344:), meaning once it is magnetized in a given direction, it requires a high magnetic field to reverse the magnetization. The rotating stator field causes each small volume of the rotor to experience a reversing magnetic field. Because of hysteresis the phase of the magnetization lags behind the phase of the applied field. Thus the axis of the magnetic field induced in the rotor lags behind the axis of the stator field by a constant angle δ, producing torque as the rotor tries to "catch up" with the stator field. As long as the rotor is below synchronous speed, each particle of the rotor experiences a reversing magnetic field at the "slip" frequency that drives it around its hysteresis loop, causing the rotor field to lag and create torque. The rotor has a 2-pole low reluctance bar structure. As the rotor approaches synchronous speed and slip goes to zero, this magnetizes and aligns with the stator field, causing the rotor to "lock" to the rotating stator field.
31:
364:
183:
951:
943:
934:, is equal to the number of coil groups per phase. To determine the number of coil groups per phase in a 3-phase motor, count the number of coils, divide by the number of phases, which is 3. The coils may span several slots in the stator core, making it tedious to count them. For a 3-phase motor, if you count a total of 12 coil groups, it has 4 magnetic poles. For a 12-pole 3-phase machine, there will be 36 coils. The number of magnetic poles in the rotor is equal to the number of magnetic poles in the stator.
1072:
39:
993:
magnetic field and rotates along with it. Once the rotor field locks in with the rotating magnetic field, the motor is said to be synched. A single-phase (or two-phase derived from single phase) stator is possible, but in this case the direction of rotation is not defined and the machine may start in either direction unless prevented from doing so by startup arrangements.
1087:. The magnitude of current at this excitation is minimum. Excitation voltage more than normal excitation is called over excitation voltage, excitation voltage less than normal excitation is called under excitation. When the motor is over excited, the back emf will be greater than the motor terminal voltage. This causes a demagnetizing effect due to armature reaction.
1099:
side effect of motors already present in the system to provide mechanical work, although motors can be run without mechanical load simply to provide power-factor correction. In large industrial plants such as factories the interaction between synchronous motors and other, lagging, loads may be an explicit consideration in the plant's electrical design.
321:, and are generally used for instrumentation applications. Moderate torque, multi-horsepower motors use squirrel cage construction with toothed rotors. When used with an adjustable frequency power supply, all motors in a drive system can operate at exactly the same speed. The power supply frequency determines motor operating speed.
1380:= 90° the torque will be maximum. If load is applied further then the motor will lose its synchronism, since motor torque will be less than load torque. The maximum load torque that can be applied to a motor without losing its synchronism is called steady state stability limit of a synchronous motor.
304:
is minimum when the poles align with the stator's (rotating) magnetic field, and increases with the angle between them. This creates torque that pulls the rotor into alignment with the nearest pole of the stator field. At synchronous speed the rotor is thus "locked" to the rotating stator field. This
1027:
Above a certain size, synchronous motors cannot self-start. This property is due to rotor inertia; it cannot instantly follow the rotation of the stator's magnetic field. Since a synchronous motor produces no inherent average torque at standstill, it cannot accelerate to synchronous speed without a
1018:
Because this winding is smaller than that of an equivalent induction motor and can overheat on long operation, and because large slip-frequency voltages are induced in the rotor excitation winding, synchronous motor protection devices sense this condition and interrupt the power supply (out of step
992:
Electric motors generate power due to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the stator and the rotor. In synchronous motors, the stator carries 3 phase currents and produces 3 phase rotating magnetic flux (and therefore a rotating magnetic field). The rotor eventually locks in with the rotating
1098:
of the power system to which the motor is connected. Since most power systems of any significant size have a net lagging power factor, the presence of overexcited synchronous motors moves the system's net power factor closer to unity, improving efficiency. Such power-factor correction is usually a
266:
to start them. However, some incorporate a squirrel cage in the rotor for starting—these are known as line-start or self-starting. These are typically used as higher-efficiency replacements for induction motors (owing to the lack of slip), but must ensure that synchronous speed is reached and that
1412:
A clock driven by a synchronous motor is in principle as accurate as the line frequency of its power source. (Although small frequency drifts will occur over any given several hours, grid operators actively adjust line frequency in later periods to compensate, thereby keeping motor-driven clocks
347:
A major advantage of the hysteresis motor is that since the lag angle δ is independent of speed, it develops constant torque from startup to synchronous speed. Therefore, it is self-starting and doesn't need an induction winding to start it, although many designs embed a squirrel-cage conductive
967:). Circumferential ribs and keybars are attached to the wrapper plate. To carry the weight of the machine, frame mounts and footings are required. The synchronous stator winding consists of a 3 phase winding. It is provided with a 3 phase supply, and the rotor is provided with a DC supply.
1031:
Large motors operating on commercial power include a squirrel-cage induction winding that provides sufficient torque for acceleration and also serves to damp motor speed oscillations. Once the rotor nears the synchronous speed, the field winding becomes excited and the motor pulls into
198:
In non-excited motors, the rotor is made of steel. It rotates in step with the stator's rotating magnetic field, so it has an almost-constant magnetic field through it. The external stator field magnetizes the rotor, inducing the magnetic poles needed to turn it. The rotor is made of a
127:
Synchronous motors are available in self-excited, fractional to industrial sizes. In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used to provide precise constant speed. These machines are commonly used in analog electric clocks, timers and related devices.
