:(12): 958–959. 5636: 5632: 5579: 5572: 5526: 5522: 5477: 5473: 5442: 5438: 5406: 5402: 5357: 5353: 5308: 5304: 5259: 5255: 5210: 5206: 5169:Tobacco Control 5161: 5157: 5120:Tobacco Control 5112: 5108: 5079:(9479): 86–92. 5069: 5065: 5042:(12): 920–926. 5028: 5024: 4971: 4967: 4922: 4918: 4887: 4883: 4852:(16): e336–59. 4838: 4834: 4795: 4791: 4746: 4742: 4695: 4691: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4605:(10): 652–661. 4591: 4587: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4522: 4518: 4477:(3): e0116963. 4463: 4459: 4419: 4415: 4384: 4380: 4374:Wayback Machine 4365: 4358: 4331: 4324: 4279: 4270: 4235:Hum Exp Toxicol 4231: 4227: 4182: 4178: 4141: 4137: 4106: 4102: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4010: 3965: 3961: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3891:"The last gasp" 3889: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3810: 3806: 3769: 3765: 3734:(11): 2047–56. 3720: 3716: 3685:(12): 958–967. 3671: 3667: 3628: 3624: 3569: 3565: 3534: 3530: 3497:(3): e1001611. 3483: 3479: 3456: 3452: 3413: 3409: 3364: 3360: 3321: 3317: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3220:(1): e0147848. 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3145: 3141: 3102: 3098: 3051: 3047: 2997: 2993: 2946: 2942: 2889: 2885: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2793: 2789: 2752: 2748: 2717: 2713: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2568: 2559: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2401:(16): 1418–36. 2386: 2382: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2284: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2214: 2207: 2170:Tobacco Control 2162: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2013:"Fritz Lickint" 2009: 2005: 1986: 1975: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1889: 1878: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1756: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1709: 1705: 1690:Tobacco control 1676: 1663:feline lymphoma 1643: 1623: 1617: 1574: 1561: 1528: 1485: 1471: 1469:Smoke-free laws 1429: 1421:smoke-free laws 1408: 1343:smokers' rights 1327: 1294: 1249: 1177: 1162: 1115: 1090: 1073:Tobacco Control 1028: 1023: 980: 955: 869: 808:4-aminobiphenyl 804:aromatic amines 780: 778:Pathophysiology 760: 749: 719:Carbon monoxide 707: 698: 644: 542:Epidemiological 531: 493:carbon monoxide 448: 404:Type 2 diabetes 371:Premature birth 269:Cervical cancer 265:few years ago". 258:Surgeon General 204: 157:German language 150: 56:Passive smoking 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15701: 15691: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15658: 15657: 15654: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15635: 15634: 15629: 15621: 15616: 15610: 15608: 15602: 15601: 15599: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15542: 15540: 15539:Harm reduction 15536: 15535: 15533: 15532: 15531: 15530: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15496: 15495: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15473:Date rape drug 15470: 15465: 15459: 15457: 15451: 15450: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15443: 15442: 15441: 15439:Liquor license 15436: 15431: 15426: 15416: 15414:Darknet market 15411: 15410: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15083: 15081: 15077: 15076: 15074: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15052: 15050: 15041: 15029: 15028: 15018: 15017: 15014: 15013: 15010: 15009: 15007: 15006: 15004:Zero tolerance 15001: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14928: 14926: 14922: 14921: 14919: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14877: 14875: 14871: 14870: 14868: 14867: 14866: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14778:Czech Republic 14775: 14770: 14764: 14762: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14739: 14738: 14731:Liberalization 14728: 14723: 14721:Harm reduction 14718: 14713: 14703: 14702: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14670: 14668: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14640: 14639: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14617: 14615: 14607: 14606: 14596: 14595: 14592: 14591: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14547:Party and play 14544: 14539: 14537:Needle sharing 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14493: 14491: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14451:Cigarette card 14447: 14445: 14439: 14438: 14436: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14384: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14360:Tailgate party 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14310:Drinking games 14307: 14302: 14300:Binge drinking 14297: 14292: 14287: 14281: 14279: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14248: 14246: 14244:Coffee culture 14240: 14239: 14237: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14140: 14138: 14128: 14127: 14115: 14114: 14111: 14110: 14107: 14106: 14104: 14103: 14098: 14088: 14087: 14086: 14081: 14071: 14066: 14060: 14058: 14052: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14044: 14039: 14033: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14021: 14020: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13971: 13969: 13963: 13962: 13960: 13959: 13954: 13952:Dimenhydrinate 13949: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13917: 13915: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13903: 13893: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13865: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13852:alkyl nitrites 13849: 13834: 13829: 13818: 13816: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13790: 13789: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13776:Peruvian torch 13768: 13763: 13758: 13757: 13756: 13746: 13745: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13723: 13721: 13712: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13700: 13695: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13674: 13673: 13665: 13659: 13657: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13640: 13630: 13629: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13559: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13537: 13536: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13515: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13498: 13492: 13490: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13480: 13475: 13474: 13473: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13451: 13450: 13449: 13439: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13424: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13409: 13404: 13403: 13402: 13399: 13391: 13390: 13389: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13369: 13368: 13367: 13364: 13355: 13353: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13343: 13341:Quinazolinones 13338: 13333: 13328: 13327: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13316: 13315: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13288: 13287: 13286: 13268: 13263: 13261:Gabapentinoids 13258: 13257: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13220: 13218: 13208: 13207: 13197: 13196: 13189: 13188: 13181: 13174: 13166: 13157: 13156: 13154: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13112: 13110: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13096: 13090: 13085: 13078: 13076: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13007: 13005: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12913: 12911: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12866:Psychrometrics 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12842: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12763:Air flow meter 12759: 12757: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12539:Heating system 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12519:Heat exchanger 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12484:Gas compressor 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12419:Expansion tank 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12339:Ceramic heater 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12260: 12258: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12234: 12228: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12180:Solar air heat 