1826:. Three departments were dedicated to war-related issues: the Department for Elimination of the Consequences of War, the Department for Public Works and Reconstruction, and the Department for Information and the Press; the other departments mirrored pre-war Polish ministries (e.g., Department of Post Offices and Telegraphs, or Department of the Treasury). The Delegate's Office was divided into departments, 14 of which existed toward the end of the war; the full list included: the Presidential Department, the Department of Internal Affairs, Justice Department, Employment and Social Welfare Department, Agriculture Department, Treasury Department, Trade and Industry Department, Postal and Telegraph Services Department, the Department for Elimination of the Consequences of War, Transport Department, Information and the Press, Department of Public Works and Reconstruction, Department of Education and Culture and the Department of National Defence.
1477:(Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN) towards the non-communist resistance loyal to the Polish government in exile proved to be disastrous. The Underground State assumed that the Polish resistance would aid the advancing Soviet forces, and AK commanders and representatives of the administrative authority would assume the role of legitimate hosts. Instead, the Soviets commonly surrounded, disarmed and arrested the Underground's military authority members and its civilian representatives, instituting their own administrative structures instead. In early July 1944, even as the AK resistance continued its struggle against the Germans, the Underground State was forced to order the AK and its administrative structure to remain in hiding from the Soviets, due to continued arrests and reprisals experienced by those who revealed themselves.
1453:, nationalization of the industrial base, demands for territorial compensation from Germany, and re-establishment of the country's pre-1939 eastern border. According to the plan, the country's Eastern borders, as delineated by the 1921 Treaty of Riga, would be kept while in the north and west compensation would be sought from German territories. Thus, the main differences between the Underground State and the communists, in terms of politics, were not rooted in radical economic and social reforms, which both sides advocated, but rather in their divergent positions on such issues as national sovereignty, borders, and Polish-Soviet relations. The program was criticized by the nationalist factions, for being too socialist, and not "Christian" enough.
414:
67:
375:
350:
1916:
1948:) was emphasized as being of primary importance; in fact, the opposite was true. The absence of research by Polish scholars, along with obstacles presented to foreign scholars seeking access to source material in communist Poland, contributed to a situation in which there was virtually no discussion by Western scholars of one of Europe's largest resistance movements—the non-communist Polish resistance movement. The bulk of Western research centred on the much smaller
1731:
1864:
975:
1703:). Both the extreme left (the communists) and the extreme right (the nationalists) did not recognize the Underground State and in some cases actively persecuted people connected with it. Only the PPR, however, opposed to Polish independence and supporting full inclusion of Poland in the Soviet Union, was seen as completely outside the framework of the State; the other groups were seen as a justifiable opposition. In 1944 PPR would become part of the
53:
1563:(arrests were carried out in March 1945, and the trial itself took place in June that year). On 27 June 1945 the Council of National Unity held its last session, issuing a 12-point declaration demanding that the Soviet army leave Poland and the repression of the non-communist political parties cease. The Government Delegate's Office at Home, restructured after the arrests of its leadership and headed by the last Delegate,
2004:
1134:
5435:
5092:
4708:
4482:
4408:
1065:). The post of the Delegate could be seen as equivalent to that of a Deputy Prime Minister (particularly since the legislation of 1944). Unlike the GRP and PKP, which operated alongside the military structures but had no influence over them, the Delegation had budgetary control over the military. The Delegation was to oversee the military and recreate the civilian administration.
1875:. This arm of the state was designed to prepare the Polish society for a future fight for the country's liberation. Apart from armed resistance, sabotage, intelligence, training, and propaganda, the state's military arm was responsible for maintaining communication with the London-based government in exile, and for protecting the civilian arm of the state.
1963:, Poland regained full independence and Polish scholars could begin unrestricted research into all aspects of Polish history. Scholars who chose to investigate the Underground State were also confronted with the issue of its uniqueness (no country or nation has ever created a similar institution), and hence, the problem of defining it. Polish historian
998:(Rada Narodowa) was formed by the government in exile in December 1939, including representatives from different Polish political factions. Meanwhile, in occupied Poland, a major step toward the development of the organization's civilian structure was taken in late February 1940, when the ZWZ established its local version of the National Council, the
833:
alone are often given at approaching half a million people), and they were quietly supported by millions of Polish citizens. The rationale behind the creation of the secret civilian authority drew on the fact that the German and Soviet occupation of Poland was illegal. Hence, all institutions created
1971:
of the Polish
Underground State, defined it as a "collection of state-legal, organizational and citizenship structures, which were to ensure the constitutional continuation of Polish statehood on its own territory". Salmonowicz concluded that "This constitutional continuity, real performance of the
1527:
for Poland, and the PKWN was proclaimed in 1944. PKWN was recognized by the Soviet
Government as the only legitimate authority in Poland, while Mikołajczyk's Government in London, was termed by the Soviets an "illegal and self-styled authority." Mikołajczyk would serve in the Prime Minister's role
1456:
The
Underground State achieved its zenith of influence in early 1944. In April, the Polish government in exile recognized the administrative structure of the Delegate's Office as the Temporary Governmental Administration. This was when the Delegate officially became recognized as the Deputy Prime
1906:
from continental Europe in 1939–45 came from Polish sources. At its height, AK numbered over 400,000 and was recognized as one of the three largest, or even the largest, resistance movement of the war. Axis fatalities due to the actions of the Polish underground, of which AK formed the bulk, are
1590:
The
Underground State's military arm, Armia Krajowa, officially disbanded on 19 January 1945 to avoid armed conflict with the Soviets and civil war. Over the next few years the communists solidified their hold on Poland, falsifying elections, persecuting the opposition and eliminating it as a
1574:
The TRJN was composed primarily of communist representatives from the PKWN, with a token representation of the opposition as a gesture towards the
Western Allies. With the establishment of the TRJN, the government in exile stopped being recognized by the Western Allies (France withdrew its
1550:
The communists refused to deal with the
Underground State just like they refused to deal with the government in exile; its leaders and soldiers in "liberated" Polish territories were persecuted. A number of prominent leaders of the Underground State, including the Government Delegate,
1779:. This branch of the state was intended to prepare cadres and institutions to resume power after the German defeat in World War II. By the final years of the war, the civilian structure of the Underground State included an underground parliament, administration, judiciary (
128:
985:
Given that the ZWZ focused on military aspects of the struggle, its civilian dimension was less clearly defined and developed more slowly—a situation exacerbated by the complex political discussions that were then unfolding between politicians in occupied Poland and the
1651:
was much more representative, and included representatives of several smaller political groupings. Several other groups lacked significant representation in PKP and KRP, but nonetheless had supported the
Underground State. For example, the nationalists from the
966:
was appointed the commander of the ZWZ German occupation zone. Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski became the commander of the ZWZ Soviet zone but was arrested in March 1940 by the
Soviets when attempting to cross the new German-Soviet border. In June Sikorski appointed
1898:. They tied down significant German forces, worth at least several divisions (upper estimates suggest about 930,000 troops), diverting much-needed supplies, while trying to support the Soviet military. Polish intelligence operatives supplied valuable
1886:
in the Soviet Union. The sabotage of German rail and road transports to the
Eastern Front was so extensive it is estimated that one-eighth of all German transports to the Eastern Front were destroyed or significantly delayed due to AK's activities.
