611:(BIA) on June 15, 1990 responded with a letter outlining the deficiencies in the petition. During the process, it repeatedly offered to have representatives meet with the tribe to review topics of research, specifically court records and land deeds, for the period 1750-1820 in which records are scarce. The RMI submitted a partial response on January 28, 1991. A fully revised petition was determined to be ready for active consideration on March 5, 1992. The petition had active consideration status on July 14, 1992. In December 1993, the BIA issued its proposed finding, rejecting the tribe's petition. It granted the tribe an opportunity to respond, including extensions. It issued its Final Determination rejecting its petition on December 11, 1995. This Final Determination survived an internal BIA appeal in 1997 and a federal court appeal in 2001.
1316:(2022), a 30-minute documentary by Elliott Ruga, produced by the New Jersey Highlands Coalition, based on an interview with Turtle Clan Chief Vincent Mann, who discusses tribal history from the era of first contact through contemporary times and the effects of colonialism, including the dispossession of Native lands and the resulting diaspora, massacres, rejection of native identity, the attempt at federal recognition and the continuing federal and state failures to address the toxic contamination by the Ford Motor Company that continues to poison the Turtle Clan's community in Ringwood, NJ. Despite these and other challenges Chief Mann is optimistic that the Clan will be relocated, the Tribe will receive federal recognition and the Ramapough people will find a vital role in a society confronted with a drastically changing climate.
857:
affiliation. Whites in the
Northeast assumed that Indian cultures had largely ended after centuries of interaction with European Americans. By contrast, numerous Native American tribes had a historic tradition of absorbing other peoples by marriage or adoption; people brought up within their cultures generally identified as Native Americans of particular tribes. Thus, during the period of urbanization, high rates of immigration, and suburban development throughout the New York metropolitan area during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ramapough Mountain Indians continued to live in their historic areas of settlement in the mountains and there maintained a rural culture.
2949:"Wilbur C. DeGroat, III, Arlitta DeGroat, Leon DeGroat, Diane DeGroat, Pia DeGroat Dennison, Marie DeGroat Mann, Rodney van Dunk, Eunice DeGroat, Gilbert DeGroat, Rosemarie Mann, Amanda Mann, Dawn Mann, Santana Peterson, Rachael Mann, Daniel W. Dennison, Jr and Jon van Dunk, Plaintiffs, v Scott Cooper; Brad Inglesby; Relativity Media, LLC a California limited liability company; Appian Way, LLC, a California limited liability company; Energy Entertainment, Inc., a California corporation; Scott Free Productions, Inc., a California corporation; Red Grantie Pictures, INC. a California corporation; and John Does 1 to 5, Defendants"
1037:
earliest proven progenitors descended from any known historical tribe of North
American Indians. Without documentation, the BIA cannot make an assumption, on the basis of late 19th-century and early 20th-century ascriptions, that these unknown RMI ancestors were members of a historical North American Indian tribe. The petitioner has not presented acceptable evidence that the RMI descend from a historical Indian tribe, or from tribes that amalgamated and functioned as a single unit, either as individuals or as a group.
651:); that is, people who were considered suspect by the dominant British Americans. The people supposedly fled to frontier areas of the mountains after the end of the Revolutionary War. Thousands of escaped slaves had gone to British-occupied New York City on the promise of freedom, and some left the city for more isolated areas to escape capture after the war. There is not any documentation of slaves, freed or runaway, nor of Hessian soldiers' marrying into the tribe.
1024:
Final
Determination, which concluded that the Ramapough Mountain Indians had failed to meet three of seven criteria for recognition; namely, that it did not provide adequate proof of descent from a historical tribe, nor of genealogical, social and political continuity since 1950. The latter two issues were of concern since 1950, when the BIA felt that the tribe had not demonstrated a distinct Indian culture different from its neighbors. They said:
193:
132:
932:, or Hessians. However, they are the only actual non-foreigners to be found still living in community in and around New York's metropolitan region. ... The main Ramapough Lenape villages in New York were Hillburn, Johnsontown, Furmanville, Sherwoodville, Bulsontown, Willowgrove, Sandyfields, and Ladentown. Better known, however, as Native American strongholds, are the towns just south of the border, namely Stagg Hill and Ringwood.
671:
36:
711:-speaking people who occupied a large territory throughout coastal areas of the mid-Atlantic states and along the Delaware River valley. Such groups were typically named after their geographic region. Early European colonists thought they were different peoples, but all were Lenape. Ramapo villages were recorded during the late seventeenth century in western Connecticut, near present-day
679:
77:
748:. Due to English colonists, they sold their land in the Ridgefield area, a territory estimated at 20,000 acres (81 km), and relocated away. The Ramapo migrated west and some eventually settled in the mountains in northeastern New Jersey and southwestern New York; this part of the Appalachian Mountains was named for them by colonists as the
1061:
financed by competing Indian casinos, adding additional money and political muscle to an already uphill fight. Unfortunately, this is unfairly hindering recognition opportunities for longstanding tribes and standing in the way of such tribes acquiring much needed non-casino related benefits, such as federal grants and governmental immunities.
1702:
1029:
specific genealogies of the RMI progenitor families. None of the interested party or third party comments provided substantive proof that the earliest proven RMI ancestors descended from a historical tribe of North
American Indians. Therefore, the third-party comments were not directly pertinent to criterion 83.7(e). ...
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as multiracial people with
European-American culture and rural traditions. The origin of these surnames could also be from earlier relations with the Colonials. During the late 19th century, such Indians were said to use the names given by the Colonials instead of their real names because of superstition.
