Rugby union - Knowledge

641: 1721: 1283: 839: 3446: 1210: 889:, also known in the Southern Hemisphere as half-back and first five-eighth respectively. The fly-half is crucial to a team's game plan, orchestrating the team's performance. They are usually the first to receive the ball from the scrum-half following a breakdown, lineout, or scrum, and need to be decisive with what actions to take and be effective at communicating with the outside backs. Many fly-halves are also their team's goal kickers. The scrum-half is the link between the forwards and the backs. They receive the ball from the lineout and remove the ball from the back of the scrum, usually passing it to the fly-half. They also feed the scrum and sometimes have to act as a fourth loose forward. 652:

most prestigious tours were the Southern Hemisphere countries of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa making a tour of a Northern Hemisphere, and the return tours made by a joint British and Irish team. Tours would last for months, due to long traveling times and the number of games undertaken; the 1888 New Zealand team began their tour in Hawkes Bay in June and did not complete their schedule until August 1889, having played 107 rugby matches. Touring international sides would play Test matches against international opponents, including national, club and county sides in the case of Northern Hemisphere rugby, or provincial/state sides in the case of Southern Hemisphere rugby.

1244: 2469: 47: 3747:, also report people taking part in outreach and educational programs, or unregistered players. In the 2012 figures reported by the RFU they reported 1,990,988 people playing rugby in England, including 1,102,971 under 13s, 731,685 teens and 156,332 seniors. Some of those recorded would have experienced rugby via educational visits to schools, playing tag or touch rugby, rather than playing regularly for a club. The figures released in 2023 give an overall figure of those playing rugby union, or one of its variants, as 10,984,118, but also reports that of that total, 8.4 million are registered players, while 2.5 million are unregistered. 3122: 2308: 2085:, it has recorded numerous wins over all its 6N rivals with the exception of England, as well as defeating South Africa, Australia and Argentina in official matches. Before Italy's ascension, Romania enjoyed a period of success as their teams, backed by a supportive Communist government, regularly challenged the major European nations. The fall of Communism in Romania led to an era of steep decline from which Romania has yet to fully emerge, but it remains one of the most prominent of the second level European teams. Georgia, in the Caucasus, rose to prominence in the early 21st century; the traditional national game 2649:. As per Olympic rules, the nations of Scotland, Wales and England were not allowed to play separately as they are not sovereign states. In 1900, France won the gold, beating Great Britain 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany 27 points to 17. In 1908, Australia defeated Great Britain, claiming the gold medal, the score being 32 points to three. In 1920, the United States, fielding a team with many players new to the sport of rugby, upset France in a shock win, eight points to zero. In 1924, the United States again defeated France 17 to 3, becoming the only team to win gold twice in the sport. 1515: 2398: 1339: 3358:

33 per cent in Africa, 28 per cent in South America and 18 per cent in Asia and North America. In 2023 the IRB published a breakdown of the total number of players worldwide by national unions. It recorded a total of 10.9 million players globally, of those, 8.4 million were registered members playing for a club affiliated to their country's union. The 2016 World Rugby Year in Review reported 8.5 million players, of which 3.2 million were registered union players and 1.9 million were registered club players; 22% of all players were female.

1150:"crossbar" 3 metres (3.3 yd) above the ground. The minimum height for posts' uprights is 3.4 metres (3.7 yd), with taller posts generally seen. The bottom parts of each upright are generally wrapped in purpose-made padding to protect players from injury when coming into contact with the posts and creating another opportunity for sponsors. Until a Law change by World Rugby in 2020, it was possible for an attacking player to score a try by grounding the ball against the base of the upright as the padding was considered an extension of the goal line. 905:(left and right). In the Southern Hemisphere, the inside centre is commonly referred to as the second five-eighth, while the outside centre is simply known as the centre. The centres will attempt to tackle attacking players; whilst in attack, they should employ speed and strength to breach opposition defences. The wings are generally positioned on the outside of the backline. Their primary function is to finish off moves and score tries. Wings are usually the fastest players in the team and are elusive runners who use their speed to avoid tackles. 511: 1478:), and is made up of four panels. The ball was historically made of leather, but in the modern era most games use a ball made from a synthetic material. World Rugby lays out specific dimensions for the ball, 280–300 mm (11–12 in) in length, 740–770 mm (29–30 in) in circumference of length and 580–620 mm (23–24 in) in circumference of width. Rugby boots have soles with studs to allow grip on the turf of the pitch. The studs may be either metal or plastic but must not have any sharp edges or ridges. 1988: 864:. The two flanker positions, known as the blindside flanker and openside flanker, are the final row in the scrum. They are usually the most mobile forwards in the game. Their main role is to win possession through 'turn overs'. The number 8 packs down between the two locks at the back of the scrum. The role of the number 8 in the scrum is to control the ball after it has been heeled back from the front of the pack, and the position provides a link between the forwards and backs during attacking phases. 937: 1182:, two extra time periods of 10 minutes periods are played (with an interval of 5 minutes in between) if the game is tied after full-time. If scores are level after 100 minutes then the rules call for 20 minutes of sudden-death extra time to be played. If the sudden-death extra time period results in no scoring a kicking competition is used to determine the winner. However, no match in the history of the Rugby World Cup has ever gone past 100 minutes into a sudden-death extra time period. 2607:(UAR) to join an expanded Four Nations tournament in 2012. The competition has been officially rechristened as The Rugby Championship beginning with the 2012 edition. The competition reverted to the Tri Nations' original home-and-away format, but now involving four teams. In World Cup years, an abbreviated tournament is held in which each team plays the others only once. In 2020, the "Tri Nations" format was temporarily revived due to the withdrawal of South Africa owing to the 1196: 1056:"Tram tracks/tramlines": Unnamed in the Laws and sometimes also referred to, confusingly, as the "5-metre" and "15-metre" lines, these two pairs of dashed lines are drawn parallel to each sideline, 5 metres and 15 metres, respectively, into the field of play from the nearer sideline, terminating at each of their respective ends' 5-metre line (parallel and adjacent to the goal line). The area between these lines are where players must stand when contesting a lineout throw. 774: 1412:, ruck or maul, not releasing the ball when on the ground, or being offside. The non-offending team has a number of options when awarded a penalty: a "tap" kick, when the ball is kicked a very short distance from hand, allowing the kicker to regather the ball and run with it; a punt, when the ball is kicked a long distance from hand, for field position; a place-kick, when the kicker will attempt to score a goal; or a scrum. Players may be sent off (signalled by a 11069: 2521: 2010:, and viewership has been sporadic. Historically, British and Irish home teams played the Southern Hemisphere teams of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, as well as France. The rest of Europe were left to play amongst themselves. During a period when it had been isolated by the British and Irish Unions, France, lacking international competition, became the only European team from the top tier to regularly play the other European countries; mainly 1436:

blood injury or has suffered a concussion, or permanently, if he is replacing a front-row forward. In international matches, eight replacements are allowed; in domestic or cross-border tournaments, at the discretion of the responsible national union(s), the number of replacements may be nominated to a maximum of eight, of whom three must be sufficiently trained and experienced to provide cover for the three front row positions.

9529: 2583:(England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) excluded France in 1931 amid a run of poor results, allegations of professionalism and concerns over on-field violence. France then rejoined in 1939–1940, though World War II halted proceedings for a further eight years. France has played in all the tournaments since WWII, the first of which was played in 1947. In 2000, Italy became the sixth nation in the contest and Rome's 1374:. The two hookers then compete for possession by hooking the ball backwards with their feet, while each pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards to help gain possession. The side that wins possession can either keep the ball under their feet while driving the opposition back, in order to gain ground, or transfer the ball to the back of the scrum where it can be picked up by the number 8 or by the scrum-half. 11079: 3643: 2142: 1393: 822:. The role of the two props is to support the hooker during scrums, to provide support for the jumpers during line-outs and to provide strength and power in rucks and mauls. The third position in the front row is the hooker. The hooker is a key position in attacking and defensive play and is responsible for winning the ball in the scrum. Hookers normally throw the ball in at line-outs. 4459:"1 October: The original Wallabies beat a strong Gloucestershire XV 16–0 at Kingsholm, 2 October: The Invincible Second All Blacks have their toughest tour assignment when they are considered lucky to scrape home 13–10 against a star-studded Newport XV, 2 October: Argentina serve notice of their rapidly rising rugby stock by beating a Cardiff side captained by Gerald Davies." 3378:

equalled by England on 11 March 2017 with a win over Scotland at Twickenham. The highest scoring international match between two recognised unions was Hong Kong's 164–13 victory over Singapore on 27 October 1994. While the largest winning margin of 152 points is held by two countries, Japan (a 155–3 win over Chinese Taipei) and Argentina (152–0 over Paraguay) both in 2002.

3208:. Ten man rugby is a very conservative style of play, and not particularly entertaining for the spectator, but can be effective if a team has a strong pack and a good 10, and perhaps less effective backs. The term "ten man rugby" is somewhat derogatory, though most teams will employ these tactics to a degree, especially in foul weather, but usually not exclusively. 1175:

responsible for keeping time, even when—as in many professional tournaments—he is assisted by an official time-keeper. If time expires while the ball is in play, the game continues until the ball is "dead", and only then will the referee blow the whistle to signal half-time or full-time; but if the referee awards a penalty or free-kick, the game continues.

9521: 6892: 1050:"10-metre" lines: Dashed lines 10 metres either side of, and parallel to, the halfway line, designating the minimum distance a receiving team must retreat when receiving a kick-off, and the minimum distance a kick-off must travel to be legal. Equivalent to the 40-metre lines in rugby league but generally marked differently. 1053:"5-metre" lines: Dashed lines 5 metres into the field of play, parallel to each goal line. Scrums can be packed no nearer to each goal line than this line, and referees will often penalise scrum and ruck infringements in this area more harshly as defending sides will often try to stifle the attacking side's breakdown play. 1655:(formerly the Tri Nations before the entry of Argentina). Although UAR initially had no representation on the former SANZAR board, it was granted input into the organisation's issues, especially with regard to The Rugby Championship, and became a full SANZAAR member in 2016 (when the country entered Super Rugby). 4486:, p. 27 "When they arrived in this country they were regarded as an unknown quantity, but it was not anticipated that they would give the stronger British teams a great deal of opposition. The result of the very first match against Devon was regarded as a foregone conclusion by most British followers." 1493:, which are worn underneath socks. Bandages or tape can be worn to support or protect injuries; some players wear tape around the head to protect the ears in scrums and rucks. Female players may also wear chest pads. Although not worn for protection, some types of fingerless mitts are allowed to aid grip. 2691:

in Bangkok, Thailand. In the 1998 and 2002 editions of the games, both the usual fifteen-a-side variety and rugby sevens were played, but from 2006 onwards, only rugby sevens was retained. In 2010, the women's rugby sevens event was introduced. The event is likely to remain a permanent fixture of the

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In more recent times, the sport has been embraced by several African nations. In the early 21st century Madagascar has experienced crowds of 40,000 at national matches, while Namibia, whose history of rugby can be dated from 1915, have qualified for the final stages of the World Cup seven times since

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Unlike association football, where on-field advertising is strictly forbidden in the laws, World Rugby allows sponsors logos to be painted on the playing surface. This is another way in which clubs can make money in the professional era and is also often used by host nations, professional leagues and

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A typical "field of play" is generally 100 metres long by 68–70 metres wide for senior rugby, depending on the specific requirements of each ground. The Laws require the field of play to be between 94 and 100 metres (103 and 109 yards) long, with a width of between 68 and 70 metres (74 and 77 yards).

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The Laws, above all, require that the playing enclosure's surface be safe, whilst also permitting grass, sand, clay, snow or conforming artificial turf to be used; the surface would generally be uniform across both the playing area and perimeter area, although depending on how large the perimeter is,

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According to a 2023 report by the Centre for the International Business of Sport, over ten million people play rugby union or one of its variants organised by the IRB. This is a significant increase since the previous report in 2011. The report also claimed that since 2011 participation has grown by

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The Rugby World Cup has continued to grow since its inception in 1987. The first tournament, in which 16 teams competed for the title, was broadcast to 17 countries with an accumulated total of 230 million television viewers. Ticket sales during the pool stages and finals of the same tournament

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in Enniskillen, Ireland in 1887. Although there are reports of early women's matches in New Zealand and France, one of the first notable games to prove primary evidence was the 1917 war-time encounter between Cardiff Ladies and Newport Ladies; a photo of which shows the Cardiff team before the match

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Additionally, the area between the two perpendicular sets of "5-metre" lines (i.e. 5 metres from each sideline and 5 metres from each goal line) is designated the "scrum zone". Where an offence occurs outside this area and the non-infringing side wishes to pack a scrum, the mark of the scrum will be

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A pair of solid lines are also drawn perpendicular to the sidelines, 22 metres (formerly 25 yards) from each end of the field of play and called the 22-metre lines, or "22"s. An area at each end, also known as the "22", is bounded by, but does not include, the sidelines, goal line and 22-metre line.

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As of 2014 the International Rugby Board, now known as World Rugby, removed the total breakdown of world-wide player numbers by country, by age and gender to publish instead an overall figure for each nation. This document, titled '119 countries... 6.6 million players' adds the number of registered

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The aim of the defending side is to stop the player with the ball, by tackling them, and either bringing them to ground (which is frequently followed by a ruck) or contesting for possession with the ball-carrier on their feet (a maul). A ruck or maul is called a breakdown, and each is governed by a

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At the beginning of the game, the captains and the referee toss a coin to decide which team will kick off first. Play then starts with a dropkick, with the players chasing the ball into the opposition's territory, and the other side trying to retrieve the ball and advance it. The dropkick must make

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The field of play is divided by a solid "halfway" line, drawn perpendicular to the sidelines at their midpoint. A 0.5m line is marked perpendicular to the halfway lines at its midpoint, designating the spot where the kickoffs shall be taken. The areas between each goal line and the halfway line are

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or lock forwards. Locks are usually the tallest players in the team and specialise as line-out jumpers. The main role of the lock in line-outs is to make a standing jump, often supported by the other forwards, to either collect the thrown ball or ensure the ball comes down on their side. Locks also

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The Rugby Championship is the Southern Hemisphere's annual international series for that region's top national teams. From its inception in 1996 through 2011, it was known as the Tri Nations, as it featured the hemisphere's traditional powers of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. These teams

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Rugby in the Middle East and the Gulf States has its history in the 1950s, with clubs formed by British and French Services stationed in the region after the Second World War. When these servicemen left, the clubs and teams were kept alive by young professionals, mostly Europeans, working in these

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The perimeter area should be clear and free of obstructions and heavy, solid objects which could pose a danger to players for at least 5 metres from the playing area, according to the Laws. Players often leave the playing area whether accidentally or due to being forced off of the field, sometimes

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When a ball or player goes into touch, a lineout throw is generally awarded to the opposition at the spot on the sideline where they left the field. Exceptions include a kick out "on the full" (i.e. the ball did not land in the field-of-play before going into touch) in which case the lineout would

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During the early history of rugby union, a time before commercial air travel, teams from different continents rarely met. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia, followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe. Traditionally the

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in England in which numerous clubs from Northern England resigned from the RFU over the issue of reimbursing players for time lost from their workplaces. The split highlighted the social and class divisions in the sport in England. Although the rules of the game were not a factor in the split, the

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Also required in the perimeter area are a set of 14 flag posts, each with a minimum height of 1.2 metres, marking the intersections of certain lines or other nominated distances. These are generally a plastic pole on a spring loaded or otherwise soft base, sometimes with a flag on top, covered in

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tournaments as additional revenue streams, particularly when games are broadcast. In recent years, augmented reality technology has been used to replace painting to protect the surface or save costs on painting fields, producing a similar effect for broadcast albeit sometimes with poorer results.

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The Laws require the playing area to be rectangular in shape, however variations may be permitted with the approval of relevant unions. A notable example is Chatswood Oval in Sydney, Australia, an elliptically shaped cricket ground which is the home of Gordon rugby club, that has curved dead-ball

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During the match, players may be replaced (for injury) or substituted (for tactical reasons). A player who has been replaced may not rejoin play unless he was temporarily replaced to have bleeding controlled; a player who has been substituted may return temporarily, to replace a player who has a

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is awarded against the team which last touched the ball. Forward players from each team line up a metre apart, perpendicular to the touchline and between 5 and 15 m (5.5 and 16.4 yd) from the touchline. The ball is thrown from the touchline down the centre of the lines of forwards by a

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Mauls occur after a player with the ball has come into contact with an opponent but the handler remains on his feet; once any combination of at least three players have bound themselves a maul has been set. A ruck is similar to the maul, but in this case the ball has gone to ground with at least

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so that the ball first bounces in the field of play, the throw-in is taken where the ball went into touch. If the player kicks directly into touch (i.e. without bouncing in-field first) from within one's own 22-metre (24-yard) line, the lineout is taken by the opposition where the ball went into

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of not more than 15 minutes in the middle. The sides exchange ends of the field after the half-time break. Stoppages for injury or to allow the referee to take disciplinary action do not count as part of the playing time, so that the elapsed time is usually longer than 80 minutes. The referee is

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Where multiple sports share a field (e.g. a rugby league and a rugby union club sharing one field), lines may be overlaid on top of each other, sometimes in different colours. However, particularly for television, rugby union line markings are generally painted white. Some exceptions include the

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The referee (and their assistants) generally have full authority and responsibility for all players and other officials inside the playing enclosure. Fences or ropes (particularly at amateur clubs) are generally used to mark the extent of this area, although in modern stadia this may include the

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The role of the backs is to create and convert point-scoring opportunities. They are generally smaller, faster and more agile than the forwards. Another distinction between the backs and the forwards is that the backs are expected to have superior kicking and ball-handling skills, especially the

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There are three match officials: a referee, and two assistant referees. The referees are commonly addressed as "Sir". The latter, formerly known as touch judges, had the primary function of indicating when the ball had gone into "touch"; their role has been expanded and they are now expected to

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A player may tackle an opposing player who has the ball by holding them while bringing them to ground. Tacklers cannot tackle above the shoulder (the neck and head are out of bounds), and the tackler has to attempt to wrap their arms around the player being tackled to complete the tackle. It is

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The in-goal areas sit behind the goal lines, equivalent to American football's "end zones". The in-goal areas must be between 6 and 22 metres (6.6 and 24.1 yards) deep and cover the full width of the field. A ball grounded in this area by an attacking player will generally result in a try being

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As other football codes, such as association football and rugby league, have specified a preferred or standard 68 metre width, this is often used unless a ground has been specifically designed to accommodate a 70-metre rugby field. 100 metres is the typical length, with a line (see below) often

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is normally positioned several metres behind the back line. They often field opposition kicks and are usually the last line of defence should an opponent break through the back line. Two of the most important attributes of a good full-back are dependable catching skills and a good kicking game.

