590:. Pick and Microdata sued each other for the right to market the database, the final judgment being that they both had the right. In addition to the Reality Sequoia and Pegasus series of computers, Microdata and CMC Ltd. sold the Sequel (Sequoia) series which was a much larger class able to handle over 1000 simultaneous users. The earlier Reality minicomputers were known to handle well over 200 simultaneous users, although performance was slow and it was above the official limit. Pegasus systems superseded Sequoia and could handle even more simultaneous users than its predecessors. The modern version of this original Pick implementation is owned and distributed by Northgate Information Solutions Reality.
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executed the monitor functions and the co-processor executed the Pick assembler instruction set. The efficiencies of this approach resulted in a 2Ă— performance improvement. The co-processor concept was used again to create a 5Ă—, 7Ă—, and dual-7Ă— versions for
Honeywell Level 6 systems. Dual ported memory with private busses to the co-processors were used to increase performance of the LSI11 and Level 6 systems.
507:
456:
671:. This was the first one to incorporate the ability to emulate other implementations of the system, such as Microdata's Reality Operating System, and Prime INFORMATION. Originally running on Unix, it was later also made available for Windows. It now is owned by Rocket Software. (The systems developed by Prime Computer and VMark are now owned by Rocket Software and referred to as "U2".)
719:, England. Written by former Microdata engineers, jBASE emulates all implementations of the system to some degree. jBASE compiles applications to native machine code form, rather than to an intermediate byte code. In 2015, cloud solutions provider Zumasys in Irvine, California, acquired the jBASE distribution rights from Mpower1 as well as the intellectual property from
378:". Dick Pick founded Pick & Associates, later renamed Pick Systems, then Raining Data, then (as of 2011) TigerLogic, and finally Rocket Software. He licensed "Pick" to a large variety of manufacturers and vendors who have produced different "flavors" of Pick. The database flavors sold by TigerLogic were D3, mvBase, and mv Enterprise. Those previously sold by
649:(ADDS) – First developed in 1981. This was the first implementation to be done in software only, so upgrades were accomplished by a tape load, rather than a new chip. The "Mentor" line was initially based on the Zilog Z-8000 chipset and this port set off a flurry of other software implementations across a wide array of processors with a large emphasis on the
336:-style language called ENGLISH allowed database retrieval and reporting, but not updates (although later, the ENGLISH command "REFORMAT" allowed updates on a batch basis). ENGLISH did not fully allow manipulating the 3-dimensional multivalued structure of data records. Nor did it directly provide common
396:
Pick
Systems often became tangled in licensing litigation, and devoted relatively little effort to marketing and improving its software. Subsequent ports of Pick to other platforms generally offered the same tools and capabilities for many years, usually with relatively minor improvements and simply
700:
Sequoia – Another software implementation, existing from 1984. Sequoia was most well known for its fault-tolerant multi-processor model, which could be dialed into with the user's permission and his switching terminal zero to remote with the key on the system consol. He could watch what was done by
602:
Ultimate took this concept further with the DEC LSI/11 family of products by implementing a co-processor in hardware (bit-slice, firmware driven). Instead of a single processor with a WCS microcode enhanced instruction set, this configuration used two independent but cooperating CPUs. The LSI11 CPU
593:
Ultimate – The second implementation of the Pick database was developed in about 1978 by an
American company called The Ultimate Corp, run by Ted Sabarese. Like the earlier Microdata port, this was a firmware implementation, with the Pick instruction set in firmware and the monitor in assembly code
598:
machine. The system had dual personalities in that the monitor/kernel functions (mostly hardware I/O and scheduling) were executed by the native
Honeywell Level 6 instruction set. When the monitor "select next user" for activation control was passed to the Honeywell WCS (writable control store) to
777:
such as Unix, Linux, or
Windows servers, with the data stored within the file system of the host operating system. Previous Unix or Windows versions had to run in a separate partition, which made interfacing with other applications difficult. The D3 releases opened the possibility of integrating
247:
model with linear probing. This structure comprises variable-length records, fields, and sub-fields, with unique naming conventions that reflect its multivalued database characteristics. Records are identified by unique keys that facilitate direct access to their storage locations.
