686:
1771:
314:
46:
255:
215:
33:
277:
333:
350:
295:
250:
230:
766:
904:. Fruit bodies grow singly or in groups; fruiting season occurs from summer to autumn. In western North America, where the mushroom is quite common, it is encountered most frequently in late autumn. The mushrooms are usually found as "shrumps"—low, partially emerged mounds on the forest floor, and have often been partially consumed by mammals such as rodents or deer.
1007:, transforming them into an edible known as a lobster mushroom. In this form, the surface of the fruit body develops into a hard, thin crust dotted with minute pimples, and the gills are reduced to blunt ridges. The flesh of the mushroom—normally brittle and crumbly—becomes compacted and less breakable. Mycologist
705:. The stipe is 3–8 cm long and 2.5–4 cm thick. It is initially white but develops yellowish-brownish discolorations with age. The mushroom sometimes develops a pale green band at the top of the stipe. The
1784:
Girlanda M, Selosse MA, Cafasso D, Brilli F, Delfine S, Fabbian R, Ghignone S, Pinelli P, Segreto R, Loreto F, Cozzolino S, Perotto S (2006). "Inefficient photosynthesis in the
Mediterranean orchid
919:
between these populations is small. In contrast, there was little genetic differentiation observed between populations sampled from a smaller area (less than about 1,000 metres or 3,300 feet).
828:
in overall morphology, it has somewhat larger spores (9–12 by 7–8.5 μm) with a surface ornamentation featuring prominent warts interconnected by a zebra-like patterns of ridges. The
820:, but has narrower spores measuring 6.5–8.5 by 4.5–5 μm, and it does not have the pale greenish band that sometimes develops in the latter species. The European look-alike
631:
does not consider these varieties to have independent taxonomical significance. In a 2012 publication, mycologist Mike Davis and colleagues suggest that western North
American
627:
specimens. The former is characterized by a greenish-blue band that forms at the top of the stipe, while the latter variety has large spores. The nomenclatural database
697:
can range from 7 to 30 cm (3 to 12 in) in diameter, whitish to dull-yellow, and is funnel-shaped with a central depression. The gills are narrow and thin,
812:
525:
806:
796:
605:, is attached to a type collection, has a reasonably explicit original description, and provides a stable point about which a species concept can be formed.
947:"Although attractive when clean and crisp, this harmless, prolific mushroom is constantly maligned because it mimics prized edibles such as the white
2167:
1947:
Ghantous A, Gali-Muhtasib H, Vuorela H, Saliba NA, Darwiche N (2010). "What made sesquiterpene lactones reach cancer clinical trials?".
214:
2233:
554:
included: a white fruit body that did not change color; a smooth, shiny cap; and thin, widely spaced gills. To add to the confusion,
2115:
1161:
974:
is a non-descript edible species that tends to assume the flavors of meats and sauces it is cooked with. It is one of several
1892:
1865:
1840:
1512:
1461:
1379:
1339:
1307:
1279:
1252:
1198:
727:
is arranged in the form of a cutis (characterized by hyphae that run parallel to the cap surface) comprising interwoven
1660:
1537:
1681:"Size, distribution, and persistence of genets in local populations of the late-stage ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete,
1407:
979:
2213:
2172:
677:
used to refer to the mushroom include short-stemmed russula, short-stalked white russula, and stubby brittlegill.
2223:
723:; they have a partially reticulate (network-like) surface dotted with warts measuring up to 1 μm high. The
701:
in attachment, nearly white when young but becoming pale yellow to buff with age, and sometimes forked near the
1214:
410:
Fruiting from summer to autumn, the mushrooms often develop under masses of leaves or conifer needles in a
430:. Forms of the mushroom that develop a bluish band at the top of the stipe are sometimes referred to as
2218:
2017:
Suri OP, Shah R, Satti NK, Suri KA (1997). "Russulactarorufin, a lactarane skeleton sesquiterpene from
1038:
and antitumor activities. Some of these compounds have been isolated and chemically characterized from
2107:
1770:
1135:
1090:
45:
1478:
2159:
2238:
1055:
1594:
Peck., and its ectomycorrhiza – A new record from
Himalayan moist temperate forests of Pakistan"
597:
for the North
American collections which most authors but not Kühner and Romagnesi (1953), call
2057:
1371:
1364:
1003:
782:
655:
550:
with a description not accurately matching the North
American counterparts. Fries's concept of
451:
1882:
1329:
2208:
1269:
1027:
1012:
140:
2185:
1219:
Peck, Annual Report on the New York State Museum of
Natural History 43: 66, t. 2:5-8 (1890)"
2030:
1619:
834:
824:
is widely distributed, although rarer in the northern regions of the continent. Similar to
531:
8:
1589:
1031:
933:
475:
471:
156:
2034:
1982:
Merfort I. (2011). "Perspectives on sesquiterpene lactones in inflammation and cancer".