1335:
1090:
The V curve of a synchronous machine shows armature current as a function of field current. With increasing field current armature current at first decreases, then reaches a minimum, then increases. The minimum point is also the point at which power factor is unity.
1032:
synchronization. Very large motor systems may include a "pony" motor that accelerates the unloaded synchronous machine before load is applied. Electronically controlled motors can be accelerated from zero speed by changing the frequency of the stator current.
1007:
Once the motor is in operation, the speed of the motor is dependent only on the supply frequency. When the motor load is increased beyond the breakdown load, the motor falls out of synchronization and the rotor no longer follows the rotating magnetic field.
822:
909:
1035:
Small synchronous motors are commonly used in line-powered electric mechanical clocks or timers that use the power line frequency to run the gear mechanism at the correct speed. Such small synchronous motors are able to start without assistance if the
1051:
Costs are an important parameter for starters. Rotor excitation is a possible way to resolve the issue. In addition, starting methods for large synchronous machines include repetitive polarity inversion of the rotor poles during startup.
255:
of these machines needs to be able to concentrate the magnetic flux, typically leading to the use of spoke type rotors. Machines that use ferrite magnets have lower power density and torque density when compared with neodymium machines.
973:
motors require brushes and slip rings to connect to the excitation supply. The field winding can be excited by a brushless exciter. Cylindrical, round rotors, (also known as non-salient pole rotor) are used for up to six poles.
958:
The principal components of electric motors are the stator and the rotor. Synchronous motor and induction motor stators are similar in construction. The construction of synchronous motor is similar to that of a synchronous
1786:
quote: "The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the brushless DC motor (BDCM) have many similarities; they both have permanent magnets on the rotor and require alternating stator currents to produce constant
309:
windings embedded in them, to provide torque below synchronous speed. The machine thus starts as an induction motor until it approaches synchronous speed, when the rotor "pulls in" and locks to the stator field.
1157:
609:
354:
are manufactured in sub-fractional horsepower ratings, primarily as servomotors and timing motors. More expensive than the reluctance type, hysteresis motors are used where precise constant speed is required.
1537:
Fitzgerald, A. E.; Charles
Kingsley Jr.; Alexander Kusko (1971). "Chapter 11, section 11.2 Starting and Running Performance of Single-phase Induction and Synchronous Motors, Self-starting Reluctance Motors".
95:
are the most widely used AC motors. Synchronous motors rotate at a rate locked to the line frequency since they do not rely on induction to produce the rotor's magnetic field. Induction motors require
534:
3464:
1253:
82:
with permanent magnets or electromagnets turns in step with the stator field at the same rate and as a result, provides the second synchronized rotating magnet field. A synchronous motor is termed
1241:
750:
837:
1040:
of the rotor and its mechanical load are sufficiently small. The motor accelerates from slip speed to synchronous speed during an accelerating half cycle of the reluctance torque.
231:
embedded in the rotor to create a constant magnetic field. The stator carries windings connected to an AC electricity supply to produce a rotating magnetic field (as in an
1185:
1378:
1358:
1207:
448:
729:
1011:
Since the motor cannot produce torque if it falls out of synchronization, practical synchronous motors have a partial or complete squirrel-cage damper called an
1872:
Suman, K.; Suneeta, K.; Sasikala, M. (2020-09-09). "Direct Torque
Controlled induction motor drive with space vector modulation fed with three-level inverter".
932:
691:
665:
635:
300:
and to prevent the poles from all aligning simultaneously—a position that cannot generate torque. The size of the air gap in the magnetic circuit and thus the
831:, 12-pole (6-pole-pair) synchronous motor is operating at an AC supply frequency of 60 Hz. The number of pole-pairs is 6, so the synchronous speed is:
744:, 4-pole (2-pole-pair) synchronous motor is operating at an AC supply frequency of 50 Hz. The number of pole-pairs is 2, so the synchronous speed is:
3471:
2485:
Perez-Loya, J. J.; Abrahamsson, C.J.D.; Evestedt, Fredrik; Lundin, Urban (2017). "Demonstration of synchronous motor start by rotor polarity inversion".
296:
Reluctance motors have a solid steel cast rotor with projecting (salient) toothed poles. Typically there are fewer rotor than stator poles to minimize
17:
2110:
1453:
964:
83:
408:
There is a large number of control methods for synchronous machines, selected depending on the construction of the electric motor and the scope.
1837:
Hassanpour
Isfahani, Arash; Vaez-Zadeh, Sadegh (Nov 2009). "Line Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Challenges and Opportunities".
980:
Most synchronous motor construction uses a stationary armature and rotating field winding. This type of construction has an advantage over
3071:
2815:
1475:
1110:
549:
2290:
2092:
456:
The PMSMs can also operate on open-loop control, which is sometimes used for start-up thus enabling the position sensing operation.
174:
The two major types of synchronous motors are distinguished by how the rotor is magnetized: non-excited and direct-current excited.
1705:
2718:
2682:
1974:
1800:. Industry Applications Conference, 1997. Thirty-Second IAS Annual Meeting, IAS '97., Conference Record of the 1997 IEEE. 1997.