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which is a second tier rugby nation, broke the record of consecutive international wins for second tier rugby nations. In 2016, the All Blacks of New Zealand set the new record 18 consecutive test wins among tier 1 rugby nations, bettering their previous consecutive run of 17. This record was

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A scrum is formed by the eight forwards from each team crouching down and binding together in three rows, before interlocking with the opposing team. For each team, the front row consists of two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker. The two props are typically amongst the

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One "in-goal" area at each end of the field, each bounded by, but not including the extensions two parallel sidelines (known in this context as the "touch in-goal" lines) and the dead-ball line, and its other bound being the goal line (or "try line") which is included as part of the "in-goal"

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Rugby goalposts are H-shaped and are situated in the middle of the goal lines at each end of the field. They consist of two vertical poles (known as "uprights"), generally made of steel or other metal but sometimes wood or a plastic, 5.6 metres (6.1 yd) apart, connected by a horizontal

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sliding or needing to slow down from a sprint. Many venues at elite levels leave larger spaces around the field to accommodate fitter and faster (or heavier) players. Fixed cameras on tripods and advertising hoardings are often the main culprits for injuring players in the perimeter area.

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In 1999, FIRA agreed to place itself under the auspices of the IRB, transforming itself into a strictly European organising body. Accordingly, it changed its name to FIRA–AER (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby). It adopted its current name of

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changed the law so that substitutions made to replace a player deemed unable to continue due to foul play by the opposition would no longer count against the match limit. This change was introduced in January of that year in the Southern Hemisphere and June in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Generally, points where the dashed lines intersect other lines will be marked with a "T" or cross shape, although the extensions of dashed lines are generally not drawn within 5 metres of the goal lines or sidelines, to allow a clear demarcation of the field of play's boundaries.

4406:, p. ix "In the first century of rugby union's history the IRB only recognised matches with international status if both teams in a match came from a small pool of countries: Australia, British Lions, England, France, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales." 2598:

In 2006, a new system was introduced where each nation plays the others three times, though in 2007 and 2011 the teams played each other only twice, as both were World Cup years. Since Argentina's strong performances in the 2007 World Cup, after the 2009 Tri Nations tournament,

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bore strong similarities to rugby union, meaning the country was naturally attracted to the sport upon independence, and the Georgians are now regarded as the top European nation below the traditional Six Nations, and even possibly on a par with Italy. Having qualified for the

759:, a country whose impressive performances in international games (especially finishing in third place in the 2007 Rugby World Cup) was deemed to merit inclusion in the competition. As a result of the expansion to four teams, the tournament was renamed The Rugby Championship. 2812:

Rugby union has been professionalised since 1995. Professionalism has brought mixed results, with grassroots participation falling and financial struggles in the professional arena. The following table shows professional and semi-professional rugby union competitions.

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Rugby union was an amateur sport until the IRB declared the game "open" in August 1995 (shortly after the completion of the 1995 World Cup), removing restrictions on payments to players. However, the pre-1995 period of rugby union was marked by frequent accusations of

1043:". Additionally, if the ball is kicked into touch by a player who had at least one foot on or behind their own 22-metre line, the line-out formed at the spot where the ball crossed the touch-line instead of being taken in line with the spot from where it was kicked. 1544:. As of February 2014, WR (then known as the IRB, for International Rugby Board) recorded 119 unions in its membership, 101 full members and 18 associate member countries. According to WR, rugby union is played by men and women in over 100 countries. WR controls the 3182:, (AFR), is a mixed gender, non-contact imitation of rugby union designed for American children entering grades K-9. Both American Flag Rugby and Mini Rugby differ from Tag Rugby in that they introduce more advanced elements of rugby union as the participants age. 691:

Rugby union was included as an event in the Olympic Games four times during the early 20th century. No international rugby games and union-sponsored club matches were played during the First World War, but competitions continued through service teams such as the

2121:, often associated with the Basque and Catalan regions near the French border, is also relatively strong in this context, having twice missed out on World Cup qualification by rule breaches having gained the points required, and hosting several large crowds for 2427:

The English-based Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU), responsible for women's rugby in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, was founded in 1983, and is the oldest formally organised national governing body for women's rugby. This was replaced in 1994 by the

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Both sides compete for the ball and players may lift their teammates. A jumping player cannot be tackled until they stand and only shoulder-to-shoulder contact is allowed; deliberate infringement of this law is dangerous play, and results in a penalty kick.

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A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement. It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, if a player takes the ball over their own try line and puts the ball down, when a player is accidentally

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marked at halfway with "50" on it, representing 50 metres from each goal line. The variations have been allowed in the Laws, possibly to accommodate older grounds (perhaps even pre-metrification when yards and feet were specified) and developing nations.

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have dominated world rankings in recent years, and many considered the Tri Nations to be the toughest competition in international rugby. The Tri Nations was initially played on a home and away basis with the three nations playing each other twice.

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The main responsibilities of the forward players are to gain and retain possession of the ball. Forwards play a vital role in tackling and rucking opposing players. Players in these positions are generally bigger and stronger and take part in the

793:. There are typically significantly more forwards on the bench than backs with, for example, South Africa having a 7-1 split in favour of forwards in their August 2023 match against New Zealand in Twickenham. A 6-2 or 5-3 split is more common. 1366:

strongest players on the team. The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers. Behind the second row is the number 8. This formation is known as the 3–4–1 formation. Once a scrum is formed the scrum-half from the team awarded the

2252:. It was the first country outside the Commonwealth, Ireland and France to host the event, and was viewed by the IRB as an opportunity for rugby union to extend its reach, particularly in Asia. Other Asian playing countries of note include 1000:

For the most part, the "playing area" is where the majority of play occurs. The ball is generally considered live whilst in this area, so long as players do not infringe, with special rules applied to specific zones of the playing area.

300:, previously called the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) and the International Rugby Board (IRB), has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886, and currently has 116 countries as full members and 18 associate members. 1756:

recorded its first game: 'Banks' v 'City' in Buenos Aires. In turn, French and Argentinian travellers, particularly students, spread the Game beyond the British Empire, forming roots in particular in Italy, Romania, Uruguay and Chile.

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Forward passing (throwing the ball ahead to another player) is not allowed; the ball can be passed laterally or backwards. The ball tends to be moved forward in three ways—by kicking, by a player running with it or within a scrum or

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severed the conceptual link between the old world rugby codes and new world gridiron codes, and they are seldom now referred to as forms of rugby football. One lasting element of the link, the governing body of Canadian football,

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In 1987, the first Rugby World Cup was held in Australia and New Zealand, and the inaugural winners were New Zealand. The first World Cup Sevens tournament was held at Murrayfield in 1993. Rugby Sevens was introduced into the

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Rugby union is a popular sport around the world, played by people regardless of gender, age or size. In 2023, there were more than 10 million people playing worldwide, of whom 8.4 million were registered players.

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The perimeter area is considered "out-of-bounds" for the ball and the players, normally resulting in the non-infringing team receiving possession of the ball at a restart. The perimeter area can be divided into two areas:

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attempting to carry their preferred rules through to their universities. A significant event in the early development of rugby football was the production of a written set of rules at Rugby School in 1845, followed by the

9680: 8580: 1580:. WR holds votes to decide where each of these events are to be held, except in the case of the Sevens World Series for men and women, for which WR contracts with several national unions to hold individual events. 6141: 2439:, first held in 1991; from 1994 through 2014, it was held every four years. After the 2014 event, the tournament was brought forward a year to 2017 to avoid clashing with other sporting cycles, in particular the 3948: 3946: 3177:

is a version in which the players wear a belt with two tags attached by velcro, the removal of either counting as a 'tackle'. Tag Rugby also varies in that kicking the ball is not allowed. Similar to Tag Rugby,

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contact with the ground before being kicked. If the ball does not reach the opponent's 10-metre (11-yard) line 10 meters away, the opposing team has two choices: to have the ball kicked off again, or to have a

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was contested by 94 countries with ticket sales of 3,850,000 over the pool and final stage. The accumulated television audience for the event, then broadcast to 200 countries, was a claimed 4.2 billion.

3164:, in which "tackles" are made by simply touching the ball carrier with two hands, is popular both as a training game and more formally as a mixed sex version of the sport played by both children and adults. 2343:. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the sport in Africa was spread by settlers and colonials who often adopted a "whites-only" policy to playing the game. This resulted in rugby being viewed as a 688:, as a response. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in: the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event. In 1905 France played England in its first international match. 2499:

won the title three times (1987, 2011 and 2015), Australia have won twice (1991 and 1999), and England once (2003). England is the only team from the Northern Hemisphere to have won the Rugby World Cup.

982:

The "perimeter area", a clear space, free of obstructions such as fences and other objects which could pose a danger to players and officials (but not including marker flags, which are typically of soft

3982: 3760:", was first sung before baseball games in the mid-19th century, it did not become the official national anthem until 1931. In addition, the song's pregame use did not become customary until the 1920s. 2225:

forming in 1873. However, with the departure of a local British army regiment, interest in rugby diminished in the area. In 1878, The Calcutta Football Club was disbanded, and rugby in India faltered.

2098:

had a startlingly successful tournament, holding Georgia to an 18-18 draw, and performing strongly against Tier One sides Wales and Australia before an historic victory over eventual quarter-finalists

1073:

Wallabies (Australia's national team) who often have yellow markings. Local clubs may use black, yellow, or other colours on grass, with other surfaces possibly requiring different marking techniques.

856:

The back row, not to be confused with 'Backs', is the third and final row of the forward positions, who are often referred to as the loose forwards. The three positions in the back row are the two

736:", including an investigation in Britain by a House of Commons Select committee in early 1995. Following the introduction of professionalism trans-national club competitions were started, with the 319:. Historically rugby union was an amateur sport, but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed, making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time. 2229:

claims to have founded their union in 1878, and although little official information from the period is available, the team won the All-India cup in Madras in 1920. The first recorded match in

1748:. The spread of rugby union as a global sport has its roots in the exporting of the game by British expatriates, military personnel, and overseas university students. The first rugby club in 1039:

In this area, a defensive player who cleanly catches a ball kicked by the other team, without the ball having already touched the ground after the kick, is entitled to claim a free kick, or "

10103: 9930: 2297: 3957: 578:". The RFU's code thereafter took on the name "rugby union" to differentiate it from rugby league, but both versions of the sport are known simply as "rugby" throughout most of the world. 284:

in England in the first half of the 19th century. Rugby is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is played between two teams of 15 players each, using an

8822: 3743:

and unregistered players reported by each country. Some unions only report their registered players, i.e. those who play for an affiliated club or region. Other unions, such as England's

6171: 1405:(TMO; popularly called the "video referee"), to assist with certain decisions, linked up to the referee by radio. The referees have a system of hand signals to indicate their decision. 1320:) from the team that did not play the ball into touch. The exception to this is when the ball went out from a penalty, in which case the side who gained the penalty throws the ball in. 1102:"Touch-in-goal": The perimeter areas behind each goal line outside of the playing area. Some may refer to a ball which crosses the dead-ball lines as "dead", rather than touch-in-goal. 10033: 9839: 1658:

National unions oversee rugby union within individual countries and are affiliated to WR. Since 2016, the WR Council has 40 seats. A total of 11 unions—the eight foundation unions of

781:

Each team starts the match with 15 players on the field and typically seven or eight substitutes but this varies at amateur level. The 15 players on the field are divided into eight

11783: 1127:

foam padding. Others may be moulded plastic or disposable cardboard. At lower levels, these flags may not be used, but are still specified in the Laws. Flags are placed as follows:

1046:

Additional broken or dashed lines (of 5 metre dash lengths, according to the Laws) are drawn in each half or on each side of, the field, each with specific purposes under the Laws:

959:, scored by grounding the ball in the in-goal area (between the goal line and the dead-ball line), is worth 5 points and a subsequent conversion kick scores 2 points; a successful 2233:

was in 1892, but the first confirmation of rugby is the existence of the HMS Malaya Cup which was first presented in 1922 and is still awarded to the winners of the Malay sevens.

7230: 6517: 3954:"Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters, Rugby: Fastest growing sport in the U.S. also one of the oldest – Global Sport Matters" 3858: 3132:

Rugby union has spawned several variants of the full-contact, 15-a-side game. The two most common differences in adapted versions are fewer players and reduced player contact.

9582: 8588: 6312: 10512: 4841: 3409:. This crowd however is an estimate and contemporaneous newspaper accounts list a crowd of 80,000 only. The record attendance for a domestic club match is 99,124, set when 550:

left the FA followed by several other clubs that also favoured the "Rugby Rules". Although these clubs decided to ban hacking soon afterwards, the split was permanent, and

546:(kicking players in the shins), both of which were legal and common tactics under the Rugby School's rules of the sport. In protest at the imposition of the new rules, the 7095: 8961: 6149: 4420: 1401:

assist the referee in a number of areas, such as watching for foul play and checking offside lines. In addition, for matches in high level competitions, there is often a

13662: 9806: 5592: 2443:

competition. The Women's Rugby World Cup returned to a four-year cycle after 2017, with future competitions to be held in the middle year of the men's World Cup cycle.

8148: 4977: 2571:. Each country plays the other five once. Following the first internationals between England and Scotland, Ireland and Wales began competing in the 1880s, forming the 9210: 8836: 7208: 5532: 495:, played by the Romans, where two opposing teams competed to throw a large ball into an opposition net, fighting for possession of the ball. Medieval Irishmen played 8983: 8432: 8210: 2512:

The 2019 Rugby World Cup took place in Japan between 20 September and 2 November. It was the ninth edition and the first time the tournament has been held in Asia.

12884: 9018: 6978: 5244: 5206: 5061: 1106:

For the purposes of determining if a ball is "out-of-bounds" (i.e. has left the playing area), the perimeter area extends indefinitely away from the playing area.

9684: 8739: 2692:

Asian Games due to elevation of rugby sevens as an Olympic sport from the 2016 Olympics onwards. The present gold medal holders in the sevens tournament, held in

8888: 1908:, was known as the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) as late as 1967, more than fifty years after the sport parted ways with the established rules of rugby union. The 8761: 3986: 1227:. Only the player with the ball may be tackled or rucked. A "knock-on" is committed when a player knocks the ball forward, and play is restarted with a scrum. 8123: 8034: 3272:

was formed after the Northern Union broke from the Rugby Football Union in a disagreement over payment to players. It went on to change its laws and became a

1235:

touch, but if the ball is kicked into touch directly by a player outside the 22-metre (24-yard) line, the lineout is taken level to where the kick was taken.

696:. During the Second World War no international matches were played by most countries, though Italy, Germany and Romania played a limited number of games, and 13627: 11776: 7359: 3352: 3348: 9612: 8474: 8170: 5314: 1702:—have one seat each. Finally, the chairman and vice chairman, who usually come from one of the eight foundation unions (although the current vice chairman, 711:

The first officially sanctioned international rugby sevens tournament took place in 1973 at Murrayfield, one of Scotland's biggest stadiums, as part of the

303:

In 1845, the first laws were written by students attending Rugby School; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by

12548: 11505: 9243: 9061: 5566: 5510: 2185:; these efforts succeeded in 1951 with the formation of a national league and four clubs. Other South American countries that formed a rugby union include 1496:

It is the responsibility of the match officials to check players' clothing and equipment before a game to ensure that it conforms to the laws of the game.

626: 542:(FA) began codifying a set of universal football rules. These new rules specifically banned players from running with the ball in hand and also disallowed 9436: 3899: 3607:

In public art and sculpture, there are many works dedicated to the sport. There is a 27 feet (8.2 m) bronze statue of a rugby line-out by pop artist

12046: 11115: 6077: 2939: 13647: 12855: 12604: 11572: 9714: 8678: 8648: 2742: 4168: 640: 10505: 8504: 8496: 7597: 6733: 6613: 6274: 3832: 664: 9899: 4510: 2046:, FIRA (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur) was formed to organise rugby union outside the authority of the IRFB. The founding members were 13652: 13632: 12515: 11904: 11769: 11019: 11014: 10041: 7034: 3718: 3143:, Scotland in 1883. In rugby sevens, there are only seven players per side, and each half is normally seven minutes. Major tournaments include the 2723: 2359:(modern-day Zimbabwe), which formed the Rhodesia Rugby Football Union in 1895 and became a regular stop for touring British and New Zealand sides. 10095: 8379: 4107: 3972: 13657: 13637: 12799: 12065: 10918: 10913: 7931: 3953: 3232: 2315: 1509: 1362:

or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty.

8814: 5169: 4891: 3977: 3975: 3078:

Super Rugby peaked at 18 teams in 2016 and 2017, but reverted to 15 in 2018 with the loss of two teams from South Africa and one from Australia.

2668:, president of the International Rugby Board, said the Olympic gold medal would be considered to be "the pinnacle of our sport" (Rugby Sevens). 2177:

since the end of the 19th century, but the game was played regularly only from 1926, when São Paulo beat Santos in an inter-city match. It took

10557: 6418: 6382: 6337: 6206: 6102: 6031: 5792: 5753: 5686: 5614: 5351: 5106: 5014: 587: 3381:

The record attendance for a rugby union game was set on 15 July 2000 in which New Zealand defeated Australia 39–35 in a Bledisloe Cup game at

975:

According to World Rugby's Laws of the Game, a typical rugby ground, formally known as the "playing enclosure", is formed by two major zones:

13667: 13642: 10133: 9829: 9466: 8297: 6525: 4810: 8401: 6179: 3314:'s similarity to the line-out as well as the underhand shooting style that dominated the early years of the sport. Naismith played rugby at 1485:, which are worn by almost all players, and are compulsory in some rugby-playing nations. Other protective items that are permitted include 12850: 12830: 12543: 11536: 10547: 10542: 10498: 3540: 2801: 2766: 1261:

illegal to push, shoulder-charge, or to trip a player using feet or legs, but hands may be used (this being referred to as a tap-tackle or

634: 10697: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10806: 9658: 8271: 3928: 3667: 2719: 2701: 1402: 667:

in 1908. All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics had expected.

9360:

Collins, Tony (2011). "Chapter 1: National Myths, Imperial Pasts and the Origins of Australian Rules Football". In Wagg, Stephen (ed.).