356:
for file-system records was provided, but the editor was only suitable for system maintenance, and could not lock records, so most applications were written with the other tools such as Batch, RPL, or the BASIC language so as to ensure data validation and allow
778:
internet access to the database or interfacing to popular word processing and spreadsheet applications, which has been successfully demonstrated by a number of users. The D3 family of databases and related tools is owned and distributed by Rocket
Software.
614:. Ultimate also had versions of the Ultimate Operating System running on IBM 370 series systems (under VM and native) and also the 9370 series computers. Ultimate was renamed Allerion, Inc., before liquidation of its assets. Most assets were acquired by
701:
the support person who had dialed on his terminal 0, a printer with a keyboard. Pegasus came out in 1987. The
Enterprise Systems business unit (which was the unit that sold Pick), was sold to General Automation in 1996/1997.
316:
The first
Microdata implementation, called the Reality, came only with a procedural language (PROC), and a query language (ENGLISH). In 1975, Ken Simms of Pick Systems created an implementation of Dartmouth
1429:
681:
PI/open – Prime
Computer rewrote Prime INFORMATION in C for the Unix-based systems it was selling, calling it PI+. It was then ported to other Unix systems offered by other hardware vendors and renamed
1535:
599:
execute Pick assembler code (implemented in microcode) for the selected process. When the user's time slice expired control was passed back to the kernel running the native Level 6 instruction set.
374:
in 1984 stated that "Pick is simple and powerful, and it seems to be efficient and reliable, too ... because it works well as a multiuser system, it's probably the most cost-effective way to use an
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for the IOP and a 7X board. Ultimate enjoyed moderate success during the 1980s, and even included an implementation running as a layer on top of DEC VAX systems, the 750, 780, 785, and later the
240:
programming capabilities. Its database utilizes a hash-file system, enabling efficient data storage and retrieval by organizing data into dynamic associative arrays managed by associative files.
782:
Through the implementations above, and others, Pick-like systems became available as database, programming, and emulation environments running under many variants of Unix and
Microsoft Windows.
251:
Initially constrained by the era's technological limitations, the Pick system's capacity has expanded over time, removing earlier record-size limits and introducing dynamic file allocation and
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574:
The Pick database was licensed to roughly three dozen licensees between 1978 and 1984. Application-compatible implementations evolved into derivatives and also inspired similar systems.
685:
Fujitsu Microsystems of America – Another software implementation, existing in the late 1980s. Fujitsu Microsystems of America was acquired by Alpha Microsystems on October 28, 1989.
1600:
262:, treating all data as character strings, which places the onus of data integrity on the applications developed for the system. This flexibility allows Pick to store data in
582:. The first commercial release was in 1973. Microdata acquired CMC Ltd. in the early 80s and were based in Hemel Hempstead, England. The Microdata implementations ran in
1735:
898:
1891:
Database Management Approach to Operating Systems Development, by Richard A. Pick Chapter 5 of New Directions for Database Systems, Gad Ariav, James Clifford editors
60:
1922:
236:
The Pick Operating System is an integrated computing platform with a database, query and procedural operation languages, peripheral and multi-user management, and
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1569:
1527:
1419:
1420:"Rocket Software Acquires Database and Tools Products of Zumasys, Inc.; Companies Partner to Drive Modernization of MultiValue Applications | Rocket Software"
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purchased IBM's U2 family of products in 2010 and Tiger Logic's D3 and mvBase family of products in 2014. In 2021, Rocket acquired OpenQM and jBASE as well.
325:
and database operations, and it was called Data/BASIC. At or near the same time, SMI of Chicago, created an extended procedural language and called it RPL.