2398:"Implementation of Indian Gaming Regulatory Act: oversight hearing before the Subcommittee on Native American Affairs, Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on implementation of Public Law 100-497, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988"
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In conclusion, the origins and parentage of the earliest genealogically proven ancestors of the petitioner are not known. The petitioner has not demonstrated that their earliest documented ancestors were members of a historical North
American Indian tribe, nor has the petitioner documented that their
1023:
The BIA gave the Tribe an opportunity to respond to its
Proposed Finding of December 8, 1993, which said its documented petition did not satisfy all the regulatory criteria. It identified areas of weakness and provided extensions requested by the Tribe. Finally in December 1995, the agency issued its
860:
Cohen noted in 1974 that, as the federal censuses of 1790-1830 were missing for this area, it prevented "establishing positively the exact relationship between many of these colored families in the mountains, and the earlier colored families of the
Hackensack River Valley". He noted the "tradition of
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The New Jersey historian David S. Cohen, who wrote his doctoral dissertation at
Princeton about the Ramapough Mountain people, has confirmed that the old stories were legends, not history. He said the legend was untrue and was "the continuing vehicle for the erroneous and derogatory stereotype of the
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Edwards said later that debate in the assembly related to a book written by historian David Cohen (see below); he noted that he and other endorsers of recognition had to demonstrate the historical basis of the
Ramapough. At the time, the state had not developed its own criteria or regulations related
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In making this Final Determination, the BIA has reviewed the evidence used to prepare the Proposed Finding, the RMI response to the Proposed Finding, and additional research conducted for the Final Determination by BIA staff. None of the interested party or third party comments were directed to the
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Before 1870, the State of New Jersey's census had only three racial or ethnic categories for residents: White, Black (free), and Black (slave), the same categories as were used in the slave states. Census enumerators tended to use black as the category for any people of color, including Indians. New
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While the Ramapough's origins are controversial, most historians and anthropologists agree that they (Ramapough) are the descendants from local Munsee-speaking Lenape (Delaware) Indians who fled to the mountains in the late seventeenth century to escape Dutch and English settlers. It is a well known
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has created local partnerships. It recognizes State Designated Tribal Statistical Areas, which are established by state consultation with local tribes to identify significant areas of American Indian populations outside reservations (these had not been examined during the twentieth century). In New
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During August 2006, Governor Corzine formed the New Jersey Committee on Native American Community Affairs to investigate issues of civil rights, education, employment, fair housing, environmental protection, health care, infrastructure and equal opportunity confronting members of New Jersey's three
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John "Bud" Shapard was the former chief of the Bureau of Research at the BIA from 1978-1987, when the regulations were written. Asked to review the Ramapough's case after the BIA declined their petition, in 1999 he said, "It's pretty clear they've got an Indian community as strong as some that have
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relocated west into the mountains. (The surname Van Dunk is common among the Ramapough, as are DeGroat, DeFreese, and Mann.) Cohen thought that, while some free blacks may have married Lenape remnant peoples in the area, the residents of the mountains developed not primarily with Indian culture but
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and the Powhatan Renape, descended from the Algonquian-speaking Lenape and Powhatan, respectively. Because of increased issues related to Native Americans, the State of New Jersey created the Commission on Native American Affairs by P.L.1134, c. 295, and it was signed into law on December 22, 1995,
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None of the outside observers cited in the RMI Response provided documentation of actual tribal descent. Statements of generically "Indian" characteristics are not equivalent under the 25 CFR Part 83 regulations to documented descent from "a historical Indian tribe or from historical Indian tribes
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testified to the US Senate Subcommittee on Native American Affairs on October 5, 1993 about the Ramapough Lenape Indian efforts to gain recognition. She said that, since tribal representatives had approached her during the 1980s seeking a private federal bill for recognition, their "sole interest"
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The current political environment threatens to further slow the achievement of federal recognition, as legislators and citizens in various communities band together to oppose recognition for fear that newly recognized tribes will establish a casino in their community. This opposition is sometimes
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The archaeological record indicates a strong, continuous and persistent presence of Indian bands in the northern Highlands Physiographic Providence-Ramapos well into the 18th century. Other data, such as historical accounts, record the presence of Indians in the Highlands during the 19th and 20th
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According to Catalano and Planche, consultants for the tribe for its recognition process, Cohen's work has been criticized by the genealogists Alcon Pierce and Roger Joslyn. Catalano said that Cohen had no professional credentials in genealogy, and that the BIA found much of his genealogical work
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The multiracial ancestry of the people in the mountains was noted by their European-American neighbors. Myths, as noted in the section on their name, were derived in part from theories of origins, as well as prejudice related to unions with African descendants because slavery had developed in the
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The Ramapough Indians claim to have been recognized by the State of New York by Legislative Resolution 86 in 1979. According to Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein, who have reviewed state recognition processes, New York does not have an official, separate process of recognition of Indian tribes and
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The Ramapough, or "mountaineer Munsee", on the other hand, never disappeared. Their people still occupy the southwest portion of the point of Rockland County, on all sides of Ramapo Mountain. ... Whites have always tried, and continue to try to portray the Ramapough as foreigners: Dutch, blacks,
755:
The colonial Dutch referred to the Lenape Indian peoples whom they encountered in this mid-Atlantic region, along the lower Hudson and northern New Jersey areas, as the Hackensack, Tappan, Nyack, and Minsi; these names were from the Lenape words for the bands, who took the names associated with
2483:
Koenig and Stein (2007), "Federalism and State Recognition", p. 129. Note: The Ramapough Mountain Indians had not been recognized by the state of New York, which does not have a formal process for recognizing tribes. It has only recognized the Shinnecock and one other tribe due to longstanding
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European Americans assumed that Indians wanted only to assimilate to the majority culture and that intermarriage meant a weakening of their cultures; in addition, attitudes associated with slavery tended to classify people of mixed-race as black rather than Indian, regardless of their cultural
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Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the State of New Jersey (the Senate concurring): 1. That the Ramapough Mountain People of the Ramapough Mountains of Bergen and Passaic counties, descendants of the Iroquois and Algonquin nations, are hereby designated by the State of New Jersey as the
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for cleanup. Ford had operated an automobile assembly plant in Mahwah and its contractors dumped industrial paints and other hazardous wastes in a landfill owned by the company in an area where many Ramapough Mountain Indians live. The EPA identified further remediation three more times as
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peoples seeking recognition as Native American tribes, the Ramapough Mountain Indians have encountered differences of opinion of the significance of their real ethnic ancestry in contrast to cultural and community identity and political efforts to have them recognized as a distinct culture.
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When colonists entered the areas along Ramapo Creek to develop iron mines and works during the eighteenth century, they noted that Ramapough native people occupied the hills. The founder of the iron mines brought in German and English workers, some of whose descendants settled in the area.