8866: 4955: 4744: 3362: 13672: 12319: 11531: 11024: 10923: 8618: 7237: 6945: 6763: 4378: 3240: 1230:

Any player may kick the ball forward in an attempt to gain territory. When a player anywhere in the playing area kicks indirectly into

6282: 4125: 3389:

before 109,874 fans. The record attendance for a match in Europe of 104,000 (at the time a world record) was set on 1 March 1975 when

1536:

The international governing body of rugby union (and associated games such as sevens) is World Rugby (WR). The WR headquarters are in

955:

Rugby union is played between two teams – the one that scores more points wins the game. Points can be scored in several ways: a

655:

Between 1905 and 1908, all three major Southern Hemisphere rugby countries sent their first touring teams to the Northern Hemisphere:

12751: 12298: 12205: 11500: 7709: 7676: 7523: 7325: 6244: 4008: 3713: 3087:

The two South African teams that were dropped from Super Rugby after its 2017 season joined the renamed Pro14 for the 2017–18 season.

2785: 992:

other surfaces such as dirt, artificial turf, etc. may be used outside of a "sliding" perimeter from the bounds of the playing area.

660: 644: 8708: 4718: 12953: 11897: 11618: 11460: 10734: 10691: 10685: 10644: 10638: 10631: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10578: 10573: 9706: 9586: 9276: 6304: 3708: 3672: 2797: 2793: 2789: 5147: 4869: 4446: 4356: 13423: 13112: 12390: 11358: 11108: 10771: 10552: 9188: 8547: 7445: 7413: 6455: 3687: 3682: 3485: 3325: 2672: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 1939:

is unknown, their first club Northern RFC was formed in 1923, a national team was playing by 1927 and due to a cancelled tour to

725: 551: 499:, carrying an inflated bladder and using arched trees as goals. The Welsh played an inter-parish game using a wooden ball called 10435: 10155: 7087: 6914: 4674: 4533: 15420: 12835: 12745: 12721: 12473: 11582: 11323: 11302: 11289: 11281: 10939: 10415: 9861: 8953: 7731: 4640: 4610: 4580: 4416: 4260: 3677: 2680: 2624: 2488: 2114: 1925: 1086:

awarded, unless there has been a previous infringement, or the player has gone out-of-bounds whilst in possession of the ball.

728:

in 1998 and was added to the Olympic Games of 2016. Both men and women's Sevens took place at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.

675: 9798: 9122: 8348: 8236: 7056: 1137:

One flag post positioned 2 metres outside of both of the sidelines, in line with both of the 22-metre lines (four flags total)

15415: 13762: 12619: 12034: 11526: 11353: 10816: 10388: 10365: 9744: 9419: 9394: 9369: 8442: 7288: 6703: 5588: 5397: 4045: 3868: 3800: 2749:, and from that time through 2014 was held every four years. The New Zealand Women's team then won four straight World Cups ( 2683:

who have won the competition on four successive occasions until South Africa beat them in 2014. Rugby union has also been an

2496: 1715: 56: 12845: 11613: 9154: 8206: 8138: 7909: 6591: 6547: 4985: 4226: 13601: 13501: 12804: 12665: 12614: 12538: 12508: 12230: 11740: 11707: 11470: 11238: 11054: 9218: 7878: 7200: 6673: 3297: 3236: 2788:

has been dominated by England, who have won the tournament on 14 occasions, including a run of seven consecutive wins from

2713: 2347:

sport by the indigenous people with limited appeal. Despite this, enclaves of black participation developed notably in the

1917: 1561: 6824: 1110:

still take place on the sideline but back in line with where the ball was kicked, or when a team takes a free kick from a

14457: 13589: 12825: 12624: 12314: 11712: 11541: 11521: 11465: 11434: 11268: 10521: 8061: 4778: 3495: 2781: 756: 693: 9031: 5428: 5257: 5219: 5074: 4294: 2664:

games, but in the sevens, 4-day tournament format. This is something the rugby world has aspired to for a long time and

14514: 14450: 13584: 12900: 12599: 12155: 12072: 11963: 11638: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11429: 11101: 9977: 9551: 8993: 8731: 6986: 3490: 3390: 2620: 2564: 2095: 1936: 570: 312: 17: 12794: 8101: 7835: 6643: 5724: 3509:

shows two pairs of rugby players competing. Other French artists to have represented the sport in their works include

3467:, includes a rugby football match, also portrayed in the 1940s film of the same name. James Joyce mentions Irish team 3200:

and the full back are not usually used in attack; if they are, this is usually restricted to the inside centre on the

2364: 1209: 835:

have an important role in the scrum, binding directly behind the three front row players and providing forward drive.

12478: 12200: 12190: 11702: 11697: 11598: 11557: 11294: 10338: 10310: 10287: 10268: 10222: 10203: 10016: 9961: 9505: 9344: 9106: 8006: 7967: 7486: 7274: 5988: 5958: 5928: 5891: 5861: 5831: 5661: 4329: 4209: 2556: 2548: 1995: 1565: 1290: 1286: 806:

and line-out. The forwards are often collectively referred to as the 'pack', especially when in the scrum formation.

595: 10072: 8769: 8319: 5306: 3188:

is an extreme style of play in rugby union in which the team uses the power of its forwards to dominate possession,

3171:

is a version aimed at fostering the sport in children. It is played with only eight players and on a smaller pitch.

15430: 13235: 11975: 11646: 10988: 10766: 8026: 7800: 7121: 4917: 3661: 2697: 2552: 2452: 2339:. South African settlers also brought the game with them to Namibia and competed against British administrators in 1876: 1467: 1140:

One flag post positioned 2 metres outside of both of the sidelines, in line with the halfway line (two flags total)

12410: 8526: 3983:"Where Is Rugby the Most Popular Among Students: Comparison of US and UK Student Leagues | Love Rugby League" 3566:

both centre on fans attending a match. Films that explore the sport in more detail include independent production

2196: 1427:

after the match and have punishments (usually suspension for a number of weeks) imposed on the infringing player.

13596: 13428: 13027: 12733: 12501: 11654: 11333: 11307: 11082: 9623: 9253: 8470: 8181: 8124:"NEW ZEALAND 11-12 SOUTH AFRICA: SPRINGBOKS CLAIM RECORD FOURTH WORLD CUP WITH NARROW WIN OVER 14-MAN ALL BLACKS" 5562: 4947: 3394: 3062:

Argentina (2), Uruguay (1), Brazil (1), Chile (1), Paraguay (1), United States (1)

2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2653: 2568: 2560: 2074: 1905: 1850: 1842: 426:

International matches have taken place since 1871 when the first game was played between Scotland and England at

9769: 9072: 7145:"The New Zealand Rugby Injury and Performance Project: II. Previous injury experience of a rugby-playing cohort" 5502: 14141: 14090: 13719: 13698: 13383: 13170: 12840: 12385: 12288: 12225: 11677: 11672: 11480: 11276: 9444: 6854: 3406: 2628: 2429: 2265: 2099: 2015: 1854: 1809: 751:, an annual international tournament involving Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, kicked off in 1996. In 8914: 7367: 6069: 2495:

at the Stade de France. South Africa has the highest number of World Cup wins: 4 (1995, 2007, 2019 and 2023).

526:. Major private schools each used different rules during this early period, with former pupils from Rugby and 15440: 12673: 12324: 12180: 11982: 11338: 10796: 10776: 7953: 7759: 6573: 2039: 697: 12430: 8670: 8640: 3339:, a full-contact sport which contains elements of rugby such as crossing a try line with the ball to score. 14131: 13729: 13579: 13373: 12946: 12703: 12425: 12334: 12293: 11820: 11815: 11207: 10727: 7934:(Press release). International Rugby Board. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 4178: 3418: 3369:

who has played over 150 internationals. While the top scoring tier 1 international player is New Zealand's

3228: 3037: 2122: 1423:

Occasionally, infringements are not caught by the referee during the match and these may be "cited" by the

470: 9891: 7593: 6741: 6621: 4496: 3889: 3821: 2407:

Records of women's rugby football date from the late 19th century, with the first documented source being

1439:

Prior to 2016, all substitutions, no matter the cause, counted against the limit during a match. In 2016,

861: 15216: 14871: 12763: 12594: 12445: 12370: 12210: 11577: 11562: 11439: 11388: 7947: 4849: 3656: 2332: 2328: 2059: 1608:, previously Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby (FIRA-AER) 1569: 1383: 503:. Frenchmen played soule and Georgians played lelo. "Football" as a game was well established by 1803 at 9231: 7026: 3860:

Australia's Asian Sporting Context, 1920s – 30s: Sport in the Global Society – Contemporary Perspectives

2355:. The earliest countries to see the playing of competitive rugby include South Africa, and neighbouring 1134:

One flag post at each intersection of the touch-in-goal lines and the dead-ball lines (four flags total)

882: 507:

and by the 1830s, "running in" with the ball in hand was allowed but subject to hacking and "collaring".

46: 14029: 12573: 12235: 12185: 12001: 11717: 11682: 11228: 10993: 8375: 6487: 4097: 3703: 3020: 2880: 2734: 2730:. As of 2009 over six hundred women's internationals have been played by over forty different nations. 2436: 2257: 1801: 1691: 1686:—have two seats each. In addition, the six regional associations have two seats each. Four more unions— 1549: 950: 914: 11608: 2292:, the Gulf's leading rugby tournament, was created. Rugby remains a minority sport in the region with 2248:. The Japan RFU was founded in 1926 and its place in rugby history was cemented when Japan hosted the 1971:

is the top professional rugby union competition in the US and Canada. One American professional team,

1720: 1583:

Six regional associations, which are members of WR, form the next level of administration; these are:

886: 782: 629:

team visited Australia and New Zealand—although a private venture, it laid the foundations for future

14242: 14085: 13992: 13755: 13693: 13556: 13165: 13079: 12435: 12400: 12240: 11851: 11202: 10973: 10786: 9281: 8552: 8500: 8177: 8022: 7804: 7736: 7060: 6793: 6460: 5992: 5962: 5932: 5895: 5865: 5835: 5533:"Bledisloe Cup 2018: 'Annoying' on-field advertising causes major distraction for television viewers" 5173: 4895: 4679: 3692: 3459: 3289: 3258: 3140: 3045: 2923: 2914: 2777:, with a new four-year cycle from that point forward. New Zealand are the current World Cup holders. 2420:. Since the 1980s, the game has grown in popularity among female athletes, and by 2010, according to 2380: 2078: 2051: 1912:, the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of the professional 1773: 1695: 1632: 1557: 1247:

A rugby tackle must be below the neck with the aim of impeding or grounding the player with the ball.

857: 777:

A standard rugby union team formation illustrating each of the positions and their respective numbers

466: 6422: 6393: 6348: 6219: 6115: 6044: 5803: 5764: 5699: 5627: 5364: 5110: 5027: 4035: 3167:

Several variants have been created to introduce the sport to children with a less physical contact.

2656:

voted with a majority of 81 to 8 that rugby union be reinstated as an Olympic sport in at least the

2379:. South Africa and Kenya are among the 15 "core teams" that participate in every event of the men's 2331:

by British soldiers garrisoned in Cape Town. The game spread quickly across the country, displacing

1916:(CFL), was originally awarded to the champion of the CRU. The two strongest leagues in the CRU, the 898: 819: 12820: 12657: 12329: 12175: 12170: 12027: 11567: 11455: 11424: 11398: 3757: 3697: 3585: 3374: 2537: 2363:

1999. Other African nations to be represented in the World Rugby Rankings as Member Unions include

2269: 2253: 2226: 2082: 2063: 2047: 1913: 1797: 1753: 1683: 1282: 1265:). Tacklers may not tackle an opponent who has jumped to catch a ball until the player has landed. 1131:

One flag post at each intersection of the touch-in-goal lines and the goal-lines (four flags total)

967:

each score 3 points. The values of each of these scoring methods have been changed over the years.

831: 790: 611: 539: 435: 308: 9474: 8293: 4818: 902: 815: 442:

in the Southern Hemisphere are other important international competitions that are held annually.

15445: 15344: 15046: 14296: 14146: 13606: 13433: 13388: 13230: 12939: 12440: 12415: 11727: 11692: 11687: 11419: 11328: 11072: 10998: 10978: 10720: 8409: 7262: 6950: 3321: 3244: 2676: 2356: 2230: 2190: 2182: 2043: 1944: 1737: 1675: 1573: 1347: 1099:"Touch": The perimeter area beyond the sidelines of the playing area, but between the goal lines. 838: 752: 656: 630: 390:, its growth occurring during the expansion of the British Empire and through French proponents ( 220: 5450: 2931:

Ireland (4), Wales (4), Scotland (2), Italy (2), South Africa (4)

2173:

in 1899, several other countries on the continent have a long history. Rugby had been played in

14972: 13688: 13611: 12727: 12715: 12524: 12124: 12105: 12053: 12013: 11825: 11722: 11393: 11343: 11233: 11212: 11197: 10892: 10801: 7279: 3792: 3782: 3562: 3193: 2872: 2541: 2440: 2392: 2285: 2245: 2222: 2178: 2027: 2019: 2011: 1991: 1952: 1948: 1769: 1741: 1733: 1652: 1553: 1312: 1306: 748: 486: 458: 439: 9648: 3924: 2780:

As well as the Women's Rugby World Cup, there are also other regular tournaments (including a

2487:, a men's tournament that has taken place every four years since the inaugural event in 1987. 1875:

first club. The city of Montreal also played its part in the introduction of the sport in the

1540:, Ireland. WR, founded in 1886, governs the sport worldwide and publishes the game's laws and 1224: 1164: 15294: 15269: 14962: 14851: 14616: 14112: 14036: 13847: 13797: 13787: 13724: 13551: 13345: 13320: 12609: 12160: 11930: 11603: 11049: 10968: 10821: 10781: 10357: 8862: 4740: 3028: 2604: 2376: 2372: 2293: 2174: 2170: 2106: 2031: 1872: 1749: 1644: 1453: 1359: 768: 701: 574:

breakaway teams subsequently adopted some rule changes and this became the separate code of "

169: 66: 11403: 8610: 6955: 6771: 4382: 3151:, both held in areas not normally associated with the highest levels of the 15-a-side game. 15435: 15425: 15405: 15374: 14621: 14271: 13925: 13748: 13440: 13205: 13064: 12993: 12970: 12739: 12420: 12355: 12165: 12020: 11937: 11841: 11745: 11157: 10983: 10791: 10439: 9127: 8988: 5563:"A Guide to Rugby Pitch Dimensions, Sizes and Markings: Everything you ever needed to know" 4783: 4121: 3744: 3593: 3556: 3054: 3011: 2977: 2862: 2661: 2657: 2505: 2492: 2477: 2412: 2368: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2218: 2186: 2118: 2091: 2035: 2023: 1976: 1866: 1838: 1830: 1781: 1745: 1663: 1659: 1599: 1514: 1317: 1294: 1274:

three attacking players binding themselves on the ground in an attempt to secure the ball.

931: 712: 591: 559: 555: 523: 254: 246: 242: 238: 234: 11761: 10125: 7701: 7668: 7515: 7317: 6252: 4710: 4012: 2146: 8: 15410: 15274: 15211: 14829: 14497: 14308: 14286: 13965: 13960: 13445: 13247: 13220: 13032: 12640: 12350: 11885: 11846: 11475: 11348: 11093: 10837: 10811: 9619: 8700: 8267: 3398: 3179: 2838: 2800:; reigning champion France have won in each even-numbered year (2014, 2016, 2018) whilst 2340: 2281: 2212: 2067: 1846: 1816: 1687: 1577: 1424: 1417: 1409: 1387: 1333: 1163:

at the centre of the half-way line. If the player with the ball is tackled, frequently a

1160: 474: 331: 274: 11162: 10454: 9286: 4256: 3445: 2073:

Four European teams have had, at different times, notable success; the most successful,

1947:; introducing rugby to the island. Other Atlantic countries to play rugby union include 1617: 842: 15337: 15206: 15101: 15034: 14927: 14281: 14247: 14151: 14060: 14002: 13940: 13884: 13561: 13393: 13215: 13135: 13092: 13010: 12709: 12405: 12283: 12195: 11871: 11750: 10380: 10350: 10299: 7177: 7144: 5139: 4442: 4348: 3620: 3612: 3197: 2986: 2307: 2301: 2217:

Many Asian countries have a tradition of playing rugby dating from the British Empire.

1968: 1884: 1805: 1541: 684: 289: 14782: 8557: 7870: 7455: 7423: 6465: 3919: 3917: 2300:, as of 2019, being the only member unions from the Middle East to be included in the 1975:, formerly the MLR Glendale and Colorado Raptors, plays in the broadly South American 15327: 14643: 14187: 14166: 14102: 14070: 14055: 14046: 14012: 13526: 13496: 13182: 13145: 13130: 13122: 13102: 12215: 12131: 11916: 11878: 10490: 10384: 10361: 10334: 10306: 10283: 10264: 10218: 10199: 10163: 10012: 9957: 9501: 9415: 9390: 9365: 9340: 9102: 8855: 8438: 8002: 7753: 7482: 7284: 7182: 7164: 6922: 6567: 5657: 4861: 4853: 4684: 4538: 4325: 4205: 4041: 3864: 3796: 3382: 3315: 3283: 3279: 2854: 2784:) run in parallel to the men's competition. The Women's Six Nations, first played in 2608: 2468: 2432:(RFUW) in England with each of the other Home Nations governing their own countries. 2417: 2272:

is notable within rugby for its development of the rugby sevens game, especially the

2154: 2055: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1671: 1667: 1636: 1631:(South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina Rugby) is a joint venture of the 1413: 1008:

The 'field of play", bounded by (but not including) the sidelines and goal-lines, and

940:

Diagram of a rugby union playing field showing the various marked lines and distances

705: 446: 379: 351: 10419: 4632: 4602: 4572: 1703: 15384: 15279: 15196: 15074: 15039: 14896: 14687: 14365: 14075: 13930: 13842: 13827: 13304: 13155: 13069: 12978: 12757: 12380: 12220: 11923: 11383: 10887: 9869: 9736: 9132: 8352: 7172: 7156: 7064: 3914: 3336: 3144: 2969: 2693: 2688: 2665: 2273: 2241: 1972: 1815:

Several island nations have embraced the sport of rugby. Rugby was first played in

1481:

Protective equipment is optional and strictly regulated. The most common items are

1475: 1458:

The most basic items of equipment for a game of rugby union are the ball itself, a

927: 131: 9613:"Economic Impact Report on Global Rugby; Part III: Strategic and Emerging Markets" 9184: 8232: 6711: 5389: 2491:

are the reigning champions, having defeated New Zealand 11–12 in the final of the

1243: 979:

The "playing area", which includes the "field of play" and the two "in-goals", and

514:

Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, with a rugby football pitch in the foreground

15251: 15221: 15151: 14979: 14787: 14648: 14237: 14202: 14080: 14024: 13980: 13832: 13546: 13466: 13461: 13363: 13330: 13325: 13160: 13059: 12789: 12360: 12150: 11192: 9162: 7901: 6587: 4506: 4501: 4234: 3874: 3580: 3520: 3473: 3468: 3430: 2588: 2584: 2484: 2463: 2408: 1987: 1793: 1640: 1545: 1179: 960: 547: 543: 532: 431: 359: 304: 52: 6681: 15109: 15079: 14984: 14856: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14628: 14487: 14257: 14192: 14126: 14097: 13879: 13837: 13807: 13792: 13536: 13368: 13192: 13177: 13054: 12916: 12493: 11044: 10743: 7088:"There is far more to savour in European rugby union than just the Six Nations" 6832: 3624: 3616: 3597: 3574: 3510: 3502: 3479: 3434: 3366: 3329: 3303: 3293: 3276:

in its own right. The two sports continue to influence each other to this day.

