155:
education, food, health, and sanitary housing. They recommended that governments promote access to free public education including bilingual studies to reach the largest possible number of people and special education classes for those with different physical or mental needs. They suggested that government adopt policies against smoking and alcohol to protect the health of citizens, provide sexual hygiene education to adolescents and adopt policies for the rehabilitation of prostitutes. They urged that working women's rights to be promoted be secured and that social security programs be inclusive for all members of society. They backed children's rights, suggested daycare centers be provided for day laborer's children, and that juvenile justice systems should be established, which protected children whether legitimate or illegitimate, whether the parents were married or unmarried. They suggested that single women's rights should be protected and justice systems be revised to better implement fairness and equity. Finally, they recognized that freedom of conscience and freedom of worship and expression should be protected and never used as a means to impose political or economic ideology.
955:
180:, which promoted peace and support for all nations in the region. They urged disarmament, recognizing that increasing armament was not only a means for increasing security, but also had the potential to be turned against the people. They urged policies that did not increase the industrialized nations at the expense of those with less industrialization and stressed that more developed countries should help raise standards of living for everyone. The committee spoke against the
143:
women and indigenous people; and that discrimination exercised against individuals or groups of people on the basis of "race, religion, ideology, sex or national origin" be discouraged. The also strongly urged that in all cases, military authority must be subordinate to civil authority and that any plan to arm the
Americas should be immediately dropped and peaceful cooperation should become the goal.
130:
recommended a broad education program so that all members of society, including children and the elderly understood both the benefits and dangers of nuclear power. Finally, they urged that the United
Nations appoint pacifist women to posts to help regulate and monitor all aspects of the atomic industry including financing, production and raw materials, in an effort to prevent any further atomic war.
241:, US secretary of state and Raoul Fernández, president of the Rio Conference the cable denounced armament and urged that the funds proposed for weapons be redirected toward developing programs for industry, agriculture and heath programs for citizens. Another cable urged breaking with dictators and denounced Franco. Three cables went to individuals as homage for their like-mindedness: to
56:
Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El
Salvador, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela. The women were not politically radical but believed in peace, political equality, and security of human welfare. The first press release issued spoke against the
256:
The women resolved to encourage world peace and strengthening democracy in the
Americas. They determined to form a federation consisting of a Secretariat of three members elected by the Congress, a committee composed of three secretariat members and six members appointed by the congress representing
171:
led the committee to discuss Inter-American policy issues. The women were well aware of the simultaneous session going on in Rio de
Janeiro, working toward expanding arms and reciprocal assistance, which was seen as at odds with their pacifist goals. The women stressed support for the goals of the
261:
representing Canada and the US; Judith
Horcasitas de Forgrave representing Central America and Mexico; Gumercinda Páez representing the Antilles and Panama; Lucila Rubio de Laverde representing Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela; MarĂa Mercedes Rivera Urquieta representing Bolivia, Chile, and
201:
and the women resolved that immigrants must be free to choose the country they are most suited for and that the United
Nations should facilitate expansion of immigration quotas in all countries to resettle displaced persons. They heard from Palestinian representative Rose Gutman, who stressed the
142:
discussed how the concept of democracy had to be expanded to include more than just a political sphere. They recommended that democracy must include raising the standard of living of all people to respect economic, political and cultural parity; that it include the right of self-determination for
129:
of Chile. They discussed many aspects of the threat of nuclear weaponry and urged as one of their 8 recommendations that all steps be taken ensure that nuclear weapons were not used again, including destroying all existing weapons and the manufacturing plants that produced them. In addition, they
184:
which violated worker’s rights, expansionist policies of the US, and non-democratic regimes, which threatened the rights of citizens. They stipulated that passports and currencies throughout the
Americas be standardized to allow for free trade and free movement of citizens. Overall they endorsed
108:
The program centered on six themes discussed in committees, covering such topics as nuclear arms and nuclear power; pro-democracy movement; interrelations of the
Americas; immigration, refugees and war victims; and civil and political rights. Clearly, they were not just interested in traditional
154:
de Bilbao of
Bolivia headed the third committee which focused on human rights including economic security, education, health care and freedom of expression. They discussed many aspects of what respecting human rights entails, including the right of all humans for the having sufficient access to
219:
of Mexico. Though many issues were discussed, among the most important were recognition of the equality of men's and women's civil and political rights, implementation of civil marriage and divorce throughout the Americas, unrestricted access to finances within the marriage, the elimination of
55:
There were representatives from countries throughout the Americas who accepted the invitation to attend the Conference, but the delegates were not country representatives. Instead, the women represented women's clubs throughout the region. The women participating were from: Argentina, Bolivia,
224:
in cases of adultery, freedom of choice for spouses to determine their nationality, uniform policies of obligation for parental support of children, abolition of the death penalty, and encouragement of women's organizations and strengthening the access women have to posts of responsibility.