1813:
1706:
1114:
912:
571:
502:
400:
236:
165:
40:
2042:
1528:
Binion D, Stephenson SL, Roody WC, Burdsall HH Jr, Vasilyeva LN, Miller OK Jr (2008).
1424:
2180:
2089:
1999:
1964:
1929:
1888:
1861:
1836:
1805:
1801:
1759:
1754:
1733:
1714:
1701:
1680:
1656:
1533:
1508:
1457:
1403:
1375:
1335:
1303:
1275:
1248:
1194:
900:
791:
694:
392:
260:
1817:
2228:
2094:
2038:
1991:
1956:
1921:
1797:
1749:
1696:
1570:
1106:
1035:
928:
739:
702:
613:
506:
498:
483:
479:
431:
396:
300:
559:
1960:
1271:
Field Guide to Common
Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
855:
636:
563:
438:
356:
581:
is a species that everybody knows, so to speak, but the evidence indicates that
403:
on the cap underside are closely spaced and sometimes have a faint bluish tint.
2102:
2080:
1995:
1302:. Collins Wildlife Trust Guides. London, UK: HarperCollins. pp. 698, 701.
859:
628:
519:
441:, the mushrooms have a bland or bitter flavor. They become more palatable once
87:
2202:
1933:
1734:"No evidence of population structure across three isolated subpopulations of
719:
are egg-shaped to more or less spherical, and measure 7.5–10 by 6.5–8.5
456:
77:
651:, although Index Fungorum and other sources consider them distinct species.
2003:
1968:
1809:
1763:
1718:
712:
538:
There has been considerable confusion in the literature over the naming of
514:
685:
407:
are roughly spherical, and have a network-like surface dotted with warts.
2154:
2128:
1553:
Kernaghan G, Currah RS, Bayer S (1997). "Russulaceous ectomycorrhizae of
1008:
964:
956:
952:
880:
724:
706:
674:
555:
547:
494:
423:
388:
340:
320:
107:
1193:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 105–6.
1130:
1128:
2120:
1835:. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society. p. 78.
1710:
1118:
998:
994:
749:
Shaffer has a subtle green shading at the stipe apex and on the gills.
720:
624:
459:
that covers the fruit body and transforms them into lobster mushrooms.
446:
442:
411:
97:
2133:
804:, but has an acrid taste and smaller fruit bodies. Another lookalike,
2146:
1909:
1860:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 186.
1788:
is mirrored by specific association to ectomycorrhizal
Russulaceae".
1125:
948:
916:
895:
863:
790:
but lacks its brittle flesh, and it has a sticky, glutinous cap. The
732:
698:
57:
2051:
1925:
1574:
1505:
North
American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi
1110:
2141:
2074:
1456:. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. p. 68.
1222:
987:
891:
829:
640:
384:
372:
282:
241:
220:
32:
1946:
1402:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 217.
542:. Some early 20th-century American mycologists referred to it as
117:
1884:
Edible and
Medicinal Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada
1731:
1042:: russulactarorufin, lactarorufin-A, and 24-ethyl-cholesta-7,22
983:
419:
67:
1532:. West Virginia: West Virginia University Press. p. 243.
1527:
1169:
Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History
911:
populations (globally and continentally) develop significant
886:
874:
868:
866:
forest ecosystems. Typical hosts include trees in the genera
843:
728:
662:
427:
404:
1783:
1207:
395:
measuring 7–30 cm (3–12 in) wide set atop a thick
765:
383:. It is widespread in North America, and was reported from
593:
sensu Kühner and Romagnesi (1953)… It is best to use
1732:
Bergemann SE, Douhan GW, Garbelotto M, Miller SL (2006).
