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545:. On this ground was laid out an entrance road that looped from Forest Avenue to the front of the administration building and a large curving path in front of the east wing of the hospital in the angle of Forest and Elmwood Avenues. More paths ran in front of the hospital wing. A sunken carriage path was also intended in the southeast corner of the property, but this was never constructed.
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were segregated by sex, males on the east side, females on the west. Patients that required the most attention were placed in the outermost wards. As their situations improved, they would be subsequently moved further in towards the administration building. Once there, patients could engage in more social activities. Some examples include agricultural therapy, baseball, and holiday parties.
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trees and shrubs were selected for contrasting shapes, sizes, and leaf appearance. The overall intent was to create what was termed a “pastoral landscape”, and it was
Olmsted’s intent that this open landscape allow the public to see onto the property and the buildings themselves, and for the patients to clearly see the outer world during their walks on the grounds and through their windows.
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began to push for more funding and legislation aimed at creating mental health asylums across the United States. Dix travelled across both the United States and Europe, advocating for the importance of asylums and bringing the issue to the forefront of the
American consciousness. Perhaps her greatest
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In adherence to the
Kirkbride Plan, the Richardson Olmsted Campus (Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane) consists of a central administrative tower and five pavilions or wards progressively set back on each side, for eleven buildings total, all connected by short curved two-story corridors. Patients
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Kirkbride believed that in many cases, mental health problems could be treated as an acute issue. The asylum was intended to provide refuge from everyday life, and the environment a patient was in was just as important as the medical treatment they were receiving. Kirkbride placed a direct emphasis
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Now seen in a negative light by some, at the time mental health asylums were a revolutionary concept and a huge step forward in care for the mentally ill. Many asylums placed an emphasis not only on medical practices, but on architecture and design as well. Living at an asylum was not meant to only
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The
Preservation Coalition of Erie County (renamed "Preservation Buffalo Niagara" in October 2008) filed a lawsuit resulting in New York State establishing the Richardson Center Corporation in 2006 to rehabilitate the site and the State committing $ 100 million towards rehabilitation. Both former
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In New York City after returning from France, he became acquainted with
Frederick Law Olmsted. They were neighbors on Staten Island, had offices near one another on Broadway, and the two had similar artistic tastes. When Olmsted was invited to Buffalo in 1869 to design a park for the city, he met
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Ward corridors were to be at least 12 feet wide. Patient rooms were to be 11 feet deep by 9 feet wide, and would include just one single bed. Rooms were to be 16 feet high with wood floors and soundproofing. Kirkbride also called for the max number of patients to be around 250 (the
Buffalo State
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On this ground, Olmsted’s plan called for the planting of 150 trees, and up to 2000 shrubs. Except in the far southeast corner, the trees were spaced well apart and created an almost forest-like environment. Early photos suggest
Olmsted let trees that were already growing on the site remain. The
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In the mid-20th century, the
Buffalo State Hospital (Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane), saw an unmanageable influx of patients suffering from chronic issues. What was once a facility designed to cure acute illnesses, quickly became overcrowded. By 1940, a facility designed to hold around 600
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The
Kirkbride Plan also gave recommendations for the interior layout and size of an asylum. In Kirkbride’s own words, “Each ward should have in it a parlor, a dining room with a dumb waiter connected with it, a speaking tube/telephone leading to the kitchen, a corridor, single lodging rooms for
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Construction started in 1871, with the cornerstone being placed the following year in 1872. On
November 15, 1880, the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane admitted patients for the first time, although only the eastern wards had been completed (the western side would not be finished until 1895).
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By the 1900s, asylums gave way to “state hospitals”. This change in vernacular illustrated the shifting view on patient treatment and the overall declining stigma placed on mental health. More standard Kirkbride Plan asylums also gave way to the new "cottage plan" configuration. Instead of one
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The towers building remained open as office space until 1990. Afterwards, the Richardson-designed structure sat unoccupied and decaying for almost twenty years (further out wards had already been abandoned much earlier). In 2006, the Richardson Center Corporation, a non-profit dedicated to the
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Today, the Richardson Olmsted Campus is being converted, beginning with the now open Hotel Richardson within the Towers Building and two flanking buildings (about one-third of the Campus). The Hotel Richardson also includes Cafe Calvert, Bar Vaux, and their new restaurant Cucina. The remaining
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During the planning stages, the Richardson Center Corporation has used an active public process, aimed to help to inform the Master Plan during all phases of redevelopment for the Campus, including several public meetings. A Community Advisory Group includes representatives from the adjacent
507:. It has been the subject of a long-term preservation campaign. Nevertheless, three pavilions on the east side were demolished in the 1970s to make way for newer psychiatric facilities. In 1927, the northern farmlands were transferred back to the State for the development of what is today
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When it came to layout, the Kirkbride Plan prescribed a v-shaped grounds with one central administrative building. The Kirkbride Plan was also known as the “congregate plan” or “linear plan”. The plan is remarkable for being the first scientific architectural response to mental health care.