1763:
was the top military and civilian authority, recognized by the authorities of the
Underground State as their commanders. The government in exile was represented in the occupied Poland by the Government Delegation for Poland, headed by the
1404:
In August 1943 and March 1944, the Polish Underground State announced its long-term plan, which was partly designed to undercut the attractiveness of some of the communists' proposals. The communists, in their increasingly radical
1975:
The Underground State also became officially recognized by the Polish government, local authorities and the community, with most major cities in Poland erecting various memorials to the Underground State-affiliated resistance. In
1845:, and with separate municipal bodies. In early 1944, the Delegation employed some 15,000 people in its administration; those were primarily older people, as the younger ones were recruited for the military side of the operations.
894:
to organize and carry out the struggle in occupied Poland. Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski decided that the organization he was creating needed to move beyond a strictly military format; and in line with the traditions of the underground
1485:
Events taking place in 1943 significantly weakened the Polish government in exile. A rift developed between Poland and the Soviet Union, an increasingly important ally for the West, particularly after the revelation of the
1490:
in 1943 (on 13 April), followed by the breaking-off of diplomatic relations with Poland by the Soviets (on 21 April). The subsequent death (on 4 July) of the charismatic General Sikorski, succeeded by less influential
949:
Due to political differences among factions in the Polish exile government, and in particular, SZP ties to the Sanacja regime which dominated the Polish government since the mid-1920s, the SZP was reorganized into the
946:(on 30 September). This government was quickly recognized by France and the United Kingdom. Raczkiewicz, described as "weak and indecisive", held relatively little influence compared to charismatic Sikorski.
126:
127:
1503:(4–11 February 1945), the two crucial events in which the Western Allies and the Soviet Union discussed the shape of the post-war world and decided on the fate of Poland, assigning it to the Soviet
838:. The scale of the Underground State was also inadvertently aided by the actions of the occupiers, whose attempts to destroy the Polish state, nation, and its culture, including most importantly
954:(Związek Walki Zbrojnej, ZWZ) on 13 November 1939. Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski supported that move, aiming to include parties marginalized by the Sanacja regime, and supported the formation of the
1559:, who decided to reveal themselves and upon the Soviet invitation begun open negotiations with the communist authorities, were arrested and sentenced by the Soviets in Moscow in the infamous
1540:
791:. The Underground State encompassed not only military resistance, one of the largest in the world, but also civilian structures, such as justice, education, culture and social services.
1639:(SP). The SP joined the PKP in June 1940, four months after the PKP was created; and the PPS-WRN withdrew from the PKP between October 1941 and March 1943. Those parties, known as the
826:, finding it impossible to negotiate with the Soviets, and wishing to avoid a civil war, the key institutions of the Underground State dissolved themselves in the first half of 1945.
2134:
wrote "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe". Certainly, the Polish resistance was the largest resistance movement until the German
1575:
recognition on 29 June, followed by United Kingdom and the United States on 5 July), who decided to support the Soviet-backed and increasingly communist TRJN body. Seeing this as a "
1771:
The main role of the civilian branch of the Underground State was to preserve the continuity of the Polish state as a whole, including its institutions. These institutions included
1037:
The structures in occupied Poland maintained close communication with the government in exile, through radio communications and "hundreds, if not thousands" of couriers, such as
1433:, and freedom of political activity. The plan also called for the creation of a Central European federal union, without domination by any single state. In the economic sector,
866:
In many respects, the history of the Polish Underground State mirrors that of the Polish non-communist resistance in general. The Underground State traces its origins to the
1795:
such as the publishing of newspapers and books, underground theatres, lectures, exhibitions, concerts and safeguarded various works of art. It also dealt with providing
911:, envisioned itself not only as an armed resistance organization, but also as a vehicle through which the Polish state continued to administer its occupied territories.
734:
3550:. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
2875:. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
1495:
as the Prime Minister, and General Sosnkowski as the Commander-in-Chief, contributed to the decline. No representative of the Polish government was invited to the
5204:
5570:
1100:, was seen as the Underground State's parliament. Meanwhile, the military arm of the Underground State expanded dramatically, and the ZWZ was transformed into
99:
1088:
By 1942, most of the differences between politicians in occupied Poland and those in exile had been positively settled. By 1943, the PKP had evolved into the
5234:
1660:, which included most members of the pre-war far-right, partially merging with the ZWZ around 1941 and finally joining the AK around fall 1943. Non-Polish
5565:
1938:
in the 1939–1941 period was particularly difficult. The limited research devoted to the Underground State that did take place was done mainly by Polish
853:
played in the anti-Nazi resistance. Hence, until recently, the bulk of research done on this topic was carried out by Polish scholars living in exile.
88:
1944:
historians living in the West. The communist state downplayed the importance of the non-communist resistance movements, while the communist movement (
1523:
noted, "this spelled the end of that government's tenuous influence and raison d'être." After the Tehran Conference, Stalin decided to create his own
1935:
1425:
declared the reconstruction of Poland as a democratic parliamentary state as its goal, guaranteeing full equality to the minorities, as well as full
942:
regime who resided in France and had the support of the French government, would become the Polish Commander-in-Chief (on 28 September) and Poland's
5209:
1972:
state's functions on its past territory and the loyalty of a great majority of Polish society were the most significant elements of its existence."
1284:
1279:
1587:
of 1947, the few independent politicians like Mikołajczyk who attempted to form an opposition were threatened with arrests, retired or emigrated.
2127:
5224:
4471:
727:
5424:
4697:
896:
20:
5219:
2131:
413:
3050:
5229:
5214:
1871:
The military arm of the Polish Underground State consisted primarily of various branches of the Armia Krajowa (AK) and, until 1942, the
1571:(Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej, TRJN) on 28 June 1945. The disbanding of those structures marked the end of the Underground State.