269:
The secretariat was charged with coordination of the work to secure publication. The executive committee was charged with implementing adoption of resolutions and compliance with the resolutions, as well as preparing and obtaining ratification of governing documents for the Federation.
206:
and development of a home for stateless Jews. Lastly, they urged immediate emergency relief be developed by women's groups and the United Nations for the relief of children and the malnutrition caused by the ravages of war.
841:
64:
and urged arming the nation states of the Western Hemisphere and consolidating their agreement for reciprocal assistance. The women insisted on their right to speak on international issues and urged peace in the region.
109:
women's issues and the list of delegates shows that many of the women were drawn from a wide swath of society, yet atypical of most women in their societies. They were educated, professionals (though some were
215:
The sixth committee tended to evaluate issues which had more often been construed as feminist issues—women's civil and political rights and access to posts of responsibility. It was chaired by
329:, representing the Asociaciones Cristianas Femeninas, CĂrculo Pro Paz y de CooperaciĂłn Americana, Consejo Nacional de Mujeres and FederaciĂłn Chilena Femenina (casilla 1214, ValparaĂso)
90:
852:
447:
198:
1003:
390:
382:
322:, of the Women's International League (4536 - 8th. Ave W., Vancouver, BC); and Helen R. Dlury of the National Council of Women and Canadian Clubs (309 Daly Ave. Ottawa)
973:
402:
394:
164:
372:
386:
555:
511:
543:
499:
466:
98:
25:
357:
730:
507:
503:
851:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Instituto Universitario de la Mujer de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. pp. 1–15. Archived from
333:
539:
527:
523:
515:
491:
487:
443:
216:
495:
451:
583:
203:
273:
There is no evidence that the federation was ever launched, but the resolutions they proposed were adopted virtually verbatim by the
978:
692:
534:, President of the American branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1734 F St NW, Washington 6, DC);
94:
364:, of the Liga Femenina Salvadoreña and for the AsociaciĂłn de Costureras (housed in the LibrerĂa Patria of San Salvador); and
417:
298:
193:
The fifth committee looked at European immigration, refugees and victims of war, but was expanded at the urging on Honduran
538:, delegate of the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom and World Federation (1645 Kimble St., Utica - 3 NY);
998:
735:
ParticipaciĂłn polĂtica, persecuciĂłn y exilio femenino al sur de la frontera mexicana (En la segunda mitad del siglo XX)
577:
625:
301:
de Lozada (12 Welwyn Road, Great Neck, New York, and box 51 of La Paz, Bolivia) (mother of future Bolivian president
197:
de Miralda to include political prisoners and political exiles in Latin America. The committee was headed by Mexican
185:
support for the United Nations and its goals of pacifism and international cooperation, rather than exploitation.