415:
1530:
Macrofungi Associated with Oaks of Eastern North America
1267:
907:
Studies have demonstrated that geographically separated
1400:
Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians
810:, has gills that often fork near the stipe attachment.
493:
species characterized by having whitish to pale yellow
414:
association with trees from several genera, including
1451:
1552:
689:
A greenish band can develop at the top of the stipe.
546:, although that fungus was described from Europe by
1590:"Biodiversity of mushrooms and ectomycorrhizas. 1.
1507:. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 76.
1293:
1291:
1370:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp.
1363:
391:are white and large, with convex to funnel-shaped
2016:
1908:Thiers, Harry D.; Arora, David (September 1980).
1674:
1672:
1416:
1191:Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America
1088:
2200:
1587:
1447:
1445:
1288:
1188:
1034:compounds that are being investigated for their
951:and forms promising "shrumps" like those of the
639:of at least four distinct species. According to
1678:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1297:
1725:
1669:
1546:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1940:
1777:
1646:
1644:
1442:
1393:
1391:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1975:
1502:
1327:
1316:
1247:(5 ed.). London: Cassell. p. 883.
1184:
1182:
1019:is "edible, but better kicked than picked".
978:species harvested in the wild from Mexico's
846:when the mushroom tissue is cut or injured.
1907:
1521:
1496:
1242:
1236:
1071:
849:
757:has spores measuring 9–14 by 8–12 μm.
1981:
1874:
1824:
1641:
1611:
1581:
1452:Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE (1987).
1388:
1348:
1334:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 318.
1274:. Government Printing Office. p. 71.
1268:Ostry ME, O'Brien JG, Anderson NA (2011).
589:sensu Singer (1938), which in turn is not
31:
2010:
1880:
1830:
1753:
1700:
1655:. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 27.
1470:
1397:
1331:A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America
1261:
1179:
1849:
1650:
1361:
1159:
1153:
898:moist temperate forests associated with
764:
684:
1617:
1225:. International Mycological Association
786:) is somewhat similar in appearance to
2201:
1855:
1588:Niazi AR, Iqbal SH, Khalid AN (2006).
1476:
1422:
1022:
399:up to 8 cm (3 in) long. The
2056:
2055:
1887:. North Atlantic Books. p. 151.
1189:Davis RM, Sommer R, Menge JA (2012).
1142:. Species Fungorum. CAB International
478:in 1890, from specimens collected in
982:and sold in local markets in nearby
566:described other species they named
13:
1858:Mushrooms of Western North America
890:. The fungus has been reported in
760:
14:
2250:
2234:Taxa named by Charles Horton Peck
1833:Conspectus of World Ethnomycology
986:. The mushrooms are suitable for
980:Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park
927:species that associates with the
1802:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02770.x
1769:
1755:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01654.x
1702:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00507.x
1679:Bergemann SE, Miller SL (2002).
1091:"The subsection Lactariodeae of
731:with rounded tips. There are no
570:. Robert Shaffer summarized the
513:species with a similar range of
348:
331:
312:
293:
275:
253:
248:
228:
213:
44:
1901:
1300:Mushrooms of Britain and Europe
1162:"Report of the Botanist (1889)"
858:fungus associated with several
1653:All the Rain Promises and More
680:
673:"foot", hence "short-footed".
517:ornamentation heights include
1:
2043:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00121-0
1503:Miller HR, Miller OK (2006).
1065:
501:, abundant lamellulae (short
1961:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.06.002
1454:The New Savory Wild Mushroom
990:due to their crisp texture.
940:
735:on the cap (pileocystidia).
7:
1049:
462:
221:Mycological characteristics
10:
2255:
1996:10.2174/138945011798109437
1601:Pakistan Journal of Botany
1563:Canadian Journal of Botany
1245:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
1089:Shaffer Robert L. (1964).
993:Fruit bodies are commonly
838:can be distinguished from
585:sensu Fries (1838) is not
482:. It is classified in the
2064:
709:is white to light cream.
347:
330:
310:
292:
274:
247:
227:
208:
171:
164:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1738:in an oak/pine woodland"
1298:Courtecuisse R. (1999).
850:Distribution and habitat
780:The subalpine waxy cap (
489:, a grouping of similar
2214:Fungi described in 1890
1910:"Mushrooms Demystified"
1856:Orr DB, Orr RT (1979).
1136:"GSD Species Synonymy:
1046:-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol.