1927:
1330:{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} _{\text{max}}={\frac {{\mathbf {3} }{\mathbf {V} }{\mathbf {E} }}{{\mathbf {X_{s}} }{\omega _{s}}}}}
3494:
480:
2665:
2273:
2248:
2169:
2144:
2009:
1984:
1891:
2213:
1923:"Field-Oriented Control and Direct Torque Control for Paralleled VSIs Fed PMSM Drives With Variable Switching Frequencies"
101:: the rotor must rotate at a frequency slightly slower than the AC alternations in order to induce current in the rotor.
3457:
1798:"Motor design considerations and test results of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles"
2579:
2544:
2402:
2340:
2300:
2223:
2196:
2032:
1594:
1573:
30:
3251:
1499:
Fitzgerald, A. E.; Charles
Kingsley Jr.; Alexander Kusko (1972). "Chapter 6, Synchronous machines, steady state".
2808:
2114:
2186:
1756:
The Shape Design of
Permanent Magnet for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Considering Partial Demagnetization"
817:{\displaystyle N_{s}=60\;{\frac {\text{rpm}}{\text{Hz}}}\times {\frac {50{\text{ Hz}}}{2}}=1500\,\,{\text{rpm}}}
131:
In typical industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides an efficient means of converting AC energy to work (
3200:
1736:"Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Magnet Designs With Skewing for Torque Ripple and Cogging Torque Reduction"
1217:
904:{\displaystyle N_{s}=60\;{\frac {\text{rpm}}{\text{Hz}}}\times {\frac {60{\text{ Hz}}}{6}}=600\,\,{\text{rpm}}}
155:
action occurs if the field poles are "driven ahead of the resultant air-gap flux by the forward motion of the
3556:
2985:
1045:
2788:
389:
The power may be supplied from a separate source or from a generator directly connected to the motor shaft.
3333:
1079:
By varying the excitation of a synchronous motor, it can be made to operate at lagging, leading and unity
3343:
3056:
3029:
1470:
1041:
741:
383:
2753:
Buja, G.S.; Kazmierkowski, M.P. (2004). "Direct Torque
Control of PWM Inverter-Fed AC Motors—A Survey".
1659:"Low-cost high-performance ferrite permanent magnet machines in EV applications: A Comprehensive Review"
3353:
3348:
2801:
828:
1776:"Application characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous and brushless DC motors for servo drives"
1388:
Synchronous motors are especially useful in applications requiring precise speed or position control:
3428:
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3024:
1409:
They will hold their position when a DC current is applied to both the stator and the rotor windings.
3551:
3297:
3151:
1044:
synchronous motors such as in electric wall clocks can freely rotate in either direction, unlike a
398:
397:
A permanent magnet synchronous motor and reluctance motor requires a control system for operating (
313:
Reluctance motor designs have ratings that range from fractional horsepower (a few watts) to about
263:
3398:
1168:
235:). At synchronous speed the rotor poles lock to the rotating magnetic field. PMSMs are similar to
3338:
2889:
1095:
371:
Usually made in larger sizes (larger than about 1 horsepower or 1 kilowatt) these motors require
363:
243:
are the most common, although rapid fluctuation of neodymium magnet prices triggered research in
163:
action occurs if the field poles are "dragged behind the resultant air-gap flux by the retarding
105:
75:
351:
3161:
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1441:
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471:
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279:
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132:
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1402:
Low-power applications include positioning machines, where high precision is required, and
977:
In some machines or when a large number of poles are needed, a salient pole rotor is used.
700:
156:
1875:
2012 IEEE International
Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES)
1609:"Effect of magnetic properties on performance of electrical machines with ferrite magnets"
182:
8:
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3096:
3091:
2836:
2096:
1514:
306:
236:
88:
if it uses independently-excited multiphase AC electromagnets for both rotor and stator.
63:
34:
Miniature synchronous motor used in analog clocks. The rotor is made of permanent magnet.
1850:
1713:
3418:
3312:
3267:
3205:
3175:
3129:
2952:
2939:
2510:
1944:
1897:
1686:
1636:
917:
676:
650:
620:
232:
152:
375:(DC) to excite (magnetize) the rotor. This is most straightforwardly supplied through
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2980:
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2741:
2705:
2661:
2585:
2575:
2550:
2540:
2502:
2467:
2432:
2415:
Nevelsteen, J.; Aragon, H. (1989). "Starting of large motors-methods and economics".
2398:
2376:
2336:
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2028:
2005:
1980:
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1690:
1678:
1640:
1628:
1590:
1569:
1037:
540:
465:
240:
121:
59:
3328:
2514:
1948:
1901:
3433:
3423:
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3307:
3277:
3225:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3051:
2914:
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2824:
2762:
2733:
2697:
2494:
2459:
2424:
2366:
1936:
1879:
1854:
1821:
1801:
1779:
1759:
1739:
1670:
1620:
950:
291:
252:
248:
228:
212:
79:
3368:
942:
3408:
3358:
3220:
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3019:
3007:
2975:
2879:
1858:
1658:
337:
244:
168:
92:
3383:
2719:"Review of position-sensorless operation of brushless permanent-magnet machines"
1674:
1542:. USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 536–538. Library of Congress Catalog No. 70-137126.
1503:. USA: McGraw-Hill. pp. 283–330. Library of Congress Catalog No. 70-137126.