270:
operations by containing all related data within single records. This approach can optimize storage and retrieval efficiency for specific kinds of datasets.
726:
UniVision – UniVision was a Pick-style database designed as a replacement for the Mentor version, but with extended features, released in 1992 by EDP in
1818:
865:
618:, and consisted of mostly maintaining extant hardware. Bull had its own problems and in approximately 1994 the US maintenance operation was sold to
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1217:
1367:
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1915:
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401:). Licensees often developed proprietary variations and enhancements; for example, Microdata created an input processor called ScreenPro.
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1616:
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290:, whose government contract for the Cheyenne Helicopter project required developing a database. It was supposed to be used by the
243:
Data within the Pick system is organized into a hierarchical structure of accounts, dictionaries, files, and sub-files based on a
2213:
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1908:
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428:
1285:
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1699:; Michel Lallement, Jeanne-Françoise Beltzer; Aulnay-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis; Relais Informatique International, 1987.
2018:
1308:
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database product available both as a fully supported non-open source commercial product and in open source form under the
525:
517:
2208:
712:. Advanced Revelation is now owned by Revelation Technologies, which publishes a GUI-enabled version called OpenInsight.
348:
redefinitions for a field allowed joins via the execution of a calculated lookup in another file. The system included a
1876:
1992 Video of Dick and Zion Pick, who appeared in the Ross Perot campaign rally - includes entire unedited Perot speech
770:. Using ONware, MultiValue applications can be integrated with relational, object, and object-relational applications.
1983:
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2003:
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2008:
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50-series systems. It was then sold to Prime Computer and renamed Prime INFORMATION. It was subsequently sold to
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306:
723:. On 14 Oct 2021, Zumasys announced they had sold their databases and tools, including jBASE to Rocket Software.
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had facilities to interact with other Windows applications. It is also owned and distributed by Rocket Software.
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1978:
1890:
586:, so each upgrade had to be accompanied by a new configuration chip. Microdata itself was eventually bought by
209:
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Revelation – In 1984, Cosmos released a Pick-style database called Revelation, later Advanced Revelation, for
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Reality – The first implementation of the Pick database was on a Microdata platform using firmware and called
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2013:
1998:
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646:
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Prime INFORMATION – Devcom, a Microdata reseller, wrote a Pick-style database system called INFORMATION in
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1963:
1841:: introduction to and online training course in Universe developed by Pick software engineer Manny Neira.
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1984 PC Magazine article "Choosing the Pick of the Litter", by Jonathan E. Sisk and Steve VanArsdale
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2083:
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1993:
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639:. This was the first of the guest operating environment implementations. INFO/BASIC, a variant of
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1958:
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ONware – ONware equips MultiValue applications with the ability to use common databases such as
2183:
2108:
2043:
1686:; Bruno Beninca; Aulnay-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis; Relais Informatique International, 1990.
1008:"Generalized Information Retrieval Language and System (GIRLS) User Requirements Specification"
773:
D3 – Pick Systems ported the Pick Operating System to run as a database product utilizing host
477:
139:
1885:
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398:
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213:
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124:
1881:
An insightful early history of the Pick System, by Chandru Murthi, who was there at the time
1740:; Jonathan E Sisk;Blue Ridge Summit, PA : TAB Professional and Reference Books, 1987.
767:
151:
44:
1589:; Ian Jeffrey Sandler; Blue Ridge Summit, PA; TAB Professional and Reference Books; 1989.
8:
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1834:
Photo of Dick Pick in his anti-gravity boots on the cover of Computer Systems News, 1983.
337:
194:
176:
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752:
220:, the system and its various implementations eventually spread to a large assortment of
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838:
821:
Ramming, D; Bourdon, Roger J. (1989). "The pick operating system – a Practical Guide".
636:
329:
225:
1605:; Harvey Rodstein; Blue Ridge Summit, PA; TAB Professional and Reference Books; 1990.