1030:are a diverse group of
913:genetic differentiation
643:, the European species
474:by American mycologist
2224:Fungi of North America
1028:Sesquiterpene lactones
1004:Hypomyces lactifluorum
961:
783:Hygrophorus subalpinus
777:
690:
607:
505:), and the absence of
452:Hypomyces lactifluorum
375:commonly known as the
1423:Kuo M. (March 2009).
1366:Mushrooms Demystified
1328:McKnight KH. (1987).
1013:Mushrooms Demystified
945:
842:by the production of
768:
688:
576:
377:short-stemmed russula
1984:Current Drug Targets
1949:Drug Discovery Today
1431:. MushroomExpert.com
1243:Simpson DP. (1979).
835:Lactifluus piperatus
816:is quite similar to
813:R. angustispora
661:is derived from the
609:Shaffer defined the
532:R. pseudodelica
526:R. romagnesiana
2035:1997PChem..45.1453S
1786:Limodorum abortivum
1618:Wood M, Stevens F.
1032:biologically active
1023:Bioactive compounds
934:Limodorum abortivum
807:R. vesicatoria
797:Russula cascadensis
647:is synonymous with
574:conundrum in 1964:
497:, compact and hard
476:Charles Horton Peck
1881:Spahr DL. (2009).
1831:Dugan FM. (2011).
1485:. Rogers Mushrooms
1398:Roody WC. (2003).
1011:wrote in his book
929:myco-heterotrophic
923:is one of several
915:, suggesting that
778:
772:is one of several
691:
645:Russula chloroides
455:, a bright orange
381:stubby brittlegill
2219:Fungi of Pakistan
2196:
2195:
2181:Open Tree of Life
2058:Taxon identifiers
1955:(15–16): 668–78.
1894:978-1-55643-795-3
1867:978-0-520-03656-7
1842:978-0-89054-395-5
1790:Molecular Ecology
1651:Arora D. (1991).
1559:Picea engelmannii
1514:978-0-7627-3109-1
1463:978-0-295-96480-5
1381:978-0-89815-169-5
1362:Arora D. (1986).
1341:978-0-395-91090-0
1309:978-0-00-220012-7
1281:978-0-16-088611-9
1254:978-0-304-52257-6
1200:978-0-520-95360-4
1160:Peck CH. (1890).
901:Pinus wallichiana
792:Pacific Northwest
693:Fully grown, the
507:clamp connections
364:
363:
203:Species of fungus
201:
200:
195:
183:
16:Species of fungus
2246:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2066:Russula brevipes
2053:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2019:Russula brevipes
2014:
2008:
2007:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1757:
1736:Russula brevipes
1729:
1723:
1722:
1704:
1683:Russula brevipes
1676:
1667:
1666:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1628:California Fungi
1622:Russula brevipes
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1592:Russula brevipes
1585:
1579:
1578:
1555:Abies lasiocarpa
1550:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1481:Russula brevipes
1474:
1468:
1467:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1427:Russula brevipes
1420:
1414:
1413:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1369:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1217:Russula brevipes
1211:
1205:
1204:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1138:Russula brevipes
1132:
1123:
1122:
1086:
1040:Russula brevipes
1036:antiinflammatory
1017:R. brevipes
972:Russula brevipes
967:
921:R. brevipes
909:R. brevipes
840:R. brevipes
826:R. brevipes
818:R. brevipes
802:R. brevipes
788:R. brevipes
774:R. brevipes
751:R. brevipes
743:R. brevipes
717:R. brevipes
656:specific epithet
649:R. brevipes
633:Russula brevipes
611:Russula brevipes
603:R. brevipes
595:R. brevipes
540:Russula brevipes
509:. Other related
480:Quogue, New York
468:Russula brevipes
371:is a species of
368:Russula brevipes
352:
351:
335:
334:
316:
315:
297:
296:
279:
278:
257:
256:
252:
251:
232:
231:
217:
210:Russula brevipes
206:
205:
193:
187:Russula brevipes
181:
175:Russula brevipes
152:
150:Russula brevipes
132:R. brevipes
49:
48:
35:
25:Russula brevipes
21:
20:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2060:
2050:
2015:
2011:
1990:(11): 1560–73.