3248: 2773:. Following the 2014 event, World Rugby moved the next edition of the event to 2727: 1940: 1929: 1921: 1896: 1761: 619: 563: 400: 387: 327: 9834: 8071: 5477: 4788: 3530: 610:

had representative teams and in 1883 the first international competition, the

15399: 15009: 14682: 14638: 14611: 14594: 14562: 14422: 14360: 14065: 13970: 13950: 13874: 13299: 13140: 13044: 13003: 12365: 12112: 11662: 11243: 11167: 7270: 7266: 7168: 5420: 4970: 4865: 4857: 4298: 3894: 3788: 3648: 3414: 3273: 3189: 2200: 2181:

several aborted attempts to adapt to rugby, led mainly by the efforts of the

2166: 2110: 1962: 1958: 1611: 1343: 1231: 803: 647:, captain of the New Zealand Army team, receiving the Kings Cup from George V 427: 375: 228: 9559: 4202:

Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football

2150: 522:

is credited with having formed the first "football" team while a student at

15369: 15261: 15181: 15171: 14994: 14967: 14891: 14797: 14792: 14589: 14569: 14557: 14482: 14323: 14266: 14182: 13955: 13935: 13486: 13262: 13200: 13015: 12983: 11956: 11667: 11152: 11142: 10953: 10857: 9707:"New Zealand sink Australia to make history with 18th consecutive Test win" 9211:"Allan Massie: Andrew misses target by putting boot in laws - The Scotsman" 8815:"Twenty-five years of professionalism: skill levels rise but at what cost?" 8093: 7831: 6651: 5728: 3628: 3608: 3464: 3269: 3148: 3136: 3100: 2580: 2473: 2348: 2289: 2130: 1900: 1834: 1679: 1605: 1587: 1463: 1111: 1040: 936: 786: 737: 733: 679: 615: 575: 527: 504: 496: 454: 391: 343: 323: 316: 281: 250: 180: 116: 31: 15014: 14947: 14386: 9339:. Vol. 8. Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal: Grolier of Canada. p. 110. 7975: 7186: 7160: 5996: 5966: 5936: 5899: 5869: 5839: 3265:

drew inspiration from an early version of rugby he learnt at Rugby School.

2109:, whose first officially recorded match is marked by an encounter between 1195: 602:. Scotland won the game by one goal and one try to one goal. By 1881 both 350:. The sport is followed primarily in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, 15359: 15146: 15139: 15086: 14777: 14772: 14732: 14672: 14584: 14535: 14492: 14343: 14338: 14313: 14136: 14007: 13378: 13358: 13294: 13277: 13252: 13097: 13049: 12988: 12468: 11137: 10882: 10872: 10852: 10842: 10064: 9653: 9026: 8323: 8143: 8066: 7450: 7418: 6389: 6344: 6278: 6214: 6110: 6039: 5799: 5760: 5694: 5622: 5359: 5252: 5214: 5069: 5022: 3828: 3544: 3212: 3205: 3161: 3125: 3108: 2684: 2421: 2311: 1752:

was formed by British residents in Le Havre in 1872, while the next year

1648: 1505: 1459: 1440: 956: 741: 519: 339: 297: 204: 71: 9985: 7808: 7117: 4921: 2846:

New Zealand (5), Australia (5), Fiji (1), Pacific Islands (1)

773: 15379: 15289: 15284: 15233: 15201: 15191: 15156: 15134: 15024: 14913: 14908: 14886: 14881: 14861: 14762: 14727: 14712: 14677: 14579: 14545: 14467: 14396: 14348: 14328: 14318: 14276: 14232: 14227: 13822: 13771: 13703: 13521: 13335: 13282: 13267: 13257: 13210: 13020: 12091: 11147: 10877: 10862: 10847: 8837:"Answers to dwindling Super crowds in NZ may offer clues for Australia" 8791: 5338:

Rugger Practice and Tactics – A Manual of Rugby Football Technique

4443:"Take a trip down memory lane courtesy of our historian John Griffiths" 3568: 3370: 3307: 3216: 3201: 3196:, and the kicking ability of its fly-half to attain position. The four 3168: 3155: 3116: 3104: 2906: 2520: 2397: 2102:. Portugal demonstrated significant fan support during the tournament. 2086: 2007: 1593: 1490: 1482: 1471: 462: 408: 285: 277: 185: 147: 12697: 10096:"RFU unveils iconic bronze of rugby line-out by sculptor Gerald Laing" 7142: 4324:. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press. p. 44. 2718:

Women's international rugby union began in 1982, with a match between

2547:

The Six Nations is an annual competition involving the European teams

2435:

The premier international competition in rugby union for women is the

15364: 15349: 15317: 15186: 15119: 15056: 15051: 14942: 14876: 14767: 14757: 14692: 14667: 14574: 14552: 14391: 14333: 14291: 14212: 14017: 13854: 13511: 13506: 13272: 13225: 13107: 13039: 12395: 12267: 10867: 9773: 6308: 3601: 3426: 3410: 3402: 3311: 3262: 3174: 3112: 2994: 2344: 2162: 2081:

in 2000 as its sixth member, and while it remains the weakest of the

1826: 1699: 1489:; thin (not more than 10 mm thick), non-rigid shoulder pads and 1486: 1262: 1171: 964: 599: 492: 469:

of club teams from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales,

363: 335: 174: 9248: 8581:"Rugby sevens and golf ratified for 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro" 6862: 4842:"Amateur status attacked by MPs — Sport — The Independent" 4603:"Italy Tour – Stuttgart, 5 May 1940: Germany (0) 0–4 (4) Italy (FT)" 1420:) for foul play or repeated infringements, and may not be replaced. 1370:

rolls the ball into the gap between the two front-rows known as the

15322: 15124: 15091: 15029: 15019: 14989: 14952: 14937: 14901: 14866: 14841: 14809: 14804: 14737: 14697: 14606: 14601: 14477: 14432: 14222: 13911: 13901: 13896: 13864: 13516: 12962: 12079: 8889:"Top 14 attendance records broken this season, according to league" 7902:"Namibia qualify for 2023 Rugby World Cup with 36-0 win over Kenya" 4633:"Romania Tour – Milan, 2 May 1942: Italy (8) 22–3 (0) Romania (FT)" 4102: 3422: 2336: 1909: 1408:

Common offences include tackling above the shoulders, collapsing a

1351: 510: 465:

in South Africa. Other transnational club competitions include the

396: 3600:'s attempt to use the sport to connect South Africa's people post- 1841:, other countries to have national rugby teams in Oceania include 1706:, is with the non-foundation Argentine union) have one vote each. 15332: 15312: 15246: 15241: 15114: 15066: 14999: 14957: 14836: 14717: 14504: 14442: 14437: 14353: 14177: 13985: 13891: 13869: 13859: 13531: 13287: 12931: 12375: 10897: 10712: 8519: 3253: 3003: 2600: 2529: 2411:'s writings, in which she states that she set up a rugby team in 1829:

on Viti Levu island. Fiji then sent their first overseas team to

1725: 1628: 671: 603: 355: 15004: 3433:

near Paris due to scheduling conflicts with France's hosting of

3121: 558:" whilst the clubs that had favoured the Rugby Rules formed the 15354: 15176: 15161: 15061: 14846: 14633: 14526: 14509: 14472: 14462: 14427: 14217: 14197: 14156: 14121: 13945: 13541: 13398: 13353: 12998: 12098: 11949: 10478: 4573:"Italy Tour – Bucharest, 14 April 1940: Romania 3–0 Italy (FT)" 3386: 3373:, who has amassed 1442 points during his career. In April 2010 2954: 2890: 2575:. France joined the tournament in the 1900s; in 1910, the term 2352: 2335:

as the sport of choice in South Africa and spreading to nearby

2003: 1537: 1178:

In the knockout stages of rugby competitions, most notably the

500: 450: 383: 347: 13740: 12451:

Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia

10484: 9832:[By beating Toulon, Racing 92 is champion of France]. 9830:"En battant Toulon, le Racing 92 est sacré champion de France" 3158:(10s or Xs), a Malaysian invention with ten players per side. 3139:(sometimes 7s or VIIs), a fast-paced game which originated in 2141: 1825:

by European and Fijian soldiers of the Native Constabulary at

1736:, the country of inception, and the other three Home Nations, 1392: 394:) in Europe. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their 288:

on a rectangular field called a pitch. The field has H-shaped

15166: 15129: 14540: 13975: 13782: 11994: 4381:. International Rugby Board. 23 November 2008. Archived from 2603:(South Africa, New Zealand and Australian Rugby) invited the 2525: 2006:

outside the 6 Nations countries in terms of playing numbers,

1800:

in 1864; while the sport was said to have been introduced to

1777: 607: 420: 416: 412: 371: 367: 8116: 6495: 1602:, formerly North America Caribbean Rugby Association (NACRA) 14707: 14702: 14658: 14381: 14207: 13997: 13491: 13150: 13087: 11791: 10472: 10466: 10322:

Oxford v Cambridge, The Story of the University Rugby Match

8199: 6797: 4711:"I.O.C. Decision Draws Cheers and Complaints From Athletes" 4173: 4011:. International Rugby Board. 23 August 2007. Archived from 3700:, a merger of the IRB and International Rugby Halls of Fame 3623:. Rugby players to have been honoured with statues include 3493:. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, in his 1924 Sherlock Holmes tale 2544:, held in Europe and the Southern Hemisphere respectively. 1765: 1760:

Eight countries have adopted rugby union as their de facto

1416:) or temporarily suspended ("sin-binned") for ten minutes ( 674:

before each match, leading Welsh Rugby Union administrator

404: 11123: 6142:"Peter Bills: Refereeing protocol rules over common sense" 1338: 12578: 11248: 8671:"Commonwealth Games: NZ win sevens as England miss medal" 8641:"Commonwealth Games 2010: Form guide – rugby sevens" 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 7740:. 18 May 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 5555: 7261: 7236:. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. 2010. Archived from 2424:, women's rugby was being played in over 100 countries. 10250:

Brown, Mathew; Guthrie, Patrick; Growden, Greg (2010).

3499:, mentions that Dr Watson played rugby for Blackheath. 637:

brought the first overseas team to British spectators.

10520: 10198:. Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal: Grolier of Canada. 1972. 9793: 9791: 9770:"Games where 100 or more points were scored by a team" 8533: 8343: 8341: 7968:"Emily Valentine: First Lady of Irish And World Rugby" 3306:

took aspects of many sports including rugby to invent

445:

National club and provincial competitions include the

12885:

1982 Netherlands v France (women's rugby union match)

9583:"They're game: Rugby team willing to play all takers" 9387:

A Game of Our Own: The Origins of Australian Football

8056: 8054: 8052: 6979:"USA Rugby Reaction to World Rugby Governance Reform" 6305:"World Rugby introduces new rules to stop simulation" 3353:

List of top scoring international rugby union players

3349:

List of top rugby union players by international caps

2483:

The most important competition in rugby union is the

2105:

Other European rugby playing nations of note include

1871:

In North America, a club formed in Montreal in 1868,

682:

lead the crowd in singing the Welsh National Anthem,

9334: 8915:"DHL Stormers just short in Vodacom URC Grand Final" 7999:

Cardiff Rugby Club, History and Statistics 1876–1975

4098:"Six ways the town of Rugby helped change the world" 3638: 1614:, formerly Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions (FORU) 818:(the loosehead prop and the tighthead prop) and the 434:, first held in 1987, is held every four years. The 334:, with other early exponents of the sport including 10487: – news, match reports and statistics database 10469: – official site of the sport's governing body 10331:

The Official World Encyclopedia of Sports and Games

10249: 10011:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 215. 9788: 8863:"Record attendance numbers for Japanese Top League" 8338: 8094:"Women's Rugby World Cup 2017 Tender Process Opens" 7283:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 782. 7143:Gerrard, D. F.; Waller, A. E.; Bird, Y. N. (1994). 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 5654:

The Official World Encyclopedia of Sports and Games

5293: 5172:. Rugby Coaching. 27 September 2011. Archived from 3925:"U.S Rugby Scholarships – U.S. Sports Scholarships" 3429:. The match had been moved from its normal site of 2446: 625:Two important overseas tours took place in 1888: a 477:in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. 10349: 10298: 9618:. Centre for the International Business of Sport, 8049: 4704: 4702: 3543:at the Amsterdam Olympics was won by Luxembourg's 3483:(1939), while his 1916 semi-autobiographical work 2614: 2288:founded its union a year later, while in 1975 the 7795: 7793: 5589:"World Rugby alter Law 8.2(a): Try against posts" 4978:""The Rugby Championship" to replace Tri Nations" 3298:other games originating in English public schools 2679:in Kuala Lumpur. The most gold medal holders are 1887:in 1874. The two variants of gridiron football — 1732:The earliest countries to adopt rugby union were 1430: 1170:Games are divided into 40-minute halves, with an 15397: 12523: 10352:A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union 10296: 9606: 9604: 8732:"Women's Rugby: Beautiful Side of a Brtual Game" 8130: 7346: 6554:. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 6437: 4343: 4341: 4037:A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union 3719:History of the England national rugby union team 3286:are derived from early forms of rugby football. 2796:. However, since then, England have won only in 1620:, formerly Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby ( 718: 219:Worldwide (most popular in certain European and 10280:The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records 10231: 9764: 9762: 9412:Tom Wills: His Spectacular Rise and Tragic Fall 9301: 9013: 9011: 8933: 8907: 7732:"HSBC join Cathay as Hong Kong Sevens sponsors" 6915:"SANZAAR Boss Peters defends TriNations timing" 4699: 4532:Cyphers, Luke; Trex, Ethan (8 September 2011). 3233:Comparison of American football and rugby union 2633:Rugby union was played at the Olympic Games in 2199:is the professional Rugby union competition in 1590:, formerly Confederation of African Rugby (CAR) 1510:Timeline of foundation of national rugby unions 1114:where they would retain the right to throw-in. 1069:lines to maximise the available in-goal space. 10319: 10065:"South Africa 'rugby unity': Fact and fiction" 9498:Fotboll: hur världens största sport växte fram 9056: 9054: 9052: 8792:"Ireland to host Women's Rugby World Cup 2017" 8471:"Argentina invited to join Tri-Nations series" 8431:Nauright, John; Zipp, Sarah (3 January 2020). 8262: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8254: 7790: 7085: 6885:"Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby (CONSUR)" 4467: 4465: 4072: 4060: 3361:The most capped international player from the 2707: 2591:as the venue for their home games since 2013. 2524:Griffins RFC Kotka, the rugby union team from 1860: 1311:When the ball leaves the side of the field, a 1035:known as "halves" as in other football codes. 988:entire arena floor or other designated space. 670:The New Zealand 1905 touring team performed a 614:had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first 190:Kicking tee (optional) (often used by kickers) 13756: 12947: 12509: 11777: 11109: 10728: 10506: 9601: 9330: 9328: 8001:. Risca: The Starling Press. pp. 70–71. 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 4733: 4338: 4297:. The British and irish Lions. Archived from 4231:Five Epochs of Civilization: Chapter 7 (2000) 4066: 3756:Although the United States national anthem, " 3664:, now merged with the former IRB Hall of Fame 1808:in 1870, who played rugby while a student at 881:The half-backs consist of two positions, the 814:The front row consists of three players: two 10297:Jones, John R; Golesworthy, Maurice (1976). 10261:The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats 10034:"How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup" 9759: 9362:Myths and Milestones in the History of Sport 9185:"Rugby Union/Rugby League Phrase Guide v4.6" 9090: 9008: 8497:"IRB welcomes Argentina Four Nations Invite" 8430: 8027:"Great potential for Women's Rugby in Japan" 7696: 7694: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6734:"African Rugby unveils blueprint for growth" 6518:"Russia to host 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens" 6062: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5748: 5746: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 4199: 3856: 3534: 3524: 3514: 3222: 2221:began playing rugby in the early 1870s, the 1596:, formerly Asian Rugby Football Union (ARFU) 897:There are four three quarter positions: two 538:Formed in 1863, the national governing body 10481: – news, fixtures, match reports, etc. 9489: 9049: 8408:. 365 Media. 26 August 2010. Archived from 8251: 8207:"Hosting the First Rugby World Cup in Asia" 6267: 6245:"European Club Rugby: Key Tournament Rules" 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 4910: 4531: 4462: 4417:"New Zealand Natives' rugby tour of 1888–9" 4204:(2nd ed.). Routlage. pp. 87–120. 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 3668:International rugby union eligibility rules 2807: 2532:, playing in the Rugby-7 Tournament in 2013 1674:, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and 1029: 755:, this competition was extended to include 13763: 13749: 12954: 12940: 12516: 12502: 11784: 11770: 11116: 11102: 10735: 10721: 10513: 10499: 10397: 10258: 10240: 10093: 9737:"Six Nations 2017: England 61–21 Scotland" 9325: 9096: 8529:(Press release). SANZAAR. 16 October 2020. 7856: 7784: 7772: 7654: 7642: 7630: 7618: 7580: 7568: 7556: 7544: 7501: 7400: 7388: 7303: 7012: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5787: 5785: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5475: 5418: 5281: 5237: 5188: 5045: 4661: 4559: 4483: 4471: 4379:"IRB Hall of Fame Welcomes Five Inductees" 4281: 4155: 4084: 4054: 3890:"The world awaits for Canada's rugby team" 3241:Comparison of rugby league and rugby union 2165:is the best-known rugby playing nation in 845:(far left) in number eight position before 12206:Japan Company Rugby Football Championship 10277: 10009:Wales and Cinema, The First Hundred Years 8794:(Press release). World Rugby. 13 May 2015 7691: 7176: 7057:"Scene set for an exciting Junior Trophy" 7001: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6332: 6330: 6097: 6095: 5914: 5743: 5443: 5335: 5329: 5092: 4941: 4939: 4403: 4200:Tony Collins (2006). "Schism 1893–1895". 4169:"History of Football – The Global Growth" 3887: 3714:History of the English rugby union system 3342: 2536:Major international competitions are the 1377: 562:in 1871, and their code became known as " 10347: 9827: 9610: 9574: 9409: 9244:"RT Sport: Six Nations - Player Ratings" 8954:"Touch rugby league growing in Brisbane" 8163: 8136: 7932:"Teams announced for Gold Coast kickoff" 7280:The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales 6943: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6764:"HSBC extends commitment to Asian rugby" 6421:. coaching toolbox.co.nz. Archived from 5826: 5824: 5304: 5125: 4275: 4140: 4033: 3709:List of rugby union stadiums by capacity 3673:International rugby union player records 3489:has an account of Ireland international 3444: 3252: 3120: 2519: 2467: 2396: 2306: 2140: 1986: 1719: 1513: 1391: 1337: 1281: 1242: 935: 837: 772: 639: 635:1888–89 New Zealand Native football team 509: 233:Part of the Summer Olympic programme in 10328: 10320:Marshall, Howard; Jordon, J.P. (1951). 10241:Bompa, Tudor; Claro, Frederick (2008). 10232:Biscombe, Tony; Drewett, Peter (2009). 10062: 9681:"Statsguru/Test matches/Player records" 9500:. Lund: Historiska media. p. 203. 9495: 9384: 9359: 9313: 8762:"Rugby's prized trophies going on tour" 8729: 7871:"Madagascar rugby inspires new passion" 6614:"Chile to host IRB Junior World Trophy" 6194: 6011: 5782: 5670: 5651: 5645: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4839: 4759: 3688:List of oldest rugby union competitions 3683:List of international rugby union teams 3560:and the 1979 BBC Wales television film 3486:A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 3310:. The most obvious contribution is the 2515: 2476:to commemorate France's hosting of the 581: 14: 15398: 10398:Thomas, J.B.G.; Rowe, Harding (1954). 10374: 10263:. Enfield: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. 10031: 9580: 9319: 8951: 8812: 8611:"Golf & rugby voted into Olympics" 8373: 7996: 7666: 7513: 7315: 7155:(4). British Medical Journal: 229–33. 7024: 6366: 6327: 6092: 5656:. London: Diagram Group. p. 394. 5109:. talkrugbyunion.co.uk. Archived from 4948:"Union's off-field game a real winner" 4945: 4936: 4765: 4747:from the original on 18 September 2018 4233:. worldhistorysite.com. Archived from 4040:. Random House. pp. Chapter one. 3931:from the original on 15 September 2021 3822:"119 countries... 8.4 million players" 3816: 3814: 3812: 3678:International rugby union team records 3154:A more recent variant of the sport is 2745:. The second tournament took place in 2625:Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games 2472:A giant rugby ball suspended from the 2386: 2276:tournament which was founded in 1976. 2115:Moscow Institute of Physical Education 1935:Although the exact date of arrival of 1926:Western Interprovincial Football Union 1833:in 1924, who in turn set up their own 1185: 762: 13744: 12935: 12497: 12035:All-Japan Rugby Football Championship 11765: 11097: 10716: 10494: 10136:from the original on 4 September 2015 10075:from the original on 10 December 2013 10006: 9892:"The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire" 9809:from the original on 20 November 2018 9435:Wolff, Alexander (25 November 2002). 9434: 9414:. Allen & Unwin. pp. 17–47. 9364:. 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Archived from 8402:"Preview: South Africa v Australia" 8268:"Six Nations Championship: History" 8213:from the original on 12 August 2017 8021: 7098:from the original on 13 August 2021 7086:Kitson, Robert (11 February 2014). 6944:Mortimer, James (9 November 2011). 6594:from the original on 1 October 2017 6524:. 15 September 2011. Archived from 5615:"Law 13 Kick-off and Restart Kicks" 5569:from the original on 16 August 2019 5543:from the original on 18 August 2021 5431:from the original on 14 August 2021 5307:"Scottish rugby welcomes back Lomu" 5245:"A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union" 5207:"A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union" 5062:"A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union" 4817:. 29 September 1947. Archived from 4721:from the original on 27 August 2012 4445:. espnscrum.com. 23 November 2008. 4257:"Historical Rugby Milestones 1870s" 4034:Richards, Huw (30 September 2011). 3888:Scianitti, Matthew (18 June 2011). 3857:Brawley, Sean; Guoth, Nick (2013). 3809: 3615:and one of rugby administrator Sir 3496:The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire 3471:in several of his works, including 3211:Other less formal variants include 2240:in 1899 by two Cambridge students: 1792:A rugby club was formed in Sydney, 1499: 1060:moved into the zone by the referee. 24: 12961: 12910:First cross-continental tournament 12201:Irish Interprovincial Championship 12156:Australian Provincial Championship 10742: 10522:Oceania Rugby Junior Championships 10126:"Statue of Sir Tasker is unveiled" 10094:Kilvington, Joanna (2 June 2010). 9747:from the original on 11 March 2017 9552:"Introduction to Wheelchair Rugby" 9335:John Everett Robbins, ed. 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Archived from 4958:from the original on 1 June 2013 4009:"Madagascar take Sevens honours" 3662:International Rugby Hall of Fame 3641: 3204:, and chasing kicks, especially 3081: 3072: 2940:National Provincial Championship 2817:Professional rugby competitions 2573:Home International Championships 2453:List of rugby union competitions 2447:Major international competitions 2136: 1965:and sport in general in the US. 1895:— were once considered forms of 1474:is oval in shape (technically a 1208: 1194: 1080: 1016: 970: 622:, which is still held annually. 45: 13770: 12901:1988 Women's Rugby European Cup 12846:Sudamérica Rugby Women's Sevens 11430:Asia Rugby Women's Championship 10807:International eligibility rules 9772:. rugbydata.com. Archived from 9389:. Black Inc. pp. 244–278. 9275:Deges, Frankie (15 July 2008). 9131:. 11 April 2009. Archived from 9099:The Complete Book of Mini Rugby 8351:. RugbyWeek.com. 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Archived from 5951: 5884: 5854: 5717: 5607: 5581: 5525: 5495: 5469: 5412: 5382: 5344: 5298: 5287: 5275: 5162: 4946:Gaynor, Bryan (21 April 2001). 4884: 4840:Rentoul, John (17 March 1995). 4833: 4803: 4771: 4675:"Rugby in the Olympics: Future" 4667: 4655: 4625: 4595: 4565: 4553: 4525: 4489: 4477: 4435: 4409: 4397: 4371: 4313: 4287: 4249: 4218: 4193: 4161: 4114: 4090: 4078: 4027: 3750: 2654:International Olympic Committee 2615:Rugby within multi-sport events 2123:European Professional Rugby Cup 1709: 995: 830:The second row consists of two 740:in the Northern Hemisphere and 13720:Attempts to ban football games 13699:Australian rules football card 12894:First international tournament 10475: – rugby union statistics 10162:. 27 June 2010. Archived from 9277:"Rugby X-treme hits the Andes" 8952:deKroo, Karl (11 April 2009). 8579:Kelso, Paul (9 October 2009). 8376:"NZ expect aerial bombardment" 7318:"Fire and flair: Fijian rugby" 7027:"Fire and flair: Fijian rugby" 6140:Bills, Peter (15 March 2011). 4709:Klein, Jeff (13 August 2009). 4419:. New Zealand History Online. 4001: 3881: 3850: 3784:British language & culture 3774: 3736: 3407:1975 Five Nations Championship 2629:Rugby union at the Asian Games 2430:Rugby Football Union for Women 2236:Rugby union was introduced to 1431:Replacements and substitutions 1215:Kicking conversion after a try 1004:The playing area consists of: 13: 1: 15421:Sports originating in England 12181:Continental Club Rugby League 11964:Championnat Fédéral Nationale 10196:Encyclopedia Canadiana vol. 8 9799:"Records: Highest attendance" 9585:. stripes.com. Archived from 9467:"Biography of James Naismith" 8374:Harmse, J.J. (30 June 2010). 7063:. 13 May 2011. Archived from 6488:"IRB Women's Rugby World Cup" 4918:"European Rugby Cup: History" 4322:Forerunners of the All Blacks 3724: 3592:, explores the events of the 3526:Football. L'Équipe de Cardiff 3440: 2579:first appeared. However, the 2504:was less than a million. The 2094:through the final repechage, 2042:. In 1934, instigated by the 2002:The growth of rugby union in 1819: 1293:contesting a line-out in the 1277: 1238: 1121: 901:(inside and outside) and two 876: 825: 719:World Cup and professionalism 678:to suggest that Wales player 126:15 (with up to 8 substitutes) 15416:Former Summer Olympic sports 14132:International rules football 13673:Rugby league and rugby union 11905:Provincial Club Competitions 11898:Australian Club Championship 11821:European Rugby Challenge Cup 11816:European Rugby Champions Cup 11527:Oceania Women's Championship 9956:. Oxford: Berg. p. 19. 9581:Robson, Seth (8 July 2011). 8235:. rugbyfootballhistory.com. 7347:Jones & Golesworthy 1976 5026:. p. 33. Archived from 4124:. Rugbyfootballhistory.com. 3767: 3229:History of American football 1519:Member and Associated Unions 1462:(also known as a "jersey"), 1447: 1144: 908: 809: 744:in the Southern Hemisphere. 535:that were drawn up in 1848. 518:Former Rugby School student 471:European Rugby Champions Cup 366:, and in recent times also, 322:Rugby union spread from the 7: 13663:Gaelic and Australian rules 13648:Association and rugby union 12841:Rugby Europe Women's Sevens 12752:Scottish Womens Premiership 12211:National Rugby Championship 11741:Women's international rugby 11599:South American Championship 11563:Americas Rugby Championship 10418:. IRB. 2010. Archived from 10213:Bath, Richard, ed. (1997). 9062:"Mini and Leprechaun Rugby" 7900:Sport, BBC (10 July 2022). 5256:. p. 8. Archived from 5218:. p. 7. Archived from 5170:"Rugby Positions Explained" 5073:. p. 6. Archived from 4534:"The song remains the same" 3657:Experimental law variations 3634: 3457:Thomas Hughes's 1857 novel 3094: 2708:Women's international rugby 2333:Winchester College football 1883:played against a team from 1861:North America and Caribbean 1566:World Under 20 Championship 1384:Rugby union match officials 851: 796: 265:, commonly known simply as 10: 15462: 12674:Women's Rugby Super Series 12610:South America Championship 12605:North America Championship 12236:South Pacific Championship 11718:South Pacific Championship 11683:Serendib International Cup 11522:Oceania Men's Championship 11324:Americas Pacific Challenge 10402:. Essex: Anchor Press Ltd. 10182: 9385:Blainey, Geoffrey (2010). 8473:. CNN. 14 September 2009. 8294:"Six Nations Championship" 7832:"A Review of Kenyan Rugby" 5989:"Law 19 Touch and Lineout" 5959:"Law 19 Touch and Lineout" 5929:"Law 19 Touch and Lineout" 5793:"Law 19 Touch and Lineout" 5503:"The Field of play | IFAB" 5390:"Scoring through the ages" 4259:. Rugby Football History. 4073:Marshall & Jordon 1951 4061:Marshall & Jordon 1951 3863:. Routledge. p. 168. 3704:Concussions in rugby union 3346: 3226: 3098: 3021:Russian Rugby Championship 2711: 2618: 2461: 2450: 2403:NC Hustlers vs. Midwest II 2390: 2210: 1864: 1810:Christ's College, Finchley 1787: 1784:, Wales and South Africa. 1713: 1562:HSBC Women's Sevens Series 1503: 1451: 1381: 1331: 1304: 1300: 948: 944: 925: 766: 484: 480: 311:in 1863 and, in 1895, the 29: 15305: 15260: 15232: 15100: 14926: 14750: 14657: 14525: 14418: 14409: 14374: 14256: 14165: 14111: 14045: 13993:Australian rules football 13921: 13910: 13815: 13806: 13778: 13712: 13694:Association football card 13681: 13653:Canadian and rugby league 13633:American and rugby league 13620: 13572: 13479: 13454: 13416: 13407: 13344: 13313: 13191: 13121: 13078: 12969: 12909: 12893: 12878:First international match 12877: 12868: 12813: 12782: 12773: 12704:Premiership Women's Rugby 12688: 12649: 12633: 12587: 12566: 12557: 12539:International rugby union 12531: 12461: 12343: 12307: 12276: 12260: 12253: 12143: 11860: 11852:United Rugby Championship 11834: 11808: 11801: 11736: 11631: 11614:Sudamérica Women's Sevens 11591: 11550: 11514: 11448: 11412: 11376: 11369: 11359:Arab Rugby Sevens Women's 11316: 11261: 11221: 11185: 11178: 11133: 11063: 11037: 11007: 10961: 10952: 10932: 10906: 10830: 10759: 10750: 10653: 10598: 10591: 10566: 10535: 10528: 10467:International Rugby Board 10333:. London: Diagram Group. 10282:. London: Phoenix House. 8841:The Sydney Morning Herald 8171:"IRB Year in Review 2010" 8139:"Rugby World Cup Winners" 8031:Boxscore World Sportswire 7952:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7758:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6572:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6383:"Law 4 Players' clothing" 6279:International Rugby Board 5352:"Law 9 Method of Scoring" 5336:MacDonald, H. F. (1938). 5015:"Law 3 Number of Players" 4811:"Ontario: The Shamateurs" 3693:List of rugby union terms 3290:Australian rules football 3259:Australian rules football 3223:Influence on other sports 2924:United Rugby Championship 2381:World Rugby Sevens Series 2322: 2079:Five Nations Championship 1982: 1891:and, to a lesser extent, 1633:South African Rugby Union 1403:television match official 612:Home Nations Championship 467:United Rugby Championship 227: 215: 210: 200: 162: 140: 130: 122: 112: 107: 99: 77: 64: 55:takes a line-out against 44: 13658:Canadian and rugby union 13638:American and rugby union 12764:Women's Premier Division 12176:Challenge Yves du Manoir 12028:Top League Champions Cup 11673:Pacific Rim Championship 11573:RAN Women's Championship 11568:Americas Rugby Challenge 11389:Rugby Africa Women's Cup 10278:Griffiths, John (1987). 10245:. Meyer and Meyer Sport. 10132:. UK. 15 November 2009. 9215:thescotsman.scotsman.com 9097:Rutherford, Don (1993). 6103:"Law 6: Match officials" 5394:rugbyfootballhistory.com 4892:"History of Rugby Union" 3758:The Star-Spangled Banner 3729: 3698:World Rugby Hall of Fame 3335:Rugby lends its name to 2808:Professional rugby union 2538:Six Nations Championship 2318:vs. Zambia, 21 July 2008 2316:2011 World Cup qualifier 1914:Canadian Football League 1327: 1030:Other lines and markings 867: 715:centenary celebrations. 540:The Football Association 436:Six Nations Championship 315:between rugby union and 309:The Football Association 193:Shoulder pads (optional) 30:Not to be confused with 15431:Rugby football variants 11728:ARFU Asian Rugby Series 11703:U-21 World Championship 11698:U-19 World Championship 11420:Asia Rugby Championship 11354:Arab Rugby Sevens Men's 11339:Pacific Rugby Challenge 10305:. London: Robert Hale. 10234:Rugby: Steps to Success 10156:"Craven of Craven Week" 10100:yourlocalguardian.co.uk 9522:"SvFF:s tillkomst 1904" 9410:de Moore, Greg (2008). 7830:Kamau, Michael Mundia. 7231:"Exporter Guide: Tonga" 6946:"SANZAR remains intact" 5107:"Rugby Union Positions" 4502:BBC Cymru Wales history 3541:1928 Gold Medal for Art 3516:Les Joueurs de football 3245:History of rugby league 3038:Liga Națională de Rugby 2735:Women's Rugby World Cup 2700:in the men's event and 2437:Women's Rugby World Cup 2206: 2183:Montevideo Cricket Club 2044:French Rugby Federation 1961:is the fastest growing 1728:, Wales, September 2007 1550:Women's Rugby World Cup 704:continued their annual 631:British and Irish Lions 552:the FA's codified rules 13689:American football card 13668:Gaelic and rugby union 13643:Association and futsal 12831:Oceania Women's Sevens 12795:Rugby World Cup Sevens 12734:Women's Premier League 12125:Welsh Premier Division 12054:Heartland Championship 12014:Japan Rugby League One 11826:Rugby Europe Super Cup 11537:Oceania Women's Sevens 11344:The Rugby Championship 11208:U20 World Championship 10348:Richards, Huw (2007). 10329:Midgley, Ruth (1979). 10254:. John Wiley and Sons. 10243:Periodization in Rugby 10215:Complete Book of Rugby 9898:. UK. September 2005. 9337:Encyclopedia Canadiana 7997:Davies, D. E. (1975). 7857:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7785:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7773:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7655:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7643:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7631:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7619:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7581:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7569:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7557:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7545:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7502:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7401:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7389:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7304:Godwin & Rhys 1981 7013:Godwin & Rhys 1981 5725:"IRB Laws – Time" 5652:Midgley, Ruth (1979). 5282:Bompa & Claro 2008 4952:The New Zealand Herald 4662:Godwin & Rhys 1981 4560:Godwin & Rhys 1981 4484:Thomas & Rowe 1954 4472:Godwin & Rhys 1981 4282:Godwin & Rhys 1981 4156:Godwin & Rhys 1981 4085:Godwin & Rhys 1981 3535: 3525: 3515: 3460:Tom Brown's Schooldays 3454: 3449:Henri Rousseau – 3343:Statistics and records 3266: 3135:The oldest variant is 3129: 2873:Japan Rugby League One 2804:won in 2013 and 2015. 