551:
274:
86:
935:
562:
738:
573:
530:, for WILPF and Pan American Women's Club of Minneapolis, Minnesota (4950 Harriet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn);
78:
458:, for the Mexican Teachers, National Film Archive and Secretary of EducaciĂłn (Coahuila 106 - apto 9); and
302:
28:(WILPF) and hosted by the Unión Democrática de Mujeres of Guatemala. This organization had been formed by
348:
455:
85:
acted as General Secretary. Funding for the event came mainly from North American sources including the
993:
546:, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (170 Tamalpais Road, 8 Berkeley, California),
49:
983:
526:, the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom (2281 Grand Boulevard, Detroit 8 Michigan);
954:
1008:
988:
535:
424:
326:
126:
20:(First Inter-American Congress of Women) was a feminist meeting held from 21 to 27 August 1947 in
470:
428:
337:
234:
617:
586:
of the Women International League for Peace and Freedom (60 West 11 Street, Tel Aviv, Palestine)
398:
291:
263:
37:
33:
459:
365:
168:
569:
432:
344:
731:"ParticipaciĂłn PolĂtica de las Mujeres en la Primavera Democrática Guatemalteca (1944-1954)"
361:
406:
8:
483:
Puerto Rico: the delegate represented the AsociaciĂłn Puertorriquena de Esposas de Masones
114:
102:
737:(in Spanish). Chapter 8. San Jose, Costa Rica: Universidad de Costa Rica. Archived from
469:, for the Mesa Redonda and Liga de Mujeres (3a. calle SE 4a. y 5a. Ave. Managua DN) and
450:
of the Servicio Civil de Mujeres Mexicanas (Mississippi #117-11, MĂ©xico, DF); Professor
405:, for the congress' hosts Unión Democrática de Mujeres (Callejón Delfino No. 11 B), and
610:
547:
177:
110:
477:
462:, of the Liga Internacional and People's Mandate (Querétaro 102, letra E, México, DF)[
74:
621:
519:
242:
41:
29:
315:
306:
258:
250:
181:
173:
151:
82:
376:
139:
531:
238:
947:
473:
de Saballo (a lawyer from Nicaragua) for the Inter-American Commission of Women
319:
311:
Brazil: the delegate represented the Sociedad CĂvica Femenina de Santos, Brasil
61:
21:
967:
413:
246:
45:
938:. Brooklyn, New York: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 28 September 1947. p. 9
117:), who were active outside the home and involved in international politics.
693:"Las Mujeres no Votan Porque SĂ: Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres, 1947"
318:, of the Local Council of Women (1175 Dominion St., Winnipeg, Manitoba);
454:
representing all of the teachers of Mexico City (MedellĂn 355, Dpto.3);
375:
for the Damas Protectoras del Obrero (calle Santa MarĂa 362, Quito) and
436:
194:
431:, for the Comités Pro Paz y Libertad de San Pedro Sula y Tegucigalpa;
542:
of the Pan American Women's Association (39 Ocean Ave. Brookly, NY);
221:
565:, of the Alianza Uruguaya de Mujeres (Santa LucĂa 4638, Montevideo)
57:
294:
de Gaudino for the FederaciĂłn Argentina de Mujeres Universitarias
278:
699:(in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Ricardo Flores Asturias
502:
of the Zonta International (Canadian Embassy, Santiago, Chile);
360:, of the Liga Femenina Salvadoreña (18 AN # 62, San Salvador);
340:, of the Alianza Femenina Colombiana (calle 10 #19-64, Bogotá)
91:
National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs
60:, which was simultaneously being discussed at a conference in
125:
The committee to discuss nuclear power was led by Professor
796:
794:
257:
the various regions. The appointees to the committee were
253:
for his efforts toward Latin America in defense of peace.
245:, for championing peace and international cooperation; to
73:
The meeting was presided over by the Panamanian delegate,
928:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
237:
of Colombia. At the conclusion, six cables were sent. To
870:
803:
791:
921:
919:
917:
915:
905:
903:
884:
882:
842:"Balance del Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres"
266:
de Gaudino representing Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.
784:
782:
780:
778:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
711:
612:
Latin American women and the search for social justice
912:
900:
891:
879:
616:. Hanover: University Press of New England. p.
188:
775:
753:
1004:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
609:
277:Comision Inter-Americano de Mujeres (CIM) held in
26:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
974:International organizations based in the Americas
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
52:to push for recognition of women's civil rights.
965:
728:
835:
690:
603:
601:
599:
576:(Venezuela’s woman consul to New York) for the
480:(calle Victoriano Lorenzo No.21, apartado 1627)
353:Cuba: Malin ? for La Cruz Blanca de la Paz
158:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
641:
554:(2660 California Street, San Francisco); and
210:
596:
446:for the Inter-American Commission of Women;
133:
936:"Peace League to Hear Palestine Woman Talk"
812:
514:(5406 Connecticut Ave, NW Washington, DC);
444:Amalia González Caballero de Castillo Ledón
233:The resolutions phase was presided over by
217:Amalia González Caballero de Castillo Ledón
24:, Guatemala. It was called together by the
729:RodrĂguez de Ita, Guadalupe (March 2001).
