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concentration of about 1.5%, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed. At lower temperatures phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor, and CO poisoning of the platinum electro-catalyst in the anode becomes severe. However, they are much less
131:. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Such characteristics have made the PAFC a good candidate for early stationary applications.
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PAFC have been used for stationary power generators with output in the 100 kW to 400 kW range and are also finding application in large vehicles such as buses.
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At an operating range of 150 to 200 °C, the expelled water can be converted to steam for air and water heating (
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Major manufacturers of PAFC technology include Doosan Fuel Cell
America Inc. (formerly
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Disadvantages include rather low power density and chemically aggressive electrolyte.
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Electrolyte is highly concentrated or pure liquid phosphoric acid (H
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151:(SiC) matrix. Operating range is about 150 to 210 °C. The
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National
Pollutant Inventory - Phosphoric acid fact sheet
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and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
456:"DRDO working on system to cut submarine vulnerability"
430:"Indian-built Scorpene to carry critical DRDO system"
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Fuel Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : Types
524:Stationary Fuel Cells at Retail and Grocery Sites
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487:Photo Gallery of Fuel Cells Being Used Today
35:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
50:and maintains a consistent citation style.
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519:Supermarket Benefits From 400kW Fuel Cell
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
405:http://www.doosanfuelcell.com/en/main.do
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108:Diagram of a phosphoric acid fuel cell
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235:proton-exchange membrane fuel cells
42:Please consider converting them to
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589:Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell
221:increases of up to 70%. PAFCs are
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454:Anandan, S. (30 December 2010).
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732:Unitized regenerative fuel cell
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46:to ensure the article remains
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727:Solid oxide electrolyzer cell
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228:-tolerant and can tolerate a
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417:ClearEdge Power – Media Room
209:Advantages and disadvantages
7:
697:Membrane electrode assembly
640:Reformed methanol fuel cell
514:Alternative Energy Magazine
393:Fuel Cell Today – Home Page
302:Glossary of fuel cell terms
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282:for integration into their
217:). This potentially allows
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817:
717:Protonic ceramic fuel cell
687:Electro-galvanic fuel cell
579:Molten carbonate fuel cell
340:November 23, 2010, at the
280:air-independent propulsion
193:Overall cell reaction: 2 H
113:Phosphoric acid fuel cells
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707:Photoelectrochemical cell
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625:Direct methanol fuel cell
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584:Phosphoric acid fuel cell
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278:has developed PAFC based
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712:Proton-exchange membrane
620:Direct-ethanol fuel cell
702:Membraneless Fuel Cells
635:Metal hydride fuel cell
615:Direct carbon fuel cell
482:UTC Power Official Site
366:"Solid Oxide Fuel Cell"
256:PureCell System 400 CEP
215:combined heat and power
722:Regenerative fuel cell
661:Enzymatic biofuel cell
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630:Formic acid fuel cell
594:Solid oxide fuel cell
382:on November 23, 2010.
322:"Types of Fuel Cells"
267:& UTC Power) and
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233:sensitive to CO than
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666:Microbial fuel cell
239:alkaline fuel cells
186:(g) + 4H + 4e‾ → 2H
182:Cathode reaction: O
170:Electrode reactions
574:Alkaline fuel cell
497:2011-12-03 at the
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174:Anode reaction: 2H
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147:) saturated in a
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52:Several templates
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438:. Retrieved
436:. 3 Nov 2014
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68:Citation bot
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129:electrolyte
82:August 2022
801:Fuel cells
560:Fuel cells
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335:Fuel Cells
308:References
290:submarines
219:efficiency
153:electrodes
48:verifiable
460:The Hindu
434:The Hindu
121:fuel cell
33:bare URLs
795:Category
780:Glossary
744:Hydrogen
495:Archived
338:Archived
296:See also
274:India's
164:catalyst
161:platinum
37:link rot
767:Vehicle
762:Storage
757:Station
752:Economy
603:By fuel
285:Kalvari
241:(AFC).
675:Others
287:-class
135:Design
127:as an
57:reFill
380:(PDF)
369:(PDF)
31:uses
276:DRDO
201:→ 2H
117:PAFC
65:and
197:+ O
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230:CO
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