12177: 12172: 12170:Renewable heat 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12086: 12081: 12079:Forced-air gas 12076: 12071: 12066: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12034: 12029: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11946: 11944: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11929:Thermodynamics 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11899:Psychrometrics 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11854:Gas compressor 11851: 11849:Fluid dynamics 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11810: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11794: 11793: 11786: 11779: 11771: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11738: 11727: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11720: 11715: 11713:Rolling papers 11710: 11705: 11700: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11683: 11682: 11677: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11626: 11624: 11618: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11579: 11577: 11570: 11569: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11527:Nicotine pouch 11524: 11519: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11497: 11492: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11425: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11386:Cigarette card 11382: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11303: 11301: 11297: 11296: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11239: 11232: 11231: 11224: 11217: 11209: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11146:Smoking jacket 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11072: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10983: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10868: 10858: 10852: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10808: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10740: 10738: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10728:United Kingdom 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10644: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10627: 10622: 10616: 10614: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10474: 10472: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10451: 10450: 10443: 10436: 10428: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10399: 10371:(1): 143–158. 10355: 10350: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10335: 10326: 10313: 10307:(1.55 MB) 10278: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10270: 10233: 10225: 10216: 10212:from the U.S. 10207: 10203:from the U.S. 10198: 10192: 10167: 10159:|journal= 10121: 10095: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10077:External links 10075: 10073: 10072: 10047:Am J Epidemiol 10037: 10016:(3): 268–273. 9996: 9947: 9925: 9893: 9855: 9834: 9781: 9763: 9742:(6): 584–590. 9722: 9679: 9630: 9595: 9546: 9535:(51): 1373–7. 9515: 9466: 9455: 9418: 9387: 9369: 9357: 9345: 9333: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9295: 9275: 9252: 9235: 9233:, p. 1523 9223: 9188: 9145: 9096: 9067:(3): 306–313. 9047: 9031: 9001: 8969: 8940:(3): e356–66. 8920: 8882: 8833: 8816:on 2007-11-29. 8792: 8761: 8758:on 2000-08-15. 8743: 8728: 8697: 8654: 8613: 8586: 8584:1998, March 9. 8573: 8564: 8555: 8552:on 2007-11-29. 8531: 8528:on 2007-10-13. 8513: 8468: 8433: 8414:(1): 184–191. 8398: 8379:(1): 180–183. 8363: 8311: 8258: 8229:(11): 1742–4. 8209: 8193: 8181: 8163: 8160:on 2009-01-16. 8130: 8118: 8106: 8094: 8057:(3): 199–210. 8041: 8000: 7988: 7986:, p. 1380 7976: 7919: 7898: 7863: 7835: 7786: 7784:, p. 1383 7774: 7725: 7696:(7398): 1057. 7676: 7627: 7592: 7588:The Australian 7579: 7566: 7540: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7511: 7496: 7465: 7436: 7412: 7383: 7354: 7330: 7306: 7277: 7259: 7220: 7171: 7159: 7108: 7096:New York Times 7081: 7032: 6983: 6960: 6919: 6862: 6841:(3): 150–155. 6821: 6780: 6731: 6682: 6653:(6): 396–404. 6633: 6598: 6549: 6514: 6479: 6444: 6419:Rev Mal Respir 6406: 6354: 6305: 6281: 6252:(6): 618–625. 6232: 6183: 6134: 6105:(2): 117–118. 6085: 6054: 6028: 5979: 5928: 5887: 5859: 5824: 5799: 5770:(3): 545–551. 5747: 5706: 5685:(4): 386–392. 5665: 5630: 5570: 5520: 5491:(3): 203–211. 5471: 5436: 5417:(2): 245–246. 5400: 5351: 5302: 5253: 5204: 5155: 5126:(6): 396–404. 5106: 5063: 5022: 4965: 4916: 4881: 4832: 4789: 4760:(2): 123–130. 4740: 4689: 4648: 4636: 4585: 4582:on 2009-03-27. 4561: 4516: 4457: 4430:(11): 985–92. 4413: 4394:(5): 596–602. 4378: 4356: 4345:(3): 199–206. 4322: 4268: 4225: 4176: 4135: 4100: 4050: 4038: 4020: 4008: 3979:(11): 1003–9. 3959: 3910: 3899:. 19 July 2017 3882: 3857: 3845: 3824:(2): 699–702. 3804: 3763: 3714: 3665: 3622: 3563: 3528: 3477: 3450: 3423:(3): 513–521. 3407: 3358: 3315: 3271: 3259: 3200: 3188: 3159:(7): 807–823. 3139: 3112:(9): 1339–48. 3096: 3045: 3008:(4): 199–208. 2991: 2940: 2883: 2840: 2828: 2807:(4): 496–502. 2787: 2766:(4): 444–448. 2746: 2711: 2675: 2663: 2644:(3): 458–466. 2621: 2557: 2530:(2): 213–224. 2507: 2480:(3): 494–503. 2460: 2438: 2380: 2331: 2305: 2293: 2269: 2257: 2205: 2153: 2127: 2086: 2053: 2003: 1984: 1956: 1932: 1876: 1835: 1813: 1789: 1754: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1675: 1672: 1655:overexpression 1642: 1639: 1619:Main article: 1616: 1613: 1578:harm reduction 1573: 1570: 1560: 1559:Public opinion 1557: 1527: 1524: 1470: 1467: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1441:Gladys Kessler 1428: 1425: 1407: 1404: 1395: 1394: 1379: 1364: 1357: 1350: 1326: 1323: 1293: 1290: 1248: 1245: 1229:Stanton Glantz 1176: 1173: 1161: 1158: 1114: 1111: 1100:Cato Institute 1093:Gio Batta Gori 1089: 1086: 1036:Geoffrey Kabat 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 985:Cato Institute 979: 976: 954: 953:Public opinion 951: 950: 949: 946:United Kingdom 943: 937: 932: 927: 914: 909: 904: 898: 893: 888: 882: 868: 865: 779: 776: 766:exhalation in 759: 756: 748: 745: 706: 703: 697: 694: 643: 640: 625: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 587:(IARC) of the 530: 527: 526: 525: 522: 516: 510: 503: 496: 485: 478: 475: 472: 461: 455: 447: 444: 443: 442: 435: 431: 424: 409: 408: 407: 401: 394: 393: 392: 384: 374: 368: 362: 349: 343: 333: 332: 331: 324: 317: 310: 298: 297: 296: 293: 280: 279: 278: 275:Bladder cancer 272: 266: 247: 241: 208:direct smoking 203: 202:Health effects 200: 149: 146: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15700: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15678:Air pollution 15676: 15674: 15671: 15670: 15668: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15624: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15611: 15609: 15605:Countries by 15603: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15546:Drug checking 15544: 15543: 15541: 15537: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15515:Neurotoxicity 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15494: 15491: 15490: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15452: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15429:Cannabis shop 15427: 15425: 15422: 15421: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15402:United States 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15257:Latin America 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15089: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15078: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15053: 15051: 15045: 15042: 15034: 15030: 15023: 15019: 15005: 15002: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14992:Plan Colombia 14990: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14952:Designer drug 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14929: 14927: 14923: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14874:Drug legality 14872: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14825: 14824: 14823:United States 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14765: 14763: 14757: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14737: 14736:Latin America 14734: 14733: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14708: 14707: 14706:Policy reform 14704: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14665: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14623: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14614:International 14612: 