323:
1137:(“joists”) rather than timbers. Some stated advantages: cheaper, faster, no interior posts needed, use any length lumber, less skill, less lumber (either purchased or self-produced), “stronger”, lighter, all lumber can be purchased from a lumber yard, less labor, heavy timber getting scarce. Also, they were often similar to the Jennings barn design of 1879 (patent #218,031) with no tie beam so there were no beams to interfere with a hay fork (horse fork) on a track system (hay carrier) for pitching hay which became popular c. 1877. The gambrel roof shape lends itself to plank truss construction and became the most popular roof type. Plank frame barns were available by mail-order by 1910 from Chicago. Syn joist-frame, Shawver plank-frame and Wing plank-frame. “In large construction, such as barn framing, there are two general systems, the braced, pin-joint frame, made of heavy timbers, and the plank frame, made up of two-inch planking, either in the form of the ‘plank truss’ or the ‘balloon frame.’” (Architectural Drawing and Design of Farm Structures, 1915)
778:
Viking settled regions and was common in
Scandinavia. It is one of the earliest building types of French-Canada used extensively by the Hudson's Bay Company for trading posts across Canada. It became a common, widespread building method in Canada. Other French names reflect the shape of wood (bois) used between the posts such as planche en coulisse, madriers-, or pieux-. Also recorded in French as bois en coulisse, poteaux en coulisse, madriers en coulisse, poteaux entourées de pieux, charpente entourée de madriers, poteaux entourés de madriers, en poteaux et close de pieux, en pieux sur pieux. (Lessard and Vilandré 1974:117) and “pièce-sur-pièce de charpente“ (French Canadian). Pièce sur pièce literally means piece on piece and also describes log building with notched corners or any kind of stacked construction.
35:
877:
167:
215:
300:
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log, plankwall and framing techniques, thus is classified as any of the above. "The support of horizontal timbers by corner posts is an old form of construction in Europe. It was apparently carried across much of the continent from
Silesia by the Lausitz urnfield culture in the late Bronze Age." Examples also persist in southern Sweden, in the Alps, Hungry, Poland, Denmark, and Canada. Usually the origin of corner post construction is credited to the immigrants of the far-Eastern French in Canada and Alpine-Alemannic Germans or Swiss in the U. S. This technique is best known in German as standerbohlenbau or bohlenstanderbau.
1039:
280:
362:
249:
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span, but could be of multiple spans. A trestle bridge is a bridge composed of a number of short spans. Each supporting frame is a bent. Timber and iron trestles (i.e. bridges) were extensively used in the 19th century. A covered bridge is a timber-truss bridge with a roof, decking, and siding, which creates a nearly complete enclosure. The purpose of the covering is to protect the wooden structural members from the weather. Uncovered wooden bridges typically have a lifespan of only 20 years because of the effects of rain and sun, but a covered bridge could last 100 years.
231:
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187:
1109:
722:
1322:
437:
50:
377:
265:
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131:, in general, a carpenter historically did the heavier, rougher work of framing a building including installing the sheathing and sub-flooring and installing pre-made doors and windows. Joiners did the finer work of installing trim and paneling. Plank and board are not consistently defined in history. Sometimes these terms are used synonymously.
299:
1220:
in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The joists are eliminated by the use of heavy planks saving time and strength of the timbers because the joists notches were eliminated. The beams are spaced 4 feet (1.2 m) to 18 feet (5.5 m) apart and the planks are 2 inches (5.1 cm) or more thick
773:
and it blurs the line between timber framing and log building. This type of carpentry has a frame with horizontal beams or logs tenoned into slots or mortises in the posts. Pièce sur pièce en coulisse: Literally piece on piece in a groove is a widespread type of carpentry that blurs the lines between
103:
rather than scientific study and documents. Each region of the world has variations on traditions, tools and materials. The carpenters who found themselves in the New World based their work on their traditions but adapted to new materials, climate, and mix of cultures. Immigrants to
America were from
810:
English: Corner-post log construction, corner post construction, corner posting technique, post cornering, vertical-post log construction, post and log, post and panel, Red River frame, Hudson's Bay style, Hudson's Bay corners, Rocky
Mountain frame, Manitoba Frame, “Métis” style, the “French” style,
777:
Horizontal wood pieces (poles, beams, planks) tenoned into grooves in posts. This type of construction allows shorter timbers to be used and a building can be extended an indefinite length by adding more bays, typically measuring ten feet. Similar methods of construction are found in most if not all
1284:
A timber bridge or wooden bridge is a bridge that uses timber or wood as its principal structural material. One of the first forms of bridge, those of timber have been used since ancient times. Wooden bridges could be a deck-only structure or a deck with a roof. Wooden bridges were often a single
1241:
edges ignite slower and last longer in a fire allowing fire suppression crews more time to extinguish a fire. These beams are designed to be self-releasing in case of fire, that is if they burn through and collapse the connection with the masonry wall and joint at the post should allow the beam to