3480:
3403:
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2842:
1922:
1883:
1873:
1755:
1735:
1624:
1396:
1395:
Speed and position may be accurately controlled using open loop controls (e.g.
1002:
970:
415:
372:
160:
117:
1940:
1817:
1797:
1608:
3545:
3413:
3081:
2774:
2745:
2709:
2554:
2506:
2498:
2471:
2436:
2380:
2371:
2354:
1775:
1763:
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1682:
1632:
1536:
1498:
1446:
946:
Rotor of a large water pump. The slip rings can be seen below the rotor drum.
297:
268:
135:
above 95% is normal for larger sizes) and it can operate at leading or unity
113:
97:
67:
3449:
2766:
2737:
2701:
1805:
1071:
120:
in which the motor must operate at a precise speed; accuracy depends on the
3525:
3520:
3438:
3373:
3061:
1210:
1080:
136:
55:
2589:
2353:
LeDoux, Kurt; Visser, Paul W.; Hulin, J. Dwight; Nguyen, Hien (May 2015).
2320:
Recommended
Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants
1657:
Luk, Patrick Chi-Kwong; Abdulrahem, Hayder A.; Xia, Bing (November 2020).
3530:
3215:
3146:
1465:
420:
402:
200:
191:
42:
Small synchronous motor with integral stepdown gear from a microwave oven
2761:(4). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 744–757.
2732:(2). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 352–362.
2696:(2). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 481–491.
3106:
3076:
2947:
2909:
1392:
Speed is independent of the load over the operating range of the motor.
960:
348:
winding structure in the rotor to provide extra torque at start-up.
341:
333:
329:
301:
216:
2463:
2450:
Schaefer, R.C. (1999). "Excitation control of the synchronous motor".
1825:
1094:
This ability to selectively control power factor can be exploited for
124:, which is carefully controlled in large interconnected grid systems.
3388:
3141:
2919:
2428:
1783:
1428:
638:
376:
2793:
104:
Small synchronous motors are used in timing applications such as in
3170:
3014:
2970:
2484:
1152:{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} =\mathbf {T} _{\text{max}}\sin(\delta )}
1055:
981:
604:{\displaystyle \omega _{s}=2\pi {\frac {f}{P}}=4\pi {\frac {f}{p}}}
51:
1865:
3246:
3241:
1914:
2049:
2037:
1921:
Wang, Zheng; Chen, Jian; Cheng, Ming; Chau, K. T. (2020-09-09).
2924:
2848:
668:
332:
motors have a solid, smooth, cylindrical rotor, cast of a high
318:
208:
204:
194:
machine, non-excited rotor type, manufactured from 1930 to 1955
164:
71:
62:; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integer number of
38:
2073:
1836:
1403:
642:
259:
PMSMs have been used as gearless elevator motors since 2000.
109:
2139:(1991 reprint ed.). Peter Peregrinus, Ltd. p. 33.
2061:
2292:
Handbook of Large Turbo-Generator
Operation and Maintenance
2188:
Handbook of Large Turbo-Generator
Operation and Maintenance
1818:"Analysis of brushless permanent magnet synchronous motors"
367:
Externally excited motor, 1917. The exciter is on the left.
336:
magnetically "hard" cobalt steel. This material has a wide
1083:. Excitation at which the power factor is unity is termed
2355:"Starting Large Synchronous Motors in Weak Power Systems"
386:
AC induction and rectifier arrangement can also be used.
2000:
Michael A. Laughton (2003), "19.2.5 Reluctance motors",
1015:
winding to stabilize operation and facilitate starting.
529:{\displaystyle N_{s}=60{\frac {f}{P}}=120{\frac {f}{p}}}
305:
cannot start the motor, so the rotor poles usually have
2657:
Energy-Efficient Electric Motors and their Applications
2352:
2241:
Energy-Efficient Electric Motors and Their Applications
2025:
Energy-Efficient Electric Motors and Their Applications
1566:
Stallcup's Generator, Transformer, Motor and Compressor
2268:. II (2010 reprint ed.). S. Chand. p. 1404.
2164:. II (2010 reprint ed.). S. Chand. p. 1490.
1820:. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on. 1996.
963:. The stator frame contains wrapper plate (except for
2640:(second ed.). New age international. p. 25.
1778:. Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on. 1991.
1738:. Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on. 2009.
1427:
Increased efficiency in low-speed applications (e.g.
1366:
1346:
1256:
1220:
1195:
1171:
1113:
920:
840:
753:
703:
679:
653:
623:
552:
483:
58:, the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the
3072:
Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)
2607:. II (2010 reprint ed.). S Chand. p. 1524.
1871:
1546:
965:
wound-rotor synchronous doubly fed electric machines
2574:(second ed.). Pearson Education. p. 230.
2539:(third ed.). Tata - McGraw Hill. p. 481.
1999:
2288:
2243:. B (Second ed.). Plenum press. p. 104.
2184:
1754:Ki-Chan Kim; Seung-Bin Lim; Dae-Hyun Koo; Ju Lee.
1372:
1352:
1329:
1235:
1201:
1179:
1151:
984:type where the armature used is of rotating type.
926:
903:
816:
723:
685:
659:
629:
603:
528:
78:in time with the oscillations of the current. The
2752:
2289:Isidor Kerszenbaum, Geoff Klempner (2011-09-20).