14608: 14601: 14597: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14572:Sex and drugs 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14552:Poly drug use 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14488: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14461:Cloud-chasing 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14446: 14444: 14440: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14388:Psychonautics 14386: 14385: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14315:Drinking song 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14305:Diethyl ether 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14295:Beer festival 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14282: 14280: 14278: 14274: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14245: 14241: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14125: 14120: 14116: 14102: 14099: 14096: 14092: 14091:Nitrous oxide 14089: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14059: 14057: 14053: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14026: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13999: 13998: 13995: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13977: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13964: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13927: 13926: 13922: 13919: 13918: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13902: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13847: 13843: 13842:Nitrous oxide 13840: 13839: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13827: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13817: 13815: 13814:Dissociatives 13811: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13798: 13794: 13791: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13752: 13751: 13750: 13747: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13729: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13722: 13720: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13710:Hallucinogens 13707: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13671: 13670: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13656: 13652: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13634: 13631: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13613: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13567: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13554: 13553: 13550: 13546: 13543: 13542: 13541: 13538: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13528:Energy drinks 13526: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13507: 13504: 13503: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13489: 13485: 13479: 13476: 13472: 13469: 13468: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13455: 13452: 13448: 13445: 13444: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13427:Hydromorphone 13425: 13423: 13420: 13415: 13414: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13400: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13392: 13387: 13386: 13385: 13382: 13378: 13375: 13374: 13373: 13370: 13365: 13362: 13361: 13360: 13359:Buprenorphine 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13348: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13323: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13313: 13312:Paint thinner 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13294: 13293: 13289: 13284: 13280: 13279:Nitrous oxide 13277: 13276: 13274: 13273: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13187: 13182: 13180: 13175: 13173: 13168: 13167: 13164: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13107: 13100: 13097: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13083: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13073: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13004:organizations 13000: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12948:Duct cleaning 12946: 12944: 12941: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12904: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12846: 12843: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12799:Control valve 12797: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12752: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12719:Turning vanes 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12694:Thermal wheel 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12659:Solar chimney 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12429:Fan coil unit 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12374:Cooling tower 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12229: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12220:Vapor barrier 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12195:Solar heating 12193: 12191: 12190:Solar cooling 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12165:Refrigeration 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12135:Passive house 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12005:Chilled water 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11941: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11904:Sensible heat 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11884:Noise control 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11864:Heat transfer 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11803: 11799: 11792: 11787: 11785: 11780: 11778: 11773: 11772: 11769: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11739: 11737: 11729: 11728: 11725: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11619: 11609: 11608:United States 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11574: 11567: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11429:Chain smoking 11427: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11421:Health issues 11418: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11312:Rolling paper 11310: 11308: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11291: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11230: 11225: 11223: 11218: 11216: 11211: 11210: 11207: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11177: 11176: 11173: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11111:Chain smoking 11109: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11092: 11091:United States 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11028: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992:Breast cancer 10990: 10988: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10976: 10970: 10969:Youth smoking 10967: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10907:Smoker's face 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10822:Tobacco fatwa 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10791: 10790:United States 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773:North America 10771: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10737:South America 10735: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10466: 10460: 10456: 10449: 10444: 10442: 10437: 10435: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10405: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10291: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10273: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10189: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10151: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10122: 10120: 10115:(219 KB) 10107: 10100: 10096: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10080: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10041: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10000: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9967:(3): 209–14. 