435:for the Honduran exiles in Guatemala and
249:for her fight for women’s rights; and to
97:, the People’s Mandate Committee, the US
18:Primer Congreso Interamericano de Mujeres
691:Flores Asturias, Ricardo (6 June 2011).
336:, of the UniĂłn Femenina de Colombia and
138:The second committee led by Ecuadorian
966:
607:
839:
510:(34 Isabella St., Boston 16, Mass.);
840:LĂłpez, Matilde Elena (August 1947).
420:(43 Rue Christophe, Port-au-Prince)
13:
578:Inter-American Commission of Women
299:Carmen Sánchez de Bustamante Calvo
14:
1020:
522:(32 Gabley E. Rd., Berea, Ohio);
189:Immigration and displaced persons
953:
77:with the Guatemalan First Lady,
979:Organization of American States
849:Balance del Congreso de Mujeres
558:(4 River Road, Youngstown, NY).
552:National Council of Negro Women
418:Ligue FĂ©minine d'Action Sociale
275:Organization of American States
220:exemption from prosecution for
146:
120:
87:National Council of Negro Women
228:
1:
590:
448:Judith Horcasitas de Forgrave
199:Judith Horcasitas de Forgrave
32:de Castañeda, Berta Corleto,
284:
159:Inter-American policy issues
95:Pan-American League of Miami
7:
876:"Miller (1991)", pp 128-129
809:"Miller (1991)", pp 128-130
800:"Miller (1991)", pp 124-125
50:Guatemalan 1944 coup d'Ă©tat
10:
1025:
608:Miller, Francesca (1991).
574:Isabel Sánchez de Urdaneta
211:Civil and political rights
68:
48:immediately following the
40:de Padilla, Rosa de Mora,
999:History of Guatemala City
563:EloĂsa GarcĂa Etchegoyhen
391:Hortencia Hernández Rojas
303:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
134:Conceptualizing democracy
81:, as honorary president.
79:Elisa MartĂnez de ArĂ©valo
697:Politica y Sentido Comun
536:Frances Benedict Stewart
456:Elena Sánchez Valenzuela
403:Victoria Moraga Martines
204:"the Palestine question"
429:Lucila Gamero de Medina
383:MarĂa del Carmen Vargas
338:Lucila Rubio de Laverde
235:Lucila Rubio de Laverde
202:need for resolution of
165:Maria del Carmen Vargas
925:"Miller (1991)", p 125
909:"Miller (1991)", p 131
897:"Miller (1991)", p 130
888:"Miller (1991)", p 129
788:"Miller (1991)", p 126
772:"Miller (1991)", p 128
377:Nela MartĂnez Espinoza
373:Ligia Guerrero Vallejo
349:Corina RodrĂguez LĂłpez
34:Elisa Hall de Asturias
570:Enriqueta de Landaeta
556:Mary Magdalene Wilkin
512:Lyu Smith de Mandaley
433:Helena Leiva de Holst
425:Argentina DĂaz Lozano
345:Odilia Castro Hidalgo
327:MarĂa Rivera Urquieta
127:MarĂa Rivera Urquieta
544:Carolyn B. Threlkeld
399:Gloria Menéndez Mina
292:MarĂa Teresa Ferrari
264:MarĂa Teresa Ferrari
115:white-collar workers
38:Gloria Menéndez Mina
500:Marjorie S. Elliott
467:Alicia Fornos Ramos
460:Rosa Torre González
393:(2a. Av. S. # 24);
366:Matilde Elena LĂłpez
169:Matilde Elena LĂłpez
103:Zonta International
548:Sue Bailey Thurman
471:Olga Núñez Abaunza
395:MarĂa Luisa LaĂnez
362:Rosa Amelia Guzmán
178:Act of Chapultepec
994:1947 in Guatemala
520:Delta Kappa Gamma
508:Dorothy A. Hickie
504:Maria E. Gardiner
407:Magdalena SpĂnola
243:Eleanor Roosevelt
1016:
984:1947 conferences
959:
958:
957:
951:
945:
943:
932:
926:
923:
910:
907:
898:
895:
889:
886:
877:
874:
868:
867:
865:
863:
857:
846:
837:
810:
807:
801:
798:
789:
786:
773:
770:
751:
750:
748:
746:
726:
709:
708:
706:
704:
688:
639:
638:
636:
634:
615:
605:
387:MarĂn d'Echevers
358:MarĂa Cruz Palma
316:Beatrice Brigden
307:Ana Rosa Tornero
259:Beatrice Brigden
182:Taft Hartley Act
174:Atlantic Charter
152:Ana Rosa Tornero
83:Heloise Brainerd
