450:
432:
128:
105:
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Cotyleans, on the other hand, with as many as 16 families, are prominent members of tropical coral reef communities and have bright, colorful bodies. Although cotylean flatworms are conspicuous predators in subtropical and tropical ecosystems, they are difficult to study. These worms are very fragile
358:
The order
Polycladida is divided into the two suborders, Cotylea and Acotylea, based on the character "presence/absence of a cotyl or sucker". Of the two, the Acotylea is the larger group with over 26 families worldwide. Acotyleans are major predators of sessile marine invertebrates such as all
262:
Polyclads range from 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length with a flattened, roughly oval, body shape and, in many cases, a pair of short tentacles on the head. They are distinguished from other related animals by the presence of a folded
488:
Die
Polycladen (Seeplanarien) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte. Eine Monographie. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeresabschnitte, herausgegeben von der Zoologische Station in
313:
Most polyclads hide away from direct light. However, some of the brightly colored species often are active during the day. With their flamboyant coloring they advertise their potential toxicity to visual predators such as fish.
350:, or ascidians. In such associations, the worms may use the invertebrates as a source of food, or they may find protection from predators inside the structural framework of these hosts.
449:
420:
In 2017, molecular analyses produced well-supported phylogenetic hypotheses that confirmed the monophyly of
Polycladida, as well as that of Acotylea and of Cotylea.
618:
Bahia, Juliana; Padula, Vinicius; Schrödl, Michael (2017-05-11). "Polycladida phylogeny and evolution: integrating evidence from 28S rDNA and morphology".
440:
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838:
211:
877:
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commercial bivalves species (including pearl and rock oysters), mussels, scallops and giant clams. Acotyleans are dull in coloration, and
812:
851:
664:
Aguado, M. T.; Noreña, C.; Alcaraz, L.; Marquina, D.; Brusa, F.; Damborenea, C.; Almon, B.; Bleidorn, C.; Grande, C. (2017).
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113:
751:
928:
905:
843:
1011:
799:
323:
310:), meaning "branch". It refers to the ramified shape of the intestine in these flatworms.
8:
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zone (extending to the deep hot vents), and many species are common from
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in their behavior, hiding in crevices and under coral during the day.
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666:"Phylogeny of Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) based on mtDNA data"
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506:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 229.
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to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
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267:, an elongated intestine with numerous complex
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478:
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334:Often polyclads are associated with other
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520:
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473:
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585:
526:
712:
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592:, Nature in Focus, pp. 356–368,
491:. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. p. 688.
16:Order of free-living marine flatworms
954:
919:03ED3E04-FFF7-961C-EEFF-2FADFDDFFDE1
893:1034cf5e-8f62-4af4-8608-7033fb067bf3
529:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
367:and when disturbed can break apart.
670:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
620:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
13:
970:needs additional or more specific
559:
14:
1023:
495:
322:Some polyclads develop through a
959:
562:"Greek-french dictionary online"
448:
430:
278:The etymology of the order name
126:
35:
586:Bulnes, Veronica (2010-01-01),
579:
527:Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01).
353:
317:
257:
1:
466:
589:Polycladida-Marine Flatworms
415:
226:represents a highly diverse
7:
459:Thysanozoon nigropapillosum
298:), meaning "numerous", and
10:
1028:
502:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
329:
299:
287:
234:. They are known from the
117:(Persian carpet flatworm)
720:
682:10.1007/s13127-017-0344-4
632:10.1007/s13127-017-0327-5
455:Yellow papillae flatworm,
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197:
192:
123:Scientific classification
121:
111:
102:
23:
214:(not placed in a phylum)
282:corresponds to the two
230:of free-living marine
114:Pseudobiceros bedfordi
504:Invertebrate Zoology
531:. Paris: Hachette.
252:freshwater habitats
338:, such as bivalve
1000:
999:
983:adding categories
952:
951:
901:Open Tree of Life
714:Taxon identifiers
566:www.tabularium.be
560:Bailly, Anatole.
441:Pseudobiceros sp.
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437:Marine flatworm,
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400:Prosthiostomidae
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27:Temporal range:
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410:Pseudocerotidae
405:Opisthogeniidae
395:Ditremageniidae
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324:Müller's larval
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271:, and multiple
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160:Platyhelminthes
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676:(4): 767–778.
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626:(3): 653–678.
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336:invertebrates
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284:ancient Greek
281:
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250:are found in
249:
246:. Only a few
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603:, retrieved
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571:November 25,
569:. Retrieved
565:
555:
528:
522:
503:
497:
487:
484:Lang, Arnold
457:
439:
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385:Planoceridae
375:Discocelidae
369:
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277:
261:
223:
221:
212:Platydendron
179:
112:
18:
1012:Turbellaria
826:iNaturalist
766:Polycladida
752:Polycladida
746:Wikispecies
722:Polycladida
390:Stylochidae
354:Systematics
318:Development
280:Polycladida
269:diverticula
258:Description
244:coral reefs
240:sublittoral
224:Polycladida
180:Polycladida
166:Subphylum:
30:508–0
24:Polycladida
972:categories
605:2018-11-25
538:2010035283
467:References
991:June 2024
690:1439-6092
640:1439-6092
547:461974285
416:Phylogeny
232:flatworms
193:Suborder
146:Kingdom:
140:Eukaryota
1006:Category
979:help out
731:Wikidata
698:26677216
648:34263342
486:(1884).
340:mollusks
236:littoral
206:Acotylea
156:Phylum:
150:Animalia
136:Domain:
977:Please
737:Q134765
361:cryptic
344:sponges
330:Ecology
326:stage.
265:pharynx
248:species
238:to the
201:Cotylea
187:, 1884
176:Order:
929:492671
926:uBio:
906:101221
890:NZOR:
696:
688:
646:
638:
596:
545:
535:
510:
489:Neapel
424:Images
348:corals
307:kládos
301:κλάδος
286:words
273:ocelli
937:WoRMS
914:Plazi
857:54073
844:11330
839:IRMNG
831:52318
792:8ZXHX
694:S2CID
644:S2CID
295:polús
289:πολύς
228:clade
942:2853
883:6163
878:NCBI
852:ITIS
813:GBIF
805:3102
774:BOLD
686:ISSN
636:ISSN
594:ISBN
573:2018
543:OCLC
533:ISBN
508:ISBN
222:The
185:Lang
38:PreꞒ
981:by
865:NBN
818:429
800:EoL
787:CoL
779:233
761:AFD
678:doi
628:doi
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880::
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854::
841::
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789::
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763::
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692:.
684:.
674:17
672:.
668:.
656:^
642:.
634:.
624:17
622:.
564:.
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475:^
346:,
342:,
275:.
254:.
88:Pg
32:Ma
993:)
989:(
975:.
700:.
680::
650:.
630::
575:.
549:.
516:.
304:(
292:(
210:†
93:N
83:K
78:J
73:T
68:P
63:C
58:D
53:S
48:O
43:Ꞓ
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