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be formed by six experts in law and 3 experts in management, economics and other related areas. However, after the
National Referendum that took place on 5 May 2011 led to the passing of a proposition impulsed by the government, the Judiciary Council changed its formation by making a constitutional amendment. Currently, a Tri-Party Commission is serving as a Transitional Council with delegates from the Legislative, Executive and Transparency Branch, in order to reform the broken judicial system of the country.
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Beginning with the 1996 election, the more indigenous, less
Spanish-rooted, ethnic groups abandoned their traditional policy of shunning the official political system and participated actively. The indigenous population has established itself as a significant force in Ecuadorian politics, as shown by
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The administrative branch of the judicial power consists of the
Judiciary Council. The Council is formed by 9 Vocals who are elected by the Branch of Transparency and Social Control, which is formed by the Control Authorities of the State. The Vocals are elected also by a merits contest and it shall
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After the adoption of a new
Constitution in 2008, the judicial branch of the country was completely renewed to provide a cooperative leadership by having a judicial and an administrative head. As such, the bodies of Ecuador's judicial branch now consisted of the National Court of Justice, provincial
711:
Constitutional changes enacted by a specially elected
National Constitutional Assembly in 1998 took effect on 10 August 1998. The new constitution strengthens the executive branch by eliminating mid-term congressional elections and by circumscribing Congress' power to challenge cabinet ministers.
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in
December 2004, ousted 27 of the 31 justices and replaced them with new members chosen by Congress; notwithstanding, the lack of any provisions permitting impeachment of Supreme Court justices by Congress and the specific provisions giving the Court the power to select new members. Earlier, in
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is highly factionalized along regional, ideological, and personal lines, a strong desire for consensus on major issues often leads to compromise. Opposition forces in
Congress are loosely organized, but historically they often unite to block the administration's initiatives and to remove cabinet
702:
have historically been small, loose organizations that depended more on populist, often charismatic, leaders to retain support than on programs or ideology. Frequent internal splits have produced extreme factionalism. However, a pattern has emerged in which administrations from the center-left
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The
National Court of Justice seats 21 judges elected for a period of 9 years. They are elected by the Judiciary Council based on a merits contest held by that office. They are the final stage of any judicial process serving as a Court of Cassation and create binding precedent based on Triple
2408:, supported by exiled former president, Rafael Correa. Previously, President-elect Lasso finished second in the 2013 and 2017 presidential elections. On 24 May 2021, Guillermo Lasso was sworn in as the new President of Ecuador, becoming the country's first right-wing leader in 14 years.
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The executive branch includes 28 ministries. Provincial governors and councilors, like mayors and aldermen and parish boards, are directly elected. Congress meets throughout the year except for recess in July and
December. There are 20 seven-member congressional committees.
712:
Party discipline is traditionally weak, and routinely many deputies switch allegiance during each
Congress. However, after the new Constitution took effect, the Congress passed a Code of Ethics which imposes penalties on members who defy their party leadership on key votes.
663:, as it may to a lesser degree be exercised by the executive which consists of the President convening an appointed executive cabinet. Subsequent acts of the National Assembly are supreme over Executive Orders where sufficient votes have been cast by the legislators. The
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provides for a four-year term of office for the President, Vice-President, and members of the National Assembly with concurrent elections. Presidents and legislators may be re-elected immediately. Citizens must be at least 16 years of age to vote:
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courts (created by the National Court), tribunals and judges, National Council of the Judicature, Public Defendants' Office, and State Attorneys' Office. The 2008 Constitution also led to the creation of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador.
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does not exercise legal revision, but rather constitutional control of situations where constitutional rights are violated. Also they are the sole body in the State to interpret what the Constitution says.
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Reiterative Rulings from the Chambers of the Court. The President of the Court is elected among the members of the Court for a Period of three years, representing the Judicial Branch before the State.
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was dramatically removed from office. The last election was held on 20 October 2002 and a runoff election on 24 November 2002 (with the next one to be held in 2006 per the four-year term limits).
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In 1979, there was no female representation. By 1984, there was only 4.2% of female representation with three deputies. In 1986, the number was reduced to one female parliamentarian.
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New justices of the Supreme Court of Ecuador were elected by the sitting members of the court. A bare majority of Congress, acting in a special session called by former President
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on charges of corruption and then assumed legislative powers for itself. The Constituent Assembly then proposed a new National Assembly, which is the current institution.
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3437:"Alfredo Palacio juró su cargo como presidente de Ecuador tras la destitución de Lucio Gutiérrez, que ha pedido asilo al gobierno brasileño desde su embajada"
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in Spanish), and it has 137 primary (seat-holding) members (all of whom are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms). It is based on provincial
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is universal and compulsory for literate persons aged 18 to 65 and optional for 16 and 17 years of age and other eligible voters.