9966: 9962: 9958: 9951: 9937:. LiveScience 9936: 9929: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9904: 9897: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9865: 9859: 9851: 9844: 9838: 9831: 9826: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9683: 9675: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9634: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9605:Am J Prev Med 9599: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9519: 9511: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9470: 9464: 9459: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9431: 9425: 9423: 9415: 9404: 9397: 9391: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9373: 9366: 9361: 9354: 9349: 9342: 9341:Appeal Ruling 9337: 9330: 9325: 9309:on 2006-11-18 9308: 9304: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9293:International 9290: 9286: 9283: 9279: 9278:Philip Morris 9276: 9266:on 2009-01-16 9265: 9261: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9232: 9227: 9212: 9208: 9201: 9195: 9193: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9021:on 2007-10-13 9020: 9016: 9010: 9008: 9006: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8924: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8887: 8878: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8823: 8812: 8805: 8804: 8796: 8782:on 2008-10-09 8778: 8771: 8765: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8739: 8732: 8718:on 2004-08-21 8714: 8707: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8568: 8559: 8548: 8541: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8473: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8359: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8318: 8316: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8205:Steven Milloy 8202: 8197: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8122: 8115: 8110: 8104:, p. 162 8103: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8037: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8020:(2): 118–26. 8019: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7997: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7939:(7133): 242. 7938: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7908: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7852: 7845: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7783: 7778: 7770: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7602:New Scientist 7596: 7589: 7586:Nahan, Mike. 7583: 7576: 7570: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7486:on 2014-02-12 7482: 7475: 7469: 7455:on 2007-10-15 7454: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7402:on 2007-09-14 7401: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7373:on 2007-09-18 7372: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7296:on 2007-09-05 7295: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7274:. 2017-02-21. 7273: 7269: 7263: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7230: 7224: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6800:(4): 436–41. 6799: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6702:(3): 219–21. 6701: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6614:(1): 109–15. 6613: 6609: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6454:Am J Prev Med 6448: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6421:(in French). 6420: 6413: 6411: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6359: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6066: 6058: 6042: 6035: 6033: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5836:(in French). 5835: 5828: 5814:on 2006-08-05 5813: 5809: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5752: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4703:PLOS Medicine 4700: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4578: 4571: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4034: 4027: 4025: 4018:, p. 194 4017: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3898: 3897: 3896:The Economist 3892: 3886: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3583:(7): e69915. 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491:PLOS Medicine 3488: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3378:(4): 423–41. 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3331:(4): 734–41. 3330: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2727:(2): 109–15. 2726: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2576:PLOS Medicine 2573: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2448: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2297: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1978:. p. 5. 1974: 1973: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1855:(5): 428–34. 1854: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1751: 1741:on 2019-02-26 1737: 1733: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1605:cap-and-trade 1601: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1569: 1566: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1540:Massachusetts 1537: 1533: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1417:Philip Morris 1414: 1403: 1401: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:peer-reviewed 1380: 1377: 1376:sound science 1373: 1372:Steven Milloy 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1300: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1263:Philip Morris 1260: 1258: 1257:United States 1254: 1251:In 1993, the 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:Philip Morris 1230: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1203:The Economist 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1137:relative risk 1133: 1131: 1130:Philip Morris 1128:and a former 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Steven Milloy 1110: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1085: 1082: 1081:meta-analysis 1077: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:Philip Morris 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1032:James Enstrom 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 993:New Scientist 990: 986: 975: 972: 967: 964: 960: 947: 944: 942: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 922: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 883: 881: 878: 877: 876: 874: 864: 860: 858: 854: 849: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 826: 824: 820: 819:diesel engine 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 775: 773: 769: 764: 755: 753: 744: 741: 740: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 711: 702: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 663: 661: 656: 653: 649: 639: 636: 634: 630: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 609: 608: 606: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 583:In 2004, the 581: 577: 574: 573:relative risk 568: 566: 560: 558: 554: 550: 549:United States 545: 543: 535: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 504: 501: 497: 494: 490: 486: 483: 479: 476: 473: 470: 466: 465:bronchiolitis 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 449: 440: 436: 432: 429: 428:periodontitis 425: 422: 421: 416: 415: 410: 405: 402: 398: 397: 395: 390: 385: 382: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 356: 354: 350: 347: 346:Mental health 344: 341: 337: 334: 329: 325: 322: 318: 315: 311: 309: 305: 304: 302: 301:Lung problems 299: 294: 291: 290: 288: 287:heart disease 284: 281: 276: 273: 270: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 250:Breast cancer 248: 245: 242: 239: 235: 231: 230: 228: 225: 224: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 178: 177:pars pro toto 174: 173: 167: 163: 158: 154: 153:Fritz Lickint 145: 142: 137: 135: 134:public spaces 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 64:passive smoke 61: 60:tobacco smoke 57: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 15632:Lifetime use 15524: 15434:Liquor store 15352:South Africa 14982:War on drugs 14808:Soviet Union 14684:Legalization 14522:Drug tourism 14370:Wine tasting 14290:Beer culture 14252:Coffee break 14189:Cannabis tea 14124:Drug culture 13967:Cannabinoids 13896:Salvinorin A 13862:amyl nitrite 13719:Psychedelics 13471:/paracetamol 13384:Desomorphine 13224:Barbiturates 13126:Fireproofing 13087: 12910:and services 12906:Professions, 12804:Gas detector 12704:Trickle vent 12679:Smoke damper 12674:Smoke canopy 12669:Space heater 12599:Plenum space 12534:Heating film 12414:Exhaust hood 12384:Dehumidifier 12324:Blast damper 12319:Barrier pipe 12294:Air purifier 12205:Thermosiphon 12084:Free cooling 12000:Chilled beam 11924:Thermal mass 11909:Stack effect 11894:Particulates 11874:Infiltration 11805:Fundamental 11718:Smoking bans 11448: 11156:Smoking room 11151:Tobacco pipe 10876: 10837:Kinnikinnick 10579:Saudi Arabia 10488:South Africa 10368: 10364: 10297:. Retrieved 10290:the original 10241: 10237: 10179: 10150:cite journal 10142: 10053:(3): 234–9. 