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The Mountain Indians included those Delaware Indians who in Colonial times retreated into the Pohacong and Schooley Mountains in northwestern New Jersey, and those Minisink, Pompton (Wappingers), Hackensack and Tappan Indians who remained in the mountains of the northeastern part of the
690:
A number of local historians, genealogists, and archeologists have written about the Ramapough people. Accounts have changed related to research that has revealed more archeological, historical, linguistic, and other evidence, as well as because of changed social attitudes. As with other
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They noted that many states had initiated their own processes of recognition of tribes and are building new relationships with the peoples. The Ramapough Lenape Indians had been recognized by New Jersey but not by New York, which as a policy matter does not separately recognize tribes.
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responded that the movie "is not based on any one person or group" and is "entirely fictional". Nine members of the group, eight of whom have the surname DeGroat, which is given to the movie's antagonist, filed suit against the makers and other involved parties. They claimed that
883:. James Revey (Lone Bear), then chairman of the New Jersey Indian Office, said that "Mountain Indians" were descendants of Lenape who had retreated into the mountains of western and northeastern New Jersey and southwestern New York during the colonial era. Other scholars, such as
1046:
At oral argument before the Court of Appeals, the BIA conceded that the RMI (Ramapough Mountain Indians) are Indians, but asserted that the Tribe provided no evidence of descent from the Aboriginal Lenape Indians, who are the only tribal group ever to have occupied the region.
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indigenous Native American tribes and other New Jersey residents of Native American descent. The Committee's report was delivered on December 17, 2007 and cited "lingering discrimination, ignorance of state history and culture, and cynicism in the treatment of Indian people".
873:, "apprenticed for life". The last slaves in New Jersey were not freed until 1865 and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. In 1870, New Jersey began recording Indians (Native Americans) as a separate category in its census; 16 were identified by census enumerators that year.
1079:, and the Powhatan Renape (the latter two groups are located in southern New Jersey.) In addition, two seats were reserved for Inter-Tribal Members, persons who belonged to other tribes but lived in New Jersey. The Commission has been placed in the Department of State.
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State and federal officials have worked with the tribes on other issues related to their people. For instance, in preparation for the 2010 census, state and federal officials consulted with the recognized tribes on means to get accurate counts of their people. The
1262:. Directed by Maro Chermayeff and Mica Fink, it features Paul Mann of the Ramapough and Vicki Gilliam of The Cochran Firm, which represented the tribe. It portrays the five years of the Ramapough pursuing the suit and how they reached settlement with the company.
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that combined and functioned as a single autonomous political entity." Statements concerning more general "Indian" descent are not in themselves adequate to meet criterion 83.7(e), and must also be evaluated in the full context of the available evidence. ...
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appeared to be to establish casino gambling in Bergen County. She said she feared that Indian gaming in New Jersey would bring organized crime with it. The Ramapough do not currently possess any land as a reservation that could be used for a gambling site.
1119:
The tribe has required members to be descended directly from an identified Ramapough parent listed in tribal records. People must provide certified birth certificates and documentation of at least three generations to a listed Ramapough ancestor.
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Indian ancestry among the Ramapo Mountain People as early as the eighteenth century." Cohen also said, "Some Indian mixture is possible; however, Indian and colored interracial matings probably were not recorded in the Dutch Reformed Churches."
584:, to seek state recognition. After several months of research, Edwards and Assemblyman Kern introduced Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 3031 (ACR3031) on May 21, 1979. It passed the Assembly and was passed by the Senate on January 7, 1980.
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of intent to gain federal recognition as a tribe. They further organized into clans for self-government: the Wolf, the Turtle and the Deer, related to their three main settlements of Mahwah and Ringwood, New Jersey; and Hillburn, New York.
1055:
Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein wrote an article published in 2007 in which they reviewed the process of federal and state recognition, and factors affecting both. They noted the effect of the development of Indian gambling. They wrote,
1175:) against the "Ford Motor Company and its contractors, as well as the borough of Ringwood, for the dumping of toxic waste." They were represented by Vicki Gilliam of The Cochran Group. The suit was filed about the time of publication of
999:
Roger D. Joslyn, a certified genealogist and one of the consultants to the tribe in this process, has traced Ramapough members to people of the 18th century. He stated that tribal members were descended from the historical Munsee tribe.
802:
Valley of New Jersey." Among these were Augustine Van Donck, who bought land in the Tappan Patent in 1687. As the border between New York and New Jersey divided the area of the patent in 1798, Cohen theorized that some of these early
1041:
The Ramapough activists, who claimed they were opposed to gambling, appealed the BIA's decision. On November 2001, the Ramapough presented their case to the Court of Appeals. The BIA conceded that the Ramapough are Native American:
2928:"Members of Ramapough seek $ 50 million from makers of 'Out of the Furnace' A lawsuit says 'Out of the Furnace,' starring Christian Bale and Zoe Saldana, misrepresents members of the Ramapough Mountain Indians. (Relativity Media)"
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Mountain People". He claims that some of the group's ancestors were multiracial, free Afro-Dutch who had migrated from lower Manhattan to the frontier and become landowners in the Tappan Patent during the seventeenth century.
1268:(2013) is a documentary that details the Ramapough Lenape Nation's efforts to gain federal recognition as a Native American nation and the difficulties it has encountered due to loss of lands and records and alleged racism.
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in the Dawnland Confederacy, and the Renapi contingency was known as the Wappinger-Mattabesec Confederation (i.e., Western CT, Eastern NY, and N. NJ). The Ramapo Mountain Region in N. NJ became a refugium after the forced
1074:
In 1995, New Jersey established a Commission on American Indian Affairs (then termed the Commission on Native American Affairs) with two seats each for the recognized tribes of the Ramapough Mountain Indians, the
1090:'s staff met with the Ramapough Lenape and other Native Americans in the state to identify problem areas and improve relations. The state investigated the shooting, and a grand jury indicted one of the rangers.
2213:
1402:
Penford, Saxby Voulaer., "Romantic Suffern: The History of Suffern, New York, from the Earliest Times to the Incorporation of the Village in 1896", Tallman, N.Y., 1955, (1st Edition), Chapter 6 Ramapo Mountain
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centuries. Oral traditions, and settlement and subsistence activities are examined as well. Native American people were a significant element among the primary progenitors of the Ramapo Mountain People...
894:
Kraft noted, as did Cohen (see below), that there was a gap in "the genealogical record between about 1790-1830 that prevented his assembling with exactitude individual relationships between most of the
1210:. Pilgrim Pipelines Holdings, LLC plans to run a duel pipeline through the tribe's land which would carry refined products like gasoline, diesel, kerosene, aviation fuel and home heating oil north and
1188:
The paint sludge has been linked to contamination of food and water sources with lead and benzene. The contamination has been linked to nosebleeds, leukemia, and other ailments among the community.