1574:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Desk reference ed; Hasbrouck Heights, N.J.; Hayden Book Co. 1985.
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which employ this multivalued database and have some implementation of Pick/BASIC and
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1541:
1540:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Steve VanArsdale; Hasbrouck Heights, N.J.; Hayden Book Co. 1985.
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By the early 1980s observers saw the Pick Operating System as a strong competitor to
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120:
49:
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1934:
1712:; Roger J Bourdon; Wokingham, England; Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1987.
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Altos – A software implementation on an 8086 chipset platform launched around 1983.
190:
146:
84:
79:
1037:. 1986/09. Project Management Group, McDonnell Douglas Informations Systems Group.
305:(and its British distributor CMC) as the Reality Operating System now supplied by
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1645:; Joseph St John Bate; Mike Wyatt; New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1986.
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1871:
1991 Pick Rap Show at COMDEX, co-written by Jonathan Sisk and John Treankler
1035:
Project Management Bulletin 1986/09 – "The Reality Operating System Revealed
1931:
748:
481:
217:
204:
The term "Pick system" has also come to be used as the general name of all
184:
1815:; Charles M. Somerville; Computer Language Magazine, May 1987, p. 34.
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jBASE – jBASE was released in 1991 by a small company of the same name in
1788:
1774:
1759:
1745:
1730:
1717:
1704:
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1671:; Patrick Roussel, Pierre Redoin, Michel Martin; Paris: CEdi Test, 1988.
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1650:
1637:
1624:
1610:
1594:
1579:
1545:
1342:"Sequoia Systems Reports Results for Second Quarter 1997 – Business Wire"
691:
General Automation "Zebra" – Another software implementation in the 1980s
615:
353:
744:. OpenQM is available from its exclusive worldwide distributor, Zumasys.
1973:
1697:
Le systeme PICK : mode d'emploi d'un nouveau standard informatique
943:
756:
737:
341:
267:
244:
28:
397:
renamed (for example, Data/BASIC became Pick/BASIC and ENGLISH became
393:
Dick Pick died at age 56 due to stroke complications in October 1994.
1838:
727:
675:
660:
470:
291:
259:
1896:
Doing More With Less Hardware, Computer History Museum piece on Pick
1754:; Linda Mui; Sebastopol, CA : O'Reilly & Associates, 1990.
2033:
1050:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"
611:
583:
466:
287:
187:
37:
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WICAT/Pick – Another software implementation existing in the 1980s
2103:
2098:
2053:
2028:
1517:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Irvine, CA; JES & Associates, Inc.; 1981
1364:"Zumasys Acquires jBASE Database From Temenos Software | Zumasys"
628:
349:
1866:
1990 Interview with Jonathan Sisk in the Pick Pavilion at COMDEX
1658:; Malcolm Bull; London; New York : Chapman and Hall, 1987.
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2133:
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2048:
1988:
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383:
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1602:
Pick for Professionals : Advanced Methods and Techniques
791:
318:
237:
98:
1861:
1990 Interview with Dick Pick in the Pick Pavilion at COMDEX
1856:
1987 Interview with Dick Pick in the Pick Pavilion at COMDEX
2118:
1777:
Part of The Pick Library Series, Edited by Jonathan E. Sisk
1748:
Part of The Pick Library Series, Edited by Jonathan E. Sisk
1683:
Advanced PICK et UNIX : la nouvelle norme informatique
1613:
Part of The Pick Library Series, Edited by Jonathan E. Sisk
1597:
Part of The Pick Library Series, Edited by Jonathan E. Sisk
1137:"Computer Wiz Tries Harder to Get Users to Pick His System"
921:"PICK Operating System – brings Mainframe Power to your PC"
800:
664:
370:
365:
1766:
Programming with IBM PC Basic and the Pick database system
1451:
16:
Business data processing operating system released in 1965
1723:
Le Système d'éxploitation : réalités et perspectives
1390:"Zumasys Acquires jBASE Database From Temenos Software -"
705:
379:
333:
102:
328:
PROC, the procedure language was provided for executing
301:
Pick was subsequently commercially released in 1973 by
1239:"Alpha Micro Previews Apix Concurrent Pick+Unix V.4".