2542:The Rugby Championship 2533: 2480: 2441:Rugby World Cup Sevens 2404: 2319: 2246:Edward Bramwell Clarke 2223:Calcutta Football Club 2158: 1999: 1729: 1653:The Rugby Championship 1554:Rugby World Cup Sevens 1533: 1531: Associated Union 1397: 1378:Officials and offences 1354: 1346:between New Zealand's 1307:Line-out (rugby union) 1297: 1248: 941: 848: 778: 648: 515: 487:History of rugby union 440:The Rugby Championship 216:Country or region 15306:Other non-ball sports 15270:Synchronized swimming 14852:Mesoamerican ballgame 14037:Circle rules football 13628:American and Canadian 12821:Africa Women's Sevens 12241:Welsh–Scottish League 12161:British and Irish Cup 11931:Premiership Rugby Cup 11604:Americas Rugby Trophy 11481:Europe Women's Sevens 11399:Africa Women's Sevens 10455:Scrum.com Rugby guide 10438:. IRB. Archived from 10416:"Laws of Rugby Union" 10358:Mainstream Publishing 10007:Berry, David (1996). 9954:French Rugby Football 9952:Dine, Philip (2001). 9649:"Year in Review 2016" 9496:Jönsson, Åke (2006). 9159:americanflagrugby.com 8647:. 27 September 2010. 7479:French Rugby Football 7477:Dine, Philip (2001). 7207:. 26 September 2003. 7161:10.1136/bjsm.28.4.229 6704:"Pacific Nations Cup" 6076:. 14 September 2005. 5457:. laws.worldrugby.org 4920:. ERC. Archived from 3448: 3256: 3124: 2605:Argentine Rugby Union 2523: 2471: 2451:Further information: 2400: 2310: 2171:Argentine Rugby Union 2144: 1990: 1723: 1645:Argentine Rugby Union 1570:World Under 20 Trophy 1517: 1454:Rugby union equipment 1396:Touch judge with flag 1395: 1341: 1285: 1246: 939: 841: 776: 769:Rugby union positions 694:New Zealand Army team 659:in 1905, followed by 643: 513: 136:Separate competitions 15441:Grass field surfaces 15375:Synchronized skating 13926:Association football 13502:English school games 12740:Premier Rugby Sevens 12620:Oceania Championship 12166:Campeonato Argentino 12073:Scottish Premiership 12021:Top Challenge League 11938:RFU Championship Cup 11842:Super Rugby Americas 11746:World Rugby Rankings 11461:Europe International 10375:Stubbs, Ray (2009). 10040:. UK. Archived from 9868:. UK. Archived from 9562:on 19 September 2015 9477:on 14 September 2013 8996:on 19 September 2011 8100:. 28 November 2014. 8025:(22 February 2011). 7801:"IRB World Rankings" 7458:on 15 September 2011 7426:on 28 September 2011 7243:on 28 September 2011 7120:. 23 December 2017. 6654:on 18 September 2011 6528:on 12 September 2012 6468:on 22 September 2011 5537:www.sportingnews.com 4779:"History of the RFU" 4225:McGaughey, William. 3781:Else, David (2007). 3745:Rugby Football Union 3594:1995 Rugby World Cup 3557:A Run for Your Money 3451:The Football Players 3330:Rugby football rules 3055:Super Rugby Americas 2516:Regional tournaments 2493:2023 Rugby World Cup 2413:Portora Royal School 2298:United Arab Emirates 2284:was formed in 1971. 2197:Super Rugby Americas 2119:Rugby union in Spain 2092:2023 Rugby World Cup 1977:Super Rugby Americas 1867:Rugby Americas North 1837:in 1924. Along with 1647:(UAR) that operates 1600:Rugby Americas North 1316:player (usually the 1295:2007 Rugby World Cup 932:Rugby union gameplay 713:Scottish Rugby Union 582:First internationals 560:Rugby Football Union 556:association football 524:Cambridge University 457:in New Zealand, the 263:Rugby union football 15275:Underwater football 14375:Other related codes 14167:Medieval/historical 13730:Oldest competitions 13374:International rules 12728:Women's Elite Rugby 12716:Super Rugby Women's 12666:Women's Nations Cup 12641:Pacific Four Series 12615:Europe Championship 12595:Africa Championship 12558:International union 12525:Women's rugby union 12446:Central East Europe 11886:Torneo del Interior 11847:Super Rugby Pacific 11708:Women's Nations Cup 11466:Women's Six Nations 11425:Asian Sevens Series 11394:Africa Men's Sevens 11349:Pacific Four Series 11334:Pacific Nations Cup 11290:Mediterranean Games 11282:Commonwealth Games 11055:Oldest competitions 10989:Physical disability 10940:Olympic venues (7s) 10838:American flag rugby 10772:Oldest competitions 10038:The Daily Telegraph 9620:Coventry University 8865:. 13 January 2020. 8772:on 23 December 2011 8677:. 12 October 2010. 8617:. 19 October 2009. 8326:on 21 November 2008 8270:. rbs6nations.com. 8074:on 3 September 2011 7118:"Rugby Live Stream" 6989:on 20 November 2018 6958:on 27 December 2012 6714:on 2 September 2011 6498:on 3 September 2011 6399:on 16 February 2015 6354:on 16 February 2015 6225:on 16 February 2015 6207:"Law 10: Foul Play" 6152:on 25 December 2012 6121:on 16 February 2015 6050:on 16 February 2015 5809:on 16 February 2015 5770:on 16 February 2015 5705:on 16 February 2015 5633:on 16 February 2015 5370:on 16 February 2015 5033:on 16 February 2015 4872:on 25 December 2012 4509:. 1 December 2008. 4320:Ryan, Greg (1993). 4106:. 1 February 2014. 3877:on 30 October 2023. 3507:Joueurs de football 3198:three-quarter backs 3180:American Flag Rugby 2901:14,841 (2022–2023) 2839:Super Rugby Pacific 2818: 2741:and was won by the 2393:Women's rugby union 2387:Women's rugby union 2341:British East Africa 2213:Rugby union in Asia 1879:, when students of 1578:Pacific Nations Cup 1425:citing commissioner 1388:Laws of rugby union 1334:Scrum (rugby union) 1269:Rucking and Mauling 1186:Passing and kicking 763:Teams and positions 569:In 1895, there was 475:Super Rugby Pacific 280:that originated at 269:or more often just 67:governing body 41: 15102:Net and wall games 14248:Uppies and downies 14152:Universal football 14003:Lightning football 13562:Uppies and Downies 13093:Lightning football 12856:Pan American Games 12851:Commonwealth Games 12836:RAN Women's Sevens 12710:Super Rugby Aupiki 12196:Global Rapid Rugby 11976:All-Ireland League 11872:Nacional de Clubes 11751:World Rugby Awards 11583:RAN Women's Sevens 11506:U18 Women's Sevens 11404:U20 Barthés Trophy 11303:Pan American Games 11262:Multi-sport events 10409:Electronic sources 10381:Dorling Kindersley 10217:. Seven Oaks Ltd. 9978:"Art Competitions" 9866:bectiverangers.com 9471:naismithmuseum.com 9441:Sports Illustrated 8591:on 12 October 2009 8355:on 19 October 2011 8349:"TriNations Rugby" 8296:. ESPN Scrum.com. 8187:on 3 November 2011 7948:cite press release 7645:, pp. 112–113 6829:fira-aer-rugby.com 6825:"FIRA-AER History" 6774:on 16 October 2012 6744:on 13 January 2011 6456:"IRB Organisation" 6425:on 8 February 2013 6255:on 27 January 2013 5999:on 9 February 2014 5969:on 9 February 2014 5939:on 9 February 2014 5902:on 9 February 2014 5892:"Law 10 Foul play" 5872:on 9 February 2014 5862:"Law 10 Foul play" 5842:on 22 October 2014 5832:"Law 10 Foul play" 5539:. 14 August 2021. 4924:on 8 February 2007 4821:on 3 February 2011 4715:The New York Times 4015:on 24 October 2012 3621:Millennium Stadium 3455: 3292:was influenced by 3267: 3130: 2987:Major League Rugby 2816: 2737:was held in Wales 2673:Commonwealth Games 2534: 2481: 2405: 2320: 2302:IRB World Rankings 2159: 2000: 1969:Major League Rugby 1885:Harvard University 1730: 1678:, plus Argentina, 1558:HSBC Sevens Series 1534: 1525: Member Union 1398: 1355: 1298: 1249: 942: 849: 847:entering the scrum 785:(two more than in 779: 726:Commonwealth Games 685:Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau 649: 516: 430:in Edinburgh. The 100:Registered players 39: 18:Rugby union player 15393: 15392: 15328:Combat (juggling) 15071:British baseball 14922: 14921: 14751:Other ball sports 14746: 14745: 14644:Underwater hockey 14405: 14404: 14188:Calcio fiorentino 14103:Canadian football 14056:American football 13738: 13737: 13497:Calcio Fiorentino 13475: 13474: 12929: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12864: 12863: 12684: 12683: 12600:Asia Championship 12491: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12452: 12249: 12248: 12216:Pro14 Rainbow Cup 12134: 12132:WRU Challenge Cup 12127: 12115: 12108: 12101: 12094: 12082: 12075: 12068: 12056: 12049: 12037: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12004: 12002:Serie A Elite Cup 11997: 11985: 11978: 11966: 11959: 11952: 11940: 11933: 11926: 11919: 11907: 11900: 11888: 11881: 11879:Torneo de la URBA 11874: 11796:club competitions 11759: 11758: 11658: 11650: 11642: 11627: 11626: 11609:Sudamérica Sevens 11298: 11285: 11272: 11257: 11256: 11091: 11090: 11033: 11032: 11020:Canadian football 11015:American football 10948: 10947: 10919:Canadian football 10914:American football 10817:Playing countries 10710: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10587: 10586: 10442:on 3 January 2013 10436:"IRB Regulations" 10390:978-1-4053-3697-0 10367:978-1-84596-255-5 10252:Rugby For Dummies 10236:. Human Kinetics. 9982:olympic-museum.de 9743:. 11 March 2017. 9687:on 11 August 2011 9589:on 14 August 2011 9437:"The Olden Rules" 9421:978-1-74175-499-5 9396:978-1-86395-347-4 9371:978-0-230-24125-1 9165:on 17 August 2011 9135:on 10 August 2011 8843:. 12 January 2020 8560:on 10 August 2011 8507:on 26 August 2011 8444:978-1-317-50047-6 8412:on 30 August 2010 8378:. sport24.co.za. 8320:"Stadio Flaminio" 8098:rugbyworldcup.com 7811:on 10 August 2011 7290:978-0-7083-1953-6 7271:Lynch, Peredur I. 7269:; Baines, Menna; 6865:on 4 October 2011 6684:on 24 August 2011 6285:on 22 August 2009 6176:coachingrugby.com 6172:"Referee Signals" 6070:"Forming a scrum" 4687:on 10 August 2011 4539:ESPN The Magazine 4385:on 24 August 2010 4047:978-1-78057-328-1 3989:on 12 August 2021 3870:978-1-317-96632-6 3802:978-1-86450-286-2 3631:in Stellenbosch. 3590:Playing the Enemy 3584:(2009), based on 3419:2016 Top 14 final 3383:Stadium Australia 3365:is Welsh captain 3316:McGill University 3284:Canadian football 3280:American football 3068: 3067: 2934:10,809 (2022–23) 2867:13,395 (2022–23) 2855:Premiership Rugby 2609:COVID-19 pandemic 2418:Cardiff Arms Park 2401:US women's rugby: 2157:final match, 2007 2155:Torneo de la URBA 1893:American football 1889:Canadian football 1881:McGill University 1637:New Zealand Rugby 1201:A player about to 922:Laws and gameplay 554:became known as " 461:in Japan and the 380:the United States 260: 259: 16:(Redirected from 15453: 15280:Underwater rugby 15075:English baseball 14897:Valencian pilota 14688:Hobby horse polo 14416: 14415: 14243:Royal Shrovetide 14147:Swedish football 13919: 13918: 13813: 13812: 13788:Governing bodies 13765: 13758: 13751: 13742: 13741: 13713:Related articles 13602:Australian rules 13557:Royal Shrovetide 13414: 13413: 13080:Australian rules 12956: 12949: 12942: 12933: 12932: 12875: 12874: 12780: 12779: 12774:International 7s 12758:Celtic Challenge 12564: 12563: 12518: 12511: 12504: 12495: 12494: 12450: 12258: 12257: 12221:RFU Knockout Cup 12130: 12123: 12111: 12104: 12097: 12090: 12078: 12071: 12064: 12052: 12045: 12033: 12026: 12019: 12012: 12000: 11993: 11981: 11974: 11962: 11955: 11948: 11936: 11929: 11922: 11915: 11903: 11896: 11884: 11877: 11870: 11806: 11805: 11786: 11779: 11772: 11763: 11762: 11656: 11648: 11640: 11619:U20 Championship 11558:RAN Championship 11542:U20 Championship 11496:U18 Championship 11491:U20 Championship 11440:U19 Championship 11384:Rugby Africa Cup 11374: 11373: 11317:Intercontinental 11296: 11283: 11270: 11234:World Cup Sevens 11198:World Cup Sevens 11183: 11182: 11118: 11111: 11104: 11095: 11094: 11081: 11080: 11071: 11070: 11038:Related articles 10959: 10958: 10757: 10756: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10714: 10713: 10682: 10596: 10595: 10533: 10532: 10515: 10508: 10501: 10492: 10491: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10403: 10394: 10371: 10355: 10344: 10325: 10316: 10304: 10293: 10274: 10255: 10246: 10237: 10228: 10209: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10029: 10023: 10022: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9984:. Archived from 9974: 9968: 9967: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9938: 9933:on 29 April 2011 9929:. Archived from 9923:"Henri Rousseau" 9921:Lauf, Cornelia. 9918: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9795: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9776:on 25 March 2013 9766: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9717:on 24 April 2010 9703: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9628: 9622:. Archived from 9617: 9608: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9578: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9558:. Archived from 9548: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9526:svenskfotboll.se 9518: 9512: 9511: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9473:. Archived from 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9443:. Archived from 9432: 9426: 9425: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9332: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9285:. Archived from 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9252:. Archived from 9240: 9234: 9229: 9223: 9222: 9217:. Archived from 9207: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9170: 9161:. Archived from 9151: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9077: 9071:. Archived from 9066: 9058: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9036: 9023: 9015: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8992:. Archived from 8980: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8958:The Courier-Mail 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8766:New Zealand 2011 8758: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8587:. Archived from 8576: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8556:. Archived from 8544: 8531: 8530: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8345: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8264: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8186: 8175: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8070:. Archived from 8058: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8019: 8013: 8012: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7951: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7834:. wesclark.com. 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7807:. Archived from 7797: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7757: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7708:. 28 July 2009. 7698: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7454:. Archived from 7442: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7422:. Archived from 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7370:on 31 March 2015 7366:. Archived from 7364:oceaniarugby.com 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7235: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7180: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7022: 7016: 7010: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6985:. Archived from 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6954:. Archived from 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6925:on 26 March 2012 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6861:. Archived from 6859:oceaniarugby.com 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6835:on 27 April 2013 6831:. Archived from 6821: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6796:. Archived from 6794:"Dubai 7s Rugby" 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6710:. Archived from 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6680:. Archived from 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6650:. Archived from 6640: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6571: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6494:. Archived from 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6464:. Archived from 6452: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6398: 6387: 6379: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6342: 6338:"Law 2 The Ball" 6334: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6251:. Archived from 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6224: 6211: 6203: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6178:. Archived from 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6148:. Archived from 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6120: 6107: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6036: 6028: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5935:. Archived from 5925: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5797: 5789: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5769: 5758: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5731:on 25 March 2008 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5704: 5691: 5683: 5668: 5667: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5619: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5476:worldrugby.org. 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5455:World Rugby Laws 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5419:worldrugby.org. 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5356: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5302: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5249: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5211: 5203: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5140:"Rugby Glossary" 5136: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5066: 5058: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5032: 5019: 5011: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4984:. Archived from 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4894:. Archived from 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4868:. Archived from 4837: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4791:on 22 April 2010 4787:. Archived from 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4683:. Archived from 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4177:. Archived from 4165: 4159: 4153: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4075:, pp. 13–14 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3956:. 19 July 2018. 3950: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3873:. Archived from 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3837: 3826: 3818: 3807: 3806: 3787:(2nd ed.). 3778: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3740: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3538: 3528: 3518: 3337:wheelchair rugby 3322:Swedish football 3145:Hong Kong Sevens 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 2970:RFU Championship 2819: 2815: 2704:in the women's. 2687:event since the 2666:Bernard Lapasset 2274:Hong Kong Sevens 2242:Ginnosuke Tanaka 2145:Argentine teams 1973:American Raptors 1851:Papua New Guinea 1843:the Cook Islands 1824: 1821: 1618:Sudamérica Rugby 1530: 1524: 1500:Governing bodies 1476:prolate spheroid 1350:and Australia's 1212: 1198: 928:Rugby union laws 843:Sébastien Chabal 706:University Match 618:tournament, the 449:in England, the 286:oval-shaped ball 49: 42: 38: 21: 15461: 15460: 15456: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15451: 15450: 15396: 15395: 15394: 15389: 15301: 15256: 15252:World Chase Tag 15228: 15152:Football tennis 15096: 14980:Danish longball 14929: 14918: 14788:Ballon au poing 14783:Balle à la main 14742: 14653: 14649:Unicycle hockey 14521: 14411: 14401: 14370: 14252: 14238:Pasuckuakohowog 14203:Cornish hurling 14168: 14161: 14107: 14041: 14025:Gaelic football 13914: 13906: 13802: 13774: 13769: 13739: 13734: 13708: 13677: 13616: 13568: 13547:Cornish hurling 13471: 13450: 13409: 13403: 13340: 13309: 13236:PD Rugby League 13187: 13117: 13074: 12965: 12960: 12930: 12921: 12905: 12889: 12870: 12860: 12809: 12775: 12769: 12760:(IRL, SCO, WAL) 12690: 12680: 12645: 12629: 12583: 12574:Rugby World Cup 12559: 12553: 12532:Anchor articles 12527: 12522: 12492: 12483: 12457: 12339: 12303: 12272: 12245: 12226:Rugby Challenge 12151:Anglo-Welsh Cup 12139: 11983:All-Ireland Cup 11856: 11830: 11797: 11790: 11760: 11755: 11732: 11623: 11587: 11546: 11510: 11486:U20 Six Nations 11444: 11408: 11365: 11312: 11253: 11217: 11174: 11129: 11122: 11092: 11087: 11059: 11029: 11003: 10944: 10928: 10902: 10826: 10746: 10741: 10711: 10702: 10680: 10649: 10583: 10562: 10524: 10519: 10463: 10445: 10443: 10434: 10425: 10423: 10414: 10406: 10391: 10377:The Sports Book 10368: 10341: 10313: 10290: 10271: 10225: 10206: 10194: 10188:Printed sources 10185: 10180: 10179: 10169: 10167: 10166:on 19 July 2011 10154: 10153: 10149: 10139: 10137: 10124: 10123: 10119: 10109: 10107: 10092: 10088: 10078: 10076: 10061: 10057: 10047: 10045: 10030: 10026: 10019: 10005: 10001: 9991: 9989: 9976: 9975: 9971: 9964: 9950: 9946: 9936: 9934: 9919: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9872:on 26 July 2011 9860: 9859: 9855: 9845: 9843: 9826: 9822: 9812: 9810: 9797: 9796: 9789: 9779: 9777: 9768: 9767: 9760: 9750: 9748: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9720: 9718: 9705: 9704: 9700: 9690: 9688: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9664: 9662: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9629:on 26 June 2011 9626: 9615: 9609: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9563: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9535: 9533: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9494: 9490: 9480: 9478: 9465: 9464: 9460: 9450: 9448: 9433: 9429: 9422: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9383: 9379: 9372: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9333: 9326: 9318: 9314: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9289:on 26 July 2010 9273: 9269: 9259: 9257: 9242: 9241: 9237: 9230: 9226: 9221:on 4 June 2011. 9209: 9208: 9204: 9194: 9192: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9168: 9166: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9138: 9136: 9121: 9120: 9116: 9109: 9095: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9078:on 2 March 2014 9075: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9050: 9040: 9038: 9037:on 6 April 2015 9034: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9009: 8999: 8997: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8967: 8965: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8924: 8922: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8896: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8872: 8870: 8861: 8860: 8856: 8846: 8844: 8835: 8834: 8830: 8811: 8807: 8797: 8795: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8775: 8773: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8745: 8743: 8736:Bleacher Report 8728: 8724: 8714: 8712: 8701:"Women's Rugby" 8699: 8698: 8694: 8684: 8682: 8669: 8668: 8664: 8654: 8652: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8624: 8622: 8609: 8608: 8604: 8594: 8592: 8577: 8573: 8563: 8561: 8546: 8545: 8534: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8510: 8508: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8480: 8478: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8454: 8452: 8445: 8429: 8425: 8415: 8413: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8372: 8368: 8358: 8356: 8347: 8346: 8339: 8329: 8327: 8318: 8317: 8313: 8303: 8301: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8233:"Rugby Trophys" 8231: 8230: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8154: 8152: 8135: 8131: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8060: 8059: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8020: 8016: 8009: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7978:on 3 March 2014 7966: 7965: 7961: 7945: 7944: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7915: 7913: 7898: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7799: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7751: 7750: 7743: 7741: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7700: 7699: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7529: 7527: 7512: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7429: 7427: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7360:"Member Unions" 7358: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7273:, eds. (2008). 