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1204:. Eventually, streams and rivers form and flooding becomes possible. There are several reasons for the poor soil quality. First is that the soil is highly acidic. The roots of plants rely on an acidity difference between the roots and the soil in order to absorb nutrients. When the soil is acidic, there is little difference, and therefore little absorption of nutrients from the soil. Second, the type of clay particles present in tropical rainforest soil has a poor ability to trap nutrients and stop them from washing away. Even if humans artificially add nutrients to the soil, the nutrients mostly wash away and are not absorbed by the plants. Finally, these soils are poor due to the high volume of rain in tropical rainforests washes nutrients out of the soil more quickly than in other climates.
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702:, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy. Scientists have long suspected the richness of the canopy as a habitat, but have only recently developed practical methods of exploring it. As long ago as 1917,
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1342:". There are many tribes in the rainforests of the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Sarawak is part of Borneo, the third largest island in the world. Some of the other tribes in Sarawak are: the Kayan, Kenyah, Kejaman, Kelabit, Punan Bah, Tanjong, Sekapan, and the Lahanan. Collectively, they are referred to as Dayaks or Orangulu which means "people of the interior".
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plays a significant role in causing rainforests to release carbon dioxide, as do other factors, whether human-induced or natural, which result in tree death, such as burning and drought. Some climate models operating with interactive vegetation predict a large loss of
Amazonian rainforest around 2050
1083:
Some species of fauna show a trend towards declining populations in rainforests, for example, reptiles that feed on amphibians and reptiles. This trend requires close monitoring. The seasonality of rainforests affects the reproductive patterns of amphibians, and this in turn can directly affect the
244:
Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, high humidity, the presence of moisture-dependent vegetation, a moist layer of leaf litter, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. The largest areas of rainforest are tropical or temperate rainforests,
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declared that "another continent of life remains to be discovered, not upon the Earth, but one to two hundred feet above it, extending over thousands of square miles." A true exploration of this habitat only began in the 1980s, when scientists developed methods to reach the canopy, such as firing
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in regions that were formerly primary forest. Also, plant-derived medicines are commonly used for fever, fungal infections, burns, gastrointestinal problems, pain, respiratory problems, and wound treatment. At the same time, rainforests are usually not used
2456:; Baker, T. R.; Lloyd, J.; Malhi, Y.; Almeida, S.; Higuchi, N.; Laurance, W. F.; Neill, D. A.; Silva, J. N. M.; Terborgh, J.; Torres Lezama, A.; Vásquez Martinez, R.; Brown, S.; Chave, J.; Kuebler, C.; Núñez Vargas, P.; Vinceti, B. (29 March 2004).
1747:
1196:. Most trees have roots near the surface because there are insufficient nutrients below the surface; most of the trees' minerals come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and animals. On younger substrates, especially of
1216:. On a global scale, long-term fluxes are approximately in balance, so that an undisturbed rainforest would have a small net impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, though they may have other climatic effects (on
637:, reaching heights of 45–55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70–80 m tall. They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas.
2540:
Cramer, Wolfgang; Bondeau, Alberte; Schaphoff, Sibyll; Lucht, Wolfgang; Smith, Ben; Sitch, Stephen (2005). "Twenty-first century atmospheric change and deforestation: Potential impacts on tropical forests".
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to float above the highest branches and the building of cranes and walkways planted on the forest floor. The science of accessing tropical forest canopy using airships or similar aerial platforms is called
1330:, one of the hunter-gatherer peoples living in equatorial rainforests characterised by their short height (below one and a half metres, or 59 inches, on average). They were the subject of a study by
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Dry rainforests have a more open canopy layer than other rainforests, and are found in areas of lower rainfall (630–1,100 mm (25–43 in)). They generally have two layers of trees.
1345:
About half of
Sarawak's 1.5 million people are Dayaks. Most Dayaks, it is believed by anthropologists, came originally from the South-East Asian mainland. Their mythologies support this.
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Cox, P. M.; Betts, R. A.; Collins, M.; Harris, P. P.; Huntingford, C.; Jones, C. D. (June 2004). "Amazonian forest dieback under climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century".
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915:, i.e. places in which plants are inaccessible to many herbivores, or in which animals can hide from predators. Having numerous refuges available also results in much higher total
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that will grow to the canopy level are present in the understory. Only about 5% of the sunlight shining on the rainforest canopy reaches the understory. This layer can be called a
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are found in the forest canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species.
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Feng, Yu; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Searchinger, Timothy D.; Ziegler, Alan D.; Wu, Jie; Wang, Dashan; He, Xinyue; Elsen, Paul R.; Ciais, Philippe; Xu, Rongrong; Guo, Zhilin (2022-02-28).
1200:
origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile. If rainforest trees are cleared, rain can accumulate on the exposed soil surfaces, creating run-off, and beginning a process of soil
1813:
Newman, Arnold. The
Tropical Rainforest : A World Survey of Our Most Valuable Endangered Habitat : With a Blueprint for Its Survival. New York: Checkmark, 2002. Print.
1507:, have declared their deforestation a national emergency. Amazon deforestation jumped by 69% in 2008 compared to 2007's twelve months, according to official government data.