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1009:Pan-Americanism
989:Feminist events
964:
963:
962:
952:
941:
939:
934:
933:
929:
924:
913:
908:
901:
896:
892:
887:
880:
875:
871:
861:
859:
858:on 21 June 2015
855:
844:
838:
813:
808:
804:
799:
792:
787:
776:
771:
754:
744:
742:
741:on 5 March 2016
727:
712:
702:
700:
689:
642:
632:
630:
628:
606:
597:
593:
532:Annalee Stewart
486:United States:
478:Gumercinda Páez
287:
239:George Marshall
231:
213:
191:
167:and Salvadoran
161:
149:
136:
123:
75:Gumercinda Páez
71:
12:
11:
5:
1022:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
961:
960:
948:Newspapers.com
927:
911:
899:
890:
878:
869:
811:
802:
790:
774:
752:
710:
640:
626:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
580:
566:
559:
540:Mary Tailisoff
528:Grace K. Sabor
524:Elsie L. Picon
516:Lucille Mercer
492:Adelaide Baker
488:Laura Albrecht
484:
481:
474:
463:
440:
421:
410:
379:
369:
354:
351:
341:
330:
323:
320:Mildred Fahrni
312:
309:
295:
286:
283:
262:Paraguay; and
230:
227:
212:
209:
190:
187:
160:
157:
148:
145:
135:
132:
122:
119:
70:
67:
62:Rio de Janeiro
42:Irene de Peyré
30:Angelina Acuña
22:Guatemala City
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1021:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
956:
949:
937:
931:
922:
920:
918:
916:
906:
904:
894:
885:
883:
873:
854:
850:
843:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
806:
797:
795:
785:
783:
781:
779:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
740:
736:
732:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
698:
694:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
629:
627:0-87451-557-2
623:
619:
614:
613:
604:
602:
600:
595:
585:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:Aida Donnelli
493:
489:
485:
482:
479:
475:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
452:Emilia Loyola
449:
445:
441:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:
415:
414:Alice Garoute
411:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
356:El Salvador:
355:
352:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
288:
282:
280:
276:
271:
267:
265:
260:
254:
252:
251:Henry Wallace
248:
247:Paulina Luisi
244:
240:
236:
226:
223:
218:
208:
205:
200:
196:
186:
183:
179:
175:
170:
166:
156:
153:
144:
141:
140:Nela MartĂnez
131:
128:
118:
116:
112:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
66:
63:
59:
53:
51:
47:
46:Graciela Quan
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
946:– via
940:. Retrieved
930:
893:
872:
860:. Retrieved
853:the original
848:
805:
743:. Retrieved
739:the original
734:
701:. Retrieved
696:
631:. Retrieved
611:
343:Costa Rica:
334:Soledad Peña
272:
268:
255:
232:
214:
192:
162:
150:
147:Human rights
137:
124:
121:Nuclear arms
107:
101:section and
72:
54:
17:
15:
584:Rose Gutman
582:Palestine:
568:Venezuela:
465:Nicaragua:
439:de Miralda.
381:Guatemala:
290:Argentina:
229:Resolutions
163:Guatemalan
113:and others
111:blue-collar
968:Categories
591:References
437:Paca Navas
423:Honduras:
416:, for the
332:Colombia:
195:Paca Navas
561:Uruguay:
371:Ecuador:
297:Bolivia:
285:Attendees
281:in 1949.
222:uxoricide
476:Panama:
442:Mexico:
314:Canada:
176:and the
58:Rio Pact
942:21 June
862:21 June
745:19 June
703:19 June
633:20 June
412:Haiti:
325:Chile:
279:Caracas
69:Program
624:
550:, the
305:) and
93:, the
89:, the
44:, and
856:(PDF)
845:(PDF)
99:WILPF
944:2015
864:2015
747:2015
705:2015
635:2015
622:ISBN
572:and
347:and
16:The
618:125
518:of
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