1002:(Polityczny Komitet Porozumiewawczy, PKP). PKP was formed in 1940 pursuant to an agreement between several major political parties: the
66:
5327:
4429:
2130:
wrote "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe";
2052:
1461:(Krajowa Rada Ministrów, KRM) was created. The Underground State however declined sharply in the aftermath of the nationwide uprising,
1391:
764:
5560:
5148:
5081:
720:
1568:
994:, in London). Sikorski's government opted for a much more democratic procedure then the less democratic prewar Sanacja regime. The
811:
368:
312:
1528:
until 24 November 1944, when, realizing the increasing powerlessness of the government in exile, he resigned and was succeeded by
19:
This article is about the resistance groups in Poland during World War II. For the "secret state" in Poland during the 1860s, see
5143:
2200:
1934:
years, efforts to explore this topic were regarded as dangerous, bordering on illegal. Research into the events occurring in the
1788:
1776:
1765:
1721:
1704:
1474:
1069:
1050:
807:
697:
438:
3543:
2867:
5555:
4090:
3731:
1603:) that refused to lay down their weapons and surrender to the communist regime continued to hold out for several years as the
814:. During the Soviet-backed communist takeover of Poland at the end of the war, many Underground State members were prosecuted
5127:
4642:
4347:
4326:
4305:
4282:
4260:
4239:
4218:
4181:
4148:
4058:
3983:
3944:
3913:
3883:
3846:
3810:
3574:
3508:
3481:
3454:
3424:
3361:
3342:
3290:
3256:
3216:
3186:
3154:
3127:
3091:
2999:
2955:
2921:
2838:
2710:
2683:
2656:
2629:
2593:
2561:
2504:
2459:
2416:
2389:
2353:
2243:
1816:
1756:
834:
by the occupying powers were considered illegal, and parallel Polish underground institutions were set up in accordance with
5470:
5107:
2042:
1899:
1119:
794:
Although the Underground State enjoyed broad support throughout much of the war, it was not supported or recognized by the
504:
5265:
5014:
4397:
2047:
1989:
1261:
927:
849:
era, research on the Underground State was curtailed by Polish communist officials, who instead emphasized the role that
907:, it would need to encompass various aspects of civilian life. Hence, the SZP, in contact with (and subordinate to) the
4464:
3387:
1792:
1700:
1679:
The most important groups that refused to join the structures of the Polish Underground State included the communists (
1596:
1165:
692:
2208:. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
5550:
5417:
4690:
4366:
3767:
3727:
2082:
was first used on 13 January 1944 by the official underground publication of the Polish underground authorities, the
2022:
2017:
1684:
1205:
806:) and the growing hostility of the USSR. The Soviet Union had created an alternative, puppet government in 1944 (the
703:
418:
395:
194:
4725:
883:
5122:
4637:
1812:
1620:
1584:
1185:
1042:
999:
829:
Ultimately, hundreds of thousands of people were directly involved with various agencies of the Underground State (
779:, in late September 1939. The Underground State was perceived by supporters as a legal continuation of the pre-war
246:
158:
5296:
5117:
4658:
4632:
1985:
1823:
1804:
1784:
1772:
1077:
867:
772:
553:
448:
1519:'s suggestion that the Polish government in exile in London was not representing Polish interests; as historian
802:. The influence of the communists eventually declined amid military reversals (most notably, the failure of the
5332:
4046:
2143:
1927:
1384:
1160:
842:
that targeted Polish citizens, fuelled popular support for the Polish resistance movement and its development.
618:
2126:
wrote "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK, which could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance";
5153:
5074:
4457:
1669:
1653:
1644:
1345:
1322:
1089:
1019:
252:
5410:
5042:
4973:
4683:
4517:
3539:
Bohdan Kwiatkowski, Sabotaż i dywersja, Bellona, London 1949, vol.1, p.21; as cited by Marek Ney-Krwawicz,
2139:
1883:
1665:
1458:
1317:
915:
904:
524:
286:
4768:
1829:
On the geographical division level, the Delegation had local offices, dividing Polish territories into 16
4773:
1657:
1251:
1246:
1220:
926:
after the Polish government evacuated itself from Poland on 17 September, resigned and appointed General
870:(Służba Zwycięstwu Polski, SZP) organization, which was founded on 27 September 1939, one day before the
638:
3058:(Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland). Retrieved 7 June 2006.
1409:
declarations (from March and November 1943), were proposing the creation of a heavily socialist or even
5465:
5460:
5009:
3042:
1725:
1628:
1492:
1225:
1007:
995:
931:
908:
768:
659:
474:
433:
198:
182:
162:
5250:
4848:
4788:
1552:
1533:
1058:
52:
4585:
3780:
2057:
1930:
did not wish to fully acknowledge the role of the non-communist resistance. During the first postwar
1692:
1688:
1648:
1377:
1093:
1027:
879:
875:
499:
443:
258:
4988:
4735:
1926:
For decades, research on the Polish Underground State was restricted, largely because the communist
1872:
1854:
5455:
5385:
5067:
1980:, there is a dedicated Polish Underground State Monument erected in 2007. On 11 September 1998 the
1752:
1741:
1600:
1442:
1256:
1053:; this event marked the official beginning of the Underground State (Ratajski would be followed by
943:
648:
607:
581:
529:
1964:
1200:
1190:
5517:
5344:
5301:
5260:
4883:
4390:
2100:
1903:
1632:
1011:
978:
951:
935:
891:
628:
571:
561:
479:
217:
4983:
3838:
2913:
2142:
in 1941; in the last years of the war those two resistances would rival AK in its strength (see
114:
5527:
4933:
4793:
4507:
4173:
3755:
3498:
3047:
2135:
1624:
1616:
1210:
1003:
955:
871:
823:
780:
494:
469:
355:
5317:
4823:
4048:
3800:
3471:
3444:
3414:
3332:
3280:
3206:
3176:
3144:
3081:
2551:
2449:
2406:
2379:
1195:
930:
as his successor; unpopular with the French government, Wieniawa-Długoszowski was replaced by
597:
5338:
4923:
4833:
4758:
4606:
4527:
3973:
3934:
3903:
3873:
3564:
3248:
3117:
2989:
2828:
2700:
2673:
2646:
2583:
2494:
2343:
2083:
1736:
1636:
1512:
1015:
664:
623:
484:
4993:
4047:
Peter Hayes; Jeffry M. Diefendorf; Holocaust Educational Foundation (United States) (2004).
3566:
Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht
1984:(parliament) of Poland declared the day of 27 September (anniversary of the founding of the
783:(and its institutions) that waged an armed struggle against the country's occupying powers:
5364:
5059:
4938:
4502:
4115:
1747:
The government in exile, located first in France and later in the United Kingdom, with the
1680:
1560:
1170:
959:
815:
4918:
4828:
4717:
4675:
1054:
8:
5322:
5032:
4903:
4873:
4838:
4560:
1748:
1520:
1504:
1465:, initiated in the spring of 1944. In addition to the costly and eventually unsuccessful
1446:
1430:
1350:
987:
141:
3971:
1564:
1543:
1062:
830:
5359:
5354:
4803:
4798:
4575:
4383:
4294:
4248:
4166:
3831:
2906:
2288:
2280:
1583:
in 1989, when it recognized the post-communist Polish government. Following the rigged
1529:
1438:
1327:
1105:
887:
799:
776:
633:
592:
299:
229:
5168:
5163:
4958:
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4783:
4570:
2197:
1097:
919:
5158:
4590:
4550:
4532:
4343:
4322:
4301:
4278:
4256:
4235:
4214:
4177:
4144:
4054:
3979:
3940:
3909:
3879:
3842:
3806:
3763:
3723:
3570:
3540:
3504:
3477:
3450:
3420:
3338:
3286:
3252:
3212:
3182:
3150:
3123:
3087:
2995:
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2917:
2864:
2834:
2706:
2679:
2652:
2625:
2589:
2557:
2500:
2455:
2412:
2385:
2349:
2292:
2239:
2150:
was smaller, numbering around 10,000 people in 1942, and swelling to 200,000 by 1944.
2147:
1960:
1949:
1895:
1780:
1580:
1579:", the government in exile protested that decision and continued to operate till the
1524:
1508:
1496:
1462:
1426:
1155:
1041:. One of the most significant developments of 1940 was the creation of the office of
5183:
3975:
Shared history, divided memory: Jews and others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939–1941
3241:
1799:, including to the destitute Jewish population (through the council to Aid Jews, or
5491:
5380:
4978:
4943:
4878:
4863:
4858:
4843:
4740:
4522:
4270:
2272:
1592:
1576:
1556:
1500:
1418:
1109:
819:
509:
4868:
4512:
3802:
Stalinism revisited: the establishment of communist regimes in East-Central Europe
3391:
3365:
1807:(1941–1943) the civil arm was also involved in lesser acts of resistance, such as
1615:
The Underground State represented most, though not all, political factions of the
1096:(Rada Jedności Narodowej, RJN), created on 9 January 1944. The council, headed by
5522:
4968:
4963:
4913:
4818:
4808:
4616:
4565:
4555:
4497:
4375:
4370:
4337:
4316:
4250:
4229:
4208:
4138:
3785:
3742:
3547:
3282:
Poland, 1918–1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic
3054:
2945:
2871:
2619:
2233:
2204:
1796:
1730:
1661:
1604:
1536:, "signaled the arrival of the government in exile at total inconsequentiality."