688:
Pyramid – Another software implementation in the 1980s
201:. It is named after one of its developers, Dick Pick.
1482:"Caché for Unstructured Data Analysis | InterSystems"
978:"Jonathan E. Sisk's Pick/BASIC: A Programmer's Guide"
321:
for the Reality, with numerous syntax extensions for
1310:
Fault-tolerant distributed computing – Google Boeken
944:"General Overview of Classic Pick – a short history"
1619:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Irvine, CA; Pick Systems; 1992
1208:"Alpha Micro Says It Will Purchase Fujitsu Company"
663:, was created by VMark Software and operated under
1930:
1710:The Pick operating system : a practical guide
1532:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Irvine, CA; Pick Systems; 1982
404:
255:indexing to enhance data management capabilities.
1074:
280:Generalized Information Retrieval Language System
2175:
1769:; Blue Ridge Summit, PA : TAB Books, 1990.
1537:Exploring The Pick Operating System, 2nd Edition
1068:
1179:"Pick Operating System Makes Converts of Users"
755:database, announced support for a broad set of
659:– Another implementation of the system, called
216:queries. Although Pick started on a variety of
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
820:
386:" umbrella are known as UniData and UniVerse.
1916:
1725:; Bernard de Coux; Paris : Afnor, 1988.
1306:
1047:
1307:Simons, Barbara; Spector, Alfred Z. (1990).
1041:
884:
882:
258:The Pick database operates without explicit
1847:: "History of the PICK System" made in 1990
1134:
961:
803:, a new Database-Oriented Operating System
443:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1923:
1909:
1793:
1271:
1104:"Software Developer Dick Pick Died at 56"
879:
858:"Software Developer Dick Pick Dies at 56"
562:Learn how and when to remove this message
544:Learn how and when to remove this message
1101:
891:"Richard A "Dick" Pick (d. 19 Oct 1994)"
855:
814:
674:UniData – Very similar to UniVerse, but
2199:Proprietary database management systems
1149:from the original on September 28, 2017
1135:Lazzareschi, Carla (November 3, 1985).
1032:
286:in 1965 by Don Nelson and Dick Pick at
278:Pick was originally implemented as the
2176:
1823:; Jonathan E. Sisk; Pick Systems, 1993
1737:Pick BASIC : A Programmer's Guide
1550:
1288:from the original on November 13, 2022
1260:ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News
1220:from the original on November 13, 2022
1128:
1005:
901:from the original on 27 September 2017
197:. Pick is used primarily for business
1979:Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)
1904:
1813:Pick: A Multilingual Operating System
1794:Taylor, Martin; Rees, Stuart (1995).
1632:; Malcolm Bull; Paris: Masson, 1989.
1555:. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
1400:from the original on February 6, 2015
1205:
1116:from the original on October 12, 2018
643:, was used for database applications.
588:McDonnell Douglas Information Systems
1432:from the original on October 1, 2022
1253:
1176:
1102:Woodyard, Chris (October 19, 1994).
1006:Nelson, Donald B. (March 19, 1965).
938:
936:
934:
500:
449:
408:
1752:Pick BASIC : a reference guide
1492:from the original on April 13, 2021
1462:from the original on April 16, 2021
888:
13:
1571:The Pick Pocket Guide, 5th Edition
1529:The PICK Pocket Guide, 5th edition
1370:from the original on March 2, 2021
1014:from the original on March 5, 2016
516:tone or style may not reflect the
63:), 1973 (Reality Operating System)
14:
2235:
1827:
1206:Olmos, David (October 28, 1989).
931:
759:extensions, Caché for MultiValue.
424:This article has multiple issues.