2212:Gerald B. Kliman, Hamid A. Toliyat (2018-10-03).
2185:Isidor Kerszenbaum, Geoff Klempner (2011-09-20).
2055:
1920:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1454:brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed electric machine
227:A permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) uses
3543:
2414:
2211:
1734:R. Islam; I. Husain; A. Fardoun; K. McLaughlin.
1656:
1056:Applications, special properties, and advantages
1102:
1060:
2716:
2079:
1606:
1521:
1487:
147:Synchronous motors fall under the category of
3479:
3465:
2809:
2680:
2067:
2043:
1796:Y. Honda; T. Nakamura; T. Higaki; Y. Takeda.
139:and thereby provide power-factor correction.
2532:
358:
2755:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
2726:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
2690:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
2487:IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
2218:(Second ed.). CRC Press. p. 302.
2095:. Electrician's toolbox etc. Archived from
1968:
1966:
1964:
1476:Short circuit ratio (synchronous generator)
1442:AC motor § Polyphase synchronous motor
207:steel. These are manufactured in permanent
151:that also includes synchronous generators.
3472:
3458:
2816:
2802:
2602:
2452:IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
2417:IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
2359:IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
857:
770:
2681:Finch, John W.; Giaouris, Damian (2008).
2625:. Narosa publishing chennai. p. 254.
2528:
2526:
2524:
2370:
1976:Practical electric motor handbook, 2nd Ed
1758:. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on. 2006.
1568:, page 15-13, Jones & Bartlett, 2012
1236:{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} _{\text{max}}}
895:
894:
808:
807:
2616:
2614:
2449:
2395:Variable Frequency AC Motor Drive System
2137:Variable Frequency Ac Motor Drive System
1972:
1961:
1070:
949:
941:
362:
181:
37:
29:
2314:
2312:
2263:
2159:
2113:. University of Alberta. Archived from
14:
3544:
3495:Synchronous Motor and the Master Clock
2653:
2521:
2238:
2134:
1928:IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
1552:
996:
3453:
2823:
2797:
2717:Acarnley, P.P.; Watson, J.F. (2006).
2611:
2567:
2561:
1703:
1613:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
1607:Eriksson, S; Eklund, P (2020-11-26).
693:is the number of pole pairs (rarely,
411:Control methods can be divided into:
392:
274:PMSMs are typically controlled using
247:. Due to inherent characteristics of
2309:
2178:
2002:Electrical Engineer's Reference Book
1652:
1650:
1597:, Chapter 12 "Synchronous Machines"
1515:"Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor"
954:Stator winding of a large water pump
459:
2638:A First Course On Electrical Drives
2571:Electric Machinery And Transformers
2568:Kosow, Irving L. (September 2007).
1704:Mehri, Darius (18 September 2000).
1579:
1340:When load is applied, torque angle
1022:
317:. Small reluctance motors have low
222:
24:
2635:
2533:Bhattacharya, S. K. (2008-08-27).
1416:Utility frequency § Stability
186:Single-phase 60 Hz 1800
25:
18:Permanent-magnet synchronous motor
3568:
2782:
2683:"Controlled AC Electrical Drives"
2623:Fundamentals of electrical drives
2620:
1647:
1587:Handbook of Small Electric Motors
2239:Jordan, Howard E. (1994-08-31).
1305:
1301:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1259:
1223:
1173:
1124:
1115:
1075:V-curve of a synchronous machine
468:of a synchronous motor is given:
2629:
2596:
2478:
2443:
2408:
2387:
2346:
2325:
2282:
2257:
2232:
2205:
2153:
2128:
2103:
2085:
2017:
1993:
1979:. USA: Newnes. pp. 73–76.
1830:
1810:
1790:
1768:
1748:
1728:
937:
66:cycles. Synchronous motors use
60:frequency of the supply current
3201:Timeline of the electric motor
1697:
1600:
1558:
1507:
1146:
1140:
914:The number of magnetic poles,
177:
13:
1:
2986:Dahlander pole changing motor
2056:Buja & Kazmierkowski 2004
1481:
324:
285:
2603:Theraja, B L; Theraja, A K.
2335:, page 192, CRC Press, 2007
1973:Gottlieb, Irving M. (1997).
1859:10.1016/j.energy.2009.04.022
1180:{\displaystyle \mathbf {T} }
1103:Steady-state stability limit
1061:Use as synchronous condenser
987:
641:of the AC supply current in
74:of the motor which create a
7:
3030:Brushless DC electric motor
2789:Synchronous motor animation
2215:Handbook of Electric Motors
2027:, page 104, Springer, 1994
1675:10.1016/j.etran.2020.100080
1471:Doubly fed electric machine
1459:
1449:(may be synchronous or not)
1435:
735:
76:magnetic field that rotates
10:
3573:
2647:
2295:(Second ed.). Wiley.
2191:(Second ed.). Wiley.