1466:
1434:
1414:
1410:
1180:
1175:
1150:
1073:
803:
752:
151:
5188:
4778:
4763:
4893:
4730:
4580:
3715:
2276:
2037:
1968:
1808:
1487:
1068:
As early as 1940, the Underground State's civilian arm was actively supporting
1046:
991:
968:
963:
58:
5178:
3412:
3334:
A Question of Honor: The Kosciuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II
2581:
2549:
2377:
2104:, written and first published in the second half of 1944 in the United States.
1915:
5544:
5270:
4948:
4928:
4908:
4898:
4813:
4168:
Sixty million Frenchmen can't be wrong: why we love France but not the French
2123:
2119:
2009:
1858:
1696:
1516:
1366:
1101:
652:
611:
585:
5402:
5173:
5486:
5450:
4853:
1945:
1830:
1470:
1307:
1104:(AK, or the Home Army) in 1942. ZWZ-AK commanders included Stefan Rowecki,
850:
788:
784:
674:
273:
4363:
2122:
was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe. For example,
1092:(Krajowa Reprezentacja Polityczna, KRP), which served as the basis of the
4888:
4611:
3328:
3119:
When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences
1940:
1760:
1673:
1450:
1289:
900:
5255:
4140:
Kamyk na szańcu: gawęda o druhu Aleksandrze Kamińskim w stulecie urodzin
2263:
Józef Garliński (April 1975). "The Polish Underground State 1939–1945".
1539:
16:
Polish government in exile during World War II in German-occupied Poland
5349:
2095:
1038:
974:
835:
566:
3745:. Lecture notes of prof Anna M. Cienciala. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
2284:
1413:, denouncing capitalism, which they equated to slavery. They demanded
4411:
4275:
The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1945
4252:
Fighting Warsaw: The Story of the Polish Underground State, 1939–1945
3930:
3754:
Based on Campaigns of Polish Armed Forces 1940–1945 Map (p.204) from
2027:
1931:
1863:
795:
546:
4249:
Stefan Korboński; Francis Bauer Czarnomski; Zofia Korbonski (2004).
2648:
No greater ally: the untold story of Poland's forces in World War II
1977:
1920:
1800:
1740:, 15 July 1943, reporting the death of Gen. Sikorski and ordering a
5280:
4296:
Forgotten Survivors: Polish Christians Remember the Nazi Occupation
2908:
The Polish underground state: a guide to the underground, 1939–1945
1879:
1842:
1312:
846:
839:
775:
of the Underground State were established in the final days of the
4449:
981:, Polish commander in chief and prime minister during World War II
5037:
3972:
Simon-Dubnow-Institut für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur (2007).
2146:
for a more detailed analysis). Compared to them, the size of the
2032:
1902:
information to the Allies; 43 percent of all reports received by
1834:
939:
923:
72:
1607:, fighting the Soviet-backed communist forces until eradicated.
4231:
The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War
1891:
1838:
1230:
1141:
4163:
2345:
The Poles in Britain, 1940–2000: from betrayal to assimilation
1133:
5112:
1910:
1672:, were not represented in the Underground State; however the
514:
5434:
5091:
5089:
4707:
4481:
4407:
2702:
Photographing the Holocaust: interpretations of the evidence
2235:
Polskie Państwo Podziemne: z dziejów walki cywilnej, 1939–45
4705:
3413:
M. B. B. Biskupski; James S. Pula; Piotr J. Wrobel (2010).
2582:
M. B. B. Biskupski; James S. Pula; Piotr J. Wrobel (2010).
2550:
M. B. B. Biskupski; James S. Pula; Piotr J. Wrobel (2010).
2378:
M. B. B. Biskupski; James S. Pula; Piotr J. Wrobel (2010).
1981:
1878:
The Armia Krajowa's primary resistance operations were the
1567:, disbanded on 1 July, after the creation in Moscow of the
1469:
part of the Operation Tempest, the hostile attitude of the
763:) was a single political and military entity formed by the
3781:"Polish veterans to take pride of place in victory parade"
3048:
Wielkie polowanie: Prześladowania akowców w Polsce Ludowej
1894:
against the Germans, particularly in 1943 and 1944 during
1882:
of German activities, including transports headed for the
4050:
Lessons and Legacies: New currents in Holocaust research
3928:
3541:
The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)
3326:
2991:
The establishment of Communist rule in Poland, 1943–1948
2865:
The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)
2830:
The establishment of Communist rule in Poland, 1943–1948
1822:
The departments can be seen as loosely corresponding to
3743:
Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945
3238:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
1811:, although in 1943 this department was merged with the
4339:
The Secret Army: The Memoirs of General Bór-Komorowski
4335:
958:(Główna Rada Polityczna, GRP). Sikorski named General
3406:
3388:"Delegatura Rządu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na Kraje"
2543:
2231:
1480:
2570:
2362:
1999:
765:
union of resistance organizations in occupied Poland
4040:
3798:
3200:
3198:
2644:
1591:
political power. Remnants of the armed resistance (
1417:of most if not all of the economy, introduction of
4405:
4293:
4165:
3830:
3805:. Central European University Press. p. 206.
3240:
2994:. University of California Press. pp. 51–52.
2905:
2617:
2338:The Establishment of the Polish Section of the SOE
1437:would be endorsed, by embracing the socialist and
4136:
3562:
3438:
3436:
3278:
2341:
1623:(PKP) represented four major Polish parties: the
5542:
4364:Warsaw Uprising and The Polish Underground State
4291:
4269:
4157:
4091:"Poznański pomnik Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego"
3442:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3208:Britain and Poland, 1939–1943: the betrayed ally
3204:
3195:
3174:
3083:Britain and Poland, 1939–1943: the betrayed ally
3079:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2826:
2496:Britain and Poland, 1939–1943: the betrayed ally
2492:
2404:
2198:The Polish Government-in-Exile's Home Delegature
4227:
3496:
2398:
2262:
1532:, "whose obscurity", in the words of historian
4053:. Northwestern University Press. p. 267.
3792:
3433:
3320:
3073:
2833:. University of California Press. p. 50.
2822:
2820:
2818:
2675:Private Pictures: Soldiers' Inside View of War
2499:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–11.
2332:
2330:
1867:Regional organization of Armia Krajowa in 1944
5571:States and territories disestablished in 1945
5432:
5418:
5075:
4691:
4465:
4391:
3871:
3828:
3558:
3556:
3390:(in Polish). Encyklopedia PWN. Archived from
3364:(in Polish). Encyklopedia PWN. Archived from
3225:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3142:
3115:
2978:
2894:
2754:
2752:
1385:
831:the estimates for membership in Armia Krajowa
769:Government of the Republic of Poland in exile
728:
96:
21:Polish National Government (January Uprising)
4072:
4070:
3978:. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 54.
3109:
3022:
3020:
2950:. Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. pp. 459–460.
2943:
2698:
2671:
2638:
2527:
2525:
2348:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 27.
1555:and the last AK Commander-in-Chief, General
85:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3449:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 357.
3211:. Cambridge University Press. p. 191.