2468:
Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein, "Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A Survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition Processes across the United States"
1682:
Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein, "Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A Survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition Processes across the United States"
996:
During August 1978 the tribe filed a petition of intent for federal recognition. The Ramapough Mountain Indians submitted its petition for recognition with supporting documentation in 1990.
899:
settlers and those of the Ramapo Mountains." In his own work, Kraft has not attempted to establish genealogical links between the present-day Ramapough and colonial-era Indian tribes.
2124:) "But how account for the Indian Blood that shows itself so conspicuously among this race today? Undoubtedly a large part of it comes from Indians who were formerly held as slaves."
1306:
portrays a gang of criminals living in the Ramapo Mountains who are "lawless, drug-addicted, impoverished and violent". On May 16, 2014, U.S. District Court Judge William Walls, in
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to tribal recognition. The state resolution also requested federal recognition of the Ramapough, but is non-binding in that regard. The state of New Jersey has also recognized the
3094:
1688:, Vol. 48, 2007, p 101. Retrieved February 21, 2011. Note: On page 129, they note that the Ramapough Mountain Indians had not been recognized by the state of New York; only the
846:
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for the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape. The Rankokus Indian Reservation no longer qualifies, as the state has taken back much of the land it had earlier leased to the Powhatan Renape.
2927:
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bands after wars with the Dutch. The Dutch allocated land from the Tappan Patent in the Hackensack Valley; it crossed what became the border between New York and New Jersey.
719:. In 1911 an intact dugout canoe was found underwater near Bethel and identified as possibly Ramapo; it is now held at the Connecticut State Museum of Natural History at the
1615:
Ramapough Mountain Indian Final Determination, CD-2, file 2_4_Part01.pdf pp.138-141 AR005026 through AR005029 (available from the BIA under the Freedom of Information Act)
658:
was the first newspaper to print the term Jackson Whites. A 1911 article noted it was used as a title of contempt. Instead, they called themselves "The Mountain People".
2202:
Ramapough Mountain Indian Final Determination, CD-6, file 6_10.pdf p. AR029389 & AR029620 respectively (available from the BIA under the Freedom of Information Act)
2217:
607:
In 1978 the Ramapough Mountain Indians (RMI) filed a petition for federal recognition as a tribe. They did not submit a documented petition until April 23, 1990. The
1672:
Ramapough Mountain Indian Final Determination, CD-6, file 6_4.pdf p. AR029381 (available as a matter of public record from the BIA by the Freedom of Information Act)
1082:
During the spring of 2006, Emil Mann, a Ramapough Lenape man, was killed by gunshots from a New Jersey State Parks Police ranger in a confrontation with people on
948:
The Ramapo Mountain Indians have had a chief and council form of government. In 1978 they organized a non-profit. That year they filed a petition with the federal
2171:. The Algonquian Confederacy of the Quinnipiac Tribal Council. Retrieved June 2, 2012. "The Munsee Bands protected the western half . This evolved to include the
865:
Jersey passed a gradual abolition law in 1804 to end slavery; children born to slave mothers were born free. The state retained slaves born before the law in an
623:, a term which they regard as being derogatory, and which, according to legend, was either from the name of the Jackson White heirloom potato or a distortion of
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fact that displacement of Indian tribes followed European Incursions in the region which resulted in the forced movement and resettlement of Indian peoples.
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additional sludge sites were found. Following further investigation, The EPA returned the community to the Superfund list, the only site to be so treated.
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896:
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families migrating from South Carolina. They never continued to Iroquois country in New York, where most of the Tuscarora settled alongside the Oneida.
631:
ancestry. Partly because of the people's multiracial ancestry, many other people assumed they were descendants of runaway and freed slaves ("Jacks" in
2899:
2715:
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in 1915 noted the multiracial character of the people in the Ramapo Mountains. He said that Indian descendants had mixed with Africans and whites.
1937:
The original deed, with the names of the five Indian chiefs - Manis, Wactau, Sonees, Ayco, Nakam - is still in the possession of the Sloat family.
826:
colonies as a racial caste. By the mid-nineteenth century, these multi-racial people were concentrated in and near the settlements of Mahwah and
760:
says that some of the Ramapough lived in the mountains by the mid to late seventeenth century, and theorizes they were joined by remnants of the
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2415:"Summary Under the Criteria and Evidence for Final Determination against Federal Acknowledgment of the Ramapough Mountain Indians, Inc."
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2169:
Setting the Record Straight: A Linguistic-Ethnographic Study On The True Identity of the Quinnipiac/Quiripi/Renapi Nation Structure
2120:, 1911. Ramapough Mountain Indian Final Determination, CD-5, file 6_4_2_Part01.pdf page AR023346 (available from the BIA under the
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811:
Edward J. Lenik, a self-taught private archaeologist, disagrees with Cohen's findings about African-European ancestry; he says,
779:, was noted as having bought land from the Ramapough in 1738. Ramapough Mountain Indians still live in the county, especially in
604:
In 2009 the New York legislature had a bill pending to recognize the Ramapough people as Native Americans. It was never passed.
2634:
Aileen Brown. The Intercept. Feb. 19, 2017. As construction near Standing Rock restarts, pipeline fights flare across the U.S.
2253:
2035:
1930:
1731:
1258:(2011) is a documentary about the lawsuit filed by the Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation against Ford. It is regularly shown on
837:
During the twentieth century, some anthropologists classified such isolated mixed-race groups, who tended to be historically
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and English. Presently they speak English. The Ramapough are working to restore the Munsee language among their members.
834:. Local histories documented traditions of mixed-race descendants from intermarriages with the Lenape in the mountains.
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The EPA has directed the removal of an additional 47,000 tons of sludge and soil up to 2011, with cleanup continuing.
1148:. Portions of this site were used during the 1970s as sites for affordable housing where many Ramapough people lived.
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A less common theory of ancestry was that the Ramapough were Indian people who had been held as slaves by colonists.