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has characterized Correa's ideological approach as being "economically populist, socially conservative, quasi-authoritarian".
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Between 1988 and 1996, the average percentage of female representation was around of 5%. The following trends occurred:
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amid escalating street protests precipitated by growing criticism of Gutiérrez's Supreme Court appointments.
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is independent of the executive and the legislature. Ecuador is also considered a constitutional republic.
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The President and Vice-President are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a four-year term.
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720:, who led the indigenous political party, Pachakutik, as Second Vice-President of the 1998 Congress.
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3601:"Noboa, 35, to become Ecuador's next president following election dominated by spiraling crime"
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Ecuador or Ecuadorian organizations participate in the following international organizations:
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Ecuador's legal system is based on the civil law system. Ecuador recently accepted compulsory
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November 2004, Congress replaced the majority of judges on the country's Electoral Court and
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3710:"En Ecuador: La representación femenina en la Asamblea Nacional supera el promedio mundial"
3684:"Un nuevo movimiento inició un proceso para impulsar una Asamblea Constituyente en Ecuador"
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2005:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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3140:"Vectors of Contestation: Social Movements and Party Systems in Ecuador and Colombia"
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3550:"Ecuador's popular, powerful president Rafael Correa is a study in contradictions"
3412:"The Basic Structure of the Ecuadorian Legal System and Legal Research – GlobaLex"
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Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean
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2423:. On 23 November 2023, Daniel Noboa was sworn in as Ecuador’s new president.
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Rafael Correa's three consecutive terms (from 2007 to 2017) were followed by
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2365:, or second and final round. Correa won with 56.8% of the vote. There was an
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3494:"Ecuador Exit Polls Show Correa Wins Presidential Vote (Update2)" Bloomberg
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3658:"Constituida la nueva Asamblea Nacional de Ecuador, de mayoría gobernante"
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3354:"4 mujeres y 5 hombres integran la nueva Corte Constitucional de Ecuador"
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alternate with those from the center-right. Although Ecuador's political
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3586:"Lasso inaugurated as first right-wing Ecuador president in 14 years"
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2404:, taking 52.4% of the vote compared to 47.6% of left-wing economist
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3568:"Guillermo Lasso: Conservative ex-banker elected Ecuador president"
676:
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2951:
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
2950:
2552:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
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assumed the presidency on 20 April 2005 after Congress removed
704:
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run-off vote ended in a win for conservative former banker,
3340:
Revista de la Fundación para el Debido Proceso Legal (DPLF)
2724:
3633:"Business heir Daniel Noboa sworn in as Ecuador president"
2321:
3756:
has analysis of corruption and anti-corruption in Ecuador
3223:"Firings on Ecuador's Top Court Stir Opposition's Wrath"
2678:
2850:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
2778:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (
2752:
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
3463:"Ecuadorean President Ousted From Office by Lawmakers"
736:
2919:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
3406:
3404:
620:. The central government polity is a quadrennially
125:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2957:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
2945:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
2543:
2375:described Correa as "a left-wing populist", while
2194:
2419:with 52.3% of the vote against leftist candidate
2252:As of 2019, the court has the following members:
2112:
4789:
3401:
3163:"Ecuador Appears Likely to Rewrite Constitution"
2746:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
2709:In 2017, the leadership was led by three women:
2815:International Fund for Agricultural Development
3196:"Pacari, primera indigena ministra en Ecuador"
3093:
2872:International Organization for Standardization
2344:
4393:
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2353:was held on 15 October and 26 November 2006.
593:
4727:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
4407:
3617:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3599:Alvarado, Tara John,Abel (15 October 2023).
3505:"Ecuador court orders ex-president's arrest"
3260:FIU Center for the Administration of Justice
2121:
3547:
2559:
2411:On 15 October 2023, center-right candidate
716:the selection of indigenous representative
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4400:
4386:
3782:
3768:
2763:Group of Eleven (G-11), Group of 77 (G-77)
600:
586:
2786:International Civil Aviation Organization
2369:against President Rafael Correa in 2010.
2326:On 20 April 2005, by an act of Congress,
203:Learn how and when to remove this message
185:Learn how and when to remove this message
3598:
2981:World Intellectual Property Organization
2866:International Organization for Migration
2725:International organization participation
2498:
2425:
2391:
2288:
727:
3836:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
2884:International Trade Union Confederation
2827:International Hydrographic Organization
2322:Controversy surrounding Lucio Gutiérrez
2207:
2130:
693:
4790:
3384:Political Risk Yearbook: South America
3220:
3160:
2896:Latin American Integration Association
2564:Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces:
2388:'s four years as president (2017–21).