1980:
1976:
1945:
1941:
1926:10.2307/3759750
1906:
1902:
1895:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1829:
1825:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1742:New Phytologist
1730:
1726:
1689:New Phytologist
1677:
1670:
1663:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1612:
1596:
1586:
1582:
1575:10.1139/b97-896
1569:(11): 1843–50.
1551:
1547:
1540:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1360:
1349:
1342:
1326:
1317:
1310:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1187:
1180:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1111:10.2307/3756537
1087:
1072:
1068:
1052:
1025:
969:
963:
943:
856:ectomycorrhizal
854:It is a common
852:
800:also resembles
763:
761:Similar species
683:
564:Henri Romagnesi
465:
349:
332:
317:
313:
294:
276:
269:infundibuliform
254:
249:
229:
223:
218:
204:
160:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2252:
2242:
2241:
2239:Fungus species
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2177:
2164:
2151:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2023:Phytochemistry
2009:
1974:
1939:
1900:
1893:
1873:
1866:
1848:
1841:
1823:
1796:(2): 491–504.
1776:
1724:
1668:
1662:978-0898153880
1661:
1640:
1610:
1580:
1545:
1539:978-1933202365
1538:
1520:
1513:
1495:
1469:
1462:
1441:
1415:
1408:
1387:
1380:
1347:
1340:
1315:
1308:
1287:
1280:
1260:
1253:
1235:
1206:
1199:
1178:
1152:
1124:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1024:
1021:
944:
942:
939:
851:
848:
822:R. delica
770:Russula delica
762:
759:
682:
679:
629:Index Fungorum
599:R. delica
591:R. delica
587:R. delica
583:R. delica
579:Russula delica
568:Russula delica
552:R. delica
544:Russula delica
520:Russula delica
470:was initially
464:
461:
362:
361:
353:
345:
344:
336:
328:
327:
318:
311:
308:
307:
298:
290:
289:
280:
272:
271:
258:
245:
244:
233:
225:
224:
219:
212:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
194:Shaffer (1964)
184:
182:Shaffer (1964)
169:
168:
162:
161:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:Agaricomycetes
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2251:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:(7): 1453–5.
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1748:(1): 177–84.
1747:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1695:(2): 313–30.
1694:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1606:
1602:
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1593:
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1576:
1572:
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1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1541:
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1531:
1524:
1516:
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1484:
1482:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1409:0-8131-9039-8
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:(2): 202–31.
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
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1029:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
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968:
966:
960:
958:
954:
950:
938:
936:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
902:
897:
893:
889:
888:
883:
882:
877:
876:
871:
870:
865:
861:
857:
847:
845:
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:
809:
808:
803:
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
784:
775:
771:
767:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
687:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:in 1964 from
622:
618:
615:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Robert Kühner
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
533:
528:
527:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
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488:
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481:
477:
473:
469:
460:
458:
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448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:in 2006. The
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
360:
359:
355:Edibility is
354:
346:
343:
342:
337:
329:
326:
322:
319:
309:
306:
302:
299:
291:
288:
284:
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273:
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266:
262:
259:
246:
243:
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234:
226:
222:
216:
211:
207:
192:
188:
185:
180:
176:
173:
172:
170:
167:
163:
158:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Basidiomycota
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2209:Edible fungi
2065:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1883:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1832:
1826:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1652:
1632:. Retrieved
1627:
1621:
1613:
1607:(4): 1271–7.
1604:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1529:
1523:
1504:
1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1480:
1477:Phillips R.
1472:
1453:
1433:. Retrieved
1426:
1418:
1399:
1365:
1330:
1299:
1270:
1263:
1244:
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1216:
1209:
1190:
1172:
1168:
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1137:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1057:
1043:
1039:
1026:
1016:
1002:
992:
975:
971:
970:
962:
946:
932:
924:
920:
908:
906:
899:
885:
879:
873:
867:
853:
839:
833:
825:
821:
817:
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805:
801:
795:
787:
781:
779:
773:
769:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
716:
711:
692:
675:Common names
670:
669:"short" and
666:
658:
653:
648:
644:
632:
620:
616:
610:
608:
602:
601:. The name,
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
567:
551:
543:
539:
537:
530:
524:
518:
510:
495:fruit bodies
490:
487:Lactaroideae
486:
467:
466:
450:
434:
409:
389:fruit bodies
380:
376:
367:
366:
365:
357:
339:
324:
304:
286:
268:
264:
235:
209:
190:
186:
178:
174:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
2155:NatureServe
2129:iNaturalist
1920:(5): 1054.