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urged a boycott of the movie due to negative depictions of the Ramapough Lenape Nation, which Dwaine Perry termed a
1167:
During late winter 2006, some 600 Ramapough Lenape Indians, led by Turtle Clan chief Wayne Mann and with the aid of
3095:"Reconsidered Final Determination Declining to Acknowledge the Ramapough Mountain Indians Exist as an Indian Tribe"
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2683:
1185:, which had found lead and antimony levels in excess of 100 times the safety limit near some Ramapough residences.
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http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/NJ-Native-American-Lunaape-Tribe-Fights-Pilgrim-Pipeline-Plan-408359755.html
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141:
55:
1989:
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The historian David Cohen found that early settlers in the Hackensack Valley included "free black landowners in
972:. He has specifically advocated against the Ford Motor Company's toxic dumping on Ramapough land and waters in
969:
936:
The archeologist C.A. Weslager noted that the Delaware were joined in the eighteenth century by some migrating
309:
202:
17:
1439:
1128:
The tribe has experienced environmental controversies in relation to corporate efforts on or near their land.
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never recognized the Ramapough. It recognized the Shinnecock and one other tribe using independent criteria.
536:. After relations with European colonists began, ancestors of the Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation also spoke
1747:
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1145:
879:
With increasing interest and research in Native American history, a symposium was held during 1984 on the
1277:(2013) is a fictional drama dealing partly with communities living in the Ramapough Mountains, featuring
723:. In 1923 Foster H. Seville, an ethnologist, authenticated two dugout canoes found in Witteck Lake, near
87:
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2330:"Seeding a Native Future Despite a Toxic Past: Chief Vincent Mann of the Ramapough Lenape Turtle Clan"
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Revey, James (1984). "The Delaware Indians of New Jersey, from Colonial Times to the Present". In
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United States Representatives said that "the Ramapo would bring in Indian gaming associated with
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1310:, dismissed the lawsuit, saying that the movie did not refer directly to any of the plaintiffs.
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Edward J. Lenik, an archeologist and author of a 1999 book about the Ramapo Indians, writes:
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The Ramapough and two other tribes were recognized as Indian tribes in 1980 by the state of
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The line would also pass through the Ramapo Mountains and Ramapo Pass. In solidarity with
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Their executive director is Vince Morgan as of 2023, and their president is Dwaine Perry.
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8:
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Chief Vincent Mann is the Turtle Clan chief. An activist and educator, he has spoken at
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The group rejects this name and its associated legends as pejorative. On July 30, 1880,
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831:
780:
724:
683:
640:
533:
517:
463:
2854:
891:-speaking Lenape relocated into the Ramapo Mountains to escape colonial encroachment.
501:. Since January 2007, the chief of the Ramapough Lenape Nation has been Dwaine Perry.
2691:
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2249:
2143:
2031:
1926:
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916:
1606:
Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 3031, State of New Jersey, filed January 8, 1980.
1587:
520:, Munsee/Minisink and Ramapo people, while absorbing people with varying degrees of
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1707:
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1207:
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521:
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467:
278:
2878:"Ramapough Indians, Mahwah officials decry depiction in new movie as 'hate crime'"
1868:
1086:
in Ringwood State Park. His family filed a civil suit against the state. Governor
2072:
1632:
1371:
1282:
1219:
1012:
965:
581:
529:
208:
It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's content policies, particularly
2728:
2727:
Proposed Pilgrim Pipeline sparks further debate. Union News Daily-Feb 19, 2017.
2546:
New Jersey Committee on Native American Community Affairs (December 17, 2007).
2177:
1906:
1558:
New Jersey Committee on Native American Community Affairs (December 17, 2007).
1509:
1475:
1278:
1223:
1160:
1104:
957:
727:, as of Ramapo origin and possibly 1,000 years old. They were exhibited in the
644:
2285:
1859:, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, pp. 74, 197, ISBN 978-0-8135-1195-5
3126:
2695:
1354:
1234:
1201:
1099:
1016:
1008:
929:
791:
483:
282:
1894:
History of the Indians of Connecticut from the Earliest Known Period to 1850
1835:
From Pioneer Settlement to Suburb, a History of Mahwah, New Jersey 1700-1976
798:
with some Dutch ancestry who were among the first pioneers to settle in the
738:
During the early 1700s, the Ramapo in present-day western Connecticut had a
2467:
2063:, (D. C., 1949), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1681:
1548:, New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, NJ. p. 241, ISBN 978-0-911020-14-4
1286:
1004:
761:
674:
William Bond recorded Ramapough longhouses at the mouth of the Ramapo Pass.
636:
537:
525:
513:
2672:
Pilgrim could be NJ's oil pipeline to nowhere. NorthJersey.com-Feb 3, 2017
2234:, The North Jersey Highlands Historical Society ISBN 0-9675706-0-3 pp. 1-2
1505:"New Jersey Tribe Member Dies After Police Shooting at a Back-Roads Party"
3091:, HBO documentary about 2006 Ramapough lawsuit against Ford Motor Company
2520:
2494:
1648:"New Jersey Commission on American Indian Affairs - About the Commission"
1349:
1237:, tribal members founded the Split Rock Sweetwater protest encampment in
1087:
692:
628:
3106:
The Upper Ringwood Collection: Featuring the Ramapough Mountain Indians
2147:
2027:
1336:
1294:
1290:
870:
866:
838:
635:) and Caucasians. Over time, the latter were believed to have included
568:
471:
335:
2767:
2765:
639:
settlers (represented by surnames common among the people) and later,
3100:
2451:
Greene, David L. (July 17, 1999), "Tribe fights for place in history"
1366:
1131:
765:
553:
504:
The Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation claim a line of descent from the
2172:
670:
3080:
Ramapough Mountain Indians: People, Places and Cultural Traditions
2791:"New movie lift curtain on New Jersey's Ramapough Mountain People"
2246:
Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York
2059:
2010:, Ringwood, NJ: North Jersey Highlands Historical Society, pp. 1-4
2008:
Ramapough Mountain Indians: People, Places and Cultural Traditions
1703:"Ramapough Lenape seek state recognition, get boost from Rockland"
1525:
Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York
1244:
1241:
in 2016 near the New York border to protest the Pilgrim Pipeline.
528:
and other European ancestry. The Lenape language in this area was
2714:
Native American Tribe Fights Pilgrim Pipeline Plan in New Jersey
795:
466:. They have approximately 5,000 members living in and around the
2900:"Ramapough chief denounces Christian Bale movie as 'hate crime'"
1921:
Cornelia F. Bedell (November 1992). Bedell, Cornelia F. (ed.).