10050: 10046: 10040: 10013: 10009: 9999: 9964: 9960: 9950: 9939:. Retrieved 9928: 9917:. Retrieved 9913:the original 9906: 9896: 9885:. Retrieved 9878:the original 9858: 9852:. July 2020. 9837: 9828: 9798: 9794: 9784: 9775: 9766: 9739: 9735: 9725: 9695:(1): 151–6. 9692: 9688: 9682: 9650:(1): 13–20. 9647: 9643: 9633: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9563: 9559: 9549: 9532: 9528: 9518: 9483: 9479: 9469: 9458: 9447:. Retrieved 9436: 9413: 9407:. Retrieved 9405:. 2005-02-27 9390: 9372: 9360: 9348: 9336: 9324: 9311:. Retrieved 9307:the original 9268:. Retrieved 9264:the original 9238: 9231:Kessler 2006 9226: 9215:. Retrieved 9206: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9064: 9060: 9050: 9034: 9023:. Retrieved 9019:the original 8993:. Retrieved 8984: 8972: 8937: 8933: 8923: 8898: 8894: 8850: 8846: 8836: 8811:the original 8802: 8795: 8784:. Retrieved 8777:the original 8764: 8756:the original 8746: 8731: 8720:. Retrieved 8713:the original 8700: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8630: 8626: 8616: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8576: 8567: 8558: 8547:the original 8534: 8526:the original 8516: 8489: 8485: 8449:(1): 31–38. 8446: 8442: 8436: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8376: 8372: 8366: 8331: 8327: 8279: 8275: 8261: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8196: 8184: 8174: 8166: 8155:the original 8150: 8146: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8102:Kessler 2006 8097: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8017: 8013: 8003: 7996:Kessler 2006 7991: 7984:Kessler 2006 7979: 7936: 7932: 7922: 7911:. Retrieved 7909:. 1997-01-01 7901: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7855:. Retrieved 7853:. 2003-05-13 7838: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7782:Kessler 2006 7777: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7605: 7601: 7595: 7587: 7582: 7569: 7557:. Retrieved 7553: 7543: 7531: 7499: 7488:. Retrieved 7481:the original 7468: 7457:. Retrieved 7453:the original 7439: 7428:. Retrieved 7415: 7404:. Retrieved 7400:the original 7386: 7375:. Retrieved 7371:the original 7357: 7346:. Retrieved 7333: 7322:. Retrieved 7309: 7298:. Retrieved 7294:the original 7280: 7262: 7251:. Retrieved 7235: 7223: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7162: 7125: 7121: 7111: 7100:. Retrieved 7094: 7084: 7052:(1): e74–9. 7049: 7045: 7035: 7003:(1): 29–37. 7000: 6996: 6986: 6977: 6973: 6963: 6936: 6932: 6922: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6838: 6834: 6824: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6650: 6647:Tob. Control 6646: 6636: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6569:(1): 14–30. 6566: 6562: 6552: 6527: 6524:Addict Behav 6523: 6517: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6460:(3): 200–7. 6457: 6453: 6447: 6422: 6418: 6374: 6370: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6297:. Retrieved 6293: 6284: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6203:(1): 50–56. 6200: 6196: 6186: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6077:. Retrieved 6064: 6057: 6045:. Retrieved 5996: 5992: 5982: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5879:. Retrieved 5877:. 2006-10-08 5837: 5833: 5827: 5816:. Retrieved 5812:the original 5802: 5767: 5763: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5590: 5586: 5538: 5534: 5523: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5270: 5266: 5256: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5175:(6): 424–9. 5172: 5168: 5158: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5039: 5035: 5025: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4897:(1): 94–99. 4894: 4890: 4884: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4805:(1): 241–7. 4802: 4798: 4792: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4668:(1): 18–27. 4665: 4661: 4651: 4639: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4577:the original 4564: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4342: 4338: 4292: 4286: 4241:(4): 202–5. 4238: 4234: 4228: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4068: 4063: 4053: 4041: 4036:August 2006. 4032: 4011: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3901:. Retrieved 3894: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3869: 3860: 3848: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3638:(2): 421–7. 3635: 3631: 3625: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3466:(5): 510–6. 3463: 3459: 3453: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3262: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3191: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2962:(1): 22–28. 2959: 2953: 2943: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2831: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2666: 2641: 2637: 2624: 2579: 2575: 2527: 2523: 2510: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2451:. Retrieved 2441: 2398: 2394: 2383: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2322:. Retrieved 2317: 2308: 2296: 2260: 2228:(10): a422. 2225: 2221: 2176:(2): 113–4. 2173: 2169: 2144:. Retrieved 2140:the original 2130: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2077:. Retrieved 2068: 2056: 2044:. Retrieved 2020: 2016: 2006: 1997: 1971: 1948:. Retrieved 1944: 1935: 1900: 1896: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1832:Kessler 2006 1805:. Retrieved 1801: 1792: 1749: 1743:. Retrieved 1736:the original 1694: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1602: 1582: 1575: 1562: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1529: 1520: 1514: 1509: 1486: 1464: 1460: 1437:racketeering 1430: 1409: 1399: 1396: 1386: 1368:junk science 1353:Funding bias 1336: 1331: 1328: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1295: 1286: 1279: 1271: 1261: 1250: 1222: 1218: 1215:summarized: 1211: 1208: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1178: 1165: 1163: 1154: 1149: 1141: 1134: 1122:junk science 1116: 1103: 1102:'s magazine 1091: 1078: 1072: 1054: 1039: 1029: 1006: 996: 992: 981: 968: 956: 870: 861: 850: 843: 831:vasodilation 827: 816: 800:nitrosamines 781: 761: 750: 737: 735: 731:thiocyanates 716: 699: 671: 664: 657: 645: 637: 626: 602: 599: 594: 582: 578: 569: 561: 546: 540: 418: 412: 321:tuberculosis 210:, including 205: 181: 170: 151: 138: 114:smoking bans 107: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 55: 54: 36: 15639:Opiates use 15619:Cocaine use 15454:Issues with 15372:Switzerland 15357:South Korea 15327:Puerto Rico 15312:Philippines 15182:El Salvador 15092:Afghanistan 14828:Just Say No 14818:Switzerland 14793:Netherlands 14759:Drug policy 14689:Prohibition 14674:Drug policy 14667:State level 14512:Dance party 14423:Microdosing 14380:Psychedelia 14335:Oktoberfest 14257:Coffeehouse 14234:Stoner film 13925:Scopolamine 13655:Entactogens 13633:Theobromine 13496:Amphetamine 13422:Hydrocodone 13412:Diamorphine 13216:Depressants 13136:Warm Spaces 12778:Blower door 12756:and control 12754:Measurement 12735:Windcatcher 12709:Trombe wall 12649:Sail switch 12629:Refrigerant 12624:Recuperator 12499:Grease duct 12459:Freeze stat 12444:Fire damper 12314:Back boiler 12284:Air ionizer 12279:Air handler 12243:Ventilation 12095:Hybrid heat 11960:Air barrier 11879:Latent heat 11623:and the law 11603:Philippines 11566:Big Tobacco 11505:Composition 11363:Receptacles 11331:Peripherals 11126:Smoking cap 11031:Smoking ban 10922:Smoking age 10625:New Zealand 10574:Philippines 10554:South Korea 10549:North Korea 10504:Afghanistan 10340:Other links 10221:, from the 9795:Tob Control 9110:Tob Control 7800:Circulation 7559:20 February 6997:Tob Control 6745:Circulation 6696:Tob Control 6294:www.who.int 5840:(1): 7–15. 5452:(1): 3–18. 5446:Lung Cancer 5411:Lung Cancer 4846:Circulation 4534:: 195–205. 3870:WHO website 3818:Circulation 3783:(1): 1–12. 3777:Circulation 3544:(1): 9–14. 3023:2436/621630 2395:Circulation 2146:6 September 2027:: 358–359. 