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The next year in 1890, the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane changed its name to the Buffalo State Hospital. That same year, New York passed new legislation establishing mental health treatment as the state's responsibility. A facility built for around 600, soon became overcrowded.
388:. The City of Buffalo promised to supply the future asylum with 100 years of free drinking water, and its location in a rural setting close to a bustling downtown was ideal for the Kirkbride Plan. Kirkbride had called for a patient population of around 300, but Buffalo physician Dr.
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sprawling asylum building, the cottage plan consisted of numerous out-buildings that each focused on one specific thing (tuberculosis building, surgery building, etc.). It is during this time that a collection of out-buildings are constructed at the Richardson Olmsted Campus.
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On January 25, 2013, Phase I plans were announced to redevelop one third of the Campus into Hotel Henry Urban Resort Conference Center, 100 Acres: The Kitchens at Hotel Henry and the Buffalo Architecture Center, both within the Towers Building and two flanking buildings.
616:, this bill would have set aside ten million acres of federal land for the construction of mental health facilities. Dix may have been unsuccessful, but her efforts directly correlated to the construction of 32 mental health hospitals across the United States.
492:, a successful lawyer (and later Lieutenant Governor of New York), who asked Olmsted to recommend an architect to design a new house for Dorsheimer. Olmsted recommended Richardson, and the house he designed for Dorsheimer still stands at 438 Delaware Avenue.
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Future plans for the site include the construction of a new museum in Buffalo's cultural corridor, known as the Lipsey Architecture Center Buffalo. The museum will focus on the city's rich architectural history and collection of now-preserved buildings.
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was hired to conduct regular patrols and prevent and deter further crime at the complex. On March 5, 2008, stabilization began with the most severely damaged buildings, including the roof and down-spouts. Stabilization was completed in 2012.
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As of summer 2023, planning continues for the construction of the Lipsey Architecture Center Buffalo at the Richardson Olmsted Campus. The proposed cultural institution will focus on Western New York's rich architectural history.
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impact mental health issues, but to cure them. Before this movement, the mentally ill were often housed in almshouses and jails, and were often subjected to archaic practices like bloodletting, isolation, and restraintment.
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Recently, the LACB opened two exhibits on the ground floor of the Hotel Richardson. One with a focus on general Buffalo architecture, and one that provides a brief history of the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane.
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Dorsheimer would later chair the ten member committee assigned to select the asylum’s architect. Based on Dorsheimer’s experience with him, he directed the committee in its meeting of May 1870, to hire Richardson.
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In the early 1960s, three male wards are demolished to make room for a modern rehabilitation center. The Strozzi Building was completed in 1964, essentially marking the final decline of the original asylum.
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In March 2023, Douglas Development Corporation re-opened the hotel under the new name Hotel Richardson. The hotel has a total of 88 rooms, and is walking distance from numerous Buffalo museums like the
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443:. This decreased the campus's size from 203 acres, to around 100. Six years later in 1933, part of the Olmsted-designed green space (known as the South Lawn), was paved over to create a parking lot.
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Park in Brooklyn. However, before they were implemented, the plans were lost and the partnership broke up. Olmsted then created another plan, and a partial record of which still exists today.
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Nichol's request was approved, and towns across Western New York began to enter bids to become the home of the new asylum. Buffalo was chosen from a group of possible locations that included
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This first phase of redevelopment was completed in 2016. Hotel Henry and the 100 Acres opened in May 2017. In 2020, due to the stress of the global COVID-19 pandemic, Hotel Henry closed.
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600:. This period was marked by financial fluctuation, social change, and growing interconnectivity, and historians believe the need for “order” saw with it an increased need for asylums.