7260: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7084: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7040: 7038: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7002: 6992: 6990: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6823: 6822: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6717: 6715: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6627: 6625: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6590:. World Rugby. 6586: 6585: 6581: 6565: 6564: 6557: 6555: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6531: 6529: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6454: 6453: 6438: 6428: 6426: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6396: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6311:. 1 June 2016. 6303: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6146:The Independent 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5972: 5970: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5927: 5926: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5875: 5873: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5830: 5829: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5671: 5664: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5572: 5570: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5544: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5507:www.theifab.com 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5482:www.world.rugby 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5451:"19.1 Throw-in" 5449: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5425:www.world.rugby 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5263:on 6 April 2015 5260: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5225:on 6 April 2015 5222: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5176:on 3 April 2013 5168: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5138: 5137: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5113:on 6 April 2013 5105: 5104: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5080:on 6 April 2015 5077: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4988:on 8 March 2016 4976: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4944: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4898:on 6 April 2013 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4846:The Independent 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4707: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4507:BBC Cymru Wales 4495: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4463: 4452: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4347: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3886: 3882: 3871: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3810: 3803: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3627:in Cardiff and 3536:Partie de Rugby 3521:Robert Delaunay 3469:Bective Rangers 3443: 3431:Stade de France 3355: 3345: 3257:When codifying 3251: 3225: 3119: 3099:Main articles: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 2832: 2810: 2716: 2710: 2631: 2617: 2589:Stadio Flaminio 2585:Stadio Olimpico 2518: 2485:Rugby World Cup 2466: 2464:Rugby World Cup 2460: 2458:Rugby World Cup 2455: 2449: 2409:Emily Valentine 2402: 2395: 2389: 2325: 2266:The Philippines 2215: 2209: 2169:, founding the 2139: 1985: 1906:Football Canada 1869: 1863: 1855:Solomon Islands 1822: 1794:New South Wales 1790: 1776:, New Zealand, 1718: 1712: 1641:Rugby Australia 1546:Rugby World Cup 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1502: 1456: 1450: 1433: 1390: 1382:Main articles: 1380: 1336: 1330: 1309: 1303: 1280: 1241: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1188: 1180:Rugby World Cup 1156: 1154:Match structure 1147: 1124: 1092: 1083: 1032: 1019: 998: 973: 953: 947: 934: 926:Main articles: 924: 911: 895: 879: 870: 854: 846: 828: 812: 799: 771: 765: 721: 633:tours; and the 584: 548:Blackheath Club 533:Cambridge Rules 489: 483: 473:in Europe, and 453:in France, the 432:Rugby World Cup 411:, New Zealand, 360:Southern Africa 305:Blackheath F.C. 253:included since 249: 196: 158: 108:Characteristics 87: 60: 53:Victor Matfield 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15459: 15449: 15448: 15446:Football codes 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15341: 15340: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15309: 15307: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15299: 15298: 15297: 15292: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15266: 15264: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15238: 15236: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15226: 15225: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15143: 15142: 15137: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15110:Ball badminton 15106: 15104: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15083: 15082: 15080:Welsh baseball 15077: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15043: 15042: 15037: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14985:Indoor cricket 14982: 14977: 14976: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14934: 14932: 14924: 14923: 14920: 14919: 14917: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14857:Pelota mixteca 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14833: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14807: 14802: 14801: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14754: 14752: 14748: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14724: 14723: 14720: 14715: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14664: 14662: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14629:Rossall hockey 14626: 14625: 14624: 14619: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14598: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14566: 14565: 14555: 14550: 14549: 14548: 14538: 14532: 14530: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14519: 14518: 14517: 14515:Shinty–Hurling 14507: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14454: 14453: 14451:Shinty–Hurling 14448: 14445: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14419: 14413: 14410:Stick-and-ball 14407: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14378: 14376: 14372: 14371: 14369: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14357: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14301: 14300: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14263: 14261: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14174: 14172: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14127:Eton wall game 14124: 14118: 14116: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14100: 14098:Arena football 14095: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14052: 14050: 14043: 14042: 14040: 14039: 14034: 14033: 14032: 14022: 14021: 14020: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13990: 13989: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13922: 13916: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13888: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13851: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13819: 13817: 13810: 13808:Invasion games 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13795: 13793:National sport 13790: 13785: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13768: 13767: 13760: 13753: 13745: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13716: 13714: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13685: 13683: 13679: 13678: 13676: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13624: 13622: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13593: 13592: 13587: 13576: 13574: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13483: 13481: 13477: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13458: 13456: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13437: 13436: 13426: 13420: 13418: 13411: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13350: 13348: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13317: 13315: 13311: 13310: 13308: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13240: 13239: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13197: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13127: 13125: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13084: 13082: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13036: 13035: 13025: 13024: 13023: 13013: 13008: 13007: 13006: 13001: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12975: 12973: 12967: 12966: 12963:Football codes 12959: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12936: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12919: 12917:RugbyFest 1990 12913: 12911: 12907: 12906: 12904: 12903: 12897: 12895: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12887: 12881: 12879: 12872: 12866: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12784: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12767: 12761: 12755: 12749: 12743: 12737: 12731: 12725: 12719: 12713: 12707: 12701: 12694: 12692: 12689:Domestic union 12686: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12678: 12670: 12662: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12637: 12635: 12634:Cross-Regional 12631: 12630: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12591: 12589: 12585: 12584: 12582: 12581: 12576: 12570: 12568: 12561: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12535: 12533: 12529: 12528: 12521: 12520: 12513: 12506: 12498: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12361:Czech Republic 12358: 12353: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12311: 12309: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12280: 12278: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12270: 12264: 12262: 12255: 12251: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12128: 12118: 12117: 12116: 12109: 12102: 12095: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12076: 12069: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12050: 12040: 12039: 12038: 12031: 12024: 12017: 12007: 12006: 12005: 11998: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11979: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11960: 11953: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11934: 11927: 11920: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11901: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11882: 11875: 11864: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11838: 11836: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11812: 11810: 11803: 11802:Tier 1 nations 11799: 11798: 11789: 11788: 11781: 11774: 11766: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11737: 11734: 11733: 11731: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11652: 11647:Pacific Games 11644: 11639:Olympic Games 11635: 11633: 11629: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11595: 11593: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11554: 11552: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11532:Oceania Sevens 11529: 11524: 11518: 11516: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11471:Europe Women's 11468: 11463: 11458: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11416: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11380: 11378: 11371: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11320: 11318: 11314: 11313: 11311: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295:Pacific Games 11292: 11287: 11279: 11274: 11269:Olympic Games 11265: 11263: 11259: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11225: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11189: 11187: 11180: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11124:International 11121: 11120: 11113: 11106: 11098: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11085: 11075: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11045:Burnside rules 11041: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11011: 11009: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10965: 10963: 10956: 10950: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10936: 10934: 10933:Related topics 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10834: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10777:Dangerous play 10774: 10769: 10763: 10761: 10754: 10748: 10747: 10744:Rugby football 10740: 10739: 10732: 10725: 10717: 10708: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10700: 10695: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10657: 10655: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10602: 10600: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10570: 10568: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10539: 10537: 10530: 10526: 10525: 10518: 10517: 10510: 10503: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10482: 10476: 10470: 10462: 10461:External links 10459: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10432: 10422:on 18 May 2011 10405: 10404: 10395: 10389: 10372: 10366: 10345: 10339: 10326: 10317: 10311: 10294: 10288: 10275: 10269: 10256: 10247: 10238: 10229: 10223: 10210: 10204: 10191: 10184: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10147: 10117: 10086: 10055: 10044:on 4 June 2012 10024: 10017: 9999: 9969: 9962: 9944: 9927:guggenheim.org 9913: 9883: 9853: 9820: 9787: 9758: 9728: 9698: 9672: 9657:. p. 45. 9640: 9600: 9573: 9543: 9513: 9506: 9488: 9458: 9447:on 4 June 2011 9427: 9420: 9402: 9395: 9377: 9370: 9352: 9345: 9324: 9312: 9300: 9267: 9256:on 5 June 2011 9235: 9224: 9202: 9176: 9146: 9114: 9107: 9089: 9048: 9007: 8975: 8944: 8932: 8906: 8880: 8854: 8828: 8805: 8783: 8753: 8722: 8692: 8662: 8632: 8602: 8571: 8532: 8518: 8488: 8462: 8443: 8423: 8393: 8366: 8337: 8311: 8285: 8250: 8224: 8198: 8162: 8129: 8115: 8085: 8048: 8014: 8007: 7989: 7959: 7923: 7892: 7861: 7849: 7822: 7789: 7777: 7765: 7723: 7690: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7506: 7494: 7487: 7469: 7437: 7405: 7393: 7381: 7351: 7339: 7308: 7296: 7289: 7267:Jenkins, Nigel 7254: 7222: 7192: 7135: 7109: 7078: 7067:on 18 May 2011 7048: 7017: 7000: 6969: 6936: 6906: 6876: 6855:"FORU Mission" 6846: 6811: 6800:on 5 July 2022 6785: 6755: 6725: 6695: 6665: 6635: 6624:on 18 May 2011 6605: 6579: 6539: 6509: 6479: 6436: 6410: 6365: 6326: 6296: 6266: 6236: 6193: 6182:on 11 May 2006 6163: 6132: 6091: 6061: 6032:"Law 20 Scrum" 6010: 5980: 5950: 5913: 5883: 5853: 5820: 5781: 5742: 5716: 5669: 5662: 5644: 5606: 5580: 5554: 5524: 5494: 5468: 5442: 5411: 5381: 5343: 5328: 5297: 5286: 5274: 5236: 5187: 5161: 5144:ESPN Scrum.com 5124: 5091: 5044: 4999: 4969: 4935: 4909: 4883: 4832: 4802: 4770: 4758: 4732: 4698: 4666: 4654: 4624: 4594: 4564: 4552: 4524: 4488: 4476: 4461: 4434: 4408: 4404:Griffiths 1987 4396: 4370: 4353:lionsrugby.com 4337: 4330: 4312: 4301:on 7 June 2011 4286: 4274: 4248: 4237:on 12 May 2013 4217: 4210: 4192: 4181:on 12 May 2013 4160: 4139: 4113: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4046: 4026: 4000: 3971: 3942: 3913: 3880: 3869: 3849: 3808: 3801: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3749: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3636: 3633: 3625:Gareth Edwards 3617:Tasker Watkins 3598:Nelson Mandela 3575:Forever Strong 3511:Albert Gleizes 3503:Henri Rousseau 3480:Finnegans Wake 3442: 3439: 3435:UEFA Euro 2016 3421:on 24 June at 3367:Alun Wyn Jones 3363:tier 1 nations 3344: 3341: 3304:James Naismith 3294:rugby football 3249:Rugby football 3224: 3221: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3080: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2885:14,952 (2020) 2883: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2849:14,436 (2017) 2847: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2809: 2806: 2712:Main article: 2709: 2706: 2616: 2613: 2517: 2514: 2506:2007 World Cup 2478:2007 World Cup 2462:Main article: 2459: 2456: 2448: 2445: 2391:Main article: 2388: 2385: 2324: 2321: 2250:2019 World Cup 2211:Main article: 2208: 2205: 2138: 2135: 2064:Czechoslovakia 2040:Czechoslovakia 1984: 1981: 1941:British Guiana 1930:Western Canada 1922:Eastern Canada 1897:rugby football 1862: 1859: 1789: 1786: 1762:national sport 1711: 1708: 1704:Agustín Pichot 1626: 1625: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1527: 1521: 1501: 1498: 1452:Main article: 1449: 1446: 1432: 1429: 1379: 1376: 1332:Main article: 1329: 1326: 1305:Main article: 1302: 1299: 1279: 1276: 1252:specific law. 1240: 1237: 1214: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1123: 1120: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1091: 1090:Perimeter area 1088: 1082: 1079: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1031: 1028: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1009: 997: 994: 985: 984: 983:construction). 980: 972: 969: 946: 943: 923: 920: 910: 907: 894: 893:Three-quarters 891: 878: 875: 869: 866: 853: 850: 827: 824: 811: 808: 798: 795: 767:Main article: 764: 761: 720: 717: 620:Melrose Sevens 583: 580: 564:rugby football 485:Main article: 482: 479: 438:in Europe and 401:national sport 388:Eastern Europe 328:United Kingdom 292:at both ends. 258: 257: 231: 225: 224: 217: 213: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 195: 194: 191: 188: 183: 178: 172: 166: 164: 160: 159: 157: 156: 153: 150: 144: 142: 138: 137: 134: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 95: 94: 91: 86: 85: 81: 79: 75: 74: 69: 62: 61: 51:South African 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15458: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15401: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15339: 15336: 15335: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15314: 15311: 15310: 15308: 15304: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15265: 15263: 15259: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15239: 15237: 15235: 15231: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15194: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15103: 15099: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15032: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15010:Over-the-line 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14960: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14935: 14933: 14931: 14925: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14780: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14755: 14753: 14749: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14710: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14683:Elephant polo 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14656: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14639:Street hockey 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14613: 14612:Roller hockey 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14582: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14564: 14561: 14560: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14547: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14524: 14516: 14513: 14512: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14452: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14440: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14417: 14414: 14408: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14373: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14309:American flag 14307: 14306: 14305: 14302: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14255: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14164: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14110: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14044: 14038: 14035: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14026: 14023: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13991: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13971:roller soccer 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13951:Indoor soccer 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13928: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13920: 13917: 13913: 13909: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13825: 13824: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13816:Basket sports 13814: 13811: 13809: 13805: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13777: 13773: 13766: 13761: 13759: 13754: 13752: 13747: 13746: 13743: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13717: 13715: 13711: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13680: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13623: 13619: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13582: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13571: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13480:Ancient games 13478: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13459: 13457: 13453: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13435: 13432: 13431: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13406: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13347: 13343: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13312: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13248:American flag 13246: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13190: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13133: 13132: 13129: 13128: 13126: 13124: 13120: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13077: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13034: 13031: 13030: 13029: 13026: 13022: 13019: 13018: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12957: 12952: 12950: 12945: 12943: 12938: 12937: 12934: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12908: 12902: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12873: 12867: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12812: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12778: 12772: 12765: 12762: 12759: 12756: 12753: 12750: 12747: 12746:Serie A Elite 12744: 12741: 12738: 12735: 12732: 12729: 12726: 12723: 12720: 12717: 12714: 12711: 12708: 12705: 12702: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12687: 12677: 12675: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12663: 12661: 12659: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12648: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12636: 12632: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12586: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12565: 12562: 12556: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12519: 12514: 12512: 12507: 12505: 12500: 12499: 12496: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12342: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12306: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12284:United States 12282: 12281: 12279: 12275: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12254:Other nations 12252: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12142: 12133: 12129: 12126: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12114: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12096: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12087:South Africa 12086: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12062: 12060: 12055: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12036: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12018: 12015: 12011: 12010: 12008: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11995:Serie A Elite 