466:, was the most common method of building wooden buildings in America from the 17th-century European settlements until the early 20th century when timber framing was replaced by balloon framing and then platform framing in houses and what was called plank or "joist" framing in barns. The framing in
793:
posts. James Hébert incorrectly presented it as “an entirely
Canadian style". Also known other parts of central Europe, Medieval British Isles, including (Switzerland, Austria and S. Germany),. The Norman French were credited with the introduction of this building technique to Canada, though this
781:
Used in the United States predominantly in early French forts and settlements along the
Mississippi River, though examples also occur in other states including Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ohio, Wyoming, Maryland, and Michigan where it is the construction method of oldest house in the
665:
Log building is the second most common type of carpentry in
American history. In some regions and periods it was more common than timber framing. There are many different styles of log carpentry: (1) where the logs are made into squared beams and fitted tightly. This style is typical of defensive
1195:
is generally used for longer spans and joists, called bridging beams or joists, are supported by other beams called binding beams: the two layers of timbers providing the name double floor. In a double floor there may be two sets of joists, one for the floor above and one for the ceiling below.
1136:
barns. Built of a “Construction in which none of the material used is larger than 2 inches thick.” rather than solid timbers. The reduction in availability of timber for barn building and experience with scantling framing resulted in the development of this lightweight barn framing using planks
1776:
Framing; a practical manual of approved up-to-date methods of house framing and construction, together with tested methods of heavy timber and plank framing as used in the construction of barns, factories, stores, and public buildings; strength of timbers; and principles of roof and bridge
1046:
Box houses (boxed house, box frame, box and strip, piano box, single-wall, board and batten, and many other names) have minimal framing in the corners and widely spaced in the exterior walls, but like the vertical plank wall houses, the vertical boards are structural. The origins of boxed
1074:
cottage: cottages around Oak Bluffs (Cottage City), Martha's
Vineyard, Massachusetts, are built of vertical, tongue and groove planks without battens usually in a gothic style. This method was “inspired by the tent frame construction” of the original "board tents" used for Methodist
707:
in the 1830s. It is a rare type of
American historic carpentry which was exported from America. Balloon framing is very important in history as the beginning of the transition away from the centuries-long method of timber framing to the common types of wood framing now in use.
904:. It was common for Native Americans and Europeans to build a palisade as part of a fort or to protect a village. Palisade construction is alluded to as a method of building of early dwellings. The nature of planting one end of a timber in the ground is called earthfast or
670:. The walls needed to be thick and strong and not have gaps in-between; (2) Round logs are left spaced apart, often with the gaps filled with a material called chinking; (3) Planked log buildings have the wall timbers shaped into rectangular thus called planks and
1123:
are different than a plank-framed house. Plank framed barns developed in the
American Mid-West, such as the patente in 1876 (#185,690) by William Morris and Joseph Slanser of La Rue, Ohio, shows (several other patents followed). Sometimes they were also called a
786:, 1789). A particularly interesting example is the Golden Plough Tavern (c. 1741), York, York County, PA, which has the ground level of corner-post construction, the second floor of fachwerk (half timbered) and was built for a German with other Germanic features
322:
908:
construction which was a common way to build worldwide. A benefit of earthfast construction is the ground holds the posts from swaying which eliminates the need for bracing and anchors the structure to the ground. The French settlers called this carpentry
539:, North Carolina, parts of Missouri, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania. Much more common was to build a framed building and add brick nogging between the framing which may not be considered half timbering. Half timbering is an architectural element in
631:, of five foot and a half long, that well Drawn, lyes close and smooth: The Lodging Room may be lined with the same, and filled up between, which is very Warm. These houses usually endure ten years without repair.... The lower flour is the
1207:
construction or framing is a type of framing with no joists but widely spaced beams spanned by heavy planks. This method developed in the early 19th century for industrial mill floors but may also be found in timber framed roofs. Also known as
856:. The carpentry consists of a timber frame with vertical planks extending from sill to plate. Sometimes there are studs at the doors but mostly the vertical planks replace the studs. Both wood shingle or clapboard exterior siding and interior
578:
To build then, an House of thirty foot long and eighteen foot broad, with a partition near the middle, and an other to divide one end of the House into two small rooms, there must be eight Trees about sixteen Inches square, and cut off, to
1547:, A Report to Early American Industries Association. March 10, 1986, and updated 2011. A very interesting report discussing numerous examples found in PA, some examples with the rare feature of bracing which is also found in MD and Poland.