1871:, Connecticut Office of State Archeology, accessed 14 July 2012
1772:
1770:
1768:
1360:
888:
880:
771:
Wynant Van Gelder, the first European landowner in what became
740:
704:
700:
505:
489:
They were recognized in 1980 by the state of New Jersey as the
1950:
Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution Volume I, chapter XXXII
1829:
1827:
2850:
2248:. San Francisco: Council Oak Books. pp. 265–66, 270–71.
632:
619:
The Ramapo people were often referred to historically as the
3062:
Indians in the Ramapos, Survival, Persistence & Presence
2635:
1765:
1588:"Ramapough Munsee Language - Ramapough - Munsee - Lunaapeew"
1136:
Members of the community have participated with litigation (
678:
3105:
2973:"Judge tosses out Ramapough Mountain Indians' lawsuit over
1824:
2381:"Calculated Gamble; Trump cries foul over Indian casino",
2212:
Catalano, Albert J.; Plache, Matthew J. (April 30, 2006).
1202:
The Pilgrim Pipeline and Split Rock Sweetwater Prayer Camp
1107:
and Bergen counties for the Ramapough Mountain Tribe, and
431:
2142:. Seton Hall University: Archaeological Research Center.
1332:
1259:
3097:, Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1997, Department of Interior
2369:"Letters to the Editor: Ramapough Indians tribal rights"
1965:, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 18-19
1527:, Council Oak Books, pp. 265–271, ISBN 978-1-57178-135-2
1837:, A. S. Barnes & Co., p. 210 ISBN 978-0-498-02218-0
3064:], North Jersey Highlands Historical Association, 1999
2100:, Historical Population Statistics, Rutgers University
1925:. Historical Society of Rockland County. p. 323.
1923:
Now and Then and Long Ago in Rockland County, New York
201:
A major contributor to this article appears to have a
3083:, North Jersey Highlands Historical Association, 2011
1748:"Race of Real Mountaineers Living Near New York City"
571:
by Resolution 3031. The New Jersey citation stated:
2060:
Surviving Indian Groups of the Eastern United States
1374:
Indians of Amherst and Rockingham Counties, Virginia
2766:Bobker, Corey; Ogins, Matt; Orritt, Steven (2013).
2474:, Vol. 48, 2007, p 101. Retrieved February 21, 2011
1905:Ruttenber, Edward Manning; Clark, Lewis H. (1881).
991:
2547:
2019:
1920:
1776:"Ramapough Mountain People drawn into their own",
1559:
1132:Ford Motor Company paint contamination controversy
1052:been recognized. There's no question about that."
869:status. By a law of 1846, it reclassified them as
2310:"Chief Vincent Mann – The Public History Project"
1978:, The Press Printing and Publishing Company p. 41
1546:The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography
3124:
1650:. New Jersey Department of State. Archived from
580:The tribe asked its New Jersey Assembly member,
532:, an Algonquian dialect. The Tuscarora spoke an
2583:. Department of Labor and Workforce Development
2214:"Opinion: The case for Ramapough tribal status"
1723:Save the Humans?: Common Preservation in Action
1719:
1386:, aka "Cubans and Portuguese" of North Carolina
1245:Representation in art, entertainment, and media
90:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2821:and into the reality of Ramapo crime families"
2393:
2391:
2211:
1206:As of 2017, the tribe is fighting against the
2729:http://unionnewsdaily.com/headline-news/29405
2410:
2408:
2406:
1833:Bischoff, Henry & Kahn, Mitchell (1979),
3178:State-recognized tribes in the United States
3158:Non-profit organizations based in New Jersey
2897:
699:The historical tribe named the Ramapo was a
2847:"'Out of the Furnace' under fire in Mahwah"
2388:
1537:
1535:
1533:
820:
682:Schuyler Patent by William Bond in 1710 of
643:(German mercenaries who had fought for the
562:
470:of Bergen and Passaic counties in northern
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3153:Native American tribes in New York (state)
3108:, a project of the Ringwood Public Library
2403:
2216:. North Jersey Media Group. Archived from
2098:"Population Division Working Paper No. 56"
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
980:, New Jersey in an effort to heal through
155:. Please do not remove this message until
2347:
2243:
1701:Incalcaterra, Laura (September 6, 2009),
1642:
1640:
1289:. Tribal leaders and town officials from
1123:
543:
446:(also spelled Ramapo), known also as the
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
2898:Incalcaterra, Laura (December 6, 2013).
2604:, Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation website
2484:historical relationships with the state.
2444:
2205:
2013:
1911:. Philadelphia: Everts & Peck. p. 9.
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1530:
677:
669:
452:Ramapough Lunaape Munsee Delaware Nation
151:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2983:. New Jersey. May 16, 2014. p. 17.
2681:
2519:
2493:
1804:
1783:
1625:New Jersey Department of State web page
1498:
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976:. He created the Three Sisters Farm in
14:
3125:
2366:
2360:
1987:
1869:"Underwater Archaeology: Dugout Canoe"
1637:
1179:, a five-part investigative series by
548:The Ramapough Mountain Indians or the
2875:
2844:
2280:
2278:
2133:
1840:
1502:
3148:Native American tribes in New Jersey
2993:
2845:Duffy, Christie (December 4, 2013).
2577:"2010 Census and Local Partnerships"
2103:
2023:History of Bergen County, New Jersey
1988:Mantel, Barbara (October 12, 2003).
1609:
1493:
1457:
1413:
1114:
756:geographic places. The archeologist
508:, whose regional bands included the
186:
125:
70:
29:
2549:"Report to Governor Jon S. Corzine"
2355:The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage
2191:The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage
1561:"Report to Governor Jon S. Corzine"
482:, about 25 miles (40 km) from
24:
2925:
2275:
2272:, The Middle Atlantic Press p. 124
2138:; Becker, Marshall Joseph (eds.).
2057:William Harlen Gilbert, Jr, 1948.
851:American Museum of Natural History
729:American Museum of Natural History
25:
3189:
3133:1980 establishments in New Jersey
3114:, New York Times, April 14, 2017.
3049:
1952:, Harper Brothers, New York, 1859
915:The historian Evan T. Pritchard (
614:
45:This article has multiple issues.