1186:Pedro J. Cevallos y Fernández Salvador
4381:
3763:
3377:
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3101:Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict
2878:International Telecommunication Union
2809:International Development Association
2679:Female representation in the Assembly
2494:
753:
3789:
3333:"Cambios en la justicia ecuatoriana"
3137:
2734:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas
2550:List of political parties in Ecuador
2185:
123:adding citations to reliable sources
94:
58:
17:
3949:2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis
3851:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)
3531:"If you can't beat 'em, referendum"
3281:"Supreme Court in Ecuador replaced"
2844:International Maritime Organization
2284:
737:The former Supreme Court of Ecuador
13:
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2773:International Atomic Energy Agency
2415:won the run-off of the premature p
723:
14:
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4171:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
3732:
3221:Forero, Juan (18 December 2004).
3018:List of heads of state of Ecuador
2987:World Meteorological Organization
2833:International Labour Organization
2821:International Finance Corporation
2798:International Chamber of Commerce
2758:Food and Agriculture Organization
2548:For other political parties, see
1583:José Antonio Baquero de la Calle
33:This article has multiple issues.
4603:
4570:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3964:
3754:Global Integrity Report: Ecuador
3119:from the original on 9 June 2024
2969:World Federation of Trade Unions
2430:President of Ecuador 2017–2021,
1647:Celio Enrique Salvador Quintana
859:Víctor Félix de Sanmiguel Cacho
827:Víctor Félix de Sanmiguel Cacho
803:Víctor Félix de Sanmiguel Cacho
560:
513:Minister: José Valencia Amores (
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3161:Romero, Simon (16 April 2007).
3012:Frente Único de Lucha Campesina
2767:Inter-American Development Bank
2666:
2544:Political parties and elections
2534:Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly
2201:Constitutional Court of Ecuador
2195:Constitutional Court of Ecuador
1565:Manuel Eduardo Escudero Viteri
1533:Manuel Eduardo Escudero Viteri
1493:Manuel Eduardo Escudero Viteri
1324:Manuel Benigno Cueva Betancourt
835:José María de Arteta y Calisto
811:José María de Arteta y Calisto
779:José María de Arteta y Calisto
110:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
3443:(in Spanish). 25 December 2014
3387:. Frost & Sullivan. 2010.
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2925:Permanent Court of Arbitration
2890:Latin American Economic System
2673:International Court of Justice
2646:Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas
2113:Reorganization of Court (2008)
1695:Alejandro Ribadeneira Salazar
1607:Alejandro Ribadeneira Salazar
1275:León Espinosa de los Monteros
1195:Alejandro Ribadeneira Salazar
1161:León Espinosa de los Monteros
1010:Pedro José de Arteta y Calisto
976:Pedro José de Arteta y Calisto
894:Pedro José de Arteta y Calisto
876:Pedro José de Arteta y Calisto
771:José Fernández Salvador López
1:
3917:Supreme Council of Government
3548:Nick Miroff (15 March 2014).
3033:
2313:
2148:José Vicente Troya Jaramillo
2039:Carlos Solórzano Constantine
1631:Camilo Octavio Andrade López
1615:Camilo Octavio Andrade López
1591:Camilo Octavio Andrade López
1574:Manuel María Borrero González
3739:National Assembly of Ecuador
3664:(in Spanish). 5 October 2015
3028:2008 Constitution of Ecuador
3023:1830 Constitution of Ecuador
2792:International Criminal Court
2304:
1925:Carlos A. Jaramillo Andrade
1813:José María Villagómez Román
1763:José María Villagómez Román
1713:José María Villagómez Román
943:Antonio Bustamante del Mazo
911:Antonio Bustamante del Mazo
510:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
7:
4203:Water supply and sanitation
3109:Economist Intelligence Unit
3005:
2740:Andean Community of Nations
2717:(First Vice-President) and
2345:Presidency of Rafael Correa
1997:Juan Agustín Quinde Burneo
843:Joaquín Gutiérrez Restrepo
819:Joaquín Gutiérrez Restrepo
787:Joaquín Gutiérrez Restrepo
684:Economist Intelligence Unit
10:
4814:
3863:Liberal Revolution of 1895
3716:(in Spanish). 9 March 2017
2993:World Tourism Organization
2547:
2527:
1989:Germán Carrión Arciniegas
1965:Gonzalo Zambrano Palacios
1877:Benjamín Cevallos Arízaga
1821:Francisco Montero Carrión
1795:Benjamín Cevallos Arízaga
1787:Manuel Elicio Flor Torres
1771:Benjamín Cevallos Arízaga
1737:Manuel Elicio Flor Torres
1721:Benjamín Cevallos Arízaga
993:Antonio Gómez de la Torre
4745:
4712:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4612:
4601:
4413:
4339:
4267:
4224:
4215:
4139:
4130:
4063:
4054:
3982:
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3801:
2975:World Health Organization
2721:(Second Vice-President).