789:"This sophisticated system, which uses carefully constructed mortise-and-tenon joints, was common from the 1820s to the 1860s and represents some 5 percent of the log houses built in western Maryland.” Occasionally these buildings have
338:
1087:
An A-frame building has framing with little or no walls, the rafters join at the ridge forming an A shape. This is the simplest type of framing but has historically been used for inexpensive cottages and farm shelters until the
361:
1170:. In the 20th century, it was typical for carpenters to make their own trusses by nailing planks together with wood plates at the joints. Today similar trusses are manufactured to engineering standards and use
279:
1006:
is the stacking of horizontal planks or boards to form a wall of solid lumber. Sometimes the planks were staggered or spaced apart to form keys for a coat of plaster. This method was recommended by
685:, was constructed in 1638 and is believed to be the oldest surviving log house in what is today the United States. The house was built by colonial settlers in what was then the Swedish colony of
72:
is the historic methods with which wooden buildings were built in what is now the United States since European settlement. A number of methods were used to form the wooden walls and the types of
1830:
1293:
Other wooden structures do not necessarily have names for types of carpentry, but deserve mention. Carpenters were needed to build a variety of durable or temporary wooden structures such as a
1100:
Inside-out framing has the sheathing boards or planks on the inside of the framing. This type of structure was used for structures intended to contain bulk materials like ore, grain or coal.
925:. The French method of poteaux en terre was different than palisade construction in that the timbers were hewn two sides and spaced slightly apart with the gaps filled with a material called
248:
104:
all parts of the world so the history of American carpentry is very diverse and complex, but it is only four or five centuries old, a fraction of the history of many other regions.
186:
79:
are often defined by the wall, floor, and roof construction such as log, timber framed, balloon framed, or stacked plank. Some types of historic houses are called plank houses but
978:) floated down the Mississippi River loaded with cargo and then broken up and the lumber sold. (Note the possibility of confusion with the different carpentry element called a
516:. Most buildings were framed with the posts landing on a heavy timber sill, the sills (rarely) laid on the ground, supported by stones or, late in the 19th century, concrete.
574:. The author called this a "first house" distinguishing that it is suitable until such time a better house can be built and then this building can be used as an outbuilding:
519:
The structural carpentry of the walls are of several types and are discussed in detail below. French settlers called placing studs or posts on a sill spaced slightly apart
892:
is a series of vertical pales (stakes) driven or set into the ground to form a fence or barrier. Palisade construction is a palisade or the similar use of timbers set on a
804:
German, (Southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria): blockstanderbau, standerblockbau, ständerbohlenbau (post plank construction), bohlenständerbau (plank post construction)
801:
French: Pièce sur pièce poteaux et pièce coulissante (piece on piece sliding in a groove) Pièce sur pièce en coulisse, poteaux et piece coulissante, pieces sur pieces,
166:
535:
with another material such as a mud mixture, stones, or bricks. Half timbering in America is found in limited areas, mostly of German settlement, including
99:
verbally, through demonstration, and through work experience. Designs, engineering details, floor plans, methods were time tested and communicated through
853:
214:
1221:
possibly with another layer of 1 inch (2.5 cm) on the top as the finished flooring could span these distances. The planks may be laid flat and
1112:
A type of trussed plank frame barn in Sweden is representative of some types in America, the lack of heavy timbers in the framing give it the name
230:
1540:
583:
of about fifteen foot long, which the House must stand upon, and four pieces, two of thirty foot long, and two of eighteen foot long, for
848:. Some building historians prefer the term plank-on-frame. Plank-frame houses are known from the 17th century with concentrations in the
1854:
Walter Loring Webb, Railroad Construction -- Theory and Practice, 6th Ed., Wiley, New York, 1917; Chapter IV -- Trestles, pages 194-226
1576:
17:
1831:
Randolph Langenbach "Better than Steel? (Part 2): Tall Wooden Factories and the Invention of “Slow-burning” Heavy Timber Construction"
376:
1477:"Information and Direction to Such Persons as are Inclined to America, more Especially Those Related to the Province of Pennsylvania"
512:
construction. This technique eliminated the need for bracing. Some buildings were framed with the posts landing on a foundation with
552:
Information and Direction to Such Persons as are Inclined to America, more Especially Those Related to the Province of Pennsylvania
1558:“Repairing a Historic Log Cabin: A variety of materials and methods work together in the structural repair of an 1850s log cabin”
794:
technique is found in northwest Europe, the Alps to Hungry. It was used in Pennsylvania and North Carolina by German immigrants.