1418:) throughout the 20th century and the area covered by rainforests around the world is shrinking. Biologists have estimated that large numbers of species are being driven to
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is no less than 168 cm (66 in) and can exceed 1,000 cm (390 in) although it typically lies between 175 cm (69 in) and 200 cm (79 in).
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of rainforest cut down each year, more than 50 acres of new forest are growing in the tropics." The new forest includes secondary forest on former farmland and so-called
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A tropical rainforest typically has a number of layers, each with different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular area. Examples include the emergent,
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Tropical forests cover a large part of the globe, but temperate rainforests only occur in a few regions around the world. Temperate rainforests are rainforests in
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in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups. The tribes are in danger because of the deforestation, especially in Brazil.
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and clearings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. It also contains
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Tropical rainforests are characterized by a warm and wet climate with no substantial dry season: typically found within 10 degrees north and south of the
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species of reptiles that feed on these groups, particularly species with specialized feeding, since these are less likely to use alternative resources.
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1430:, a quarter or more of all species on Earth could be exterminated within 50 years) due to the removal of habitat with destruction of the rainforests.
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2345:(2020). Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment.
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Link, Timothy E.; Unsworth, Mike; Marks, Danny (August 2004). "The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest".
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layer contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30 metres (98 ft) to 45 metres (148 ft) tall. The densest areas of
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Oliveira, M.E., & Martins, M. (2001). When and where to find a pitviper: activity patterns and habitat use of the lancehead,
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More than half of the world's species of plants and animals are found in rainforests. Rainforests support a very broad array of
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1934:"Do temperate rainforest trees have a greater ability to acclimate to changing temperatures than tropical rainforest trees?"
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plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of
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still undiscovered in tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests have been called the "jewels of the Earth" and the "
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1998:
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2458:"Concerted changes in tropical forest structure and dynamics: evidence from 50 South American long-term plots"
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are also very common in rainforest areas as they can feed on the decomposing remains of plants and animals.
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283:. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C (64 °F) during all months of the year. Average annual
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Baccini, A.; Walker, W.; Carvalho, L.; Farina, M.; Sulla-Menashe, D.; Houghton, R. A. (13 October 2017).
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The great diversity in rainforest species is in large part the result of diverse and numerous physical
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McNair, James N. (1986). "The effects of refuges on predator-prey interactions: A reconsideration".
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3401:
2126:
Bourgeron, Patrick S. (1983). "Spatial
Aspects of Vegetation Structure". In Frank B. Golley (ed.).
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Malhi, Yadvinder; Grace, John (August 2000). "Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide".
2091:(3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570: 551–570.
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2877:"Doubling of annual forest carbon loss over the tropics during the early twenty-first century"
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as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. The province of Irian Jaya or
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2722:
2576:"Tropical forests are a net carbon source based on aboveground measurements of gain and loss"
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978:
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3009:"Science: Satellite monitors Madagascar's shrinking rainforest, 19 May 1990, New Scientist"
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has lost two thirds of its original rainforest. At present rates, tropical rainforests in
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provided. Many foods originally came from tropical forests, and are still mostly grown on
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8:
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2702:"Final Paper: The Medicinal Value of the Rainforest May 15, 2003. Amanda Haidet May 2003"
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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2053:
Denslow, J S (November 1987). "Tropical
Rainforest Gaps and Tree Species Diversity".
1965:
1960:
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1750:. Tasmanian Government Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment
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2100:
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1955:
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1338:, in 1962. Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are, amongst others, referred to as "
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as well as animal products such as meat and hides. Rainforests also have value as
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Rainforests as well as endemic rainforest species are rapidly disappearing due to
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to the rainforests. There may be many millions of species of plants, insects and
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2130:. Ecosystems of the World (14A ed.). Elsevier Scientific. pp. 29–47.
1862:
Moran, Emilio F. (1993). "Deforestation and land use in the
Brazilian Amazon".
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layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. It is home to a number of
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1775:. New South Wales Government Department of Planning, Industry and Environment
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781:. The leaves are much larger at this level and insect life is abundant. Many
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2258:
2213:"Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation"
1969:
1681:
1660:
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1564:
1423:
1415:
1224:). No rainforest today can be considered to be undisturbed. Human-induced
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955:
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800:
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610:
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430:
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2328:
2083:(1 Oct 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests".
33:
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and the absence of wildfire. Rainforests can be generally classified as
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1500:, the island nation produces about 85 percent of the world's palm oil.
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1122: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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824:, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants
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335:
3042:"Palm oil – deforestation for everyday products - Rainforest Rescue"
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1097:
791:, although the shrub layer may also be considered a separate layer.
152:
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3998:
3918:
3306:
1497:
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1178:
1159:
782:
711:
691:
556:
504:
410:", although it is now known that rainforests contribute little net
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218:
180:
3164:
3161:
A Place Out of Time: Tropical
Rainforests and the Perils They Face
2383:
Terborgh, J., & Winter, B. (1980). Some causes of extinction.
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is already cultivated on nine million hectares and, together with
4127:
4023:
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3988:
3976:
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3504:
3239:
2959:"Papua New Guinea's rainforests disappearing faster than thought"
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reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different
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723:
512:
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307:
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144:
40:
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2280:
Sih, Andrew (1987). "Prey refuges and predator-prey stability".
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plantations to meet growing demand for cheap vegetable fats and
1245:
904:. Dozens of families of invertebrates are found in rainforests.