1897:Circulation 1802:www.who.int 1489:restaurants 1475:Smoking ban 1247:EPA lawsuit 1097:libertarian 1069:front group 971:Gallup poll 939:Australian 839:endothelium 812:carcinogens 383:in children 359:Miscarriage 244:Lung cancer 216:lung cancer 148:Terminology 130:night clubs 122:restaurants 49:smoking ban 15667:Categories 15627:Annual use 15478:Dependence 15342:Seychelles 15247:Kyrgyzstan 15162:Costa Rica 15107:Bangladesh 15080:Drug trade 15049:production 15038:production 14957:Drug court 14843:California 14761:by country 14694:Regulation 14428:Smart shop 14413:Literature 14408:Experience 14355:Sports bar 14320:Happy hour 14285:Bartending 14056:Club drugs 14029:Oneirogens 13913:Deliriants 13793:Psilocybin 13616:Polacrilex 13586:Mephedrone 13488:Stimulants 13290:Hazardous 13234:Carbamates 12892:Thermostat 12814:Humidistat 12745:Zone valve 12714:TurboSwing 12589:Oil heater 12559:Humidifier 12489:Gas heater 12439:Fan heater 12409:Evaporator 12394:Economizer 12369:Compressor 12274:Air filter 12257:Components 12074:Forced-air 11970:Antifreeze 11943:Technology 11889:Outgassing 11829:Convection 11621:Government 11576:By country 11300:Components 11236:Cigarettes 11189:Cigarettes 10514:East Timor 10464:and region 10299:October 5, 10238:The Lancet 9961:Vet Pathol 9941:2007-08-31 9919:2009-01-28 9887:2009-01-28 9449:2009-01-29 9409:2009-01-12 9313:2006-11-19 9270:2008-10-25 9217:2009-01-28 9025:2007-08-27 8995:2009-01-28 8934:Pediatrics 8786:2008-12-30 8722:2008-12-30 8147:Regulation 7913:2007-08-29 7857:2007-08-29 7647:(1): 2–4. 7490:2007-09-11 7459:2007-10-02 7430:2007-08-27 7406:2007-08-27 7377:2007-09-24 7348:2007-08-27 7324:2007-09-24 7300:2007-08-22 7253:2007-08-27 7102:2009-01-12 7046:Pediatrics 6980:: 319–322. 6299:2024-06-12 6079:2015-04-24 6047:14 January 5948:(1): 529. 5881:2006-10-09 5818:2006-07-26 4622:1885/10932 4288:Pediatrics 3325:Pediatrics 2692:: 106–15. 2106:(1): 5–8. 2079:7 December 2046:7 December 2025:The Lancet 1950:2015-04-24 1807:2024-02-24 1745:2012-07-24 1703:References 1615:In animals 1497:nightclubs 1473:See also: 1105:Regulation 1013:, such as 851:The term " 846:mast cells 823:smoldering 806:, such as 705:Biomarkers 686:prevalence 513:Anesthesia 469:bronchitis 377:Stillbirth 285:: risk of 182:The term " 118:workplaces 15623:Cannabis 15468:Addiction 15424:Beer shop 15407:Venezuela 15272:Mauritius 15102:Australia 15040:and trade 14967:Drug test 14768:Australia 14542:Nootropic 14527:Entheogen 14502:Club drug 14350:Sommelier 14345:Pub crawl 14330:Nightclub 14325:Hip flask 14262:Latte art 14199:Head shop 14069:Quaaludes 13837:Inhalants 13786:San Pedro 13771:Mescaline 13754:Ayahuasca 13727:Bufotenin 13672:Benzofury 13663:2C series 13643:Chocolate 13606:Modafinil 13596:Methylone 13569:Ephedrine 13540:Cathinone 13501:Arecoline 13466:Oxycodone 13437:Methadone 13271:Inhalants 13002:Industry 12851:OpenTherm 12529:Heat pump 12524:Heat pipe 12474:Fume hood 12449:Fireplace 12354:Condenser 12304:Attic fan 12100:Hydronics 11583:Argentina 11322:Additives 11255:Fire-safe 11076:Australia 11002:Menopause 10744:Argentina 10620:Australia 10584:Singapore 10529:Indonesia 10519:Hong Kong 10322:from the 9830:industry. 8822:cite book 8582:The Times 8059:CiteSeerX 4452:206856566 3632:Endocrine 2935:206285892 2494:1040-8428 2324:August 5, 2290:(Report). 2265:IARC 2004 1994:891398524 1798:"Tobacco" 1783:IARC 2004 1510:effective 1151:science." 1011:denialism 505:Invasive 477:Allergies 396:General: 353:pregnancy 328:sinusitis 188:cigarette 95:pollutant 62:, called 47:before a 45:Irish pub 15607:drug use 15520:Overdose 15456:drug use 15382:Thailand 15367:Suriname 15347:Slovakia 15322:Portugal 15307:Paraguay 15267:Malaysia 15207:Honduras 15157:Colombia 15142:Cambodia 14863:Virginia 14853:Maryland 14848:Colorado 14803:Slovakia 14798:Portugal 14471:Smokeasy 14365:Wine bar 14267:Teahouse 13990:Hash oil 13921:Atropine 13879:Muscimol 13869:Ketamine 13832:Glaucine 13797:Psilocin 13611:Nicotine 13518:Caffeine 13478:Tramadol 13454:Morphine 13431:Dilaudid 13407:Fentanyl 13398:Darvocet 13388:Krokodil 13363:Suboxone 13302:Gasoline 13292:solvents 13275:Medical 13109:See also 12834:LonWorks 12768:Aquastat 12634:Register 12614:Radiator 12269:Air door 12069:Firestop 11869:Humidity 11844:Enthalpy 11834:Dilution 11819:Bake-out 11807:concepts 11736:Category 11598:Pakistan 11260:Flavored 11184:Category 11131:Smokeasy 10842:Pipe bag 10832:Chanunpa 10804:Religion 10754:Colombia 10569:Pakistan 10564:Malaysia 10395:19936715 10258:21112082 10177:(2004). 10139:20669524 10106:Archived 10032:12142262 9991:24749614 9983:15133168 9825:14985616 9776:Building 9758:19359392 9709:21046446 9674:12612356 9625:20117612 9590:27230795 9581:10164285 9541:19116606 9510:26842828 9380:Archived 9285:Archived 9183:23160158 9175:15733724 9140:14645955 9091:17065174 8964:33226933 8956:15741361 8877:12946979 8692:25145666 8684:10770318 8463:12920699 8358:11684593 8306:11684593 8253:11684591 8081:16399662 8036:15791022 7971:27691890 7963:17361147 7893:74351979 7822:17938301 7769:12750182 7720:12750205 7663:19158101 7518:Archived 7244:Archived 7215:19755391 7154:20142504 7076:19117850 7027:14985592 6914:10592142 6816:11466122 6767:15911719 6726:15333875 6677:16319363 6608:Prev Med 6593:19125149 6544:17270359 6474:11897465 6439:15968761 6401:29383710 6349:30521502 6276:19931835 6129:41806496 6121:28100555 6074:20669524 5974:23721370 5923:19778665 5854:15772574 5794:17267733 5742:17690135 5701:16230308 5660:10089192 5617:17597735 5565:24615328 5515:25724906 5507:11494987 5466:10672779 5431:16386820 5395:10669446 5297:15229131 5240:17684127 5199:17130369 5150:16319363 5101:10442244 5093:15993237 5058:10089185 5017:10592140 4876:27619923 4827:23401780 4819:25130300 4784:27417307 4735:21151890 4684:21893640 4631:23969303 4556:20470659 4548:23545330 4511:25760440 4471:PLOS ONE 4444:24958794 4408:25868030 4370:Archived 4351:17519864 4309:15060193 4263:21365217 4255:10333302 4220:14586058 4171:26411971 4130:23539174 4095:17938726 3954:27542586 3875:24 April 3758:27083214 3709:26388413 3652:24532101 3617:23922856 3577:PLOS ONE 3558:25488377 3523:24618794 3472:15137524 3437:23942772 3394:20085532 3353:19866471 3345:21382949 3302:24680633 3254:26808045 3214:PLOS ONE 3183:24518810 3126:26661619 3091:27047401 3040:43097513 3032:23877565 2978:24574074 2927:26118887 2878:41862447 2870:24007433 2823:21422014 2782:19302752 2741:22100604 2706:26188829 2658:26149669 2616:21151890 2544:26546245 2502:23921082 2433:16075813 2425:25156991 2375:23649439 2252:21968336 2200:12773710 2122:24249254 2041:24726404 1919:17938301 1871:18852940 1674:See also 1649:and the 1591:and the 1435:filed a 1385:journal 1126:Fox News 995:and the 835:platelet 752:Cotinine 747:Cotinine 727:cotinine 723:nicotine 678:cotinine 529:Evidence 340:dementia 312:Risk of 306:Risk of 88:diffuses 15673:Smoking 15282:Nigeria 15277:Moldova 15197:Germany 15192:Finland 15187:Estonia 15127:Bolivia 14783:Germany 14582:Whoonga 14433:Therapy 14101:Poppers 14079:Ecstasy 14064:Cocaine 14012:APINACA 14002:JWH-018 13985:Hashish 13857:poppers 13693:Ecstasy 13626:Tobacco 13574:Ephedra 13552:Cocaine 13372:Codeine 13366:Subutex 13351:Opioids 12908:trades, 12479:Furnace 12344:Chiller 12016:Coolant 11751:Smoking 11746:Commons 11378:Culture 11353:Lighter 11338:Ashtray 11307:Tobacco 11275:Menthol 11250:Fashion 11081:England 10764:Uruguay 10759:Ecuador 10693:Ireland 10688:Iceland 10683:Hungary 10673:Germany 10663:Finland 10658:Croatia 10653:Armenia 10648:Albania 10632:Tokelau 10613:Oceania 10604:Vietnam 10483:Nigeria 10462:Country 10386:3586198 10266:7179156 10067:1546698 9816:1766145 9665:1759095 9501:6486282 9131:1766130 9082:2794244 8915:9605902 8649:9776401 8608:9704550 8508:9776409 8428:7784630 8393:7784629 8349:1446868 8297:1446868 8244:1446866 8089:7457133 8027:1748015 7941:Bibcode 7830:4021497 7760:1125974 7671:8098426 7610:Bibcode 7288:. U.S. 7270:. U.S. 7238:. U.S. 7206:3170525 7145:2872399 7067:3784302 7018:1747815 6955:9496445 6905:1566209 6896:3434565 6857:8531969 6775:2291566 6717:1747905 6668:1748121 6628:3362796 6584:3644554 6509:7561984 6392:6491082 6340:6329485 6267:2814413 6227:9577522 6218:1758689 6178:9404380 6169:1758431 6023:9663148 6014:1508269 5965:3671962 5785:1805004 5625:9627500 5595:Bibcode 5556:4126868 5346:9365295 5337:2127653 5190:2563675 5141:1748121 5008:1566204 4999:3434563 4960:9365294 4951:2127675 4911:1727204 4867:5207215 4775:5284464 4726:2998445 4502:4356514 4479:Bibcode 4211:1746521 4086:2022647 4003:9487351 3994:1758452 3945:5216172 3903:20 July 3840:1638735 3799:1984876 3749:5055738 3700:4656094 3660:3276501 3608:3724674 3585:Bibcode 3514:3949681 3445:6526042 3402:9206564 3310:8532979 3245:4726502 3222:Bibcode 3174:3969532 3134:7772929 3082:4805605 2986:9537143 2918:9150979 2673:, Ch. 8 2607:4595077 2584:Bibcode 2552:4680641 2416:7643636 2366:4694610 2243:3230455 2191:1747703 1927:4021497 1657:of the 1526:Effects 1501:Ireland 1140:in the 1120:, the " 969:A 2007 786:of the 682:surveys 672:The US 650:of the 400:adults. 