2080:Acarnley & Watson 2006
1884:10.1109/PEDES.2012.6484405
1540:Electric Machinery, 3rd Ed
1501:Electric Machinery, 3rd Ed
1064:
1000:
667:is the number of magnetic
289:
48:synchronous electric motor
3513:
3487:
3481:Electric clock technology
3321:
3260:
3234:
3189:
3120:
3047:Switched reluctance (SRM)
3025:Brushed DC electric motor
2961:
2938:
2863:
2831:
2333:AC Power Systems Handbook
2068:Finch & Giaouris 2008
2044:Finch & Giaouris 2008
1941:10.1109/TPEL.2015.2437893
1085:normal excitation voltage
359:Externally excited motors
267:the system can withstand
3235:Experimental, futuristic
3152:Variable-frequency drive
2499:10.1109/tie.2017.2784342
2372:10.1109/tia.2014.2373820
2004:, Newnes, p. 19/8,
1816:M.A. Rahman; Ping Zhou.
1774:P. Pillay; R. Krishnan.
1764:10.1109/TMAG.2006.879077
1744:10.1109/TIA.2008.2009653
1706:"Belts Lift Performance"
1625:10.1088/1361-6463/abbfc5
1423:Record player turntables
1383:
1028:supplemental mechanism.
264:variable-frequency drive
142:
3252:Superconducting machine
2890:Coil winding technology
2767:10.1109/tie.2004.831717
2738:10.1109/tie.2006.870868
2702:10.1109/tie.2007.911209
2318:IEEE Standard 141-1993
1806:10.1109/IAS.1997.643011
1373:{\displaystyle \delta }
1353:{\displaystyle \delta }
1202:{\displaystyle \delta }
1096:power factor correction
449:Passivity based control
3488:Powerline synchronized
2264:Theraja, B.L. (2005).
2160:Theraja, B.L. (2005).
2135:Finney, David (1988).
1585:William Yeadon (ed.),
1374:
1354:
1331:
1237:
1203:
1181:
1153:
1076:
955:
947:
928:
905:
818:
725:
687:
661:
631:
605:
530:
444:Feedback linearization
433:Field oriented control
368:
280:field oriented control
195:
190:synchronous motor for
43:
35:
3293:Power-to-weight ratio
3157:Direct torque control
2654:Jordan, H.E. (2013).
2605:Electrical technology
2397:, page 32, IEE, 1988
2266:Electrical technology
2162:Electrical technology
1375:
1355:
1332:
1243:is the maximum torque
1238:
1204:
1182:
1154:
1074:
1067:Synchronous condenser
953:
945:
929:
906:
819:
726:
724:{\displaystyle P=p/2}
695:planes of commutation
688:
662:
632:
606:
531:
438:Direct torque control
366:
276:direct torque control
262:Most PMSMs require a
185:
133:electrical efficiency
41:
33:
3557:Synchronous machines
3288:Open-loop controller
3181:Ward Leonard control
2905:DC injection braking
2111:"Electrical machine"
1364:
1344:
1254:
1218:
1193:
1169:
1111:
918:
838:
751:
701:
677:
651:
621:
550:
481:
149:synchronous machines
122:power line frequency
3191:History, education,
2837:Alternating current
2536:Electrical Machines
2331:Jerry C. Whitaker,
2046:, pp. 483–484.
1851:2009Ene....34.1755H
1589:, McGraw-Hill 2001
997:Amortisseur winding
237:brushless DC motors
3354:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
3313:Voltage controller
3268:Blocked-rotor test
3206:Ball bearing motor
3176:Motor soft starter
3130:AC-to-AC converter
2991:Wound-rotor (WRIM)
2953:Electric generator
1564:James G Stallcup,
1370:
1350:
1327:
1233:
1199:
1177:
1149:
1077:
956:
948:
924:
901:
814:
721:
683:
657:
627:
601:
526:
393:Control techniques
369:
233:asynchronous motor
196:
106:synchronous clocks
44:
36:
3539:
3538:
3505:Synchronous motor
3500:Utility frequency
3447:
3446:
3283:Open-circuit test
3122:Motor controllers
3003:Synchronous motor
2825:Electric machines
2667:978-1-4899-1465-1
2493:(10): 8271–8273.
2464:10.1109/28.767025
2275:978-81-219-2437-5
2250:978-0-306-44698-6
2171:978-81-219-2437-5
2146:978-0-86341-114-4
2011:978-0-7506-4637-6
1986:978-0-7506-3638-4
1893:978-1-4673-4508-8
1845:(11): 1755–1763.
1826:10.1109/41.491349
1325:
1266:
1230:
1131:
1038:moment of inertia
927:{\displaystyle p}
899:
886:
880:
866:
865:
862:
812:
799:
793:
779:
778:
775:
686:{\displaystyle P}
660:{\displaystyle p}
630:{\displaystyle f}
599:
580:
524:
508:
466:synchronous speed
460:Synchronous speed
440:, a variant of VC
352:Hysteresis motors
271:during starting.
241:Neodymium magnets
229:permanent magnets
52:AC electric motor
16:(Redirected from
3564:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3298:Two-phase system
3278:Electromagnetism
3226:Mouse mill motor
3193:recreational use
3067:Permanent magnet
2996:Linear induction
2849:Permanent magnet
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2778:
2749:
2723:
2713:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2642:
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2633:
2627:
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2618:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2565:
2559:
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2530:
2519:
2518:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2429:10.1109/28.44236
2423:(6): 1012–1018.
2412:
2406:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2365:(3): 2676–2682.