27:New Jersey state-recognized tribe
2574:
1990:"In Person; A Rocky Career Path"
1896:, Connecticut Historical Society
1103:Jersey, these are identified as
1069:
992:Petition for federal recognition
556:nonprofit organization in 1980.
212:. Please discuss further on the
191:
130:
75:
34:
3012:
2987:
2965:
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2926:Ma, Miles (December 23, 2013).
2919:
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2876:Ivers, Dan (December 5, 2013).
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2367:Joslyn, Roger (July 21, 1993).
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1618:
1339:made for television miniseries.
1153:Environmental Protection Agency
323:Ethnic/Immigrant Services (P84)
53:or discuss these issues on the
3056:Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation
2994:Ruga, Elliott (June 1, 2021).
2684:"The Ramapoughs vs. the World"
2270:Magic Medicines of the Indians
2140:The Lenape Indian: A Symposium
1805:McGrath, Ben (March 1, 2010).
1692:and one other tribe have been.
1627:. Retrieved January 22, 2006.
1600:
1580:
1551:
1517:
1503:Kelly, Tina (April 11, 2006).
1476:"Ramapough Lunaape Nation Inc"
970:right to a healthy environment
497:or recognized by the state of
13:
1:
2417:. Retrieved November 19, 2011
1726:. Routledge. pp. 23–24.
1407:
1392:Indians of southern Maryland.
1320:
1195:(2011) examines the lawsuit.
1146:a former toxic waste landfill
943:
550:Ramapough Lunaape Nation Inc.
269:Ramapough Lunaape Nation Inc.
3112:The Ramapoughs vs. the World
2682:Remnick, Noah (2017-04-14).
2079:, The Torch Press, pp 98–99.
2020:James M. Van Valen (2010) .
1908:The History of Orange County
1855:Cohen, David Steven (1974),
1440:"Ramapough Mountain Indians"
1157:Ringwood Mines landfill site
984:, cultural reclamation, and
887:, have documented that some
7:
2244:Pritchard, Evan T. (2002).
2077:Indians of Greater New York
1961:Cohen, David Steven, 1995.
1807:"Strangers on the Mountain"
1754:. Rochester, NY. 1907-08-18
1523:Pritchard, Evan T. (2002),
1343:
845:or simply as mixed bloods.
157:conditions to do so are met
10:
3194:
3168:Ramapough Mountain Indians
3163:Passaic County, New Jersey
3074:Ben McGrath. 1 March 2010.
2357:, Lenape Books, pp. 564–66
2165:"Sociopolitical Structure"
2122:Freedom of Information Act
1857:The Ramapo Mountain People
1752:The Democrat and Chronicle
1396:
1171:, filed a mass tort suit (
665:
444:Ramapough Mountain Indians
263:Ramapough Mountain Indians
3173:Rockland County, New York
3143:Bergen County, New Jersey
3101:American Native The Movie
3068:Strangers On The Mountain
2636:https://interc.pt/2l9kRma
2353:Kraft, Herbert C., 2001.
2189:Kraft, Herbert C., 2001.
1976:The Indians of New Jersey
1249:
1144:regarding poisoning from
1007:(a casino owner) and two
777:Rockland County, New York
721:University of Connecticut
426:
416:
405:
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349:
327:
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267:
3118:The Way of the Ramapough
2997:The Way of the Ramapough
2371:. Rockland Journal News.
2230:Lenik, Edward J., 1999.
2193:, Lenape Books p. 562:58
2180:of our ancestors began."
2116:Vineland Training School
2006:Lenik, Edward J., 2011.
1892:John W. DeForest, 1851.
1780:, March 18, 1976, p. 50.
1720:Brecher, Jeremy (2015).
1314:The Way of the Ramapough
1214:crude oil south between
950:Bureau of Indian Affairs
821:Controversy over origins
609:Bureau of Indian Affairs
563:Petition for recognition
303:, state-recognized tribe
1963:Folk Legacies Revisited
1015:". U.S. Representative
703:-speaking group of the
518:Rumachenanck/Haverstroo
491:Ramapough Lenape Nation
448:Ramapough Lenape Nation
388:Dwaine Perry, President
2525:"Executive Order #122"
2472:Santa Clara Law Review
2428:"page 2. May 16, 2002"
2232:Indians in the Ramapos
1974:William Nelson, 1894.
1686:Santa Clara Law Review
1631:June 23, 2006, at the
1331:(2014), is a six-part
1169:Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
1151:During the 1980s, the
1124:Environmental concerns
1077:Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape
1063:
1049:
1039:
934:
913:
818:
733:Hackensack, New Jersey
687:
675:
595:Christine Todd Whitman
590:Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape
578:
544:Nonprofit organization
460:state-recognized tribe
456:Ramapo Mountain people
2527:. State of New Jersey
2501:. State of New Jersey
2499:"Executive Order #24"
2268:C.A. Weslager, 1973.
1384:Person County Indians
1058:
1044:
1026:
921:
908:
813:
681:
673:
627:, referring to their
573:
210:neutral point of view
3138:Algonquian ethnonyms
2857:on December 10, 2013
2385:, May 4, 1993, p. 41
2286:"Chief Vincent Mann"
2030:. pp. 181–182.
1883:, December 20, 1923.
1778:St. Petersburg Times
1191:The HBO documentary
1084:all-terrain vehicles
982:regenerative farming
974:Ringwood, New Jersey
962:University of Dayton
828:Ringwood, New Jersey
805:free people of color
495:recognized federally
2797:. November 30, 2013
2602:"Tribal Enrollment"
2523:(October 1, 2008).
2400:. 1993. pp. 77, 86.
2088:Cohen (1974) p. 110
1948:Benson J. Lossing,
1654:on January 19, 2012
968:and the Indigenous
966:toxic waste dumping
843:tri-racial isolates
709:Algonquian language
656:The Bergen Democrat
649:American Revolution
576:Ramapough Indians.
458:, are a New Jersey
264:
144:of this article is
2975:Out of the Furnace
2819:Out of the Furnace
2688:The New York Times
2497:(August 4, 2006).
1994:The New York Times
1881:The New York Times
1308:Newark, New Jersey
1304:Out of the Furnace
1274:Out of the Furnace
1239:Mahwah, New Jersey
1228:Linden, New Jersey
1142:Ford Motor Company
964:on the effects of
832:Hillburn, New York
781:Hillburn, New York
725:Butler, New Jersey
688:
676:
552:incorporated as a
534:Iroquoian language
374:Executive Director
364:Official language
292:1980, incorporated
262:
94:You can assist by
3078:Edward J. Lenik,
2795:The New York Post
2456:The Baltimore Sun
2255:978-1-57178-107-9
2136:Kraft, Herbert C.