351:During 162:Bermuda 92:aerosol 15387:Turkey 15377:Taiwan 15332:Russia 15317:Poland 15297:Panama 15287:Norway 15262:Latvia 15242:Kosovo 15172:Cyprus 15132:Brazil 15122:Bhutan 15112:Belize 14858:Oregon 14813:Sweden 14773:Canada 14532:Hippie 14466:Loosie 13935:Datura 13781:Peyote 13766:LSD-25 13523:Coffee 13447:Kratom 13416:Heroin 13401:Darvon 13318:Other 13061:SMACNA 13021:ASHRAE 12841:(MERV) 12795:(CADR) 12773:BACnet 12726:(ULPA) 12579:Louver 12504:Grille 12379:Damper 12329:Boiler 12227:(VCRS) 12028:(DOAS) 11675:MPOWER 11593:Malawi 11396:Loosie 11348:Holder 11317:Filter 11270:Lights 11265:Kretek 11086:France 10952:MPOWER 10851:Health 10780:Canada 10749:Brazil 10723:Turkey 10718:Sweden 10713:Russia 10708:Norway 10703:Latvia 10678:Greece 10668:France 10641:Europe 10599:Turkey 10594:Taiwan 10471:Africa 10393: 10383: 10305: 10264: 10256: 10190: 10137: 10113: 10065: 10030: 9989: 9981: 9823: 9813: 9756: 9717:673901 9715: 9707: 9672: 9662: 9623: 9588: 9578: 9539: 9508: 9498: 9445:. 2007 9213:. 2006 9181: 9173: 9155:Lancet 9138: 9128: 9089: 9079: 8962: 8954: 8913: 8875: 8868:188400 8865: 8690: 8682: 8664:Lancet 8647: 8606: 8506: 8461: 8426: 8391: 8356: 8346: 8304: 8294: 8251: 8241: 8087: 8079: 8061: 8034: 8024: 7969: 7961: 7933:Nature 7891: 7828: 7820: 7767: 7757: 7718: 7711:155687 7708: 7669: 7661: 7554:Gallup 7213: 7203: 7152: 7142: 7074: 7064: 7025: 7015: 6953: 6912: 6902: 6894: 6855: 6814: 6773: 6765: 6724: 6714: 6675: 6665: 6626: 6591: 6581: 6542: 6507: 6472: 6437: 6399: 6389: 6347: 6337: 6274: 6264: 6225: 6215: 6197:Thorax 6176: 6166: 6148:Thorax 6127: 6119: 6072: 6021: 6011: 5972: 5962: 5921: 5852: 5792: 5782: 5740: 5699: 5658: 5623: 5615: 5587:Nature 5563: 5553: 5513: 5505: 5464: 5429: 5393: 5383: 5344: 5334: 5295: 5288:487731 5285: 5248:690030 5246: 5238: 5197: 5187: 5148: 5138: 5099: 5091: 5073:Lancet 5056: 5015: 5005: 4997: 4958: 4948: 4909: 4874: 4864: 4825: 4817: 4782: 4772: 4733: 4723: 4682: 4629: 4554: 4546: 4509: 4499: 4450: 4442: 4406: 4349: 4317:248349 4315: 4307: 4261: 4253: 4218: 4208: 4190:Thorax 4169: 4128: 4093: 4083: 4001: 3991: 3973:Thorax 3952: 3942: 3838: 3797: 3756: 3746: 3707: 3697: 3658: 3650: 3615: 3605: 3556: 3521: 3511: 3470: 3443: 3435: 3400: 3392: 3351: 3343: 3308: 3300: 3282:Lancet 3252: 3242: 3181: 3171: 3132: 3124: 3089: 3079: 3065:: 46. 3038: 3030: 2984: 2976: 2933: 2925: 2915: 2876: 2868: 2821: 2780: 2739: 2704: 2656: 2614: 2604: 2550: 2542: 2500: 2492: 2453:30 May 2431: 2423: 2413: 2373: 2363: 2250: 2240: 2198: 2188: 2120: 2075:. 2017 2039: 1992: 1982: 1925: 1917: 1869: 1495:, and 1481:, and 1347:FOREST 1113:Milloy 923:, and 802:, and 690:blacks 684:. The 629:France 458:Asthma 316:(COPD) 308:asthma 252:: The 227:Cancer 218:, and 103:airway 84:smoker 15463:Abuse 15362:Spain 15237:Kenya 15232:Japan 15227:Italy 15212:India 15202:Haiti 15152:China 15147:Chile 15137:Burma 15117:Benin 15097:Aruba 15026:Other 14925:Other 14788:India 14490:Other 14418:Music 14224:NORML 14084:Molly 14017:Spice 14007:APICA 13737:Vilca 13698:Molly 13668:6-APB 13638:Cocoa 13562:Crack 13513:Betel 13506:Areca 13459:Opium 13322:Freon 13101:(VOC) 13095:(SBS) 13084:(IAQ) 13041:CIBSE 13036:BSRIA 12939:(BIM) 12883:(STP) 12847:(NTP) 12469:Freon 12239:(VRF) 12233:(VAV) 12091:(HRV) 12065:(ERV) 12039:(DCV) 12012:(CAV) 11691:Lists 11588:Egypt 11280:Beedi 11243:Types 11104:Other 10698:Italy 10589:Syria 10559:Macau 10544:Japan 10524:India 10509:China 10478:Egypt 10407:(PDF) 10293:(PDF) 10286:(PDF) 10262:S2CID 10184:(PDF) 10109:(PDF) 10102:(PDF) 9987:S2CID 9881:(PDF) 9867:(PDF) 9846:(PDF) 9713:S2CID 9433:(PDF) 9399:(PDF) 9203:(PDF) 9179:S2CID 8981:(PDF) 8960:S2CID 8814:(PDF) 8807:(PDF) 8780:(PDF) 8773:(PDF) 8716:(PDF) 8709:(PDF) 8688:S2CID 8550:(PDF) 8543:(PDF) 8203:, by 8158:(PDF) 8143:(PDF) 8085:S2CID 7967:S2CID 7889:S2CID 7847:(PDF) 7826:S2CID 7667:S2CID 7484:(PDF) 7477:(PDF) 7247:(PDF) 7232:(PDF) 6892:JSTOR 6771:S2CID 6125:S2CID 5621:S2CID 5511:S2CID 5386:27286 5244:S2CID 5097:S2CID 4995:JSTOR 4823:S2CID 4580:(PDF) 4573:(PDF) 4552:S2CID 4448:S2CID 4313:S2CID 4259:S2CID 3656:S2CID 3441:S2CID 3398:S2CID 3349:S2CID 3306:S2CID 3130:S2CID 3036:S2CID 2982:S2CID 2931:S2CID 2874:S2CID 2634:(PDF) 2548:S2CID 2520:(PDF) 2429:S2CID 2345:Chest 2065:(PDF) 2023:(5). 1976:(PDF) 1923:S2CID 1739:(PDF) 1728:(PDF) 1493:cafés 900:U.S. 884:U.S. 194:, or 192:cigar 74:) or 15292:Oman 15252:Laos 15222:Iran 15167:Cuba 15047:Drug 15036:Drug 14972:Narc 14557:Rave 14398:Drug 14074:MDMA 13923:and 13742:Yopo 13688:MDMA 13621:Salt 13581:MDPV 13557:Coca 13545:Khat 13377:Lean 13331:Kava 13254:Wine 13249:Beer 13056:LEED 13016:AMCA 13011:AHRI 12544:HEPA 12464:Flue 12389:Duct 11517:Snus 11510:List 11358:Pack 11343:Case 10785:Cuba 10539:Iraq 10534:Iran 10497:Asia 10391:PMID 10318:and 10301:2020 10254:PMID 10188:ISBN 10163:help 10135:PMID 10063:PMID 10028:PMID 9979:PMID 9821:PMID 9754:PMID 9705:PMID 9670:PMID 9621:PMID 9586:PMID 9564:2016 9537:PMID 9506:PMID 9484:2016 9291:and 9171:PMID 9136:PMID 9087:PMID 8952:PMID 8911:PMID 8895:JAMA 8873:PMID 8828:link 8680:PMID 8645:PMID 8604:PMID 8504:PMID 8459:PMID 8424:PMID 8389:PMID 8354:PMID 8302:PMID 8249:PMID 8077:PMID 8032:PMID 7959:PMID 7818:PMID 7765:PMID 7716:PMID 7659:PMID 7561:2015 7211:PMID 7150:PMID 7072:PMID 7023:PMID 6951:PMID 6910:PMID 6853:PMID 6812:PMID 6794:JAMA 6763:PMID 6722:PMID 6673:PMID 6624:PMID 6589:PMID 6540:PMID 6505:PMID 6470:PMID 6435:PMID 6397:PMID 6345:PMID 6272:PMID 6223:PMID 6174:PMID 6117:PMID 6070:PMID 6049:2015 6019:PMID 5970:PMID 5919:PMID 5850:PMID 5790:PMID 5738:PMID 5697:PMID 5656:PMID 5613:PMID 5561:PMID 5503:PMID 5462:PMID 5427:PMID 5391:PMID 5342:PMID 5293:PMID 5236:PMID 5195:PMID 5146:PMID 5089:PMID 5054:PMID 5013:PMID 4956:PMID 4907:PMID 4891:JAMA 4872:PMID 4815:PMID 4780:PMID 4731:PMID 4680:PMID 4627:PMID 4544:PMID 4507:PMID 4440:PMID 4404:PMID 4347:PMID 4305:PMID 4251:PMID 4216:PMID 4167:PMID 4126:PMID 4091:PMID 3999:PMID 3950:PMID 3905:2017 3877:2015 3836:PMID 3795:PMID 3754:PMID 3705:PMID 3648:PMID 3613:PMID 3554:PMID 3519:PMID 3468:PMID 3433:PMID 3390:PMID 3341:PMID 3298:PMID 3250:PMID 3179:PMID 3122:PMID 3087:PMID 3028:PMID 2974:PMID 2923:PMID 2866:PMID 2819:PMID 2778:PMID 2737:PMID 2702:PMID 2654:PMID 2612:PMID 2540:PMID 2498:PMID 2490:ISSN 2455:2015 2421:PMID 2371:PMID 2326:2021 2248:PMID 2196:PMID 2148:2015 2118:PMID 2081:2023 2048:2023 2037:PMID 1990:OCLC 1980:ISBN 1915:PMID 1867:PMID 1583:The 1415:and 1272:The 1200:and 1088:Gori 1034:and 961:and 646:The 467:and 379:and 338:and 196:pipe 128:and 126:bars 14403:Era 14393:Art 14340:Pub 14144:420 13975:THC 13891:PCP 13874:MXE 13822:DXM 13761:LSA 13749:DMT 13683:MDA 13678:AMT 13533:Tea 13266:GHB 13066:UMC 13051:IIR 13031:BRE 12424:Fan 10381:PMC 10373:doi 10369:208 10246:doi 10242:377 10055:doi 10051:135 10018:doi 10014:156 9969:doi 9811:PMC 9803:doi 9744:doi 9697:doi 9660:PMC 9652:doi 9613:doi 9576:PMC 9568:doi 9496:PMC 9488:doi 9282:USA 9163:doi 9159:365 9126:PMC 9118:doi 9077:PMC 9069:doi 8942:doi 8938:115 8903:doi 8899:279 8863:PMC 8855:doi 8851:327 8847:BMJ 8672:doi 8668:355 8635:doi 8494:doi 8451:doi 8416:doi 8381:doi 8344:PMC 8336:doi 8292:PMC 8284:doi 8239:PMC 8231:doi 8069:doi 8022:PMC 7949:doi 7937:446 7881:doi 7877:327 7873:BMJ 7808:doi 7804:116 7755:PMC 7747:doi 7743:326 7739:BMJ 7706:PMC 7698:doi 7694:326 7690:BMJ 7649:doi 7618:doi 7606:206 7201:PMC 7193:doi 7140:PMC 7130:doi 7126:107 7062:PMC 7054:doi 7050:123 7013:PMC 7005:doi 6941:doi 6900:PMC 6884:doi 6880:107 6843:doi 6839:334 6802:doi 6798:286 6753:doi 6749:111 6712:PMC 6704:doi 6663:PMC 6655:doi 6616:doi 6579:PMC 6571:doi 6532:doi 6497:doi 6462:doi 6427:doi 6387:PMC 6379:doi 6335:PMC 6327:doi 6262:PMC 6254:doi 6213:PMC 6205:doi 6164:PMC 6156:doi 6107:doi 6103:102 6009:PMC 6001:doi 5960:PMC 5950:doi 5909:doi 5875:BBC 5842:doi 5780:PMC 5772:doi 5728:doi 5687:doi 5648:doi 5644:340 5603:doi 5591:447 5551:PMC 5543:doi 5539:135 5493:doi 5454:doi 5419:doi 5381:PMC 5373:doi 5369:320 5365:BMJ 5332:PMC 5324:doi 5320:315 5316:BMJ 5283:PMC 5275:doi 5271:329 5267:BMJ 5226:doi 5185:PMC 5177:doi 5136:PMC 5128:doi 5081:doi 5077:366 5044:doi 5040:340 5003:PMC 4987:doi 4983:107 4946:PMC 4938:doi 4934:315 4930:BMJ 4899:doi 4895:267 4862:PMC 4854:doi 4850:134 4807:doi 4803:125 4770:PMC 4762:doi 4758:102 4721:PMC 4711:doi 4670:doi 4666:166 4617:hdl 4607:doi 4536:doi 4497:PMC 4487:doi 4432:doi 4396:doi 4297:doi 4293:113 4243:doi 4206:PMC 4198:doi 4157:doi 4153:115 4118:doi 4081:PMC 4073:doi 4069:115 3989:PMC 3981:doi 3940:PMC 3932:doi 3826:doi 3785:doi 3744:PMC 3736:doi 3695:PMC 3687:doi 3640:doi 3603:PMC 3593:doi 3546:doi 3542:107 3509:PMC 3499:doi 3425:doi 3421:289 3380:doi 3333:doi 3329:127 3290:doi 3286:383 3240:PMC 3230:doi 3169:PMC 3161:doi 3157:179 3114:doi 3077:PMC 3067:doi 3018:hdl 3010:doi 2964:doi 2913:PMC 2905:doi 2901:143 2858:doi 2809:doi 2768:doi 2764:122 2729:doi 2725:163 2694:doi 2690:199 2646:doi 2602:PMC 2592:doi 2532:doi 2528:154 2482:doi 2411:PMC 2403:doi 2399:130 2361:PMC 2353:doi 2349:143 2318:CDC 2238:PMC 2230:doi 2226:119 2186:PMC 2178:doi 2108:doi 2029:doi 1999:day 1905:doi 1901:116 1857:doi 1659:p53 667:WHO 627:In 417:or 116:in 80:ETS 72:SHS 15669:: 13795:/ 10409:. 