2532:On 29 November 2007, the
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2155:
2122:National Court of Justice
1949:Gonzalo Karolys Martínez
1941:César Durango Montenegro
1893:César Durango Montenegro
1779:Luis Eladio Benítez Jara
1599:Vicente Enríquez Andrade
1461:Belisario Albán Mestanza
1397:Belisario Albán Mestanza
1381:Belisario Albán Mestanza
1349:Belisario Albán Mestanza
1333:Belisario Albán Mestanza
1307:Belisario Albán Mestanza
72:This article needs to be
4732:Turks and Caicos Islands
4408:Politics of the Americas
3954:2024 Ecuadorian conflict
3749:Supreme Court of Justice
3714:EcuadorUniversitario.Com
3311:www.cortenacional.gob.ec
3080:U.S. Department of State
2999:World Trade Organization
2560:Administrative divisions
2243:Hernán Salgado Pesántes
2063:Armando Bermeo Castillo
2015:Walter Guerrero Vivanco
1981:Gonzalo Córdova Galarza
1973:Carlos Pozo Montesdeoca
1885:Ricardo Cornejo Rosales
1663:Aurelio A. Bayas Argudo
1429:Manuel Eduardo Escudero
1413:Francisco Andrade Marín
867:Salvador Ortega Estacio
629:representative democracy
474:Administrative divisions
3934:War on drugs in Ecuador
3890:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
3816:Real Audiencia of Quito
2804:International Red Cross
2256:Hernán Salgado Pesántes
2226:Patricio Pazmiño Freire
2087:Guillermo Castro Dáger
2047:Héctor Romero Parducci
2023:Francisco Acosta Yépez
1957:Armando Pareja Andrade
1909:Miguel Aguirre Sánchez
1853:Arturo del Pozo Saltos
1729:Luis F. Madera Negrete
1655:Leoncio Patiño Carrión
1623:Benjamín Terán Coronel
1525:José María Ayora Cueva
1517:Modesto A. Peñaherrera
1485:José María Ayora Cueva
1477:Modesto A. Peñaherrera
795:Fidel Quijano Valencia
672:Constitution of Ecuador
4647:British Virgin Islands
3907:Military Junta of 1963
2963:Universal Postal Union
2506:
2484:Creating Opportunities
2466:Creating Opportunities
2434:
2333:Former Vice-President
2301:
2175:Paulina Aguirre Suárez
2156:Carlos Ramírez Romero
2079:Ramón Rodríguez Noboa
2031:Miguel Macías Hurtado
1917:Tomás Valdiviezo Alba
1861:Francisco Ochoa Ortiz
1845:Francisco Páez Romero
1829:Francisco Ochoa Ortiz
1804:Camilo Gallegos Toledo
1754:Camilo Gallegos Toledo
1704:Camilo Gallegos Toledo
1687:Belisario Ponce Borja
1671:Belisario Ponce Borja
1639:Belisario Ponce Borja
1549:Francisco Pérez Borja
1267:Francisco J. Montalvo
1259:José Modesto Espinosa
1243:José Modesto Espinosa
1177:Pedro Fermín Cevallos
1145:Francisco A. Arboleda
1113:Pedro Fermín Cevallos
1104:Pablo Herrera González
1078:Rafael Carvajal Guzmán
1052:Pablo Herrera González
750:by a similar process.
733:
732:National Justice Court
659:is not limited to the
526:Diplomatic missions of
458:(popular consultation)
442:(popular consultation)
4560:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3811:Pre-Columbian Ecuador
3744:Presidency of Ecuador
3313:(in European Spanish)
3144:Latin American Essays
2502:
2429:
2392:Current officeholders
2292:
2095:Jaime Velasco Dávila
2071:Hugo Quintana Coello
1933:Luis Jaramillo Pérez
1679:José María Suárez M.
903:Pablo Vásconez Román
731:
134:"Politics of Ecuador"
3416:www.nyulawglobal.org
2902:Non-Aligned Movement
2711:Gabriela Rivadeneira
2661:Santa Elena Province
2554:Elections in Ecuador
2438:Main office-holders
2417:residential election
2235:Alfredo Ruiz Guzmán
2006:Ramiro Larrea Santos
1389:Pacífico Villagómez
1365:Pacífico Villagómez
748:Constitutional Court
694:Political conditions
633:President of Ecuador
357:Constitutional Court
119:improve this article
4798:Politics of Ecuador
4737:U.S. Virgin Islands
4580:Trinidad and Tobago
4425:Antigua and Barbuda
3878:1922 general strike
3821:War of Independence
3554:The Washington Post
3537:. 15 November 2014.