3181:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 172.
3086:. Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
2815:
2447:
2411:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 368.
2327:
1610:
882:) appeared inevitable. SZP founder General
5566:States and territories established in 1939
5425:
5411:
5082:
5068:
4698:
4684:
4472:
4458:
4430:Polish resistance movement in World War II
4398:
4384:
4206:
4031:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3905:DPs: Europe's displaced persons, 1945–1951
3901:
3748:
3736:
3553:
3337:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 362.
3163:
3136:
2937:
2749:
2441:
2053:Polish resistance movement in World War II
1911:Definition, historiography and remembrance
1392:
1378:
874:, at a time when the Polish defeat in the
735:
721:
4314:
4164:Jean-Benoît Nadeau; Julie Barlow (2003).
4089:Cichocka, Agnieszka (26 September 2007).
4067:
4004:
3867:
3865:
3824:
3822:
3666:
3664:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3583:
3469:
3446:Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
3304:
3302:
3178:Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
3066:
3064:
3017:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2806:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2692:
2665:
2522:
2513:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2408:Historical dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
1919:The Polish Underground State Monument in
1691:), and the far-right extremists from the
872:surrender of the Polish capital of Warsaw
4143:. Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm. p. 222.
4088:
4022:
3997:
3995:
3908:. Cornell University Press. p. 34.
3897:
3895:
3526:
3490:
3463:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
2318:
2300:
2258:
2256:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
1914:
1862:
1729:
1569:Provisional Government of National Unity
1538:
1285:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
1280:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth
973:
369:Provisional Government of National Unity
313:Provisional Government of National Unity
5360:Socialist Party People's Guard (GL-WRN)
5350:Grey Ranks (Szare Szeregi - Boy Scouts)
3953:
3789:, 5 July 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2006.
3720:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
3473:Postwar: a history of Europe since 1945
3247:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
1734:Polish Underground State's underground
1705:Polish Committee of National Liberation
1499:(28 November – 1 December 1943) or the
1475:Polish Committee of National Liberation
1049:(nominated on 3 December) as the first
990:(first located in Paris, and after the
897:19th-century Polish National Government
861:
808:Polish Committee of National Liberation
5543:
4130:
4084:
4082:
4013:
3862:
3819:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3673:
3661:
3652:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3592:
3517:
3503:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1022.
3419:. Ohio University Press. p. 199.
3416:The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy
3356:
3354:
3311:
3299:
3149:. Yale University Press. p. 663.
3100:
3061:
3008:
2964:
2878:
2847:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2733:
2719:
2611:
2602:
2585:The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy
2556:. Ohio University Press. p. 142.
2553:The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy
2534:
2468:
2425:
2384:. Ohio University Press. p. 141.
2381:The Origins of Modern Polish Democracy
2238:. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne.
1890:The AK also fought several full-scale
1473:and its puppet Polish government, the
1423:What the Polish Nation is Fighting For
1421:, The Underground State's declaration
5406:
5266:Secret Military Printing Works (TWZW)
5063:
4679:
4453:
4379:
3992:
3922:
3892:
3878:. Yale University Press. p. 79.
3837:. Columbia University Press. p.
3833:God's Playground: 1795 to the present
3029:
2588:. Ohio University Press. p. 15.
2309:
2253:
2225:
2211:
2160:
1817:Directorate of Underground Resistance
810:) and ensured it formed the basis of
5471:Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force
4108:
3773:
3380:
1789:secondary and higher-level education
1722:Government Delegate's Office at Home
1707:(PKWN), a Soviet puppet government.
1647:(KRP). Compared to PKP and KRP, the
1083:
777:German and Soviet invasion of Poland
5333:National Military Association (NOW)
5095:Units, affiliates, and predecessors
4479:
4118:. Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych
4079:
3709:
3351:
2856:
2048:Polish contribution to World War II
1990:Day of the Polish Underground State
13:
5297:Service for Poland's Victory (SZP)
4711:Personnel, emblems and decorations
4200:
3500:Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia
2112:
2072:
1701:Military Organization Lizard Union
1597:Armed Forces Delegation for Poland
1481:1944–1945: Decline and dissolution
124:
14:
5582:
4357:
4342:. Pen & Sword Books Limited.
3285:. Psychology Press. p. 177.
2651:. Osprey Publishing. p. 63.
1045:(Delegatura Rządu na Kraj), with
812:the post-war government in Poland
5561:1945 disestablishments in Poland
5433:
5323:Confederation of the Nation (KN)
5090:
4706:
4480:
4406:
4321:. Wayne State University Press.
3239:Mieczysław B. Biskupski (2000).
2621:The History of Poland Since 1863
2043:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)
2002:
1813:Directorate of Covert Resistance
1683:(PPR) and its military arm, the
1621:Political Consultative Committee
1186:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1132:
1043:Government Delegation for Poland
1024:Krajowa Reprezentacja Polityczna
1000:Political Consultative Committee
971:as the commander of both zones.
962:the head of the ZWZ and Colonel
412:
373:
348:
247:Political Consultative Committee
65:
51:
5487:AL Armia Ludowa (People's Army)
4336:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski (2011).
3272:
2486:
2265:Journal of Contemporary History
1805:Directorate of Civil Resistance
1643:, were also represented in the
1076:, information (propaganda) and
5386:Freedom and Independence (WiN)
5339:National Armed Forces (NSZ-AK)
4726:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski
4300:. University Press of Kansas.
3939:. Westview Press. p. 26.
3875:1945: the war that never ended
3146:1945: The War That Never Ended
2904:Stefan Korboński (June 1981).
2624:. Cambridge University Press.
2232:Stanisław Salmonowicz (1994).
2144:Resistance during World War II
2118:Several sources note that the
2113:
2073:
1766:Government Delegate for Poland
1166:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1161:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
938:, a long-term opponent of the
928:Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski
884:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski
645:Non-integrated but recognizing
619:National Military Organization
1:
5556:1939 establishments in Poland
5345:Camp of Fighting Poland (OPW)
5302:Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ)
5154:104th Company of Syndicalists
5144:2nd Legions Infantry Division
5101:Headquarters and Directorates
5043:Krzyż Powstania Warszawskiego
2154:
2023:History of Poland (1945–1989)
2018:History of Poland (1939–1945)
1687:, later transformed into the
1654:National Radical Camp Falanga
1645:Home Political Representation
1346:Republic of Central Lithuania
1323:Military Government of Lublin
1090:Home Political Representation
1072:; it then set out to develop
1020:Home Political Representation
572:National Security Corps (PKB)
253:Home Political Representation
4234:. Harvard University Press.
4172:. Sourcebooks, Inc. p.
3799:Vladimir Tismaneanu (2010).
2912:. Hippocrene Books. p.
2645:Kenneth K. Koskodan (2009).
1986:Service for Poland's Victory
1907:estimated at up to 150,000.
1833:, each under an underground
1710:
1459:Council of Ministers at Home
1318:Government General of Warsaw
1018:. In 1943 it was renamed to
905:Polish Military Organization
886:received orders from Polish
868:Service for Poland's Victory
7:
3362:"Polskie Państwo Podziemne"
3122:. Penguin. pp. 29–30.
2618:Roy Francis Leslie (1983).