2157:
2156:
1839:Life the Universe and Everything
631:and assembler in 1979 to run on
526:guide to writing better articles
505:
454:
413:
1994:Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)
1508:
1474:
1444:
1412:
1382:
1356:
1334:
1300:
1247:
1232:
1199:
1177:Gill, Philip (March 24, 1986).
1170:
1161:
1095:
1075:Rochkind, Marc J. (Fall 1985).
1033:Elleray, Dick (July 16, 1986).
988:from the original on 2023-03-04
950:from the original on 2018-08-08
868:from the original on 2023-03-15
432:or discuss these issues on the
405:Derivative and related products
307:Northgate Information Solutions
2214:Time-sharing operating systems
1630:Le Système d'exploitation PICK
1048:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983).
1026:
999:
913:
856:Woodyard, Chris (1994-10-19).
849:
469:format but may read better as
1:
2204:Proprietary operating systems
1946:Time-sharing system evolution
807:
927:. July 27, 1987. p. 80.
647:Applied Digital Data Systems
344:. This was because powerful
294:to control the inventory of
7:
1964:Berkeley Timesharing System
1077:"Pick, Coherent, and THEOS"
785:
606:Another version used a DEC
231:
10:
2240:
2209:Assembly language software
1851:Pick Publications Database
1781:An overview of PICK system
1266:(3). Portal.acm.org: 232.
1167:"Pick's lack of marketing"
835:10.1109/JPROC.1989.1203777
313:bought Microdata in 1981.
273:
224:, personal computers, and
2152:
1954:
1941:
1820:Encyclopedia Pick (EPICK)
1656:The Pick operating system
1643:The Pick operating system
1617:Encyclopedia PICK (EPICK)
145:
131:
113:
90:
78:
67:
55:
43:
27:
1515:The REALITY Pocket Guide
1486:InterSystems Corporation
1241:Computer Business Review
323:smart terminal interface
266:, avoiding the need for
1959:BBN Time-Sharing System
1783:;Shailesh Kamat; 1993.
1551:Taylor, Martin (1985).
1254:Mark, Peter B. (1985).
895:www.countyhistorian.com
823:Proceedings of the IEEE
478:converting this section
1256:"The Sequoia computer"
742:General Public License
206:operating environments
2219:X86 operating systems
1273:10.1145/327070.327218
1213:The Los Angeles Times
1142:The Los Angeles Times
1109:The Los Angeles Times
794:, the predecessor of
340:capabilities such as
303:Microdata Corporation
264:non-first-normal-form
161:Pick Operating System
125:operating environment
23:Pick operating system
1586:The Pick Perspective
163:, also known as the
1396:. January 5, 2015.
1366:. January 5, 2015.
296:Cheyenne helicopter
226:mainframe computers
195:MultiValue database
24:
637:VMark Software Inc
480:, if appropriate.
22:
2171:
2170:
1935:operating systems
1243:. March 11, 1990.
862:Los Angeles Times
775:operating systems
669:Microsoft Windows
596:Honeywell Level 6
572:
571:
564:
554:
553:
546:
520:used on Knowledge
518:encyclopedic tone
499:
498:
447:
311:McDonnell Douglas
157:
156:
50:Assembly language
2231:
2224:68k architecture
2160:
2159:
2059:ORVYL and WYLBUR
1925:
1918:
1911:
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1901:
1809:
1796:Unix and Unidata
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1509:Bibliography
1494:. Retrieved
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1464:. Retrieved
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1436:November 11,
1434:. Retrieved
1423:
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1402:. Retrieved
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1290:. Retrieved
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1224:November 13,
1222:. Retrieved
1211:
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1191:November 13,
1189:. Retrieved
1187:. p. 93
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1153:November 13,
1151:. Retrieved
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905:27 September
903:. Retrieved
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80:Available in
1404:February 6,
1348:January 21,
1326:January 21,
1060:January 30,
1018:February 6,
982:jonsisk.com
736:– The only
616:Groupe Bull
382:under the "
354:text editor
352:. A simple
165:Pick System
152:Proprietary
2178:Categories
1974:CDC Kronos
992:2023-03-04
954:2017-09-27
872:2023-06-17
829:(2): 363.