1009:David Arora
995:parasitized
965:David Arora
957:chanterelle
953:king bolete
881:Pseudotsuga
776:look-alikes
725:cap cuticle
707:spore print
681:Description
635:comprise a
625:Californian
556:Rolf Singer
548:Elias Fries
443:parasitized
437:. Although
424:Douglas-fir
412:mycorrhizal
341:mycorrhizal
338:Ecology is
321:Spore print
108:Russulaceae
2203:Categories
1634:2014-03-19
1489:2014-03-15
1435:2014-06-23
1229:2014-03-17
1146:2014-01-23
1066:References
999:ascomycete
558:and later
484:subsection
447:ascomycete
98:Russulales
74:Division:
1934:0027-5514
1914:Mycologia
1630:. MykoWeb
1099:Mycologia
949:matsutake
941:Edibility
917:gene flow
896:Himalayan
864:temperate
832:mushroom
755:megaspora
699:decurrent
621:megaspora
614:varieties
572:taxonomic
472:described
287:decurrent
191:megaspora
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
2160:2.881371
2142:MycoBank
2103:Fungorum
2081:Q3281588
2075:Wikidata
2004:21561425
1969:20541036
1818:40474597
1810:16448415
1764:16539614
1719:33873278
1223:MycoBank
1056:List of
1050:See also
988:pickling
892:Pakistan
830:milk-cap
794:species
733:cystidia
659:brevipes
641:MycoBank
463:Taxonomy
385:Pakistan
373:mushroom
283:Hymenium
242:hymenium
166:Synonyms
104:Family:
54:Domain:
2229:Russula
2121:7240188
2031:Bibcode
1711:1514022
1119:3756537
1093:Russula
1060:species
1058:Russula
1001:fungus
997:by the
976:Russula
931:orchid
925:Russula
862:across
740:variant
637:complex
511:Russula
491:Russula
449:fungus
445:by the
432:variety
428:hemlock
379:or the
119:Russula
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
2186:774670
2147:166953
2134:118179
2108:166953
2002:
1967:
1932:
1891:
1864:
1839:
1816:
1808:
1762:
1717:
1709:
1659:
1536:
1511:
1460:
1406:
1378:
1338:
1306:
1278:
1251:
1197:
1117:
984:Ozumba
884:, and
747:acrior
729:hyphae
713:Spores
667:brevis
665:words
617:acrior
529:, and
439:edible
435:acrior
426:, and
420:spruce
405:Spores
358:edible
179:acrior
159:(1890)
2173:98861
2095:4TRP7
1814:S2CID
1707:JSTOR
1597:(PDF)
1175:: 20.
1165:(PDF)
1140:Peck"
1115:JSTOR
1015:that
887:Tsuga
875:Picea
869:Abies
860:hosts
844:latex
753:var.
745:var.
703:stipe
663:Latin
515:spore
503:gills
499:flesh
401:gills
397:stipe
325:white
301:Stipe
237:Gills
189:var.
177:var.
68:Fungi
2168:NCBI
2116:GBIF
2000:PMID
1965:PMID
1930:ISSN
1889:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1806:PMID
1760:PMID
1715:PMID
1657:ISBN
1557:and
1534:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1372:87–8
1336:ISBN
1304:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1195:ISBN
955:and
738:The
654:The
619:and
562:and
457:mold
393:caps
305:bare
265:flat
157:Peck
2090:CoL
2039:doi
2021:".
1992:doi
1957:doi
1922:doi
1798:doi
1750:doi
1746:170
1697:doi
1693:156
1571:doi
1561:".
1107:doi
959:."
894:'s
715:of
695:cap
671:pes
416:fir
323:is
303:is
285:is
267:or
263:is
261:Cap
240:on
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2037:.
2027:45
2025:.
1998:.
1988:12
1986:.
1963:.
1953:15
1951:.
1928:.
1918:72
1916:.
1912:.
1812:.
1804:.
1794:15
1792:.
1758:.
1744:.
1740:.
1713:.
1705:.
1691:.
1687:.
1671:^
1643:^
1626:.
1605:38
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1567:75
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1444:^
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1374:.
1350:^
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1167:.
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1994::
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1959::
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1800::
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