1995:
1928:People's Republic of Poland
1848:
1793:various cultural activities
1715:
1658:Confederation of the Nation
1585:Polish legislative election
1445:, aiming at a reduction of
1247:Union of Hungary and Poland
639:Confederation of the Nation
419:History of Poland 1939–1945
10:
5587:
5466:Lithuanian Security Police
5461:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
5318:Peasants' Battalions (BCh)
5108:Information and Propaganda
5015:Warsaw Uprising insurgents
4137:Barbara Wachowicz (2002).
4116:"M.P. 1998 nr 30 poz. 414"
3829:Norman Davies (May 2005).
3762:, Hippocrene Books, 1987,
3760:Poland: A Historical Atlas
3563:Richard C. Frucht (2005).
3279:Peter D. Stachura (2004).
2947:Historia Polski: 1864–1948
2705:. I.B.Tauris. p. 37.
2678:. I.B.Tauris. p. 78.
2454:. Routledge. p. 140.
2451:Who's who in World War Two
2342:Peter D. Stachura (2004).
2277:10.1177/002200947501000202
2078:The more widely used term
1936:Soviet-annexed territories
1852:
1726:Polish Government in Exile
1719:
1699:and its military arm, the
1262:Union of Poland and Saxony
1226:Polish government-in-exile
1181:Congress Kingdom of Poland
909:Polish Government in Exile
856:
660:Jewish Combat Organization
199:Polish government-in-exile
163:Polish government-in-exile
18:
5510:
5479:
5443:
5400:
5373:
5365:Union of Retaliation (ZO)
5310:
5289:
5256:Little Andrews (Jędrusie)
5243:
5197:
5136:
5100:
5057:
5023:
5002:
4749:
4716:
4673:
4651:
4625:
4599:
4541:
4490:
4447:
4443:
4422:
4292:Richard C. Lukas (2004).
3902:Mark Wyman (April 1998).
3443:Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996).
3205:Anita Prażmowska (1995).
3175:Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996).
3080:Anita Prażmowska (1995).
2988:Krystyna Kersten (1991).
2827:Krystyna Kersten (1991).
2493:Anita Prażmowska (1995).
2405:Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996).
2058:Polish Resettlement Corps
1693:National Radical Camp ABC
1649:Council of National Unity
1206:Regency Kingdom of Poland
1094:Council of National Unity
1028:Council of National Unity
934:on 29 September. General
876:German invasion of Poland
757:Polskie Państwo Podziemne
327:
323:
309:
296:
283:
279:
269:
259:Council of National Unity
239:
235:
223:
213:• 1939–1940 (first)
211:
207:
193:
189:
175:
171:
157:
147:
137:
120:
109:
97:
81:
47:
42:
36:Polskie Państwo Podziemne
30:
5551:Polish Underground State
5456:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
5355:Secret Polish Army (TAP)
5261:Underground Police (PKB)
4435:Polish Underground State
4228:Halik Kochanski (2012).
3569:. ABC-CLIO. p. 32.
3497:Bernard A. Cook (2001).
3476:. Penguin. p. 124.
2080:Polish Underground State
2063:
1988:organization) to be the
1742:national day of mourning
1611:Political representation
1601:Freedom and Independence
1221:Polish People's Republic
1216:Polish Underground State
749:Polish Underground State
225:• 1944-1945 (last)
121:"Poland Is Not Yet Lost"
32:Polish Underground State
5518:The Holocaust in Poland
5328:Leśni (Forest Soldiers)
5251:Błyskawica radiostation
5149:27th Volhynian Division
4210:Story of a Secret State
4076:Salmonowicz, pp. 18–19.
4010:Salmonowicz, pp. 10–11.
3649:Salmonowicz, pp. 17–18.
3610:Salmonowicz, pp. 55–56.
3589:Salmonowicz, pp. 51–53.
3053:6 November 2011 at the
2812:Salmonowicz, pp. 44–45.
2803:Salmonowicz, pp. 45–46.
2531:Salmonowicz, pp. 33–36.
2519:Salmonowicz, pp. 30–33.
2324:Salmonowicz, pp. 30–31.
2306:Salmonowicz, pp. 26–27.
2101:Story of a Secret State
1904:British secret services
1873:Union of Armed Struggle
1837:, further divided into
1553:Jan Stanisław Jankowski
1534:Mieczysław B. Biskupski
1252:Polish–Lithuanian union
1059:Jan Stanisław Jankowski
1032:Rada Jedności Narodowej
952:Union of Armed Struggle
818:and died in captivity.
767:that were loyal to the
629:Camp of Fighting Poland
461:Political organizations
5528:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
5128:Underground Resistance
4736:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski
4643:Underground Resistance
4508:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4213:. Simon Publications.
4037:Garliński, pp. 219–220
4028:Salmonowicz, pp. 9–10.
3872:Gregor Dallas (2005).
3756:Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
3546:24 August 2016 at the
3143:Gregor Dallas (2006).
3116:Eric Alterman (2005).
3026:Salmonowicz, p. 48–49.
2870:24 August 2016 at the
2758:Garliński, pp. 225–226
2136:invasion of Yugoslavia
1923:
1868:
1855:Związek Walki Zbrojnej
1773:the police, the courts
1744:
1617:Second Polish Republic
1547:
1211:Second Polish Republic
982:
956:Main Political Council
756:
562:Armed Resistance (ZWZ)
542:Military organizations
495:Camp of National Unity
470:Polish Socialist Party
356:Second Polish Republic
132:
86:
5010:Armia Krajowa members
4607:Biuletyn Informacyjny
4491:Uprisings and battles
4369:15 March 2021 at the
3243:The history of Poland
2944:Józef Buszko (1983).
2699:Janina Struk (2004).
2672:Janina Struk (2011).
2203:10 April 2008 at the
2094:) was a term used by
2084:Biuletyn Informacyjny
1965:Stanisław Salmonowicz
1918:
1866:
1853:Further information:
1819:, subordinate to AK.
1733:
1720:Further information:
1542:
1507:. In Tehran, neither
1493:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1443:income redistribution
1201:Grand Duchy of Kraków
1191:Grand Duchy of Poznań
1070:underground education
977:
932:Władysław Raczkiewicz
800:right-wing extremists
665:Jewish Military Union
624:National Armed Forces
530:Polish Workers' Party
525:National Radical Camp
515:Betar (Zionist youth)
183:Władysław Raczkiewicz
148:Common languages
131:
5438:Opponents and rivals
4750:Senior officers and
4542:Underground, field,
4277:. Hippocrene Books.
4255:. Hippocrene Books.
3962:Salmonowicz, pp.6–7.
2862:Marek Ney-Krwawicz,
2448:John Keegan (2002).
1737:Information Bulletin
1681:Polish Workers Party
1561:Trial of the Sixteen
1449:. The plan promised
1441:principles, such as
1257:Polish–Swedish union
1171:Partitions of Poland
960:Kazimierz Sosnkowski
878:(accompanied by the
862:1939–1940: Formation
759:, also known as the
604:Partially integrated
554:Service for Poland's
287:Constitution adopted
115:Mazurek Dąbrowskiego
100:Honor and Fatherland
5033:Armia Krajowa Cross
4659:Republic of Pińczów
4318:Courier from Warsaw
4207:Jan Karski (2001).
4019:Salmonowicz, p. 10.
3936:Democracy in Poland
3732:Google Print, p.198
3722:, Routledge, 1994,
3706:Salmonowicz, p. 96.
3697:Salmonowicz, p. 91.
3679:Salmonowicz, p. 75.
3658:Salmonowicz, p. 76.