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3699:
3536:
3484:
3383:
3245:
Dave Kimble's
Rainforest Photo Catalog (Wet Tropics, Australia)
3152:
1728:. New South Wales Government Office of Environment and heritage
1584:
1504:
1464:'s rainforest has been destroyed. Since the arrival of humans,
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is still in its infancy, but other methods include the use of
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2211:
Ritchie, Euan G.; Johnson, Christopher N. (September 2009).
2176:
257:, vine thicket and even dry rainforest have been described.
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4047:
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Forests are being destroyed at a rapid pace. Almost 90% of
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Another factor causing the loss of rainforest is expanding
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A natural rainforest emits and absorbs vast quantities of
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and other families; while birds include such families as
646:
2451:
2341:
Barquero-González, J.P., Stice, T.L., Gómez, G., &
2128:
Tropical Rain Forest
Ecosystems. Structure and Function
2405:"What makes the soil in tropical rainforests so rich?"
1422:(possibly more than 50,000 a year; at that rate, says
3217:
2640:
1845:
Broeker, Wallace S. (2006). "Breathing easy: Et tu, O
2799:
Rainforest Information Centre Educational Supplement
1795:
Tropical broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The rainforest.
1531:
844:
growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.
2723:"Brazil sees traces of more isolated Amazon tribes"
1807:
1484:rate, especially in Indonesia, is the expansion of
1308:in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition,
1237:and the subsequent release of more carbon dioxide.
2942:Brazil: Amazon Forest Destruction Rate Has Tripled
2819:Entire rainforests set to disappear in next decade
2204:
406:). Tropical forests have been called the "Earth's
1896:
179:, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of
4346:
3105:"Brazil admits Amazon deforestation on the rise"
2624:"Drought may turn forests into carbon producers"
1638:. Animalcorner.co.uk. 2004-01-01. Archived from
828:to low light can grow in this region. Away from
1996:
2543:Tropical Forests and Global Atmospheric Change
2210:
1931:
175:characterized by a closed and continuous tree
3291:
3124:"New Jungles Prompt a Debate on Rain Forests"
103:A paranomic view of the Tropical rainforest,
2837:"Talks Seek to Prevent Huge Loss of Species"
1932:Cunningham, S. C.; Read, J. (January 2003).
1824:Global Pattern of Surface Pressure and Wind.
1516:article stated, "By one estimate, for every
269:Worldwide tropical rainforest climate zones.
245:but other vegetation associations including
3029:China is black hole of Asia's deforestation
2855:"Littoral Rainforest-Why is it threatened?"
2545:. Oxford University Press. pp. 17–30.
2025:"Identification of Rainforest: Field Guide"
1259:Tropical rainforest § Human dimensions
1207:
1185:a bright red colour and sometimes produces
3298:
3284:
3059:Amazon deforestation rises sharply in 2007
2744:"BBC: First contact with isolated tribes?"
2504:
2032:Department of Environment and Conservation
1323:Central African rainforest is home of the
3121:
2910:
2900:
2599:
2551:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0002
2481:
2409:Science Questions with Surprising Answers
2248:
2238:
2125:
1959:
1949:
1480:, an important reason for the increasing
1138:Learn how and when to remove this message
3188:An introduction to tropical rain forests
3142:
3122:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (30 January 2009).
2055:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1603:
1366:
1244:
804:
666:
440:
429:
294:are associated with the location of the
264:
3111:. The Associated Press. 30 August 2008.
2834:
2052:
425:
217:", because over one quarter of natural
195:, but other types have been described.
4347:
3225:: Investigations into illegal logging.
2306:
1661:"Impact of Deforestation – Extinction"
1611:"Rainforests.net – Variables and Math"
1363:Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest
884:and other families. Reptiles include
625:contains a small number of very large
260:
198:Estimates vary from 40% to 75% of all
3279:
3147:View of the temperate rain forest in
3074:
2795:"Indigenous People of the Rainforest"
2533:
2498:
2445:
1861:
1740:
1220:formation, for example, by recycling
3235:The Coalition for Rainforest Nations
2835:Stevens, William K. (3 March 1992).
2079:
1472:would be logged out in 10 years and
1284:by non-native peoples but are being
1120:adding citations to reliable sources
1091:
4223:
2961:. News.mongabay.com. Archived from
2643:Theoretical and Applied Climatology
2279:
2067:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002243
1899:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
1696:
1674:
1162:decay prevents the accumulation of
734:
13:
3138:
2857:. Pittwater.nsw.gov.au. 2012-08-09
1762:
1718:
1684:. Wet Tropics Management Authority
919:than would otherwise be possible.