3138:Pugh, Jeff (2008).
2439:
2378:The Washington Post
2213:
2136:
2103:Roberto Gómez Mera
2055:Galo Pico Mantilla
1901:Rafael Terán Varea
1869:Julio Tobar Donoso
1837:Julio Tobar Donoso
1745:Alfonso Mora Bowen
1541:Manuel R. Balarezo
1453:Alejandro Cárdenas
1437:Alejandro Cárdenas
1405:Alejandro Cárdenas
1373:Alejandro Cárdenas
759:
614:politics of Ecuador
420:Recent referendums
295:Verónica Abad Rojas
220:Politics of Ecuador
4490:Dominican Republic
4292:Indigenous peoples
4183:Telecommunications
4093:National Congress
3342:. 3 November 2009.
3287:. 10 December 2004
3227:The New York Times
3202:. 31 December 2002
3167:The New York Times
2507:
2495:Legislative branch
2437:
2435:
2396:The 11 April 2021
2302:
2212:
2208:List of presidents
2135:
2131:List of presidents
758:
754:List of presidents
734:
645:multi-party system
567:Ecuador portal
4783:
4782:
4375:
4374:
4335:
4334:
4211:
4210:
4156:Coffee production
4126:
4125:
4101:Political parties
4088:National Assembly
4078:Foreign relations
4050:
4049:
3873:Concha Revolution
3469:. 21 April 2005.
3467:Los Angeles Times
3360:. 28 January 2019
3089:on 17 April 2011.
2598:Galápagos Islands
2518:Asamblea Nacional
2514:National Assembly
2504:National Assembly
2492:
2491:
2294:Carondelet Palace
2250:
2249:
2186:Judiciary Council
2183:
2182:
2110:
2109:
1299:José María Borja
1235:Antonio Portilla
1211:Antonio Robalino
1137:Antonio Portilla
1069:Nicolás Martínez
951:Nicolás Espinosa
700:political parties
686:rated Ecuador a "
661:National Assembly
657:Legislative power
610:
609:
543:Visa requirements
504:Foreign relations
381:Recent elections
377:Political parties
320:National Assembly
213:
212:
205:
195:
194:
187:
169:
93:
92:
56:
4805:
4702:Saint Barthélemy
4662:Falkland Islands
4607:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4355:
4348:
4222:
4221:
4166:Economic history
4137:
4136:
4096:
4061:
4060:
3980:
3979:
3968:
3944:2000 coup d'état
3846:March Revolution
3784:
3777:
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3726:
3725:
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3596:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3574:. 12 April 2021.
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3128:
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3124:
3118:
3112:(Report). 2024.
3105:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3082:. Archived from
3077:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3044:
2719:Marcela Aguiñaga
2658:Zamora-Chinchipe
2440:
2436:
2363:run-off election
2285:Executive branch
2262:Agustín Grijalva
2214:
2211:
2137:
2134:
1557:Pablo N. Roldán
1509:José Luis Román
1357:Manuel Montalvo
1291:Manuel Montalvo
1219:Luis A. Salazar
1087:Luis A. Salazar
1035:Luis A. Salazar
919:Miguel Alvarado
885:Miguel Alvarado
760:
757:
641:head of the army
602:
595:
588:
565:
564:
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459:
451:
443:
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427:
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389:
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67:
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59:
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25:
18:
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4812:
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4788:
4787:
4784:
4779:
4757:Central America
4741:
4616:
4608:
4599:
4416:
4409:
4406:
4376:
4371:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4331:
4312:Public holidays
4263:
4207:
4122:
4094:
4046:
3969:
3960:
3797:
3788:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3690:. 24 April 2017
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3662:El Confidencial
3656:
3655:
3651:
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3441:El Confidencial
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3008:
2727:
2715:Rosana Alvarado
2681:
2669:
2622:Morona-Santiago
2562:
2557:
2546:
2530:
2497:
2479:Alfredo Borrero
2475:Vice President
2461:Guillermo Lasso
2402:Guillermo Lasso
2394:
2349:A presidential
2347:
2339:Lucio Gutiérrez
2335:Alfredo Palacio
2328:Lucio Gutiérrez
2324:
2316:
2307:
2298:executive power
2287:
2277:Daniela Salazar
2268:Enrique Herrera
2210:
2197:
2188:
2133:
2124:
2115:
1095:Rafael Quevedo
959:Manuel Carrión
756:
743:Lucio Gutiérrez
739:
726:
724:Judicial branch
696:
653:executive power
606:
577:
573:Other countries
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4717:Sint Eustatius
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4652:Cayman Islands
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4307:Notable people
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4120:
4118:Vice President
4115:
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4103:
4098:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
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4034:
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4027:National parks
4024:
4019:
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3912:El Carnavalazo
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3734:
3733:External links
3731:
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3649:
3624:
3591:
3588:. 24 May 2021.