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From 1835 to 1841, he opened his own practice in Philadelphia that focused on neurological and psychosurgical practices. In October 1840, he was named Superintendent of the
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This plan shows the southeast corner of the front of the asylum, that is, the land south of the administrative (towers) building to Forest Avenue and everything east to
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The man selected to design the Buffalo State Asylum in May 1870, was Henry Hobson Richardson. Although born on a plantation near New Orleans, he was an 1858 graduate of
874:: Flickr album of sketches and drawings for the grounds of the Buffalo State Hospital, fully digitized courtesy of the Frederick Law Olmsted National Park Service Site.
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Fireproofing was also important to Kirkbride’s plan. Every building connector was to have stone floors, and iron doors on one side that could be closed to avert fire.
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patients, a dormitory with no less than 4 beds, one or two larger patient rooms for those requiring an attendant, a clothes room, a bathroom, and a wash/sink room.”
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family, and was the great-great-grandson of Joseph Kirkbride, who was one of the original settlers in Pennsylvania in 1682. At 18, he began his formal education at
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patients had seen their patient population balloon to almost 4,000. In 1963, the then-modern Strozzi Building was constructed on campus to address these concerns.
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in Connecticut. While undoubtedly influenced by the treatment of the mentally ill in Europe, some historians believe that asylums in America grew out of the
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The remainder of the western wards were finished in 1895. Patients were now segregated by sex, with women in the western wings and men in the eastern wings.
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introduced a bill for additional mental health asylums to be built in New York State, with one dedicated to servicing the western portion of the state.
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Architectural plans and drawings, and internal records from the Buffalo State Hospital are found in several places. Most are offline and undigitized.
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neighborhoods, business districts, cultural institutions, Buffalo Psychiatric Center, SUNY Buffalo State, and historic preservation groups.
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In 1889, New York State approved funding for the remainder of the asylum to be constructed. H.H. Richardson had died in 1886, so architects
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In 1983 a portion of a ground floor hallway and one hospital room were prepared to appear as a maternity ward and used as a location for
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Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane with Some Remarks on Insanity and Its Treatment
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The Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane, the largest commission of Richardson's career, marked the advent of his characteristic
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and obtained his surgeon's degree in 1832. Post-education, he became a resident physician at The Quaker Asylum at Frankfurt.
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Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States (University of Minnesota Press, 2007) 127-139.
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672:. His concepts were revolutionary for the 19th century, and were rooted in a system of mental health treatment known as
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The 100 acre farm that existed on site and was once used for agricultural therapy was sold by New York State in 1927 to
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On April 10, 2010, a fire occurred. The cause of the fire was under investigation. Damage was estimated at $ 200,000.
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Architectural plans and drawings are in the H.H. Richardson Collection in the Houghton Library at Harvard University.
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1021:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane (State Lunatic Asylum)"
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The need to create livable places to house the mentally ill became apparent by the mid-19th century. Reformers like
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in the late 1800s, incorporating a system of treatment for people with mental illness developed by Dr. Thomas Story
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The first hospital to focus solely on mental health opened in 1773 in Williamsburg, Virginia and was known as the
484:(School of Fine Arts) in Paris. Afterwards, he started working as a draftsman in an architectural firm in France.
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was the approach to mental health care created by Thomas Story Kirkbride, and highlighted in his work, On the
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are in the New York State Archives in Albany, N.Y. They are undigitized and subject to privacy restrictions.
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on fresh air, sunlight, and exercise, and believed they were directly involved in treating mental illness.
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In 1918, Richardson's iconic towers that were covered in clay-tile roofing, were re-covered in copper.
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Patient records from 1881 to 1975 are in the collection of the New York State Archives in Albany, NY.
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buildings have been stabilized by the Richardson Center Corporation, with a plan by new developer
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preservation of the campus, gained control of the property and completed initial stabilization.
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1324:"Governor Cuomo Announces First Phase of Redevelopment of Richardson Olmsted Campus In Buffalo"
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in 1865, a renewed focus on the construction of mental health facilities swept across America.
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1178:, Buffalo, NY: Berkshire Hathaway, 22 January 2004, Sommer, M., Retrieved 15 January 2014.