1067:
architectural styles in North America, and is also not to be confused with a general type of timber framing called a box frame.
34:
405:
825:
876:
623:, &c. which are made out of the Waste Timber. For Covering the House, Ends, and Sides, and for the Loft, we use
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fall away without pulling the wall or post down. A common way to join a beam and a masonry wall in this regard is a
1898:
1018:
in 1848. Fowler mentions he had seen this wall type being built in central New York state while traveling in 1842.
743:
1333:
1263:
264:
550:
One of the earliest descriptions of how to build timber-framed buildings in America was in a publication titled
959:
and the technique is similar to the American counterpart except in America these buildings may be two stories.
370:
has the studs on the outside and is typically used for material storage structures like this ore-bin at a mine.
1492:
860:
attach directly to the planks. Some examples of plank frame houses are the oldest house in New Hampshire, the
1416:
865:
783:
1042:
Over 5,000 relief cottages after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake were built using single-wall construction
1710:), accessed April 15, 2014. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
1663:
83:
has several meanings which are discussed below. Roofs were almost always framed with wood, sometimes with
1574:"Culture built upon the land : a predictive model of nineteenth-century Canadien/Métis farmsteads."
1893:
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544:
421:
739:
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811:
slotted post construction, panel construction, section panel, running mortise and tenon (or tongue)
639:: This may seem a mean way of Building, but 'tis sufficient and safest among ordinary beginners...
559:
483:
429:
1038:
1026:
1401:
1396:
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947:: A collection of staves (planks) carefully fitted and ringed with iron bands to resist the load.
1557:
587:, which must lie upon the top of those Posts, the whole length and breadth of the House for the
1537:
1298:
149:
inch (1.3 cm) to 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) thick and more than 4 inches (10 cm) wide.
1664:"New Orleans Bargeboard", a blog with several interior photos showing the vertical plank walls
1476:
87:. Stone and brick buildings also have some wood framing for floors, interior walls and roofs.
1872:"Ohio's Vanishing Covered Bridges". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
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on the upper floor and has a less common style of wood roof shingles than typical in America.
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houses because the vertical planks used to build the walls were reused planks from barges (
305:
1687:
Stephen B. Jordan. "Houses Without Frames: The Uncommon Technique of Plank Construction",
155:
generally means a piece of lumber (timber) rectangular in shape and thicker than a board.
53:
The Golden Plow Tavern in York, PA, is a very unusual American building. It is built with
8:
1167:
1063:
1007:
611:
of about twenty foot, to bear the Roof of the House, with several other small pieces; as
441:
43:
1707:
1700:
316:. Photo credit: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, MINN,71-SAGO,1-3
1888:
1750:
City in the woods: the life and design of an American camp meeting on Martha's Vineyard
1411:
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on the inside. Variations of timber framing are described based on their nature at the
120:
1222:
505:
84:
897:
857:
567:
313:
1254:
769:
Corner post construction is known by many names listed below, but particularly as
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of the second floor, a feature mimicked by the Garrison style of houses. Note the
1732:
1648:
1580:
1544:
1483:
Vol. IV. 1880. Philadelphia. The Pennsylvania Historical Society. 329-342. Print.
1406:
1309:
Square, saw, hammer, and a rule are the essentials for any carpenter old or new.
1259:
931:
Palisade construction is similar in concept to vertical plank wall construction.
901:
698:
520:
1845:. 4th ed. Sudbury, MA: National Fire Protection Association :, 2007. Print.
1721:
Traditional buildings a global survey of structural forms and cultural functions
1452:
Traditional buildings a global survey of structural forms and cultural functions
107:
Notable examples of structural carpentry which were not used in America include
1632:
1618:
A state of the province of Georgia; attested upon oath in the Court of Savannah
1279:
1271:
1234:
1092:
was popularized in the 1950s as a style of vacation home in the United States.
1071:
963:
905:
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764:
524:
509:
457:
445:
425:
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Plank framed truss was the name for roof trusses made with planks rather than
1882:
1465:
New houses from old: a guide to the planning and practice of house remodeling
1275:
1089:
1011:
643:
Earthfast construction is still used for buildings and structures such as in
286:
100:
95:
Historically building methods were passed down from a master carpenter to an
1108:
1365:
1076:
660:
648:
409:
312:
house and is missing one of the structural planks which shows the interior
177:
150:
128:
1051:
was used in a reconstruction manual in 1868 after the American Civil War.