847:
673:Forest Research Institute Malaysia
225:
14:
4376:
3572:Global Forest Information Service
3205:
2507:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2402:
2366:Herpetological Natural History, 8
616:
582:
523:and coastal areas of the eastern
447:Pacific Rim National Park Reserve
160:Pacific Rim National Park Reserve
143:Primitive tropical rainforest in
25:Type of forest with high rainfall
4328:
4319:
4318:
4306:
4292:
4278:
4264:
4250:
4236:
4222:
3265:National Geographic: Rain forest
3255:Tropical rainforest for children
2240:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01347.x
1951:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00652.x
1548:
1534:
1476:in 13 to 16 years. According to
1348:
1312:has now overtaken the island of
1295:
1096:
1067:
1048:
1030:
1011:
993:
970:
947:
924:
318:. Tropical rainforests exist in
151:
136:
115:
96:
75:
53:
32:
4329:
3240:United Nations Forum on Forests
3115:
3097:
3077:"Rainforest loss shocks Brazil"
3068:
3052:
3034:
3022:
3001:
2986:. Csupomona.edu. Archived from
2984:"Rainforests & Agriculture"
2976:
2951:
2935:
2868:
2847:
2828:
2812:
2787:
2765:
2736:
2715:
2694:
2677:
2634:
2616:
2567:
2422:
2396:
2377:
2364:, in central Amazonia, Brazil.
2354:
2335:
2300:
2273:
2183:
2165:
2144:
2119:
2073:
2046:
2017:
1997:Coleby-Williams, Jerry (2020).
1990:
1976:
1925:
1919:10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.01.010
1890:
1855:
1839:
1816:
1770:"Western Sydney Dry Rainforest"
1355:Deforestation in Southeast Asia
1107:needs additional citations for
794:
656:
633:, which grow above the general
3149:Mount Revelstoke National Park
3011:. Newscientist.com. 1990-05-19
2309:Theoretical Population Biology
2282:Theoretical Population Biology
1787:
1653:
1636:"Rainforests at Animal Center"
1628:
1453:to accommodate the demand for
300:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1:
2519:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01906-6
2154:. Eastern Native Tree Society
1596:
1394:have been subjected to heavy
1263:Tropical rainforests provide
1240:
499:such as the coastal areas of
239:
3305:
3031:, AsiaNews.it, 24 March 2008
2750:. 2007-01-25. Archived from
2348:Revista de Biología Tropical
2321:10.1016/0040-5809(86)90004-3
2294:10.1016/0040-5809(87)90019-0
1510:However, a January 30, 2009
1371:Satellite photograph of the
221:have been discovered there.
7:
3075:Vidal, John (20 May 2005).
1999:"Kumbartcho Dry Rainforest"
1590:Stratification (vegetation)
1527:
1503:Several countries, notably
1359:Deforestation in Madagascar
1158:is often quite poor. Rapid
1060:Silent Valley National Park
710:ropes into the trees using
597:Stratification (vegetation)
302:. The broader category of
234:pollution of the atmosphere
18:Rainforest (disambiguation)
10:
4381:
3683:Growth and yield modelling
3175:Cambridge University Press
2902:10.1038/s41893-022-00854-3
2704:. Jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu
2689:W. W. Norton & Company
1984:"The Temperate Rainforest"
1836:. Retrieved on 2009-03-08.
1663:. Rainforests.mongabay.com
1352:
1256:
1154:in a tropical rainforest,
798:
738:
660:
594:
452:
272:
84:Mount Palung National Park
15:
4257:Earth sciences portal
4243:Climate change portal
4218:
4095:
3927:
3824:Great Green Wall (Africa)
3769:
3460:
3370:
3313:
3218:Rainforest Action Network
3046:www.rainforest-rescue.org
2748:SurvivalInternational.org
2725:. Reuters.com. 2007-01-17
2663:10.1007/s00704-004-0049-4
1706:. The State of Queensland
1441:rainforest growing along
1271:destinations and for the
716:Exploration of the canopy
590:
3829:Great Green Wall (China)
3402:Close to nature forestry
3171:The tropical rain forest
3169:Richards, P. W. (1996).
3165:Rainforests.mongabay.com
2691:, New York, pp. 189–193.
2630:. Melbourne. 2004-03-06.
1804:Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
1383:, 24 September 2015
1208:Effect on global climate
1087:
1078:in the Amazon rainforest
445:Temperate rainforest in
434:General distribution of
215:world's largest pharmacy
3863:Million Tree Initiative
3213:Animals in a rainforest
3192:Oxford University Press
3186:Whitmore, T. C. (1998)
2601:10.1126/science.aam5962
2385:Conservation Biology, 2
1849:." Columbia University
1580:Intact forest landscape
1166:. The concentration of
1001:Western lowland gorilla
960:Mudumalai National Park
876:. Mammals may include
511:, parts of the western
463:regions. They occur in
4285:Environment portal
3717:Sustainable management
3612:Trillion Tree Campaign
3155:
2474:10.1098/rstb.2003.1431
2034:. NSW Government. 2004
1384:
1254:
1150:Despite the growth of
817:
679:
450:
438:
304:tropical moist forests
270:
247:subtropical rainforest
39:A thick rainforest in
4210:Wood process engineer
3914:Urban forest inequity
3159:Butler, R. A. (2005)
3146:
2881:Nature Sustainability
2250:10536/DRO/DU:30039763
1961:10536/DRO/DU:30080507
1834:Ohio State University
1392:temperate rainforests
1370:
1353:Further information:
1300:On January 18, 2007,
1290:agricultural purposes
1257:Further information:
1253:, taken from a plane.
1248:
937:Great Bear Rainforest
808:
670:
519:coast, as well as in
444:
436:temperate rainforests
433:
268:
193:temperate rainforests
3873:Shifting cultivation
3814:Forest fragmentation
3784:Carbon sequestration
3654:Woodland Carbon Code
3619:Forest certification
3527:Even-aged management
3442:Sustainable forestry
3270:Tropical rainforests
3260:What is a rainforest
3163:. Published online:
3151:, British Columbia,
2948:, September 29, 2008
2403:Baird, Dr. Chris S.