2350:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2307:
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2286:
2280:
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2255:
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2047:
2041:
2035:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1935:(3): 2417–2428.
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1878:. pp. 1–6.
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1814:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1784:10.1109/28.90357
1772:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1712:. Archived from
1701:
1695:
1694:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1604:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1550:
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1534:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1360:increases. When
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1336:
1334:
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1156:
1155:
1150:
1133:
1132:
1129:
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1118:
1023:Starting methods
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823:
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692:
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689:
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664:
663:
658:
636:
634:
633:
628:
610:
608:
607:
602:
600:
592:
581:
573:
562:
561:
535:
533:
532:
527:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
492:
316:
292:Reluctance motor
253:magnetic circuit
223:Permanent-magnet
93:induction motors
91:Synchronous and
27:Type of AC motor
21:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3552:Electric motors
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3509:
3483:
3478:
3448:
3443:
3317:
3256:
3230:
3221:Mendocino motor
3194:
3192:
3185:
3116:
2976:Induction motor
2957:
2934:
2880:Braking chopper
2868:
2866:
2859:
2827:
2822:
2785:
2721:
2685:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2660:. Springer US.
2650:
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2199:
2183:
2179:
2172:
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2147:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1894:
1870:
1866:
1835:
1831:
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1811:
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1791:
1773:
1769:
1753:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1716:on 29 June 2013
1702:
1698:
1663:ETransportation
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1005:
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858:
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771:
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754:
752:
749:
748:
738:
713:
702:
699:
698:
678:
675:
674:
652:
649:
648:
622:
619:
618:
591:
572:
557:
553:
551:
548:
547:
516:
500:
488:
484:
482:
479:
478:
469:
462:
395:
361:
338:hysteresis loop
327:
314:
294:
288:
249:ferrite magnets
245:ferrite magnets
225:
180:
145:
118:servomechanisms
112:in appliances,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3570:
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3421:
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3411:
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3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:Inchworm motor
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:Circle diagram
3270:
3264:
3262:
3261:Related topics
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3211:Barlow's wheel
3208:
3203:
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3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:Vector control
3159:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3135:Cycloconverter
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
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2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Damper winding
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:Components and
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2843:Direct current
2839:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2783:External links
2781:
2780:
2779:
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2666:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2628:
2610:
2595:
2580:
2560:
2545:
2520:
2477:
2458:(3): 694–702.
2442:
2407:
2393:David Finney,
2386:
2345:
2324:
2308:
2301:
2281:
2274:
2256:
2249:
2231:
2224:
2204:
2197:
2177:
2170:
2152:
2145:
2127:
2102:
2099:on 1999-05-08.
2084:
2082:, p. 353.
2072:
2070:, p. 482.
2060:
2058:, p. 745.
2048:
2036:
2016:
2010:
1992:
1985:
1960:
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1829:
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1767:
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1727:
1710:DesignNews.com
1696:
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1578:
1557:
1555:, p. 106.
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1425:
1420:
1413:accurate; see
1410:
1407:
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1397:stepper motors
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1337:
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1104:
1101:
1065:Main article:
1062:
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1057:
1054:
1024:
1021:
1003:Damper winding
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
989:
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425:
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416:Scalar control
394:
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373:direct current
360:
357:
326:
323:
290:Main article:
287:
284:
224:
221:
203:steel such as
179:
176:
144:
141:
116:and precision
114:tape recorders
68:electromagnets
26:
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3098:
3097:Piezoelectric
3095:
3093:
3092:Electrostatic
3090:
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2651:
2639:
2636:Pillai, S K.
2632:
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2583:
2581:9788131711279
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2403:0-86341-114-2
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2364:
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2356:
2349:
2342:
2341:0-8493-4034-9
2338:
2334:
2328:
2322:pages 227-230
2321:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2302:9781118210406
2298:
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2225:9781420030389
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2198:9781118210406
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2190:
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2148:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2117:on 2013-02-19
2116:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2093:"Motor speed"
2088:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2033:0-306-44698-7
2030:
2026:
2023:H.E. Jordan,
2020:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1977:
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1965:
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1619:(5): 054001.
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1596:
1595:0-07-072332-X
1592:
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1574:1-4496-9519-1
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1447:Stepper motor
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1189:
1187:is the torque
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1019:protection).
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307:squirrel-cage
303:
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298:torque ripple
293:
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269:torque ripple
265:
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61:
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54:in which, at
53:
49:
40:
32:
19:
3526:Atomic clock
3521:Quartz clock
3504:
3002:
2758:
2754:
2729:
2725:
2693:
2689:
2671:. Retrieved
2656:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2621:Dubey, G K.