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Archives: Architecture: A towering masterpiece: H.H. Richardson's Buffalo State Hospital
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that stands near the property’s fence line along Forest Avenue. Until 2019, an original
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661:(AMSAII). From 1862 to 1870, he served as secretary, and then president of the AMSAII.
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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1003:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Buffalo State Hospital"
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Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
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Currently, the building is being restored by Douglas Development Corporation.
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Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane
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1065:, Buffalo, NY, March/April 2000, Kowsky, F.R., Retrieved 15 December 2013.
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Requesting Information About Patients from the Buffalo Psychiatric Center
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Annual Report of the Board of Visitors of the Buffalo Psychiatric Center
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1998:
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that stand directly in front of the administrative building and a huge
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style. When emulated by later architects, this style is referred to as
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The last patients were moved out of the original asylum wards in 1974.
392:(who was overseeing the project), increased that number to about 600.
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1922:
List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
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Annual Reports of the Board of Managers of the Buffalo State Asylum
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680:, which promoted ideals like individual rights and social reform.
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State Lunatic Asylum, 400 Forest Avenue, Buffalo, Erie County, NY
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In 2013, the South Lawn landscape on the property was completed.
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Mount Massive Asylum, the main setting for the 2013 horror game
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1338:"Next phase of development taking shape at Richardson complex"
1235:"Reuse Timeline > Learn > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
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1189:"Stabilization > Learn > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
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1997:
1299:"Community > Support > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
962:. National Park Service. September 18, 2007. Archived from
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are often credited with developing this form of treatment.
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Plans for the asylum grounds were created in about 1870 by
1274:"South Lawn > Learn > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
1101:"Henry Hobson Richardson Drawings: Buffalo State Hospital"
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and brick hospital buildings were designed in 1870 in the
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National Register of Historic Places in Buffalo, New York
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Richardsonian Romanesque architecture in New York (state)
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with some of the city’s leading citizens. Among them was
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in 1986. The site was designed by the American architect
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Buffalo Psychiatric Center Patient Case files, 1920-1975
1076:"History > Learn > The Richardson Olmsted Campus"
833:, in 1885 while committed to the Buffalo State Asylum.
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Today, all that remains of Olmsted’s plantings are two
407:, and the grounds were designed by landscape architect
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Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
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Buffalo State Hospital patient case files, 1920-1975
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Buffalo State Hospital patient case files, 1881-1920
896:
Buffalo State Hospital Patient Case Files, 1881-1920
853:, was modeled after the Richardson Olmsted Complex.
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Perimeter fencing and lighting were installed and a
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Buffalo State Hospital, Richardson Olmsted Complex,
1524:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1418:"Outlast 2 In Development for PS4, Xbox One and PC"
856:
1555:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
829:Lizzie D. Cottier surreptitiously wrote a novel,
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844:, was shown recovering from internal injuries.
2866:National Historic Landmarks in New York (state)
1947:National Register of Historic Places portal
1000:
517:
1018:
892:are online courtesy of the Library of Congress
872:Job #612, New York State Asylum for the Insane
840:, where the character Roy Hobbs, as played by
2861:Buildings and structures in Buffalo, New York
2378:
1983:
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1214:"Repairs underway at H.H. Richardson complex"
1172:Hoyt proposes civic panel for Richardson site
978:"Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)"
627:Thomas Story Kirkbride and the Kirkbride Plan
608:contribution to the effort, was the proposed
180:Cornerstone placed in 1872. Finished in 1895.
638:on July 31, 1809. Kirkbride was born into a
564:also stood in front of the east wing of the
333:in concert with the famed landscape team of
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610:Bill for the Benefit of the Indigent Insane
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1990:
1976:
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1153:. New York State Office of Mental Health.
1131:. New York State Office of Mental Health.
960:National Historic Landmark summary listing
788:In 2021, Douglas Development Corporation (
772:Hotel Henry Urban Resort Conference Center
2881:Psychiatric hospitals in New York (state)
1495:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1260:"Flames break out at closed psych center"
149:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1330:
950:
948:
784:Douglas Development and Hotel Richardson
572:Mental Health Treatment in Early America
2901:1870 establishments in New York (state)
2618:Kalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital
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612:(1854). Later struck down by President
2843:
2703:Fergus Falls Regional Treatment Center
2673:Eastern Michigan Asylum for the Insane
2516:Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital
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970:
929:"National Register Information System"
923:
921:
704:Asylum increased this number to 600).