1116:improve this article
653:inhabit this layer.
455:Temperate rainforest
426:Temperate rainforest
298:, also known as the
290:Many of the world's
189:tropical rainforests
16:For other uses, see
3678:Formally designated
3522:Ecological thinning
3432:Plantation forestry
3340:Research institutes
2893:2022NatSu...5..444F
2655:2004ThApC..78..137C
2592:2017Sci...358..230B
2231:2009EcolL..12..982R
2097:1959JEcol..47..551W
2003:Gardening Australia
1911:2004AgFM..124..171L
1449:is now rare due to
1402:for their valuable
1249:Aerial view of the
1056:Lion-tailed macaque
316:Tropic of Capricorn
306:are located in the
275:Tropical rainforest
261:Tropical rainforest
251:littoral rainforest
129:tropical rainforest
4271:Ecology portal
3804:Forest degradation
3799:Ecosystem services
3407:Community forestry
3223:EIA forest reports
3156:
3128:The New York Times
3065:, January 24, 2008
2841:The New York Times
2777:2012-10-20 at the
2772:The Tribal Peoples
2685:The primary source
2683:Myers, N. (1985).
2191:"Rainforest Facts"
2085:Journal of Ecology
1876:10.1007/BF00890069
1829:2009-03-18 at the
1800:2008-02-25 at the
1542:Environment portal
1451:ribbon development
1428:Harvard University
1385:
1306:uncontacted tribes
1273:ecosystem services
1255:
1181:process gives the
1005:African rainforest
818:
809:Rainforest in the
680:
671:The canopy at the
451:
439:
348:Sub-Saharan Africa
271:
61:Olympic rainforest
4342:
4341:
4299:Plants portal
4085:green woodworking
3250:Rainforest Plants
3231:Reports and info.
2586:(6360): 230–234.
2560:978-0-19-856706-6
2468:(1443): 421–436.
2351:, 68(1), 336-343.
2179:on June 14, 2006.
1575:Inland rainforest
1478:Rainforest Rescue
1445:areas of eastern
1336:The Forest People
1251:Amazon rainforest
1148:
1147:
1140:
983:Amazon Rainforest
559:and the adjacent
469:Pacific Northwest
380:Yucatán Peninsula
368:Amazon rainforest
105:Nilgiri mountains
65:Olympic Peninsula
4372:
4332:
4331:
4322:
4321:
4313:Trees portal
4311:
4310:
4297:
4296:
4283:
4282:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4226:
4225:
3947:Forest gardening
3904:Timber recycling
3851:Invasive species
3739:Tree measurement
3300:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3072:
3066:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2914:
2904:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2791:
2785:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2692:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2537:
2531:
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2502:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2394:
2381:
2375:
2358:
2352:
2343:Monge-Nájera, J.
2339:
2333:
2332:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2252:
2242:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2175:. Archived from
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1905:(3–4): 171–191.
1894:
1888:
1887:
1859:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1822:Hobgood (2008).
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1793:Susan Woodward.
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1748:"Dry Rainforest"
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1613:. Archived from
1607:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1492:. In Indonesia,
1474:Papua New Guinea
1143:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1100:
1092:
1071:
1052:
1038:Yellow anacondas
1034:
1015:
997:
974:
951:
928:
775:boa constrictors
735:Understory layer
692:Epiphytic plants
663:Canopy (biology)
561:Russian Far East
477:British Columbia
414:addition to the
360:Congo Rainforest
340:Papua New Guinea
312:Tropic of Cancer
292:tropical forests
228:, the resulting
155:
140:
119:
100:
79:
69:Washington state
57:
36:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4305:
4291:
4277:
4265:
4263:
4251:
4249:
4237:
4235:
4214:
4091:
4068:spruce-pine-fir
4041:Christmas trees
3923:
3839:Illegal logging
3771:
3765:
3480:Controlled burn
3465:
3456:
3437:Social forestry
3417:Energy forestry
3397:Bamboo forestry
3392:Analog forestry
3366:
3309:
3304:
3274:
3208:
3141:
3139:Further reading
3136:
3135:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3073:
3069:
3057:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2940:
2936:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2833:
2829:
2823:The Independent
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2779:Wayback Machine
2770:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2682:
2678:
2639:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2538:
2534:
2503:
2499:
2454:Phillips, O. L.