3628:Salmonowicz, p. 64.
3045:, 02.10.04 Nr 232,
3014:Salmonowicz, p. 48.
2891:Salmonowicz, p. 47.
2794:Salmonowicz, p. 46.
2782:Salmonowicz, p. 44.
2770:Salmonowicz, p. 42.
2730:Salmonowicz, p. 37.
2540:Salmonowicz, p. 39.
2315:Salmonowicz, p. 27.
2088:Polish Secret State
1546:, the last delegate
1505:sphere of influence
1447:economic inequality
1431:freedom of religion
1351:Free City of Danzig
1302:Occupational powers
1196:Free City of Kraków
988:government in exile
916:Polish Constitution
851:communist partisans
816:as alleged traitors
761:Polish Secret State
693:Cultural activities
142:Government in exile
5381:Independence (NIE)
5235:VII Warsaw suburbs
4518:Murowana Oszmianka
4315:Jan Nowak (1982).
4001:Salmonowicz, p. 8.
3470:Tony Judt (2006).
2853:Salmonowicz, p. 45
1924:
1869:
1757:Commander-in-Chief
1745:
1548:
1530:Tomasz Arciszewski
1457:Minister, and the
1439:Christian Democrat
1328:General Government
1231:Republic of Poland
1106:Tadeusz Komorowski
983:
979:Władysław Sikorski
936:Władysław Sikorski
892:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
888:Commander-in-Chief
840:genocidal policies
781:Republic of Poland
634:Pomeranian Griffin
598:Peasant Battalions
593:Gwardia Ludowa WRN
505:Jewish Labour Bund
300:Invasion of Poland
230:Tomasz Arciszewski
218:Władysław Sikorski
133:
5536:
5535:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5394:
5393:
5159:Battalion Parasol
5123:Covert Resistance
5051:
5050:
4759:J. Aleksandrowicz
4752:prominent members
4667:
4666:
4638:Covert Resistance
4349:978-1-84832-595-1
4328:978-0-8143-1725-9
4307:978-0-7818-0242-0
4284:978-0-7818-1302-0
4262:978-0-7818-1035-7
4241:978-0-674-06816-2
4220:978-1-931541-39-8
4183:978-1-4022-0045-8
4150:978-83-88794-68-1
4060:978-0-8101-2001-3
3985:978-3-86583-240-5
3946:978-0-8133-3935-1
3929:Marjorie Castle;
3915:978-0-8014-8542-8
3885:978-0-300-10980-1
3848:978-0-231-12819-3
3812:978-963-9776-63-0
3688:Garliński, p. 226
3670:Garliński, p. 220
3640:Garliński, p. 236
3619:Garliński, p. 238
3601:Garliński, p. 235
3576:978-1-57607-800-6
3523:Garliński, p. 250
3510:978-0-8153-4058-4
3483:978-0-14-303775-0
3456:978-0-313-26007-0
3426:978-0-8214-1892-5
3344:978-0-375-72625-5
3317:Garliński, p. 252
3308:Garliński, p. 251
3292:978-0-415-34358-9
3258:978-0-313-30571-9
3218:978-0-521-48385-8
3188:978-0-313-26007-0
3156:978-0-300-11988-6
3129:978-0-14-303604-3
3106:Garliński, p. 243
3093:978-0-521-48385-8
3070:Garliński, p. 245
3001:978-0-520-06219-1
2975:Garliński, p. 246
2957:978-83-01-03732-1
2923:978-0-88254-517-2
2840:978-0-520-06219-1
2746:Garliński, p. 234
2712:978-1-86064-546-4
2685:978-1-84885-443-7
2658:978-1-84603-365-0
2631:978-0-521-27501-9
2608:Garliński, p. 224
2595:978-0-8214-1892-5
2563:978-0-8214-1892-5
2506:978-0-521-48385-8
2483:Garliński, p. 223
2461:978-0-415-26033-6
2438:Garliński, p. 222
2418:978-0-313-26007-0
2391:978-0-8214-1892-5
2355:978-0-7146-8444-4
2245:978-83-02-05500-3
2222:Garliński, p. 253
2195:Grzegorz Ostasz,
2148:French resistance
1967:, discussing the
1961:fall of communism
1950:French Resistance
1896:Operation Tempest
1662:ethnic minorities
1581:fall of communism
1525:puppet government
1497:Tehran Conference
1463:Operation Tempest
1427:freedom of speech
1407:What We Fight For
1402:
1401:
1360:
1359:
1156:Kingdom of Poland
1084:1941–1943: Growth
1055:Jan Piekałkiewicz
1026:) and in 1944 to
745:
744:
704:History of Poland
578:Mostly integrated
406:Underground State
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
361:
360:
177:• 1939–1945
129:
5578:
5514:Related articles
5492:Soviet partisans
5437:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5118:Civil Resistance
5094:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5003:Membership lists
4924:A. Stelmachowski
4904:Z. Romanowiczowa
4741:Leopold Okulicki
4710:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4633:Civil Resistance
4484:
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4271:Richard C. Lukas
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2140:the Soviet Union
2117:
2077:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1791:, and supported
1664:, primarily the
1577:Western betrayal
1565:Stefan Korboński
1557:Leopold Okulicki
1544:Stefan Korboński
1521:Anita Prażmowska
1501:Yalta Conference
1419:central planning
1394:
1387:
1380:
1236:
1235:
1136:
1127:Polish statehood
1115:
1114:
1110:Leopold Okulicki
1063:Stefan Korboński
996:National Council
798:and some of the
737:
730:
723:
706:during 1939–1945
649:Armed Resistance
608:Armed Resistance
582:Armed Resistance
510:Hashomer Hatzair
500:Democratic Party
416:
391:
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376:
365:
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305:1 September 1939
185:
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89:Honor i Ojczyzna
69:
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5532:
5523:Warsaw Uprising
5502:
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5496:
5475:
5439:
5431:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5369:
5306:
5285:
5239:
5198:Warsaw commands
5193:
5169:Żaglowiec Group
5164:Battalion Zośka
5132:
5096:
5088:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5025:
5019:
4998:
4984:T. Żenczykowski
4939:Z. Szendzielarz
4864:J. Mazurkiewicz
4849:A. Krzyżanowski
4774:W. Bartoszewski
4769:K. K. Baczyński
4751:
4745:
4712:
4704:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4647:
4621:
4617:Operation Antyk
4595:
4566:Project Big Ben
4543:
4537:
4503:Zamość uprising
4498:Warsaw Uprising
4486:
4478:
4439:
4418:
4404:
4371:Wayback Machine
4360:
4350:
4329:
4308:
4285:
4263:
4242:
4221:
4203:
4201:Further reading
4198:
4188:
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4162:
4158:
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4114:
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4099:
4097:
4095:Wiadomosci24.pl
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3893:
3886:
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3853:
3851:
3849:
3827:
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3797:
3793:
3786:Financial Times
3778:
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3593:
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3548:Wayback Machine
3538:
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3491:
3484:
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3457:
3441:
3434:
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3407:
3397:
3395:
3394:on 5 March 2016
3386:
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3327:Stanley Cloud;
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2336:Jeffrey Bines,
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2205:Wayback Machine
2194:
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2008:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1913:
1861:
1851:
1803:). Through the
1797:social services
1728:
1718:
1713:
1627:(PPS-WRN), the
1625:Socialist Party
1613:
1605:cursed soldiers
1483:
1467:Warsaw Uprising
1435:planned economy
1415:nationalization
1411:communist state
1398:
1356:
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1176:Duchy of Warsaw
1151:Duchy of Poland
1098:Kazimierz Pużak
1086:
1074:social security
1004:Socialist Party
920:Ignacy Mościcki
864:
859:
804:Warsaw Uprising
771:in London. The
741:
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4358:External links
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3791:
3779:Kwan Yuk Pan,
3772:
3747:
3735:
3716:R. J. Crampton
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3660:
3651:
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3489:
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3455:
3432:
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3298:
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3271:
3257:
3224:
3217:
3194:
3187:
3162:
3155:
3135:
3128:
3108:
3099:
3092:
3072:
3060:
3043:Rzeczpospolita
3028:
3016:
3007:
3000:
2977:
2963:
2956:
2936:
2922:
2893:
2877:
2855:
2846:
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2772:
2760:
2748:
2732:
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2512:
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2460:
2440:
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2397:
2390:
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2299:
2271:(2): 219–259.