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1971:
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1416:Russell, Brandon (October 25, 2014).
1392:"Lizzie Cottier and her missing baby"
945:
824:
450:In 1973, the Asylum was added to the
45:Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane,
2851:Hospital buildings completed in 1870
934:National Register of Historic Places
655:Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane
452:National Register of Historic Places
2826:Callan Park Hospital for the Insane
2546:Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital
1460:", 8 photos, 8 data pages
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908:: Policies and procedures explained
886:: 1909-1917 are online in full text
880:: 1885 and 1887 online in full text
13:
1910:National Historic Preservation Act
1454:Historic American Buildings Survey
812:Lipsey Architecture Center Buffalo
14:
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2876:Henry Hobson Richardson buildings
2856:Architecture of Buffalo, New York
2785:Eastern Washington State Hospital
2744:Central State Hospital (Kentucky)
2577:Central State Hospital (Virginia)
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2698:Cherokee Mental Health Institute
2598:Central State Hospital (Indiana)
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1952:
1951:
1940:
866:Henry Hobson Richardson drawings
857:Plans, Drawings, Images, Records
530:, the partners who had designed
460:In 1986, it was designated as a
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29:
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1266:
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1181:
1143:
1001:T. Robins Brown (August 1972).
594:Hartford Retreat for the Insane
471:
158:U.S. National Historic Landmark
2739:Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum
1863:Federated States of Micronesia
1509:Architectural style categories
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1068:
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1038:Accompanying three photographs
646:. In 1831, he enrolled at the
206:
1:
2896:Hospitals established in 1870
2780:Eastern Oregon State Hospital
2623:Mount Pleasant State Hospital
912:
18:Building in Buffalo, New York
2582:Spring Grove Hospital Center
1390:Murphy, Dan (October 2022).
802:Burchfield Penney Art Center
518:Olmsted and Landscape Design
7:
2658:Independence State Hospital
2603:Jacksonville State Hospital
2526:Hudson River State Hospital
2464:Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge
2013:Adult / children facilities
1371:. Buffalo, N.Y.: Courier Co
1365:Cottier, Lizzie D. (1885).
10:
2927:
2511:Northampton State Hospital
1915:Historic Preservation Fund
1894:American Legation, Morocco
1456:(HABS) No. NY-5606, "
1303:www.richardson-olmsted.com
1278:www.richardson-olmsted.com
1239:www.richardson-olmsted.com
1193:www.richardson-olmsted.com
1080:www.richardson-olmsted.com
890:Photographs of the complex
648:University of Pennsylvania
566:Buffalo Psychiatric Center
480:. From there attended the
462:National Historic Landmark
364:
327:National Historic Landmark
141:Richardson Olmsted Complex
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2767:
2711:
2643:Osawatomie State Hospital
2590:
2564:
2501:Harrisburg State Hospital
2496:New Jersey State Hospital
2488:
2481:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2400:
2337:
2211:
2190:
2159:
2118:
2072:
2061:
2012:
1935:
1902:
1881:
1856:Lists by associated state
1855:
1814:
1547:
1501:
1115:"New York State Archives"
644:The College of New Jersey
636:Morrisville, Pennsylvania
619:At the conclusion of the
592:in Philadelphia, and the
357:to complete restoration.
311:Richardson Olmsted Campus
255:
250:
242:
238:
230:
222:
217:
205:NRHP reference
204:
194:
184:
176:
168:
164:
155:
146:
139:
135:
125:
86:
74:
66:
61:
53:
41:
37:
28:
24:Richardson Olmsted Campus
23:
2886:Kirkbride Plan hospitals
2790:Mendocino State Hospital
2688:Northern Michigan Asylum
2653:Winnebago State Hospital
2628:St. Peter State Hospital
2613:Wisconsin State Hospital
2551:Worcester State Hospital
1837:Northern Mariana Islands
956:"Buffalo State Hospital"
505:Richardsonian Romanesque
441:Buffalo State University
302:Under renovation in 2008
199:Richardsonian Romanesque
195:Architectural style
2754:Arkansas State Hospital
2683:Clarinda State Hospital
2678:Kankakee State Hospital
2668:Columbus State Hospital
2572:St. Elizabeths Hospital
2531:Danville State Hospital
2469:Richard Snowden Andrews
1019:Caroline Pitts (n.d.).