2604:
2598:
2570:
2563:
2535:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2455:
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2445:
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2416:
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2389:
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2319:
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2265:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2214:
2207:
2187:
2180:
2161:
2155:
2136:
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:the original
2105:
2097:the original
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2024:
2019:
2001:
1995:
1975:
1952:. Retrieved
1932:
1926:
1916:
1905:. Retrieved
1874:
1867:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1812:
1792:
1770:
1750:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1709:
1699:
1666:
1662:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1586:
1581:
1565:
1560:
1548:
1539:
1509:
1500:
1452:Synchronous
1414:
1387:
1339:
1246:
1211:torque angle
1161:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1081:power factor
1078:
1050:
1042:Single-phase
1034:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
991:
979:
976:
969:
957:
938:Construction
913:
826:
742:single-phase
739:
694:
613:
538:
463:
455:
410:
407:
396:
388:
381:
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346:
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226:
197:
173:
148:
146:
137:power factor
130:
126:
103:
96:
90:
84:
56:steady state
47:
45:
3531:Radio clock
3216:Lynch motor
2981:Shaded-pole
2867:accessories
1553:Jordan 2013
1466:Clock drive
1046:shaded-pole
1013:amortisseur
829:three-phase
421:V/f control
403:servo drive
201:retentivity
178:Non-excited
167:of a shaft
157:prime mover
3546:Categories
3514:Electronic
3112:Axial flux
3102:Ultrasonic
3077:Servomotor
3057:Doubly fed
3052:Reluctance
2948:Alternator
2940:Generators
2910:Field coil
2895:Commutator
2855:commutated
2853:SC - Self-
2673:2023-09-01
2121:2013-01-09
1954:2020-09-23
1907:2020-09-23
1669:: 100080.
1482:References
1429:ball mills
1406:actuators.
971:DC excited
961:alternator
377:slip rings
342:coercivity
334:coercivity
330:Hysteresis
325:Hysteresis
302:reluctance
286:Reluctance
217:hysteresis
213:reluctance
85:doubly fed
3429:Steinmetz
3344:Davenport
3142:Amplidyne
3042:Universal
3020:Homopolar
3008:Repulsion
2920:Slip ring
2775:0278-0046
2746:0278-0046
2710:0278-0046
2555:808866911
2507:0278-0046
2472:0093-9994
2437:0093-9994
2381:0093-9994
1691:224968436
1683:2590-1168
1641:225152358
1633:0022-3727
1368:δ
1348:δ
1315:ω
1197:δ
1144:δ
1138:
988:Operation
869:×
782:×
639:frequency
589:π
570:π
555:ω
384:brushless
219:designs:
153:Generator
3434:Sturgeon
3364:Ferraris
3349:Davidson
3171:Metadyne
3087:Traction
3035:Unipolar
3015:DC motor
2971:AC motor
2875:Armature
2515:46936078
1949:19377123
1902:25556839
1787:torque."
1460:See also
1436:Subtypes
982:DC motor
879: Hz
792: Hz
736:Examples
192:Teletype
3424:Sprague
3419:Siemens
3394:Maxwell
3359:Faraday
3308:Starter
3247:Railgun
3242:Coilgun
3082:Stepper
2930:Winding
2648:Sources
1847:Bibcode
1209:is the
1162:where,
637:is the
614:where:
539:and in
70:as the
3414:Saxton
3399:Ørsted
3384:Jedlik
3379:Jacobi
3369:Gramme
3334:Barlow
3322:People
3147:Drives
3062:Linear
2963:Motors
2925:Stator
2773:
2744:
2708:
2664:
2590:222453
2588:
2578:
2553:
2543:
2513:
2505:
2470:
2435:
2401:
2379:
2339:
2299:
2272:
2247:
2222:
2195:
2168:
2143:
2031:
2008:
1983:
1947:
1900:
1890:
1839:Energy
1720:10 May
1689:
1681:
1639:
1631:
1593:
1572:
1247:here,
1048:type.
543:, by:
474:, by:
340:(high
319:torque
251:, the
209:magnet
205:cobalt
165:torque
110:timers
72:stator
50:is an
3439:Tesla
3409:Pixii
3374:Henry
3339:Botto
3329:Arago
2915:Rotor
2885:Brush
2847:PM -
2841:DC -
2835:AC -
2722:(PDF)
2686:(PDF)
2511:S2CID
1945:S2CID
1898:S2CID
1687:S2CID
1637:S2CID
1404:robot
1384:Other
669:poles
541:rad·s
315:22 kW
199:high-
161:Motor
143:Types
80:rotor
3404:Park
3389:Lenz
3107:TEFC
2771:ISSN
2742:ISSN
2706:ISSN
2662:ISBN
2586:OCLC
2576:ISBN
2551:OCLC
2541:ISBN
2503:ISSN
2468:ISSN
2433:ISSN
2399:ISBN
2377:ISSN
2337:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1722:2016
1679:ISSN
1629:ISSN
1591:ISBN
1570:ISBN
805:1500
464:The
278:and
215:and
169:load
98:slip
2763:doi
2734:doi
2698:doi
2495:doi
2460:doi
2425:doi
2367:doi
1937:doi
1880:doi
1855:doi
1822:doi
1802:doi
1780:doi
1760:doi
1740:doi
1671:doi
1621:doi
1265:max
1229:max
1135:sin
1130:max
898:rpm
892:600
861:rpm
811:rpm
774:rpm
697:),
514:120
472:RPM
470:in
405:).
401:or
399:VFD
188:RPM
171:".
159:".
3548::
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1933:31
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1489:^
1431:).
1419:.)
1399:).
875:60
864:Hz
855:60
827:A
788:50
777:Hz
768:60
740:A
643:Hz
498:60
382:A
379:.
282:.
239:.
211:,
108:,
64:AC
46:A
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575:f
567:2
564:=
559:s
522:p
519:f
511:=
506:P
503:f
495:=
490:s
486:N
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