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2224:
2210:
2158:
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2152:
2151:
2106:
2105:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2038:Minor sabotage
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1997:
1994:
1969:historiography
1912:
1909:
1850:
1847:
1815:, forming the
1809:minor sabotage
1753:Prime Minister
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1685:People's Guard
1629:People's Party
1612:
1609:
1488:Katyn massacre
1482:
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1241:Personal union
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1223:
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1145:
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1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1085:
1082:
1047:Cyryl Ratajski
1012:National Party
1008:People's Party
992:fall of France
964:Stefan Rowecki
944:Prime Minister
922:, interned in
914:Following the
863:
860:
858:
855:
824:Western Allies
773:first elements
743:
742:
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687:Related topics
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480:National Party
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439:Administration
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270:Historical era
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5271:Silent Unseen
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5205:I Śródmieście
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5022:
5016:
5013:
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5008:
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5005:
5001:
4995:
4994:T. Żychiewicz
4992:
4990:
4987:
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4980:
4977:
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4965:
4964:A. Zakrzewska
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4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
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4890:
4887:
4885:
4884:T. Pełczyński
4882:
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4548:
4546:
4544:and espionage
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:Lwów uprising
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
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4470:
4468:
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4436:
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4431:
4428:
4426:Main articles
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4424:
4421:
4417:
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4414:Armia Krajowa
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4389:
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3825:
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3814:
3808:
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3795:
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3782:
3776:
3769:
3768:0-88029-394-2
3765:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3728:0-415-05346-3
3725:
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3567:
3559:
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3393:
3389:
3383:
3368:on 3 May 2012
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2166:
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2159:
2149:
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2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:Gregor Dallas
2125:
2124:Norman Davies
2121:
2120:Armia Krajowa
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2092:Tajne państwo
2089:
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2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:Poland portal
2000:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1954:la Résistance
1951:
1947:
1943:
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1937:
1933:
1929:
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1884:Eastern Front
1881:
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1859:Armia Krajowa
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1367:Poland portal
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647:authority of
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556:Victory (SZP)
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490:Minor parties
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465:Major parties
458:
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5538:
5451:Nazi Germany
5290:Predecessors
5274:
5189:Żyrafa Group
5137:Combat units
5024:Emblems and
4944:A. Szklarski
4919:D. Smoleński
4914:J. Rutkowski
4874:K. Moczarski
4859:J. J. Lerski
4844:H. Krahelska
4824:S. Jankowski
4626:Directorates
4434:
4413:
4338:
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2098:in his book
2091:
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1953:
1946:Armia Ludowa
1939:
1925:
1900:intelligence
1889:
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1870:
1831:voivodeships
1828:
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760:
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485:Labour Party
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337:
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319:28 June 1945
315:established
274:World War II
110:
83:Motto:
82:
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5275:Cichociemni
5179:Żmija Group
5026:decorations
4989:M. Żuławski
4979:T. Zawadzki
4974:J. Zamoyski
4969:W. Zalewski
4959:J. Zabłocki
4879:A. Nadolski
4819:H. Lederman
4612:Operation N
4586:V-1 and V-2
4528:Ostra Brama
4412:Home Army (
4122:20 December
4100:20 December
3329:Lynne Olson
1761:Polish Army
1670:Belarusians
1656:formed the
1637:Labor Party
1451:land reform
1290:Intermarium
1016:Labor Party
901:World War I
845:During the
428:Authorities
333:Preceded by
262:(1944–1945)
256:(1943–1944)
250:(1940–1943)
240:Legislature
5545:Categories
5374:Successors
5311:Affiliates
5174:Żbik Group
4954:E. Umińska
4894:W. Pilecki
4829:S. Karpiel
4789:S. Bittner
4784:R. Białous
4718:Commanders
4600:Propaganda
4485:Operations
2155:References
2132:Mark Wyman
2096:Jan Karski
1841:headed by
1824:ministries
1666:Ukrainians
1635:, and the
1631:(SL), the
1080:networks.
1039:Jan Karski
880:Soviet one
836:Polish law
796:communists
670:Opposition
567:Gray Ranks
520:Opposition
444:Parliament
434:Government
119:(English:
5444:Opponents
5341:(faction)
5225:V Mokotów
5220:IV Ochota
4949:H. Szwarc
4869:W. Micuta
4794:F. Błażej
4779:J. Batory
4652:Political
4561:Kutschera
3931:Ray Taras
3398:3 January
3372:3 January
2929:3 January
2293:159844616
2090:(Polish:
2028:Home Army
1959:With the
1932:Stalinist
1843:starostas
1749:President
1711:Structure
1513:Roosevelt
1509:Churchill
820:Abandoned
698:Education
653:Home Army
612:Home Army
586:Home Army
159:President
43:1939–1945
5281:Wachlarz
5230:VI Praga
5215:III Wola
5210:Żoliborz
4929:R. Syski
4909:Z. Rumel
4899:R. Reiff
4889:A. Pilch
4854:L. Kulej
4814:T. Gajcy
4809:S. Braun
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4576:Most III
4367:Archived
4273:(2012).
3933:(2002).
3544:Archived
3331:(2004).
3051:Archived
2868:Archived
2250:, p. 25.
2201:Archived
1996:See also
1880:sabotage
1849:Military
1755:and the
1716:Civilian
1668:and the
1641:Big Four
1313:Ober Ost
1274:Proposed
1120:a series
1118:Part of
1051:Delegate
890:Marshal
847:Cold War
787:and the
396:a series
394:Part of
5335:(split)
5038:Kotwica
4591:Wieniec
4551:Arsenal
4533:Tempest
4189:6 March
3854:8 April
3264:8 April
2297:, p.221
2033:Kotwica
1892:battles
1839:powiats
1835:voivode
1777:schools
1759:of the
1078:justice
969:Rowecki
940:Sanacja
924:Romania
857:History
822:by the
311:•
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161:of the
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5480:Rivals
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1941:émigré
1921:Poznań
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1785:police
1781:courts
1775:, and
1676:were.
1619:. The
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1142:Poland
753:Polish
449:Courts
404:Polish
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4571:Bürkl
4556:Heads
2340:, in
2289:S2CID
2281:JSTOR
2064:Notes
903:-era
606:with
580:with
4344:ISBN
4323:ISBN
4302:ISBN
4279:ISBN
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4236:ISBN
4215:ISBN
4191:2011
4178:ISBN
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