721:
807:
Polish: sumikowo-latkowej (planks sumiki, sumikami, palcami, post latki)
28:
1610:
Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and of the Early Republic
1321:
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house is Medieval in styling. Some of the oldest houses in America have
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A variation of a plank framed truss with metal plate connectors on a
797:
There are many names for corner post construction in many languages:
536:
258:
called a plank house after the rectangular shape of the wall timbers.
197:
75:
1863:"Covered bridge". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
1493:
OLDEST - Log House in North America - Superlatives on Waymarking.com
939:
1523:
Jordan, Terry. "Alpine, Alemannic, and American Log Architecture",
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inside the palisade wall of Fort James. Attribution: I, Rolfmueller
413:
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348:
39:
1735:
A Manual on School-houses and Cottages for the People of the South
1612:. New York: Dover Publications, 1966. 7. Print. quoting S. Smith.
1538:“Corner-Post Log Construction: Description, Analysis, and Sources”
896:; an example in England being the original portion of the ancient
401:
1651:
The Economic Cottage Builder: Or, Cottages for Men of Small Means
1238:
1217:
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479:
475:
355:. Stacked board construction is similar but with thinner lumber.
985:
555:
554:
attributed to William Penn in 1684. Described is an earthfast,
136:
124:
470:
is usually visible, but in houses is usually covered with the
420:
roof shingles, a historic method of shingling valleys without
1779:.. Chicago, Ill.: The Radford architectural Co., 1909. Print.
1674:
Wilson, Samuel, Roulhac Toledano, and Sally Kittredge Evans.
201:
123:
but is not always clearly distinguished from the work of the
108:
1599:. Hanover: University Press of New England, 2001. 21. Print.
1819:
The works: the industrial architecture of the United States
1739:
1868. Washington: Government Printing Office. 26-28. Print.
1639:. Volume 1: 1607-1860. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1983. 25. Print.
1508:
Common places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture
1353:
955:. In Australia houses with vertical plank walls are called
499:
491:
467:
1676:
New Orleans architecture, volume IV: the Creole faubourgs
1216:, and heavy timber construction originated in industrial
1182:
844:
attached to the frame. These houses may simply be called
814:
Swedish: Sleppvegg (slip wall?), skiftesverk (shift work)
703:
Balloon framing originated in the American Mid-west near
1155:
951:
Vertical plank wall buildings are sometimes also called
386:
house, the simplest framing but long rafters are needed.
508:
which were dug into the ground are called earthfast or
1843:
Brannigan's building construction for the fire service
1821:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 127. Print.
1765:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.;, 2003. 338. Print.
1177:
1030:
In Texas and some other areas box houses are known as
943:
Another concept in vertical plank construction is the
1708:
https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/cbb01
1237:
insurance company because large, smooth timbers with
1140:
595:
of twenty foot long, to bear the Loft, and two false
332:
rely on vertical boards for much of their structure.
990:Another carpentry method which is sometimes called
817:
Danish: bulhus (bole house which means plank house)
1808:. San Francisco: Dewey Pub. Co., 1917. 207. Print.
1701:Willard B. Robinson, "BOX AND STRIP CONSTRUCTION,"
1481:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1752:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Print.
1678:. Gretna, La.: Pelican Pub. Co., 1974. 42. Print.
1525:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
1191:is a floor framed with a single set of joists. A
1070:A variation on boxed construction is used on the
854:Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
1880:
1792:. 3. ed. New York: Whiley and Sons, 1948. Print.
1616:1765 and "The disposition of George Dunbar...",
599:of thirty foot long to lie upon the ends of the
1312:
1304:
1199:
900:and the early type of stave church known as a
824:An example of corner post construction is the
196:the key defining features are the full height
1841:Brannigan, Francis L., and Glenn P. Corbett.
1225:or splined together or laid on edge called a
558:frame "filled in" (half-timbered) with riven
1774:Radford, William A., and Alfred S. Johnson.
986:Stacked plank and stacked board construction
921:. This type of carpentry may not considered
1691:vol XXI, n. 3. May/June 1993. 36-41. Print.
1463:Hawkins, Reginald R., and Charles H. Abbe.
711:
1628:
1626:
1597:A building history of northern New England
1288:
1800:
1798:
1591:
1589:
1366:https://charpentiers-sans-frontieres.com
1253:
1246:, an angled cut on the end of the beam.