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2675:jurisdiction.
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2509:Ecuador has a
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2421:Luisa González
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2367:attempted coup
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1283:Vicente Nieto
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783:
780:
776:
775:
772:
768:
767:
764:
755:
752:
738:
735:
725:
722:
695:
692:
647:, and leads a
608:
607:
605:
604:
597:
590:
582:
579:
578:
576:
575:
569:
556:
555:
551:
550:
545:
540:
533:
532:
521:
520:
519:
518:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
488:
483:
477:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
453:
445:
437:
434:(constitution)
429:
426:(constitution)
418:
417:
416:
408:
400:
392:
379:
373:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
354:
348:
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336:
335:
334:
333:
332:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
298:
297:
290:Vice President
287:
286:
285:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
246:
241:
240:
237:
236:
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224:
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193:
192:
107:
105:
98:
91:
90:
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4810:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4786:
4776:
4775:
4774:South America
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4751:North America
4748:
4747:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:French Guiana
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
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4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4593:
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4588:
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4585:United States
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
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4328:
4325:
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4300:
4298:
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4290:
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4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
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4119:
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4112:
4109:
4108:
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4071:
4069:
4066:
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4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3955:
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3905:
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3900:
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3879:
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3871:
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3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:reunification
3827:
3826:Gran Colombia
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3780:
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3771:
3766:
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3762:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3535:The Economist
3532:
3526:
3511:. 4 July 2018
3510:
3506:
3500:
3491:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3458:
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3417:
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3407:
3405:
3396:
3394:9781936241040
3390:
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3010:
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2731:
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2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:(President),
2712:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
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2664:
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2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2372:The Economist
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:Rafael Correa
2352:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2271:Karla Andrade
2270:
2267:
2265:Teresa Nuques
2264:
2261:
2259:Carmen Corral
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2246:2019–present
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2202:
2192:
2179:2018–present
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2119:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
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1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
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1879:
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1500:
1499:
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1471:
1468:
1467:
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1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:Julio Castro
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:Julio Castro
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1187:
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1183:
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1176:
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1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:Julio Castro
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1105:
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1101:
1097:
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1089:
1086:
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1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:Manuel Checa
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
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1021:
1018:
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984:
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861:
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837:
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833:
829:
826:
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818:
817:
813:
810:
809:
805:
802:
801:
797:
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793:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
769:
765:
762:
761:
751:
749:
744:
730:
721:
719:
713:
709:
706:
701:
691:
689:
688:hybrid regime
685:
680:
678:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:with further
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:head of state
634:
630:
627:, unicameral
626:
623:
619:
615:
603:
598:
596:
591:
589:
584:
583:
581:
580:
574:
571:
570:
568:
558:
557:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
527:
524:
523:
516:
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511:
509:
508:
505:
500:
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479:
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393:
391:
390:
383:
382:
380:
378:
375:
374:
371:
366:
365:
358:
355:
353:
352:Supreme Court
350:
349:
343:
342:
331:
330:Henry Kronfle
328:
327:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
317:
311:
310:
303:
300:
296:
293:
292:
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288:
284:
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278:
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256:
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251:
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238:
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221:
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216:
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189:
186:
178:
167:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
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139:
136: –
135:
131:
130:Find sources:
124:
120:
114:
113:
108:This article
106:
102:
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96:
87:
75:
70:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
4785:
4772:
4749:
4722:Sint Maarten
4707:Saint Martin
4614:Dependencies
4494:
4259:Social class
4234:Demographics
4193:Trade unions
4149:Central Bank
4068:Constitution
4055:
3929:1990–present
3922:Paquisha War
3718:. Retrieved
3713:
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3687:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3661:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:
3627:
3604:
3594:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3508:
3499:
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3466:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3440:
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3415:
3383:
3362:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3339:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3310:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3259:
3250:
3238:. Retrieved
3226:
3216:
3204:. Retrieved
3199:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3166:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3107:
3095:
3084:the original
3079:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:
3042:
2728:
2708:
2685:
2682:
2670:
2667:Legal system
2563:
2531:
2517:
2508:
2488:24 May 2021
2470:24 May 2021
2432:Lenín Moreno
2413:Daniel Noboa
2410:
2406:Andrés Arauz
2395:
2386:Lenín Moreno
2383:
2376:
2370:
2359:Álvaro Noboa
2348:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2308:
2296:, seats the
2274:Ramiro Ávila
2251:
2198:
2189:
2125:
2116:
927:Ramón Borja
851:Luis De Saá
740:
714:
710:
697:
681:
669:
625:presidential
613:
611:
385:
283:Daniel Noboa
255:Human rights
243:Constitution
219:
199:
181:
172:
162:
155:
148:
141:
129:
117:Please help
112:verification
109:
81:
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
4692:Puerto Rico
4619:territories
4565:Saint Lucia
4500:El Salvador
4007:Environment
4002:Earthquakes
3688:El Comercio
3642:24 November
3358:El Comercio
2642:Santa Elena
1061:Ramón Miño
1019:Ramón Miño
985:Ramón Miño
967:Ramón Miño
718:Nina Pacari
708:ministers.