2450:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2401:
2397:
2382:
2378:
2359:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2305:
2301:
2278:
2274:
2218:Ecology Letters
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2193:. Rain-tree.com
2189:
2188:
2184:
2173:"dendronautics"
2171:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2105:10.2307/2257290
2078:
2074:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1938:New Phytologist
1930:
1926:
1895:
1891:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1831:Wayback Machine
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1802:Wayback Machine
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1522:degraded forest
1400:illegal logging
1365:
1351:
1298:
1288:or removed for
1261:
1243:
1210:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1113:
1101:
1090:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
975:
966:
952:
943:
929:
850:
848:Flora and fauna
803:
797:
743:
737:
665:
659:
619:
599:
593:
585:
557:Sakhalin Island
543:, Highlands of
509:southern Norway
457:
428:
400:Pacific Islands
378:, the southern
372:Central America
324:Myanmar (Burma)
308:equatorial zone
277:
263:
242:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
158:Rainforests in
156:
148:
147:
141:
132:
131:
130:
120:
112:
111:
101:
92:
91:
90:
80:
72:
71:
58:
49:
48:
47:
37:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4365:Forest ecology
4362:
4357:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4302:
4288:
4274:
4260:
4246:
4232:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4200:Timber cruiser
4197:
4195:Shingle weaver
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
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4089:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4031:Rail transport
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3972:pulp and paper
3969:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Forest farming
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3892:
3890:slash-and-char
3887:
3885:slash-and-burn
3882:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3809:Forest dieback
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:
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3656:
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3641:
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3544:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
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3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3452:Urban forestry
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3229:EIA in the USA
3226:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3206:External links
3204:
3203:
3202:
3184:
3167:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3114:
3096:
3082:guardian.co.uk
3067:
3051:
3033:
3021:
3000:
2975:
2950:
2934:
2887:(5): 444–451.
2867:
2846:
2827:
2811:
2786:
2764:
2735:
2714:
2693:
2676:
2633:
2615:
2566:
2559:
2532:
2513:(8): 332–337.
2497:
2452:Lewis, S. L.;
2444:
2421:
2395:
2376:
2362:Bothrops atrox
2353:
2334:
2299:
2272:
2225:(9): 982–998.
2203:
2182:
2164:
2143:
2136:
2118:
2072:
2061:(1): 431–451.
2045:
2016:
1989:
1975:
1924:
1889:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1815:
1806:
1786:
1761:
1739:
1717:
1695:
1673:
1652:
1627:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:Ecology portal
1545:
1529:
1526:
1513:New York Times
1412:slash-and-burn
1350:
1347:
1332:Colin Turnbull
1297:
1294:
1242:
1239:
1235:forest dieback
1214:carbon dioxide
1209:
1206:
1146:
1145:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1040:reside in the
1036:
1029:
1027:
1023:Tanjung Puting
1017:
1010:
1008:
999:
992:
990:
976:
969:
967:
953:
946:
944:
930:
923:
849:
846:
811:Blue Mountains
799:Main article:
796:
793:
739:Main article:
736:
733:
661:Main article:
658:
655:
623:emergent layer
618:
617:Emergent layer
615:
595:Main article:
592:
589:
584:
583:Dry rainforest
581:
571:) and also in
541:southern China
495:(parts of the
453:Main article:
427:
424:
420:photosynthesis
320:Southeast Asia
296:monsoon trough
273:Main article:
262:
259:
241:
238:
211:microorganisms
157:
150:
149:
142:
135:
134:
133:
121:
114:
113:
102:
95:
94:
93:
82:Rainforest at
81:
74:
73:
59:
52:
51:
50:
38:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4377:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4335:
4327:
4325:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Rubber tapper
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Choker setter
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:Manufacturing
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Deforestation
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:Environmental
3768:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3671:reforestation
3669:
3667:
3666:afforestation
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Arboriculture
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Permaforestry
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3200:0-19-850147-1
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:0-521-42194-2
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3010:
3004:
2990:on 2012-09-30
2989:
2985:
2979:
2965:on 2008-06-08
2964:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2754:on 2008-02-06
2753:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2724:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2431:
2425:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2137:0-444-41986-1
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:Human Ecology
1858:
1852:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1771:
1765:
1749:
1743:
1727:
1726:"Rainforests"
1721:
1705:
1704:"Rainforests"
1699:
1683:
1682:"Rainforests"
1677:
1662:
1656:
1642:on 2012-07-08
1641:
1637:
1631:
1617:on 2008-12-05
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:deforestation
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:Deforestation
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:Native people
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:deforestation
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1142:
1139:
1131:
1128:February 2020
1121:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1105:This section
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1002:
996:
991:
988:
987:South America
984:
980:
973:
968:
965:
961:
957:
950:
945:
942:
938:
934:
927:
922:
921:
920:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:invertebrates
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
812:
807:
802:
792:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:, as well as
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
742:
732:
730:
729:dendronautics
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
707:William Beebe
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
677:crown shyness
674:
669:
664:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
608:
604:
598:
588:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:South America
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:British Isles
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:North America
462:
456:
448:
443:
437:
432:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:South America
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
276:
267:
258:
256:
252:
248:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:deforestation
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
161:
154:
146:
139:
128:
124:
118:
110:
106:
99:
89:
85:
78:
70:
66:
62:
56:
46:
42:
35:
23:
19:
4360:Biodiversity
4304:
4290:
4276:
4262:
4248:
4234:
4227:
4205:Tree planter
4185:Resin tapper
4165:Truck driver
4160:River driver
3909:Tree hugging
3894:
3877:
3844:timber mafia
3834:High grading
3819:Ghost forest
3789:Clearcutting
3712:Silviculture
3688:Horticulture
3532:Fire ecology
3447:Urban forest
3422:Mycoforestry
3382:
3378:Agroforestry
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3326:Forest areas
3324:
3317:
3187:
3170:
3160:
3127:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3080:
3070:
3063:Usatoday.com
3054:
3045:
3036:
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3003:
2992:. Retrieved
2988:the original
2978:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:the original
2953:
2937:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2859:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2830:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2798:
2789:
2767:
2756:. Retrieved
2752:the original
2747:
2738:
2727:. Retrieved
2717:
2706:. Retrieved
2696:
2684:
2679:
2649:(1–3): 137.