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1107:
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1025:
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871:
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400:
158:
48:
33:
1623:
1266:between Maine and New Brunswick, Canada
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14:
1881:
1795:
1654:. Buffalo: Wanzer, McKim, 1856. Print.
1586:
1467:.. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1948. Print.
1457:
1454:. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007. 7. Print.
1183:Single and double floor timber framing
1145:
934:
462:Timber framing, historically called a
406:John Ward House (Salem, Massachusetts)
27:For Native American plank houses, see
1103:
1095:
836:Plank-frame house construction has a
831:
1788:Carter, Deane G., and W. A. Foster.
1444:
1316:
1082:
715:
1723:. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007. Print.
1583:Oregon State University Thesis 2007
1360:https://carpentersfellowship.co.uk/
1178:Types of structural floor carpentry
1034:houses; the strips are the battens.
966:in the New Orleans area are called
880:Drawing of Poteaux-en-Terre in the
24:
1556:Gordon Bock and Douglass C. Reed,
1141:Types of structural roof carpentry
1047:construction is unknown. The term
692:
25:
1910:
1510:, referencing V. Gordon Childe,
1249:
1016:The Octagon House: A Home for All
607:to be fixed upon, twelve pair of
591:to rest upon. There must be ten
396:
351:, a historic home in Darlington,
328:Similar to vertical plank walls,
1514:, NY, Macmillan, 1930, pp. 206-8
1320:
720:
523:which is similar to the English
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298:
289:adjutant office in Nebraska has
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1657:
1642:
1602:
654:
1567:
1550:
1530:
1517:
1497:
1486:
1470:
114:
13:
1:
1437:
1417:Reconstruction (architecture)
1364:Charpentiers sans Frontières
1021:
866:Thomas and Esther Smith House
784:Navarre-Anderson Trading Post
391:
90:
1620:November 10, 1740. 7. print.
474:material on the outside and
7:
1527:, Vol. 70(1980), pp. 154-80
1370:
1358:The Carpenters’ Fellowship
1313:Education and organizations
1305:Traditional carpentry tools
1200:Plank and beam construction
1057:may also be a nickname for
828:in Stevensville, Maryland.
733:to comply with Knowledge's
242:with tightly fitting beams.
70:American historic carpentry
10:
1915:
1804:Dewell, Henry Dievendorf.
1377:Architectural conservation
1269:
962:Some plank-wall houses or
820:Spanish: a ritti e panconi
762:
696:
658:
545:Tudor Revival architecture
455:
345:Stacked plank construction
26:
18:Stacked plank construction
1231:slow burning construction
1210:Slow burning construction
679:C. A. Nothnagle Log House
424:or underlayment, and the
1704:Handbook of Texas Online
1635:, and Frederick Koeper.
1354:https://www.tfguild.org/
850:Massachusetts Bay Colony
746:may contain suggestions.
731:may need to be rewritten
712:Corner post construction
527:. These are examples of
291:corner post construction
285:A reconstruction of the
271:Corner post construction
119:Carpentry is one of the
55:corner post construction
1899:Vernacular architecture
1579:April 13, 2014, at the
1402:List of historic houses
1397:History of construction
1387:Vernacular architecture
1299:non-building structures
1289:Other wooden structures
882:Beauvais-Amoureux House
840:with the walls made of
1506:, John Michael Vlach.
1267:
1233:was coined in 1870 by
1172:truss connector plates
1163:
1117:
1043:
1035:
1004:horizontal plank frame
948:
885:
641:
453:
433:
236:Log building called a
66:
46:
1761:Vlach, John Michael.
1719:Noble, Allen George.
1637:American Architecture
1614:History of New Jersey
1450:Noble, Allen George.
1392:Historic preservation
1352:Timber Framers Guild
1257:
1158:
1111:
1041:
1029:
942:
879:
872:Palisade construction
862:Richard Jackson House
683:Gibbstown, New Jersey
645:pole building framing
576:
531:where the framing is
439:
404:
159:Gallery of wall types
57:on the ground floor,
52:
42:wall for the fort at
37:
1382:Building restoration
1258:Howe trusses of the
1187:In timber framing a
1151:Plank framed trusses
884:in Ste Genevieve, MO
666:structures called a
629:Rived feather-edeged
440:A reconstruction at
306:Herbert M. Fox House
256:planked log building
1817:Bradley, Betsy H..
1733:C. Thurston Chase.
1168:timber roof trusses
1146:Timber roof trusses
1079:beginning in 1835.
1064:American Foursquare
1008:Orson Squire Fowler
935:Vertical Plank wall
442:Historic Jamestowne
310:vertical plank wall
85:timber roof trusses
44:Jamestown, Virginia
1649:Dwyer, Charles P.