690:" in 2022.
618:multi-party
548:Visa policy
450:(tax haven)
314:Legislative
4687:Montserrat
4682:Martinique
4677:Guadeloupe
4475:Costa Rica
4327:Television
4297:Newspapers
3939:Cenepa War
3637:Al Jazeera
3307:"La Corte"
3034:References
2852:(Intelsat)
2780:World Bank
2654:Tungurahua
2594:Esmeraldas
2582:Chimborazo
2536:dismissed
2511:unicameral
2457:President
2314:Presidency
2280:Alí Lozada
2238:2015–2018
2230:2008–2015
2217:President
2169:2015–2018
2164:2012–2015
2159:2011–2012
2151:2008–2011
2140:President
2098:2005–2008
2082:2004–2005
2066:2002–2004
2058:2000–2002
2050:1997–2000
2042:1995–1997
2026:1993–1995
2018:1990–1993
2010:1988–1990
2000:1987–1988
1992:1986–1987
1984:1984–1986
1976:1983–1984
1968:1981–1983
1960:1979–1981
1952:1978–1979
1928:1974–1975
1172:1883–1885
862:1846–1847
814:1839–1840
774:1830–1834
763:President
698:Ecuador's
530:in Ecuador
145:newspapers
38:improve it
4762:Caribbean
4672:Greenland
4595:Venezuela
4540:Nicaragua
4510:Guatemala
4430:Argentina
4415:Sovereign
4244:Education
4198:Transport
4106:President
4073:Elections
4042:Volcanoes
4032:Provinces
4022:Mountains
3975:Geography
3902:1960–1990
3897:1944–1960
3885:1925–1944
3868:1895–1925
3858:1860–1895
3841:1830–1860
3613:cite news
3509:BBC World
3475:0458-3035
3285:BBC World
3256:"Ecuador"
3235:0362-4331
3200:BBC World
3175:0362-4331
3073:"ECUADOR"
3048:"Ecuador"
2705:2013: 42%
2702:2009: 29%
2699:2007: 35%
2696:2006: 26%
2693:2003: 18%
2690:1998: 13%
2650:Sucumbíos
2638:Pichincha
2357:defeated
2305:Structure
665:judiciary
481:Provinces
413:(general)
405:(general)
388:(general)
370:Elections
346:Judiciary
325:President
273:President
267:Executive
175:June 2013
84:June 2013
44:talk page
4792:Category
4627:Anguilla
4575:Suriname
4550:Paraguay
4525:Honduras
4485:Dominica
4470:Colombia
4440:Barbados
4362:Category
4254:Religion
4161:Currency
4095:(former)
4083:Military
4056:Politics
3795:articles
3720:26 April
3694:26 April
3668:26 April
3572:BBC News
3515:26 April
3480:26 April
3447:26 April
3421:26 April
3364:26 April
3317:26 April
3291:26 April
3265:26 April
3240:26 April
3206:26 April
3180:26 April
3150:: 46–65.