2646:
2642:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2542:
2535:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2465:
2461:
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2337:
2315:(1): 38–63.
2312:
2308:
2302:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2222:
2216:
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2185:
2177:the original
2167:
2156:. Retrieved
2146:
2127:
2121:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2031:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2002:
1992:
1978:
1944:(1): 55–64.
1941:
1937:
1927:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1851:Columbia.edu
1841:
1818:
1809:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1655:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1605:
1565:Cloud forest
1511:
1509:
1502:
1459:
1457:lifestyles.
1432:
1424:E. O. Wilson
1416:clearcutting
1408:agricultural
1386:
1344:
1335:
1322:
1299:
1262:
1222:water vapour
1211:
1179:laterization
1156:soil quality
1149:
1134:
1125:
1114:Please help
1109:verification
1106:
1082:
1042:Amazon basin
956:Bengal tiger
933:Kermode bear
910:
856:, including
851:
822:forest floor
821:
819:
801:Forest floor
795:Forest floor
786:
750:
746:
744:
688:biodiversity
683:
681:
657:Canopy layer
649:and certain
630:
622:
620:
611:forest floor
600:
586:
531:and coastal
527:, including
458:
310:between the
289:
278:
255:cloud forest
243:
230:habitat loss
223:
197:
168:
167:
22:
4355:Rainforests
4229:WikiProject
4153:smokejumper
4133:Firefighter
4096:Occupations
4080:Woodworking
3661:Forestation
3592:restoration
3547:informatics
3412:Ecoforestry
2946:FoxNews.com
2825:5 July 2003
1462:West Africa
1435:urban areas
1410:clearance (
1282:sustainably
1277:plantations
1025:, Indonesia
788:shrub layer
751:understorey
643:butterflies
577:New Zealand
563:coast), in
328:Philippines
169:Rainforests
63:located at
4349:Categories
4175:Lumberjack
4170:Log scaler
4053:engineered
4004:non-timber
3977:sawmilling
3929:Industries
3896:svedjebruk
3607:transition
3587:protection
3577:old-growth
3562:governance
3517:Dendrology
3467:management
3333:Ministries
3190:. 2nd ed.
3173:. 2nd ed.
3015:2012-08-26
2994:2012-08-26
2969:2012-08-26
2912:2346/92751
2861:2012-08-26
2783:ThinkQuest
2758:2020-05-13
2729:2012-08-26
2708:2012-08-26
2438:2012-08-26
2430:"Grida.no"
2197:2012-08-26
2158:2007-11-14
1667:2012-08-26
1646:2012-08-26
1621:2009-01-04
1597:References
1466:Madagascar
1420:extinction
1318:West Papua
1314:New Guinea
1241:Human uses
1152:vegetation
1019:Orangutans
894:chameleons
866:amphibians
830:riverbanks
747:understory
741:Understory
704:naturalist
694:attach to
607:understory
567:(southern
547:, much of
515:along the
489:California
481:Washington
416:atmosphere
366:(e.g. the
346:; also in
240:Definition
207:indigenous
4123:Ecologist
4036:Tree farm
3937:Coppicing
3879:chitemene
3779:Acid rain
3727:allometry
3649:SmartWood
3597:secondary
3582:pathology
3557:inventory
3495:driftwood
3361:Arbor Day
2929:247160560
2921:2398-9629
2081:Webb, Len
1884:153481315
1470:Indonesia
1455:seachange
1447:Australia
1404:hardwoods
1286:exploited
1172:aluminium
1160:bacterial
935:from the
902:Cuculidae
815:Australia
783:seedlings
767:predators
712:crossbows
631:emergents
573:Australia
555:, and on
537:East Asia
525:Black Sea
461:temperate
449:in Canada
402:(such as
398:, and on
396:Australia
350:from the
344:Sri Lanka
336:Indonesia
326:) to the
219:medicines
181:epiphytes
4324:Category
4138:handcrew
4108:Arborist
4103:Forester
4063:mahogany
4009:palm oil
3999:charcoal
3984:Products
3919:Wildfire
3732:breeding
3693:GM trees
3542:dynamics
3354:Journals
3347:Colleges
3307:Forestry
3109:NBC News
3085:. London
2804:11 April
2775:Archived
2610:28971966
2527:10884705
2492:15212094
2414:11 April
2368:(2), 101
2288:: 1–12.
2267:11744558
2259:19614756
1970:33873691
1870:: 1–21.
1827:Archived
1798:Archived
1528:See also
1498:Malaysia
1494:palm oil
1490:biofuels
1486:oil palm
1439:Littoral
1388:Tropical
1198:volcanic
1192:such as
1190:deposits
898:vangidae
878:primates
862:reptiles
838:decaying
779:leopards
769:such as
724:airships
720:balloons
700:branches
675:showing
613:layers.