2037:978-1-177-72589-7
1932:978-0-911183-40-5
1733:978-1-317-25253-5
1542:Kraft, Herbert C.
1363:of North Carolina
1357:of North Carolina
1115:Tribal enrollment
1109:Cumberland County
897:Hackensack Valley
440:
439:
260:
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2905:The Journal News
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2853:. Archived from
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2222:
2221:
2220:on May 21, 2006.
2209:
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2110:Henry H. Goddard
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1708:The Journal News
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1455:
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1452:
1450:
1436:
1299:Relativity Media
1216:Albany, New York
1212:Bakken formation
1208:Pilgrim Pipeline
986:food sovereignty
885:Herbert C. Kraft
800:Hackensack River
758:Herbert C. Kraft
750:Ramapo Mountains
641:Hessian soldiers
625:Jacks and Whites
468:Ramapo Mountains
436:
433:
409:
397:
354:
342:
338:
279:Ramapo Mountains
265:
261:
255:
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230:
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203:close connection
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3047:
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3035:
3026:Game of Thrones
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2073:Alanson Skinner
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1204:
1155:designated the
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1013:organized crime
1003:In April 1993,
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847:Alanson Skinner
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3072:The New Yorker
3065:
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3050:External links
3048:
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3028:actor to star"
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2615:"Mann vs Ford"
2606:
2594:
2575:Lutz, Philip.
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2443:
2433:. Doc.narf.org
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1140:) against the
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958:Ramapo College
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18:Ramapo Indians
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1355:Haliwa-Saponi
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1325:
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1070:Recent events
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1034:
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1017:Marge Roukema
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1009:Bergen County
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792:New York City
788:
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764:and possibly
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484:New York City
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429:
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341:United States
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283:Lenape people
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84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
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58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3088:Mann v. Ford
3087:
3079:
3071:
3061:
3036:. Retrieved
3031:
3025:
3022:The Red Road
3021:
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2996:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2967:
2956:. Retrieved
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2903:
2893:
2882:. Retrieved
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:the original
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2818:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2794:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2768:
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:Mann v. Ford
2744:
2735:
2723:
2710:
2699:. Retrieved
2687:
2677:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:Mann v. Ford
2651:
2642:
2630:
2619:. Retrieved
2609:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2553:
2541:
2531:February 18,
2529:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:February 18,
2503:. Retrieved
2489:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2446:
2435:. Retrieved
2422:
2382:
2377:
2362:
2354:
2349:
2338:. Retrieved
2336:. 2019-12-09
2333:
2324:
2313:. Retrieved
2304:
2293:. Retrieved
2290:Rutgers SASN
2289:
2269:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2218:the original
2207:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2168:
2160:
2151:
2139:
2129:
2113:
2105:
2093:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2043:February 17,
2041:. Retrieved
2022:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1864:
1856:
1834:
1816:February 17,
1814:. Retrieved
1810:
1777:
1756:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1685:
1677:
1668:
1658:December 26,
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1620:
1611:
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1565:
1553:
1545:
1524:
1519:
1508:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:
1447:. Retrieved
1443:
1328:The Red Road
1326:
1313:
1303:
1287:Willem Dafoe
1272:
1265:
1256:Mann v. Ford
1255:
1232:
1205:
1197:
1193:Mann v. Ford
1192:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1177:Toxic Legacy
1176:
1173:Mann v. Ford
1172:
1166:
1150:
1138:Mann v. Ford
1137:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1073:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1005:Donald Trump
1002:
998:
995:
955:
947:
935:
922:
914:
909:
905:
901:
893:
878:
875:
863:
859:
855:
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810:
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770:
754:
739:
737:
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689:
660:
655:
653:
624:
620:
618:
606:
603:
599:
593:by Governor
586:
579:
574:
566:
558:
549:
547:
538:Jersey Dutch
503:
493:but are not
490:
488:
478:in southern
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
432:ramapomunsee
378:Vince Morgan
246:
228:
219:
200:
171:
162:
140:
110:
101:
88:copy editing
86:may require
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3034:. July 2013
2911:December 7,
2861:December 5,
2830:December 3,
2801:December 3,
2556:. p. 1
1380:of Delaware
1350:Black-Dutch
1088:Jon Corzine
960:and Ohio's
871:apprentices
693:multiracial
647:during the
629:multiracial
351:Membership
275:Named after
3127:Categories
3060:Ed Lenik,
3032:TV Bizwire
2958:2013-12-23
2934:2013-12-23
2884:2013-12-23
2741:"Synopsis"
2701:2023-01-01
2648:"Synopsis"
2621:2013-05-21
2437:2013-05-21
2340:2023-09-18
2315:2023-09-18
2295:2023-09-18
2148:B00116FOLC
2028:Nabu Press
1758:2017-06-20
1690:Shinnecock
1593:2012-09-23
1408:References
1390:Piscataway
1337:SundanceTV
1321:Television
1295:hate crime
1271:The movie
1182:The Record
944:Governance
919:), wrote
867:indentured
839:endogamous
773:Sloatsburg
717:Ridgefield
569:New Jersey
510:Hackensack
472:New Jersey
384:Key people
336:Mahwah, NJ
310:Tax ID no.
142:neutrality
96:editing it
50:improve it
3004:April 11,
2825:Indiewire
2696:0362-4331
2617:. Hbo.com
1480:GuideStar
1378:Nanticoke
1367:Melungeon
938:Tuscarora
926:Tuscarora
903:lacking.
796:mulattoes
766:Wappinger
554:501(c)(3)
522:Tuscarora
462:based in
412:$ 110,633
406:Expenses
401:$ 300,350
301:nonprofit
289:Formation
222:June 2024
214:talk page
165:June 2024
153:talk page
104:June 2024
56:talk page
3038:July 21,
2954:. NJ.com
2930:. NJ.com
2880:. NJ.com
2775:July 21,
2751:July 12,
2658:July 12,
2173:Iroquois
2075:, 1915.
1629:Archived
1544:(1986),
1444:Cause IQ
1344:See also
1218:and the
499:New York
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