1595:Garvin, James L..
1564:, March/April 2001
1543:2013-09-25 at the
1412:Building materials
1332:. You can help by
1268:
1262:which crosses the
1223:tongue and grooved
1164:
1121:Plank-framed barns
1118:
1104:Plank-framed barns
1096:Inside-out framing
1044:
1036:
949:
886:
868:in Massachusetts.
832:Plank-frame houses
454:
434:
368:Inside-out framing
308:in Minnesota is a
273:using plank infill
121:traditional trades
67:
47:
1894:Structural system
1689:Old House Journal
1562:Old House Journal
1350:
1349:
1214:mill construction
1083:A-frame buildings
945:wooden stave silo
761:
760:
735:quality standards
514:interrupted sills
448:construction and
220:A common form of
135:means a piece of
16:(Redirected from
1906:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1630:
1621:
1608:Kimball, Fiske.
1606:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1554:
1548:
1536:Nancy S. Shedd.
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1501:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1345:
1342:
1324:
1317:
1264:Saint John River
1114:plank frame barn
915:poteaux en terre
898:Greensted Church
858:lath and plaster
756:
753:
747:
724:
716:
379:
364:
341:
325:
314:lath and plaster
302:
293:with log infill.
282:
267:
251:
233:
224:wall in America.
217:
189:
176:barn during the
169:
148:
147:
143:
21:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1647:
1643:
1633:Whiffen, Marcus
1631:
1624:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1581:Wayback Machine
1572:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1545:Wayback Machine
1535:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1479:, reprinted in
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1407:Open-air museum
1373:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1330:needs expansion
1315:
1307:
1297:and many other
1291:
1282:
1270:Main articles:
1260:Hartland Bridge
1252:
1227:laminated floor
1202:
1185:
1180:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1106:
1098:
1085:
1024:
988:
964:creole cottages
937:
902:palisade church
874:
842:vertical planks
834:
771:pièce sur pièce
767:
757:
751:
748:
738:
725:
714:
701:
699:Balloon framing
695:
693:Balloon framing
663:
657:
521:poteaux-sur-sol
460:
399:
394:
387:
380:
371:
365:
356:
342:
333:
326:
317:
303:
294:
283:
274:
268:
259:
252:
243:
234:
225:
218:
209:
194:balloon framing
190:
181:
170:
161:
145:
141:
140:
117:
93:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1875:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1834:
1823:
1810:
1806:Timber framing
1794:
1790:Farm buildings
1781:
1767:
1754:
1748:Weiss, Ellen.
1741:
1725:
1712:
1693:
1680:
1667:
1656:
1641:
1622:
1601:
1585:
1566:
1549:
1529:
1516:
1512:The Bronze Age
1496:
1485:
1469:
1456:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1348:
1347:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1290:
1287:
1280:Trestle bridge
1272:Covered bridge
1251:
1250:Wooden bridges
1248:
1235:Factory Mutual
1205:Plank and beam
1201:
1198:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1084:
1081:
1072:Wesleyan Grove
1023:
1020:
1012:octagon houses
1000:plank-on-plank
987:
984:
972:flatboat board
936:
933:
906:post in ground
873:
870:
833:
830:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
808:
805:
802:
765:Post-and-plank
763:Main article:
759:
758:
728:
726:
719:
713:
710:
697:Main article:
694:
691:
659:Main article:
656:
653:
529:half timbering
525:close studding
510:post in ground
458:Timber framing
456:Main article:
450:crotched posts
446:post in ground
398:
397:Timber framing
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
381:
374:
372:
366:
359:
357:
343:
336:
334:
327:
320:
318:
304:
297:
295:
284:
277:
275:
269:
262:
260:
253:
246:
244:
235:
228:
226:
219:
212:
210:
191:
184:
182:
171:
164:
160:
157:
116:
113:
101:rules of thumb
92:
89:
63:timber framing
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1911:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
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1738:
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1729:
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1716:
1709:
1705:
1702:
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1526:
1520:
1513:
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1505:
1500:
1494:
1489:
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1473:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1433:
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1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1328:This section
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1276:Timber bridge
1273:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1138:
1135:
1134:trussed frame
1131:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1090:A-frame house
1080:
1078:
1077:Camp Meetings
1073:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1040:
1033:
1032:box and strip
1028:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
946:
941:
932:
929:
928:
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920:
916:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
878:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
829:
827:
819:
816:
813:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
798:
795:
792:
787:
785:
779:
775:
772:
766:
755:
752:December 2019
745:
741:
736:
732:
729:This section
727:
723:
718:
717:
709:
706:
700:
690:
688:
684:
681:, located in
680:
675:
673:
669:
662:
652:
650:
646:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
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602:
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569:
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561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
459:
451:
447:
443:
438:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
385:
378:
373:
369:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
340:
335:
331:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
301:
296:
292:
288:
287:Fort Robinson
281:
276:
272:
266:
261:
257:
254:The style of
250:
245:
241:
240:
232:
227:
223:
216:
211:
207:
204:landing on a
203:
199:
195:
188:
183:
179:
175:
168:
163:
162:
156:
154:
153:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
112:
110:
105:
102:
98:
88:
86:
82:
78:
77:
71:
64:
60:
59:half-timbered
56:
51:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1842:
1837:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1789:
1784:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1659:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1569:
1561:
1552:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1338:
1334:adding to it
1329:
1308:
1292:
1283:
1230:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1193:double floor
1192:
1189:single floor
1188:
1186:
1165:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1099:
1086:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1031:
1015:
1014:in his book
1003:
999:
995:
991:
989:
971:
967:
961:
953:plank houses
952:
950:
944:
930:
922:
918:
914:
910:
887:
846:plank houses
845:
841:
838:timber frame
837:
835:
823:
796:
788:
780:
776:
770:
768:
749:
740:You can help
730:
702:
676:
672:plank houses
671:
664:
661:Log building
655:Log building
649:stilt houses
642:
636:
635:, the upper
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:
551:
549:
532:
528:
518:
513:
504:
464:braced frame
463:
461:
449:
418:swept valley
417:
410:First Period
383:
367:
344:
329:
309:
290:
270:
255:
237:
221:
205:
193:
178:barn raising
174:timber frame
173:
151:
132:
129:cabinetmaker
118:
106:
94:
80:
73:
69:
68:
62:
58:
54:
1229:. The name
1126:joist frame
1059:Classic Box
627:, which is
115:Definitions
81:plank house
74:structural
38:Building a
29:Plank house
1883:Categories
1504:Dell Upton
1438:References
1341:April 2014
1022:Box houses
996:board wall
992:plank wall
980:bargeboard
968:bargeboard
927:bousillage
919:log on end
826:Cray House
687:New Sweden
668:blockhouse
613:Wind-beams
560:clapboards
496:wall plate
488:sill plate
484:foundation
430:clapboards
392:Wall types
330:box houses
239:blockhouse
97:apprentice
91:Background
1889:Carpentry
1432:Brickwork
1427:Dry stone
1422:Sod house
1295:falsework
1239:chamfered
1161:pole barn
1130:rib frame
1055:Box house
1049:box-frame
976:flatboats
957:slab huts
791:earthfast
744:talk page
625:Clabboard
570:and loft
537:Old Salem
222:log cabin
200:with the
180:in Canada
139:(timber)
111:framing.
76:carpentry
61:style of
1577:Archived
1541:Archived
1371:See also
1244:fire cut
911:en pieux
890:palisade
637:Clabbord
603:for the
572:flooring
562:for the
533:infilled
428:(riven)
422:flashing
414:jettying
353:Maryland
349:Wildfell
40:palisade
1777:trusses
923:framing
782:state (
705:Chicago
609:Rafters
605:Rafters
568:roofing
480:drywall
476:plaster
384:A-frame
144:⁄
1278:, and
742:. The
633:Ground
617:Braces
597:Plates
585:Plates
564:siding
498:, and
472:siding
206:ledger
202:joists
137:lumber
125:joiner
1763:Barns
1218:mills
621:Studs
601:Gists
593:Gists
589:Gists
581:Posts
541:Tudor
506:Posts
468:barns
444:with
426:split
408:is a
198:studs
152:Plank
133:Board
109:cruck
1132:and
1010:for
917:and
894:sill
852:and
677:The
647:and
556:hewn
543:and
500:roof
492:wall
127:and
1336:.
1061:or
982:).
970:or
913:or
478:or
382:An
347:in
192:In
1885::
1797:^
1625:^
1588:^
1560:,
1301:.
1274:,
1212:,
1174:.
1128:,
1002:,
998:,
994:,
888:A
864:,
689:.
674:.
651:.
619:,
615:,
566:,
547:.
502:.
494:,
490:,
486:,
172:A
1737:.
1706:(
1343:)
1339:(
1116:.
754:)
750:(
737:.
432:.
208:.
146:2
142:1
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_-_Building_the_Fort_at_Jamestown.png)
_-IMG_0800.jpg)