517:Adriatic
505:Scotland
467:(in the
418:through
392:Calakmul
384:El Peten
352:Cameroon
332:Malaysia
285:rainfall
127:Khao Sok
4334:Outline
4148:lookout
4143:hotshot
4024:tanbark
3994:biomass
3989:biochar
3967:plywood
3952:Logging
3856:wilding
3505:log jam
3462:Ecology
2889:Bibcode
2671:5122043
2651:Bibcode
2628:The Age
2588:Bibcode
2580:Science
2483:1693337
2329:3961711
2227:Bibcode
2152:"Sabah"
2113:2257290
2093:Bibcode
1907:Bibcode
1570:Ecology
1443:coastal
1381:Sumatra
1340:Negrito
1328:pygmies
1269:tourism
1231:drought
1229:due to
1202:erosion
1194:bauxite
1187:mineral
1183:oxisols
1177:by the
1062:, India
1003:in the
981:in the
917:biomass
913:refuges
890:turtles
858:mammals
826:adapted
771:jaguars
763:lizards
651:monkeys
629:called
529:Georgia
521:Galicia
513:Balkans
501:Ireland
404:Hawaiʻi
376:Bosawás
354:to the
281:equator
203:species
173:forests
145:Palawan
41:Chiapas
4180:Ranger
4128:Feller
4113:Bucker
4019:rubber
3962:lumber
3772:topics
3759:volume
3754:height
3700:i-Tree
3537:Forest
3490:coarse
3485:Debris
3384:dehesa
3198:
3180:
3153:Canada
3089:7 July
2927:
2919:
2669:
2608:
2557:
2525:
2490:
2480:
2327:
2265:
2257:
2134:
2111:
1968:
1882:
1779:9 July
1754:9 July
1732:9 July
1710:9 July
1688:9 July
1585:Jungle
1505:Brazil
1377:Borneo
1375:above
1361:, and
1310:Brazil
1265:timber
1175:oxides
979:jaguar
941:Canada
886:snakes
882:felids
834:swamps
759:snakes
696:trunks
684:canopy
639:Eagles
635:canopy
603:canopy
591:Layers
545:Taiwan
535:), in
533:Turkey
493:Europe
491:), in
485:Oregon
473:Alaska
412:oxygen
388:Belize
374:(e.g.
322:(from
205:being
200:biotic
185:lianas
177:canopy
123:Canopy
88:Borneo
45:Mexico
4014:rayon
3749:girth
3744:crown
3705:urban
3602:stand
3510:slash
3500:large
3371:Types
3319:Index
2925:S2CID
2667:S2CID
2433:(PDF)
2387:, 119
2374:110.
2263:S2CID
2109:JSTOR
2038:6 May
2028:(PDF)
2009:6 May
2005:. ABC
1880:S2CID
1773:(PDF)
1396:legal
1325:Mbuti
1302:FUNAI
1218:cloud
1164:humus
1088:Soils
1076:Macaw
964:India
906:Fungi
870:birds
854:fauna
842:fungi
755:birds
627:trees
569:Chile
553:Korea
549:Japan
408:lungs
356:Congo
109:India
4073:teak
4058:fuel
4048:Wood
3868:REDD
3722:Tree
3639:PEFC
3624:ATFS
3196:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3091:2010
2917:ISSN
2806:2019
2606:PMID
2555:ISBN
2523:PMID
2488:PMID
2416:2019
2393:133.
2325:PMID
2255:PMID
2132:ISBN
2040:2022
2011:2022
1966:PMID
1781:2021
1756:2021
1734:2021
1712:2021
1690:2021
1518:acre
1406:and
1398:and
1390:and
1379:and
1373:haze
1170:and
1168:iron
900:and
872:and
820:The
777:and
761:and
745:The
722:and
698:and
682:The
647:bats
621:The
609:and
575:and
551:and
539:(in
503:and
487:and
342:and
314:and
232:and
183:and
171:are
3644:SFI
3634:FSC
3629:CFS
3567:law
3552:IPM
3464:and
2907:hdl
2897:doi
2659:doi
2596:doi
2584:358
2547:doi
2515:doi
2478:PMC
2470:doi
2466:359
2317:doi
2290:doi
2245:hdl
2235:doi
2101:doi
2063:doi
1956:hdl
1946:doi
1942:157
1915:doi
1903:124
1872:doi
1426:of
1118:by
1058:in
1021:in
958:in
749:or
471:in
394:),
370:),
362:),
191:or
125:of
4351::
3194:.
3126:.
3107:.
3079:.
3061:,
3044:.
2944:,
2923:.
2915:.
2905:.
2895:.
2883:.
2879:.
2839:.
2821:,
2797:.
2781:,
2746:.
2687:.
2665:.
2657:.
2647:78
2645:.
2626:.
2604:.
2594:.
2582:.
2578:.
2553:.
2521:.
2511:15
2509:.
2486:.
2476:.
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2460:.
2407:.
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2311:.
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2284:.
2261:.
2253:.
2243:.
2233:.
2223:12
2221:.
2215:.
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2087:.
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2057:.
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2001:.
1964:.
1954:.
1940:.
1936:.
1913:.
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1878:.
1868:21
1866:.
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1357:,
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1292:.
1233:,
1074:A
985:,
977:A
962:,
954:A
939:,
931:A
892:,
888:,
880:,
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864:,
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832:,
813:,
773:,
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714:.
645:,
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579:.
507:,
483:,
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338:,
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236:.
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