3114:Archived
3057:26 April
3006:See also
2953:(UNESCO)
2947:(UNCTAD)
2915:(OPANAL)
2856:Interpol
2630:Orellana
2614:Los Ríos
2606:Imbabura
2586:Cotopaxi
2538:Congress
2398:election
2351:election
677:suffrage
538:Passport
491:Parishes
4657:Curaçao
4642:Bonaire
4637:Bermuda
4590:Uruguay
4530:Jamaica
4505:Grenada
4495:Ecuador
4450:Bolivia
4435:Bahamas
4346:Outline
4322:Smoking
4282:Cuisine
4269:Culture
4217:Society
4188:Tourism
4144:Banking
4132:Economy
4017:Mammals
4012:Islands
3997:Climate
3803:History
3791:Ecuador
3123:22 July
2959:(UNIDO)
2927:(PCA),
2754:(ECLAC)
2748:(CELAC)
2634:Pastaza
2570:Bolívar
2528:History
2443:Office
2220:Períod
2143:Period
766:Períod
649:cabinet
622:elected
486:Cantons
397:(local)
302:Cabinet
250:History
159:scholar
74:updated
4545:Panama
4535:Mexico
4515:Guyana
4460:Canada
4455:Brazil
4445:Belize
4417:states
4367:Portal
4277:Cinema
4249:Health
4239:People
4178:Mining
4037:Rivers
3992:Cities
3793:
3473:
3391:
3233:
3173:
3014:(1978)
2995:(WToO)
2983:(WIPO)
2971:(WFTU)
2934:UNASUR
2921:(OPCW)
2898:(LAIA)
2892:(LAES)
2886:(ITUC)
2817:(IFAD)
2788:(ICAO)
2775:(IAEA)
2769:(IADB)
2736:(ALBA)
2618:Manabí
2602:Guayas
2590:El Oro
2578:Carchi
2452:Since
2449:Party
631:. The
161:
154:
147:
140:
132:
4632:Aruba
4520:Haiti
4465:Chile
4353:Index
4317:Sport
4302:Music
4229:Crime
3987:Birds
3336:(PDF)
3117:(PDF)
3104:(PDF)
3087:(PDF)
3076:(PDF)
3001:(WTO)
2989:(WMO)
2977:(WHO)
2965:(UPU)
2904:(NAM)
2880:(ITU)
2874:(ISO)
2868:(IOM)
2846:(IMO)
2835:(ILO)
2829:(IHO)
2823:(IFC)
2811:(IDA)
2800:(ICC)
2794:(ICC)
2760:(FAO)
2742:(CAN)
2574:Cañar
2566:Azuay
2446:Name
2361:in a
2106:2008
2090:2005
2074:2004
2034:1995
1944:1977
1936:1976
1920:1973
1912:1972
1904:1971
1896:1970
1888:1969
1880:1968
1872:1968
1864:1967
1856:1966
1848:1965
1840:1965
1832:1964
1824:1963
1816:1962
1808:1961
1798:1960
1790:1959
1782:1958
1774:1957
1766:1956
1758:1955
1748:1954
1740:1953
1732:1952
1724:1951
1716:1950
1708:1949
1698:1948
1690:1947
1682:1946
1674:1945
1666:1944
1658:1943
1650:1942
1642:1941
1634:1940
1626:1939
1618:1937
1610:1936
1602:1935
1594:1934
1586:1933
1578:1932
1568:1932
1560:1931
1552:1930
1544:1929
1536:1928
1528:1927
1520:1926
1512:1925
1504:1925
1496:1924
1488:1923
1480:1922
1472:1921
1464:1920
1456:1919
1448:1918
1440:1917
1432:1916
1424:1915
1416:1914
1408:1913
1400:1912
1392:1911
1384:1910
1376:1909
1368:1908
1360:1907
1352:1906
1344:1905
1336:1904
1328:1903
1318:1902
1310:1901
1302:1900
1294:1899
1286:1898
1278:1897
1270:1896
1262:1895
1254:1894
1246:1893
1238:1892
1230:1891
1222:1890
1214:1889
1206:1888
1198:1887
1190:1886
1180:1886
1164:1882
1156:1881
1148:1880
1140:1879
1132:1878
1124:1877
1116:1876
1108:1875
1098:1874
1090:1873
1082:1872
1072:1871
1064:1870
1056:1869
1046:1869
1038:1868
1030:1867
1022:1866
1014:1865
1004:1864
996:1863
988:1862
980:1861
970:1860
962:1859
954:1858
946:1857
938:1856
930:1855
922:1854
914:1853
906:1852
898:1851
888:1850
880:1849
870:1848
854:1845
846:1844
838:1843
830:1842
822:1841
806:1838
798:1837
790:1836
782:1835
705:elite
643:on a
456:2011
448:2017
440:2018
432:2023
424:2024
411:2017
403:2021
395:2023
386:2023
166:JSTOR
152:books
4697:Saba
4617:and
4555:Peru
4480:Cuba
4287:Flag
4111:List
3722:2019
3696:2019
3670:2019
3644:2023
3619:link
3517:2019
3482:2019
3471:ISSN
3449:2019
3423:2019
3389:ISBN
3366:2019
3319:2019
3293:2019
3267:2019
3242:2019
3231:ISSN
3208:2019
3182:2019
3171:ISSN
3125:2024
3059:2019
3052:NIMD
2626:Napo
2610:Loja
2199:The
682:The
670:The
639:and
616:are
612:The
515:list
277:list
138:news
3605:CNN
2908:OAS
2861:IOC
2839:IMF
635:is
121:by
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