10389:. 10379:. 10367:. 10363:. 10260:. 10252:. 10240:. 10173:; 10154:: 10152:}} 10148:{{ 10133:. 10104:. 10061:. 10049:. 10026:. 10012:. 10008:. 9985:. 9977:. 9965:41 9963:. 9959:. 9905:. 9869:. 9848:. 9827:. 9819:. 9809:. 9799:13 9797:. 9793:. 9774:. 9752:. 9740:11 9738:. 9734:. 9711:. 9703:. 9693:22 9691:. 9668:. 9658:. 9648:12 9646:. 9642:. 9619:. 9609:38 9607:. 9584:. 9574:. 9562:. 9558:. 9533:57 9531:. 9527:. 9504:. 9494:. 9482:. 9478:. 9441:. 9435:. 9421:^ 9412:. 9401:. 9300:: 9280:: 9257:: 9249:: 9209:. 9205:. 9191:^ 9177:. 9169:. 9157:. 9134:. 9124:. 9114:12 9112:. 9108:. 9085:. 9075:. 9065:17 9063:. 9059:. 9004:^ 8987:. 8983:. 8958:. 8950:. 8936:. 8932:. 8909:. 8897:. 8885:^ 8871:. 8861:. 8849:. 8845:. 8824:}} 8820:{{ 8686:. 8678:. 8666:. 8643:. 8631:90 8629:. 8625:. 8600:43 8598:. 8502:. 8490:90 8488:. 8484:. 8471:^ 8457:. 8447:46 8445:. 8422:. 8412:21 8410:. 8387:. 8377:21 8375:. 8352:. 8342:. 8332:91 8330:. 8326:. 8314:^ 8300:. 8290:. 8280:91 8278:. 8274:. 8247:. 8237:. 8227:91 8225:. 8221:. 8151:30 8149:. 8145:. 8083:. 8075:. 8067:. 8055:18 8053:. 8030:. 8018:14 8016:. 8012:. 7965:. 7957:. 7947:. 7935:. 7931:. 7887:. 7875:. 7824:. 7816:. 7802:. 7798:. 7763:. 7753:. 7741:. 7737:. 7714:. 7704:. 7692:. 7688:. 7665:. 7657:. 7645:19 7643:. 7639:. 7616:. 7604:. 7552:. 7513:A 7506:A 7447:. 7394:. 7365:. 7341:. 7317:. 7242:. 7234:. 7209:. 7199:. 7189:15 7187:. 7183:. 7148:. 7138:. 7124:. 7120:. 7093:. 7070:. 7060:. 7048:. 7044:. 7021:. 7011:. 7001:13 6999:. 6995:. 6976:. 6972:. 6949:. 6937:30 6935:. 6931:. 6908:. 6898:. 6890:. 6878:. 6874:. 6851:. 6837:. 6833:. 6810:. 6796:. 6792:. 6769:. 6761:. 6747:. 6743:. 6720:. 6710:. 6700:13 6698:. 6694:. 6671:. 6661:. 6651:14 6649:. 6645:. 6622:. 6612:17 6610:. 6587:. 6577:. 6567:31 6565:. 6561:. 6538:. 6528:32 6526:. 6503:. 6493:48 6491:. 6468:. 6458:22 6456:. 6433:. 6423:22 6409:^ 6395:. 6385:. 6373:. 6369:. 6357:^ 6343:. 6333:. 6323:67 6321:. 6317:. 6292:. 6270:. 6260:. 6250:45 6248:. 6244:. 6221:. 6211:. 6201:53 6199:. 6195:. 6172:. 6162:. 6152:52 6150:. 6146:. 6123:. 6115:. 6101:. 6097:. 6031:^ 6017:. 6007:. 5997:88 5995:. 5991:. 5968:. 5958:. 5946:13 5944:. 5940:. 5917:. 5905:54 5903:. 5899:. 5873:. 5862:^ 5848:. 5838:61 5788:. 5778:. 5768:97 5766:. 5762:. 5750:^ 5736:. 5724:36 5722:. 5718:. 5695:. 5683:27 5681:. 5677:. 5654:. 5642:. 5619:. 5611:. 5601:. 5589:. 5585:. 5573:^ 5559:. 5549:. 5537:. 5533:. 5509:. 5501:. 5489:25 5487:. 5483:. 5460:. 5450:27 5448:. 5425:. 5415:51 5413:. 5389:. 5379:. 5367:. 5363:. 5340:. 5330:. 5318:. 5314:. 5291:. 5281:. 5269:. 5265:. 5242:. 5234:. 5222:16 5220:. 5216:. 5193:. 5183:. 5173:15 5171:. 5167:. 5144:. 5134:. 5124:14 5122:. 5118:. 5095:. 5087:. 5075:. 5052:. 5038:. 5034:. 5011:. 5001:. 4993:. 4981:. 4977:. 4954:. 4944:. 4932:. 4928:. 4905:. 4893:. 4870:. 4860:. 4848:. 4844:. 4821:. 4813:. 4801:. 4778:. 4768:. 4756:. 4752:. 4729:. 4719:. 4705:. 4701:. 4678:. 4664:. 4660:. 4625:. 4615:. 4603:23 4601:. 4597:. 4550:. 4542:. 4532:44 4530:. 4505:. 4495:. 4485:. 4475:10 4473:. 4469:. 4446:. 4438:. 4428:99 4426:. 4402:. 4392:19 4390:. 4359:^ 4343:59 4341:. 4337:. 4325:^ 4311:. 4303:. 4291:. 4285:. 4271:^ 4257:. 4249:. 4239:18 4237:. 4214:. 4204:. 4194:58 4192:. 4188:. 4165:. 4151:. 4147:. 4124:. 4114:15 4112:. 4089:. 4079:. 4062:. 4023:^ 3997:. 3987:. 3977:52 3975:. 3971:. 3948:. 3938:. 3928:75 3926:. 3922:. 3893:. 3868:. 3834:. 3822:86 3820:. 3816:. 3793:. 3781:83 3779:. 3775:. 3752:. 3742:. 3732:18 3730:. 3726:. 3703:. 3693:. 3681:. 3677:. 3654:. 3646:. 3636:47 3634:. 3611:. 3601:. 3591:. 3579:. 3575:. 3552:. 3540:. 3517:. 3507:. 3495:11 3493:. 3489:. 3462:. 3439:. 3431:. 3419:. 3396:. 3388:. 3376:89 3374:. 3370:. 3347:. 3339:. 3327:. 3304:. 3296:. 3284:. 3248:. 3238:. 3228:. 3218:11 3216:. 3212:. 3177:. 3167:. 3155:. 3151:. 3128:. 3120:. 3110:51 3108:. 3085:. 3075:. 3061:. 3057:. 3034:. 3026:. 3016:. 3006:26 3004:. 2980:. 2972:. 2958:. 2952:. 2929:. 2921:. 2911:. 2899:. 2895:. 2872:. 2864:. 2854:48 2852:. 2817:. 2805:33 2803:. 2799:. 2776:. 2762:. 2758:. 2735:. 2723:. 2700:. 2688:. 2652:. 2642:70 2640:. 2636:. 2610:. 2600:. 2590:. 2578:. 2574:. 2560:^ 2546:. 2538:. 2526:. 2522:. 2496:. 2488:. 2478:88 2476:. 2472:. 2427:. 2419:. 2409:. 2397:. 2393:. 2369:. 2359:. 2347:. 2343:. 2316:. 2272:^ 2246:. 2236:. 2224:. 2220:. 2208:^ 2194:. 2184:. 2174:12 2172:. 2168:. 2156:^ 2116:. 2104:64 2102:. 2100:CA 2098:. 2071:. 2067:. 2035:. 2019:. 2015:. 1996:. 1988:. 1959:^ 1943:. 1921:. 1913:. 1899:. 1895:. 1879:^ 1865:. 1853:50 1851:. 1847:. 1816:^ 1800:. 1757:^ 1748:. 1730:. 1710:^ 1491:, 1477:, 1423:. 1265:, 1235:, 1146:: 1017:. 919:, 729:, 725:, 355:: 303:: 229:: 214:, 190:, 179:. 136:. 124:, 105:. 66:, 14097:) 14093:( 13848:) 13844:( 13828:) 13824:( 13285:) 13281:( 13185:e 13178:t 13171:v 11790:e 11783:t 11776:v 11568:" 11564:" 11228:e 11221:t 11214:v 10873:) 10864:( 10447:e 10440:t 10433:v 10413:. 10397:. 10375:: 10303:. 10268:. 10248:: 10196:. 10165:) 10161:( 10069:. 10057:: 10034:. 10020:: 9993:. 9971:: 9944:. 9922:. 9890:. 9805:: 9760:. 9746:: 9719:. 9699:: 9676:. 9654:: 9627:. 9615:: 9592:. 9570:: 9543:. 9512:. 9490:: 9452:. 9316:. 9273:. 9220:. 9185:. 9165:: 9142:. 9120:: 9093:. 9071:: 9045:. 9028:. 8998:. 8966:. 8944:: 8917:. 8905:: 8879:. 8857:: 8830:) 8789:. 8740:. 8725:. 8694:. 8674:: 8651:. 8637:: 8610:. 8510:. 8496:: 8465:. 8453:: 8430:. 8418:: 8395:. 8383:: 8360:. 8338:: 8308:. 8286:: 8255:. 8233:: 8091:. 8071:: 8038:. 7973:. 7951:: 7943:: 7916:. 7895:. 7883:: 7860:. 7832:. 7810:: 7771:. 7749:: 7722:. 7700:: 7673:. 7651:: 7624:. 7620:: 7612:: 7573:" 7563:. 7493:. 7462:. 7433:. 7409:. 7380:. 7351:. 7327:. 7303:. 7256:. 7217:. 7195:: 7156:. 7132:: 7105:. 7078:. 7056:: 7029:. 7007:: 6978:6 6957:. 6943:: 6916:. 6886:: 6859:. 6845:: 6818:. 6804:: 6777:. 6755:: 6728:. 6706:: 6679:. 6657:: 6630:. 6618:: 6595:. 6573:: 6546:. 6534:: 6511:. 6499:: 6476:. 6464:: 6441:. 6429:: 6403:. 6381:: 6375:1 6351:. 6329:: 6302:. 6278:. 6256:: 6229:. 6207:: 6180:. 6158:: 6131:. 6109:: 6082:. 6051:. 6025:. 6003:: 5976:. 5952:: 5925:. 5911:: 5884:. 5856:. 5844:: 5821:. 5796:. 5774:: 5744:. 5730:: 5703:. 5689:: 5662:. 5650:: 5627:. 5605:: 5597:: 5567:. 5545:: 5517:. 5495:: 5468:. 5456:: 5433:. 5421:: 5397:. 5375:: 5348:. 5326:: 5299:. 5277:: 5250:. 5228:: 5201:. 5179:: 5152:. 5130:: 5103:. 5083:: 5060:. 5046:: 5019:. 4989:: 4962:. 4940:: 4913:. 4901:: 4878:. 4856:: 4829:. 4809:: 4786:. 4764:: 4737:. 4713:: 4707:7 4686:. 4672:: 4633:. 4619:: 4609:: 4558:. 4538:: 4513:. 4489:: 4481:: 4454:. 4434:: 4410:. 4398:: 4353:. 4319:. 4299:: 4265:. 4245:: 4222:. 4200:: 4173:. 4159:: 4132:. 4120:: 4097:. 4075:: 4005:. 3983:: 3956:. 3934:: 3907:. 3879:. 3842:. 3828:: 3801:. 3787:: 3760:. 3738:: 3711:. 3689:: 3683:3 3662:. 3642:: 3619:. 3595:: 3587:: 3581:8 3560:. 3548:: 3525:. 3501:: 3474:. 3464:8 3447:. 3427:: 3404:. 3382:: 3355:. 3335:: 3312:. 3292:: 3256:. 3232:: 3224:: 3185:. 3163:: 3136:. 3116:: 3093:. 3069:: 3063:7 3042:. 3020:: 3012:: 2988:. 2966:: 2960:4 2937:. 2907:: 2880:. 2860:: 2825:. 2811:: 2784:. 2770:: 2743:. 2731:: 2708:. 2696:: 2660:. 2648:: 2618:. 2594:: 2586:: 2580:7 2554:. 2534:: 2504:. 2484:: 2457:. 2435:. 2405:: 2377:. 2355:: 2328:. 2254:. 2232:: 2202:. 2180:: 2150:. 2124:. 2110:: 2083:. 2050:. 2031:: 2021:2 1953:. 1929:. 1907:: 1873:. 1859:: 1810:. 1349:. 509:. 502:. 441:. 430:. 423:. 391:. 367:. 78:( 70:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index