733:New York State Assembly
405:Henry Hobson Richardson
331:Henry Hobson Richardson
189:Henry Hobson Richardson
130:Henry Hobson Richardson
2759:Terrell State Hospital
2724:Jackson State Hospital
2719:Western State Hospital
2556:Danvers State Hospital
2536:Buffalo State Hospital
2521:Dixmont State Hospital
2506:Taunton State Hospital
2413:Thomas Story Kirkbride
1832:Minor Outlying Islands
1815:Lists by insular areas
1529:Keeper of the Register
806:Buffalo History Museum
798:Buffalo AKG Art Museum
632:Thomas Story Kirkbride
582:Eastern State Hospital
110:42.92861°N 78.881972°W
2805:Patton State Hospital
2800:Oregon State Hospital
2775:Agnews State Hospital
2729:Austin State Hospital
2693:Nevada State Hospital
2663:Athens Lunatic Asylum
2648:Topeka State Hospital
2608:Dayton State Hospital
2541:Warren State Hospital
2119:Children's facilities
2006:psychiatric hospitals
1534:National Park Service
1514:Contributing property
981:(Searchable database)
939:National Park Service
741:Buffalo State College
524:Frederick Law Olmsted
509:Buffalo State College
424:Edward Brodhead Green
409:Frederick Law Olmsted
335:Frederick Law Olmsted
288:South elevation, 2017
276:South elevation, 1965
172:93 acres (38 ha)
2821:Nova Scotia Hospital
2638:Elgin State Hospital
1889:District of Columbia
1326:. State of New York.
726:Preservation Efforts
482:Ecole des Beaux-Arts
397:Medina red sandstone
115:42.92861; -78.881972
57:The Richardson Hotel
2795:Napa State Hospital
2633:Anna State Hospital
2191:Research facilities
2160:Forensic facilities
325:, was designated a
231:Designated NHL
106: /
78:444 Forest Avenue,
62:General information
2749:Broughton Hospital
2394:The Kirkbride Plan
2304:New York Inebriate
2269:Letchworth Village
2259:Hudson River State
2254:Hudson River Psych
2219:Blackwell's Island
2030:Greater Binghamton
825:In Popular Culture
621:American Civil War
501:Romanesque Revival
490:William Dorsheimer
378:Lockport, New York
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2482:Notable buildings
2477:
2476:
2449:Nathaniel Bradlee
2360:
2359:
2212:Closed facilities
1965:
1964:
1519:Historic district
1220:on March 6, 2008.
678:The Enlightenment
534:in Manhattan and
382:Batavia, New York
369:In 1865, Senator
263:
262:
251:Other information
218:Significant dates
80:Buffalo, New York
54:Alternative names
2918:
2814:Outside the U.S.
2486:
2485:
2405:
2404:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2319:Western New York
2167:Central New York
2151:Western New York
2073:Adult facilities
2067:
2020:Capital District
1992:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1868:Marshall Islands
1488:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1449:
1447:Official website
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1368:The Right Spirit
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1216:. Archived from
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1185:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:
995:
993:
991:
982:
974:
968:
967:
952:
943:
942:
925:
831:The Right Spirit
745:Muriel A. Howard
554:Swamp White Oaks
386:Warsaw, New York
371:Asher P. Nichols
299:
285:
273:
226:January 12, 1973
208:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
33:
21:
20:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2809:
2763:
2707:
2586:
2560:
2473:
2454:John G. Haskell
2444:Elbridge Boyden
2427:
2415:
2396:
2391:
2361:
2356:
2333:
2207:
2198:Nathan S. Kline
2186:
2155:
2114:
2068:
2059:
2008:
1996:
1966:
1961:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1898:
1877:
1851:
1810:
1543:
1497:
1492:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1170:
1166:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1010:
1008:
1005:
989:
987:
980:
976:
975:
971:
966:on May 2, 2008.
954:
953:
946:
941:. July 9, 2010.