808:References
768:SQL Server
757:MultiValue
738:MultiValue
730:, England.
534:April 2020
490:April 2020
429:improve it
338:relational
260:data types
245:hash-table
177:multi-user
167:or simply
140:Text-based
121:Monolithic
45:Written in
33:Don Nelson
1523:216178915
1087:March 19,
925:InfoWorld
728:Sheffield
435:talk page
292:U.S. Army
91:Platforms
71:Business
35:Dick Pick
29:Developer
2163:Category
2034:MUSIC/SP
1789:29287280
1775:19723037
1760:22147353
1746:16355134
1731:20078135
1718:13945808
1705:20877971
1692:23242884
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1638:21247561
1625:28725247
1611:20452708
1595:18521562
1580:18872552
1546:12967951
1496:April 5,
1490:Archived
1466:April 5,
1460:Archived
1430:Archived
1398:Archived
1374:April 5,
1368:Archived
1286:Archived
1282:16954105
1218:Archived
1147:Archived
1114:Archived
1012:Archived
986:Archived
948:Archived
946:. 1995.
899:Archived
866:Archived
786:See also
682:PI/open.
661:UniVerse
657:UniVerse
612:MicroVAX
584:firmware
232:Overview
188:computer
2104:TOPS-20
2099:TOPS-10
2054:OpenVMS
2029:Multics
843:9328922
708:on the
676:UniData
629:FORTRAN
580:Reality
350:spooler
330:scripts
298:parts.
274:History
210:ENGLISH
171:, is a
147:License
133:Default
95:Solaris
85:English
2161:
2139:VPS/VM
2134:VP/CSS
2079:RSTS/E
2064:OS4000
2049:NOS/VE
1989:CP/CMS
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1456:OpenQM
1452:"Home"
1317:
1280:
841:
764:Oracle
734:OpenQM
710:IBM PC
608:LSI-11
465:is in
399:ACCESS
253:B-tree
214:Access
115:Kernel
59:1965 (
2144:WAITS
2114:TSS/8
2084:TENEX
2039:NLTSS
2019:MCTSS
1845:Video
1278:S2CID
839:S2CID
796:Caché
792:MUMPS
753:Caché
594:on a
471:prose
342:joins
319:BASIC
238:BASIC
99:Linux
61:GIRLS
2119:Unix
2094:TSOS
2069:Pick
2014:LTSS
2004:EMAS
1999:DTSS
1800:ISBN
1785:OCLC
1771:OCLC
1756:OCLC
1742:OCLC
1727:OCLC
1714:OCLC
1701:OCLC
1688:OCLC
1673:OCLC
1660:OCLC
1647:OCLC
1634:OCLC
1621:OCLC
1607:OCLC
1591:OCLC
1576:OCLC
1557:ISBN
1542:OCLC
1519:OCLC
1498:2021
1468:2021
1438:2022
1406:2015
1376:2021
1350:2012
1328:2012
1315:ISBN
1294:2022
1226:2022
1193:2022
1155:2022
1122:2022
1089:2016
1081:BYTE
1062:2015
1054:BYTE
1020:2015
907:2017
801:DBOS
766:and
667:and
665:Unix
620:Wang
467:list
371:BYTE
366:Unix
332:. A
268:join
169:Pick
159:The
117:type
2124:UTS
2109:TSS
2089:TSO
2074:RAX
2044:NOS
2024:MTS
2009:ITS
1984:COS
1268:doi
831:doi
706:DOS
380:IBM
334:SQL
288:TRW
103:AIX
38:TRW
2180::
2129:VM
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488:(
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441:(
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