11992: 11991: 11989: 11984: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11965: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11918: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11906: 11902: 11899: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11887: 11883: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11868: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11835:International 11833: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11809:European cups 11807: 11804: 11800: 11795: 11787: 11782: 11780: 11775: 11773: 11768: 11767: 11764: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11735: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11663:Churchill Cup 11661: 11659: 11653: 11651: 11645: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11630: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11592:South America 11590: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11551:North America 11549: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11513: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11476:Europe Sevens 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11447: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11411: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11368: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11315: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11239:Sevens Series 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11203:Sevens Series 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11163:South America 11161: 11159: 11158:North America 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11127: 11119: 11114: 11112: 11107: 11105: 11100: 11099: 11096: 11084: 11076: 11074: 11066: 11065: 11062: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10994:Playing field 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10829: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10738: 10733: 10731: 10726: 10724: 10719: 10718: 10715: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10640: 10636: 10634: 10633: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10590: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10565: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10516: 10511: 10509: 10504: 10502: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10477: 10474: 10471: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10456: 10453: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10410: 10401: 10396: 10392: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10359: 10356:. Edinburgh: 10354: 10353: 10346: 10342: 10340:0-7092-0153-2 10336: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10318: 10314: 10312:0-7091-5394-5 10308: 10303: 10302: 10295: 10291: 10289:0-460-07003-7 10285: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10270:0-85112-214-0 10266: 10262: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10244: 10239: 10235: 10230: 10226: 10224:1-86200-013-1 10220: 10216: 10211: 10207: 10205:0-7172-1601-2 10201: 10197: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10189: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10090: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10059: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10028: 10020: 10018:0-7083-1370-1 10014: 10010: 10003: 9988:on 1 May 2008 9987: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9965: 9963:1-85973-327-1 9959: 9955: 9948: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9917: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9857: 9841: 9838:(in French). 9837: 9836: 9831: 9824: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9794: 9792: 9775: 9771: 9765: 9763: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9732: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9702: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9644: 9625: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9605: 9588: 9584: 9577: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9547: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9509: 9507:91-85377-48-1 9503: 9499: 9492: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9462: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9423: 9417: 9413: 9406: 9398: 9392: 9388: 9381: 9373: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9346:0-7172-1601-2 9342: 9338: 9331: 9329: 9322:, p. 115 9321: 9316: 9309: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9271: 9255: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9190: 9186: 9180: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9118: 9110: 9108:1-85225-196-4 9104: 9100: 9093: 9074: 9070: 9069:irishrugby.ie 9063: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9020: 9014: 9012: 8995: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8984:"Touch Rugby" 8979: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8936: 8921:. 27 May 2023 8920: 8916: 8910: 8895:. 2 June 2023 8894: 8890: 8884: 8868: 8864: 8858: 8842: 8838: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8793: 8787: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8726: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8636: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8590: 8586: 8585:The Telegraph 8582: 8575: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8528: 8522: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8437:. Routledge. 8436: 8435: 8427: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8370: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8342: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8166: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8133: 8125: 8119: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8073: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8018: 8010: 8008:0-9504421-0-0 8004: 8000: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7972:IrishRugby.ie 7969: 7963: 7955: 7949: 7933: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7796: 7794: 7787:, p. 126 7786: 7781: 7774: 7769: 7761: 7755: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7657:, p. 105 7656: 7651: 7644: 7639: 7633:, p. 152 7632: 7627: 7620: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7583:, p. 127 7582: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7559:, p. 166 7558: 7553: 7546: 7541: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7504:, p. 148 7503: 7498: 7490: 7488:1-85973-327-1 7484: 7480: 7473: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7409: 7402: 7397: 7391:, p. 160 7390: 7385: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7275:"Rugby Union" 7272: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7239: 7232: 7226: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6951:AllBlacks.com 6947: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6919:rugbyweek.com 6916: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6674:"Nations Cup" 6669: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6593: 6589: 6583: 6575: 6569: 6553: 6552:irbsevens.com 6549: 6543: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6492:rwcwomens.com 6489: 6483: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6136: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5688: 5687:"Law 5: Time" 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5665: 5663:0-7092-0153-2 5659: 5655: 5648: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5616: 5610: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5353: 5347: 5340:. p. 97. 5339: 5332: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5246: 5240: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4942: 4940: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4768:, p. 118 4767: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4703: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4561: 4556: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349:"The History" 4344: 4342: 4333: 4331:0-908812-30-2 4327: 4323: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4211:0-415-39616-6 4207: 4203: 4196: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4081: 4074: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3895:National Post 3891: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789:Lonely Planet 3786: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3735: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3649:Sports portal 3639: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3547:for his work 3546: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3505:'s 1908 work 3504: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3452: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3274:football code 3271: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186:Ten man rugby 3183: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2995:United States 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2743:United States 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2652:In 2009, the 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2590: 2587:has replaced 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2399: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2365:Côte d'Ivoire 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2317: 2314:before their 2313: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2201:South America 2198: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:South America 2164: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2137:South America 2134: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:Dynamo Moscow 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2077:, joined the 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1979:competition. 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1963:college sport 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:United States 1874: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1806:Charles Monro 1803: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612:Oceania Rugby 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466:, socks, and 1465: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1442: 1437: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1236: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1211: 1203:pass the ball 1197: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1167:will result. 1166: 1162: 1151: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1087: 1081:In-goal areas 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1027: 1023: 1017:Field of play 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 993: 989: 981: 978: 977: 976: 971:Playing field 968: 966: 962: 958: 952: 938: 933: 929: 919: 916: 906: 904: 900: 890: 888: 884: 874: 865: 863: 859: 844: 840: 836: 833: 823: 821: 817: 807: 805: 794: 792: 788: 784: 775: 770: 760: 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 729: 727: 716: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 689: 687: 686: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 653: 646: 642: 638: 636: 632: 628: 627:British Isles 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 579: 577: 572: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 529: 525: 521: 512: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 488: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 429: 428:Raeburn Place 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 399: 398: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:South America 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 276: 275:close-contact 272: 268: 264: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 206: 203: 199: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 165: 161: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 143: 139: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 106: 102: 98: 92: 89: 88: 83: 82: 80: 76: 73: 70: 68: 63: 58: 54: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 15370:Roller derby 15262:Water sports 15182:Sepak takraw 15172:Newcomb ball 14928:Bat-and-ball 14798:Longue paume 14793:Jeu de paume 14570:Floor hockey 14558:Field hockey 14303: 14267:Rugby league 13956:minifootball 13936:beach soccer 13798:Sportspeople 13725:Oldest clubs 13607:Rugby league 13552:Old Division 13441:Rugby league 13346:Hybrid codes 13321:Circle rules 13242: 13016:Keepie uppie 12790:Women's SVNS 12776:competitions 12691:competitions 12672: 12664: 12656: 12560:competitions 12186:Coppa Italia 12042:New Zealand 11924:Championship 11793: 11678:Pan American 11668:Crescent Cup 11655:World Games 11128:competitions 11125: 11050:Oldest clubs 10954:Rugby league 10924:Rugby league 10767:Competitions 10751: 10690: 10637: 10630: 10599:Championship 10536:Championship 10479:Planet Rugby 10444:. Retrieved 10440:the original 10424:. Retrieved 10420:the original 10408: 10407: 10399: 10376: 10351: 10330: 10321: 10300: 10279: 10260: 10251: 10242: 10233: 10214: 10195: 10187: 10186: 10168:. Retrieved 10164:the original 10160:rugby365.com 10159: 10150: 10140:23 September 10138:. Retrieved 10129: 10120: 10108:. Retrieved 10099: 10089: 10077:. Retrieved 10068: 10058: 10046:. Retrieved 10042:the original 10037: 10027: 10008: 10002: 9990:. Retrieved 9986:the original 9981: 9972: 9953: 9947: 9935:. Retrieved 9931:the original 9926: 9916: 9904:. Retrieved 9895: 9886: 9874:. Retrieved 9870:the original 9865: 9856: 9844:. Retrieved 9833: 9823: 9811:. Retrieved 9802: 9780:27 September 9778:. Retrieved 9774:the original 9749:. Retrieved 9740: 9731: 9719:. Retrieved 9715:the original 9711:The Guardian 9710: 9701: 9689:. Retrieved 9685:the original 9675: 9663:. Retrieved 9652: 9643: 9633:25 September 9631:. Retrieved 9624:the original 9593:25 September 9591:. 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The 3506: 3501: 3494: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3465:Rugby School 3458: 3456: 3450: 3380: 3360: 3356: 3334: 3320: 3302: 3288: 3278: 3270:Rugby league 3268: 3210: 3185: 3184: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3153: 3149:Dubai Sevens 3137:rugby sevens 3134: 3131: 3101:Rugby sevens 3083: 3074: 2947:New Zealand 2915:South Africa 2822:Competition 2811: 2779: 2732: 2717: 2670: 2651: 2632: 2597: 2593: 2581:Home Nations 2577:Five Nations 2576: 2572: 2546: 2535: 2511: 2502: 2489:South Africa 2482: 2474:Eiffel Tower 2434: 2426: 2406: 2361: 2349:Eastern Cape 2329:South Africa 2326: 2290:Dubai Sevens 2278: 2235: 2216: 2195: 2189:(1948), and 2160: 2153:playing the 2131:Rugby Europe 2127: 2104: 2072: 2001: 1967: 1957: 1934: 1901:forward pass 1870: 1814: 1791: 1759: 1731: 1710:Global reach 1657: 1627: 1624:, or CONSUR) 1621: 1606:Rugby Europe 1588:Rugby Africa 1582: 1535: 1518: 1495: 1480: 1464:rugby shorts 1457: 1438: 1434: 1422: 1407: 1399: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1356: 1322: 1310: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1229: 1221: 1177: 1172:intermission 1169: 1157: 1148: 1125: 1116: 1108: 1105: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1045: 1037: 1033: 1024: 1020: 1003: 999: 996:Playing area 990: 986: 974: 961:penalty kick 954: 912: 896: 880: 871: 855: 829: 813: 800: 789:) and seven 787:rugby league 780: 746: 738:Heineken Cup 734:shamateurism 730: 722: 710: 690: 683: 680:Teddy Morgan 676:Tom Williams 669: 663:in 1906 and 661:South Africa 654: 650: 624: 616:rugby sevens 585: 576:rugby league 568: 537: 517: 505:Rugby School 490: 455:Bunnings NPC 444: 425: 395: 392:Rugby Europe 344:South Africa 324:Home Nations 321: 317:rugby league 302: 294: 282:Rugby School 270: 266: 262: 261: 251:Rugby sevens 221:Commonwealth 155:Full contact 123:Team members 36: 32:Rugby league 15436:Turf sports 15426:Team sports 15406:Rugby union 15360:Makura-Nage 15217:pioneerball 15147:Footbag net 15087:Wiffle ball 14778:Gain-ground 14773:Flickerball 14733:Segway polo 14673:Cowboy polo 14536:Ball hockey 14493:intercrosse 14304:Rugby union 14137:Samoa rules 14013:Nine-a-side 14008:Metro footy 13772:Team sports 13682:Memorabilia 13621:Comparisons 13612:Rugby union 13597:Association 13446:Rugby union 13424:Association 13410:regulations 13379:Samoa rules 13359:Boston game 13314:Other codes 13103:Nine-a-side 13098:Metro footy 13065:Three-sided 13050:Rush goalie 12994:Five-a-side 12971:Association 12660:(1993–2005) 12625:Six Nations 12396:Netherlands 12330:South Korea 12113:Varsity Cup 11917:Premiership 11794:rugby union 11693:Tbilisi Cup 11456:Six Nations 11370:Continental 11329:Nations Cup 11308:World Games 11277:Asian Games 11138:World Rugby 11126:rugby union 11025:Rugby union 11008:Comparisons 10907:Comparisons 10853:Samoa rules 10787:Eye-gouging 10752:Rugby union 10558:New Zealand 9691:27 February 9654:World Rugby 9481:27 February 9320:Stubbs 2009 9155:"About AFR" 9123:"Tag Rugby" 9082:27 February 9027:World Rugby 8899:15 December 8893:Rugby World 8847:15 December 8511:4 September 8278:27 February 8144:Rugby World 7938:13 November 7604:28 November 7128:24 December 6962:10 November 6598:20 November 6558:27 February 6522:stuff.co.nz 6390:World Rugby 6345:World Rugby 6215:World Rugby 6111:World Rugby 6040:World Rugby 6003:27 February 5973:27 February 5943:27 February 5906:27 February 5876:27 February 5800:World Rugby 5761:World Rugby 5709:27 February 5695:World Rugby 5623:World Rugby 5461:8 September 5360:World Rugby 5321:1 September 5253:World Rugby 5215:World Rugby 5070:World Rugby 5023:World Rugby 4876:19 November 4766:Stubbs 2009 4647:12 November 4617:12 November 4587:12 November 4545:20 November 4185:12 November 4087:, p. 9 3842:27 February 3586:John Carlin 3572:(1991) and 3545:Jean Jacoby 3531:André Lhote 3529:(1916) and 3491:James Magee 3477:(1922) and 3405:during the 3399:Murrayfield 3326:Association 3213:beach rugby 3162:Touch rugby 3126:Beach rugby 3109:Touch rugby 2833:Attendance 2782:Six Nations 2724:Netherlands 2685:Asian Games 2681:New Zealand 2497:New Zealand 2422:World Rugby 2312:Ivory Coast 2258:South Korea 2083:Six Nations 2056:Netherlands 2016:Netherlands 2008:attendances 1959:Rugby union 1823: 1884 1802:New Zealand 1764:; they are 1649:Super Rugby 1574:Nations Cup 1506:World Rugby 1491:shin guards 1483:mouthguards 1460:rugby shirt 1441:World Rugby 1418:yellow card 749:Tri Nations 742:Super Rugby 657:New Zealand 520:Albert Pell 447:Premiership 407:, Georgia, 340:New Zealand 298:World Rugby 267:rugby union 205:Rugby field 181:Rugby boots 72:World Rugby 57:New Zealand 40:Rugby union 15411:Ball games 15400:Categories 15380:Tug of war 15338:wheelchair 15295:inner tube 15285:Water polo 15234:Tag sports 15192:Volleyball 15157:Footvolley 15025:Schlagball 14914:Yukigassen 14909:Whirlyball 14887:Tchoukball 14882:Tamburello 14862:Prisonball 14830:wheelchair 14763:Cycle ball 14728:Polocrosse 14713:Arena polo 14678:Cycle polo 14595:ice sledge 14580:Ice hockey 14483:box/indoor 14468:Knattleikr 14397:Yubi lakpi 14366:Wheelchair 14297:wheelchair 14233:Marn grook 14228:Lelo burti 14091:wheelchair 13966:powerchair 13961:paralympic 13885:wheelchair 13848:wheelchair 13823:Basketball 13704:Rugby card 13522:Marn Grook 13364:Eton field 13336:Lelo burti 13305:Wheelchair 13231:Wheelchair 13171:Wheelchair 13113:Variations 13033:Powerchair 13028:Paralympic 12869:Historical 12658:Canada Cup 12171:Celtic Cup 12092:Currie Cup 11893:Australia 11867:Argentina 11792:Top-level 11578:RAN Sevens 11501:U18 Sevens 11213:U20 Trophy 10999:Wheelchair 10888:Wheelchair 10831:Variations 10529:2022 Teams 10485:ESPN Rugby 10473:Rugby Data 10446:16 January 10426:16 January 8625:6 February 8595:5 November 8155:5 November 7716:7 February 6889:consur.org 6259:24 October 5735:7 December 4902:6 February 4848:. London: 4825:6 February 4517:3 December 4132:6 February 4019:1 December 3993:9 December 3964:9 December 3791:. p. 3725:References 3613:Twickenham 3569:Old Scores 3563:Grand Slam 3441:In culture 3371:Dan Carter 3347:See also: 3308:basketball 3227:See also: 3217:snow rugby 3206:garryowens 3202:crash ball 3169:Mini rugby 3156:rugby tens 3117:Mini rugby 3105:Rugby tens 2907:Currie Cup 2828:Countries 2733:The first 2726:played in 2689:1998 games 2677:1998 Games 2675:since the 2619:See also: 1865:See also: 1774:Madagascar 1714:See also: 1594:Asia Rugby 1504:See also: 1472:rugby ball 1278:Set pieces 1239:Breakdowns 1122:Flag posts 949:See also: 883:scrum-half 877:Half-backs 826:Second row 645:James Ryan 463:Currie Cup 459:League One 409:Madagascar 278:team sport 223:countries) 186:Mouthguard 177:(optional) 170:Rugby ball 148:Team sport 15365:Paintball 15350:Hornussen 15318:Bo-taoshi 15187:Throwball 15120:Bossaball 15057:Town ball 15052:Stoolball 15047:Stickball 15035:Fastpitch 15015:Pesäpallo 14948:Brännboll 14943:Baseball5 14877:Roll ball 14872:Quidditch 14768:Dodgeball 14758:Angleball 14722:Snow polo 14693:Horseball 14668:Auto polo 14575:Floorball 14553:Broomball 14392:Jegichagi 14387:Kī-o-rahi 14213:Harpastum 14142:Speedball 14061:eight-man 14018:Rec footy 13941:freestyle 13855:Cestoball 13512:Harpastum 13507:Episkyros 13467:Sheffield 13462:Cambridge 13408:Rules and 13394:Universal 13384:Speedball 13369:Eton wall 13151:Seven-man 13136:Eight-man 13108:Rec footy 13040:Jorkyball 13011:Freestyle 12676:(2015–19) 12668:(2008–13) 12335:Sri Lanka 12315:Hong Kong 12299:Venezuela 12061:Scotland 11688:Super Cup 11229:World Cup 11193:World Cup 11179:Worldwide 10974:Geography 10822:Positions 10782:Equipment 10548:Australia 10543:Argentina 10170:28 August 10110:28 August 10079:28 August 10048:28 August 9992:6 October 9937:28 August 9906:28 August 9876:28 August 9741:BBC Sport 9308:Bath 1997 9232:The Times 9169:18 August 8940:Bath 1997 8715:18 August 8675:BBC Sport 8645:BBC Sport 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13183:Canadian 13146:Nine-man 13131:American 13123:Gridiron 12814:Regional 12588:Regional 12411:Portugal 12325:Malaysia 12277:Americas 12106:Gold Cup 12080:1872 Cup 11971:Ireland 11912:England 11861:Domestic 11723:Super 10 11073:Category 10969:Gameplay 10797:Glossary 10792:Gameplay 10134:Archived 10130:BBC News 10104:Archived 10073:Archived 10069:BBC News 9900:Archived 9840:Archived 9835:L'Équipe 9807:Archived 9751:12 March 9745:Archived 9659:Archived 9556:iwrf.com 9530:Archived 9260:12 March 9189:Archived 8962:Archived 8867:Archived 8823:Archived 8798:30 March 8740:Archived 8709:Archived 8679:Archived 8649:Archived 8619:Archived 8615:BBC News 8475:Archived 8449:Archived 8380:Archived 8298:Archived 8272:Archived 8237:Archived 8211:Archived 8149:Archived 8102:Archived 8078:5 August 8035:Archived 7910:Archived 7879:Archived 7836:Archived 7754:cite web 7710:Archived 7677:Archived 7598:Archived 7524:Archived 7326:Archived 7209:Archived 7122:Archived 7096:Archived 7035:Archived 6893:Archived 6592:Archived 6568:cite web 6313:Archived 6156:15 March 6078:Archived 5846:26 April 5599:21 March 5593:Archived 5567:Archived 5541:Archived 5511:Archived 5429:Archived 5398:Archived 5315:Archived 5148:Archived 4992:29 April 4956:Archived 4928:21 March 4745:Archived 4719:Archived 4641:Archived 4611:Archived 4581:Archived 4511:Archived 4447:Archived 4421:Archived 4357:Archived 4267:22 March 4261:Archived 4126:Archived 4108:Archived 4103:BBC News 3958:Archived 3929:Archived 3900:Archived 3833:Archived 3635:See also 3588:'s book 3581:Invictus 3578:(2008). 3519:(1912), 3423:Camp Nou 3391:Scotland 3095:Variants 2831:Average 2722:and the 2565:Scotland 2357:Rhodesia 2337:Zimbabwe 2296:and the 2231:Malaysia 2193:(1968). 2191:Paraguay 2113:and the 2096:Portugal 2060:Portugal 1994:playing 1945:Barbados 1924:and the 1910:Grey Cup 1873:Canada's 1738:Scotland 1698:and the 1664:Scotland 1643:and the 1576:and the 1542:rankings 1487:headgear 1414:red card 1352:Brumbies 1313:line-out 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