927:
926:
919:
915:
859:
827:
814:
786:
774:
728:
674:moral treatment
629:
614:Franklin Pierce
590:Friend’s Asylum
586:McLean Hospital
574:
520:
478:Harvard College
474:
420:Green and Wicks
367:
307:
306:
305:
304:
303:
300:
291:
290:
289:
286:
278:
277:
274:
256:Number of rooms
160:
151:
142:
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
70:Used as a hotel
48:
46:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Bryce Hospital
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2203:New York State
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1847:Virgin Islands
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:American Samoa
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1756:South Carolina
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:North Carolina
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1548:Lists by state
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1539:Property types
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1440:
1439:External links
1437:
1435:
1434:
1408:
1382:
1357:
1346:. June 4, 2019
1329:
1315:
1290:
1265:
1251:
1223:
1205:
1180:
1164:
1142:
1120:
1106:
1092:
1067:
1051:
1042:
999:This includes
969:
944:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
903:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
858:
855:
842:Robert Redford
826:
823:
813:
810:
785:
782:
773:
770:
727:
724:
686:Philippe Pinel
666:Kirkbride Plan
628:
625:
598:Jacksonian Era
573:
570:
543:Elmwood Avenue
519:
516:
473:
470:
401:Kirkbride Plan
366:
363:
347:Kirkbride Plan
301:
294:
293:
292:
287:
280:
279:
275:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
153:
152:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
90:
84:
83:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
43:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2923:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Levi Scofield
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:Harlem Valley
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Central Islip
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Mohawk Valley
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:West Virginia
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:New Hampshire
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Massachusetts
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
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1761:South Dakota
1751:Rhode Island
1746:Pennsylvania
1726:North Dakota
1425:. Retrieved
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2329:Willowbrook
2274:Long Island
2224:Bloomington
2055:South Beach
1882:Other areas
1842:Puerto Rico
1676:Mississippi
1591:Connecticut
838:The Natural
588:in Boston,
113: /
88:Coordinates
49:Hotel Henry
2845:Categories
2768:West Coast
2432:Architects
2408:Physicians
2347:Interpines
2339:Sanatorium
2289:Middletown
2264:Kings Park
2177:Mid-Hudson
1791:Washington
1711:New Mexico
1706:New Jersey
1581:California
1308:August 22,
1283:August 22,
1244:August 22,
1198:August 22,
1085:August 22,
913:References
743:President
568:property.
395:The large
98:42°55′43″N
2489:Northeast
2420:Advocates
2284:Matteawan
2279:Manhattan
2234:Dannemora
2182:Rochester
2100:Manhattan
2095:Kingsboro
2090:Creedmoor
2045:Rochester
2035:Hutchings
1801:Wisconsin
1766:Tennessee
1671:Minnesota
1646:Louisiana
1137:122346707
558:White Ash
343:Kirkbride
246:2006-2023
243:Renovated
185:Architect
126:Named for
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2299:New York
2294:Mohansic
2239:Edgewood
2146:Sagamore
2141:Rockland
2131:Brooklyn
2110:Rockland
2003:New York
1957:Category
1786:Virginia
1736:Oklahoma
1716:New York
1691:Nebraska
1681:Missouri
1666:Michigan
1656:Maryland
1641:Kentucky
1621:Illinois
1596:Delaware
1586:Colorado
1576:Arkansas
1427:June 11,
1350:June 11,
1159:82286416
1029:April 1,
1011:April 1,
990:April 1,
737:Sam Hoyt
536:Prospect
319:New York
212:73001186
75:Location
2591:Midwest
2324:Willard
2244:Gowanda
2105:Pilgrim
2085:Buffalo
1903:Related
1806:Wyoming
1781:Vermont
1686:Montana
1626:Indiana
1606:Georgia
1601:Florida
1571:Arizona
1561:Alabama
850:Outlast
735:Member
365:History
315:Buffalo
2401:People
2352:Loomis
2136:Queens
2025:Elmira
1741:Oregon
1696:Nevada
1636:Kansas
1611:Hawaii
1566:Alaska
1502:Topics
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1035:, and
804:, and
640:Quaker
384:, and
67:Status
2712:South
2314:Utica
2172:Kirby
2126:Bronx
2080:Bronx
1999:State
1873:Palau
1771:Texas
1651:Maine
1616:Idaho
1024:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
997:Note:
177:Built
82:14222
1827:Guam
1776:Utah
1731:Ohio
1631:Iowa
1429:2019
1403:2024
1377:2024
1352:2019
1343:WKBW
1310:2016
1285:2016
1246:2016
1200:2016
1155:OCLC
1133:OCLC
1087:2016
1031:2016
1013:2016
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898:and
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
