2740:
2569:
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2600:
2581:
2613:
2010:
2423:
2770:
2832:
2716:
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281:. The party was not excluded nor banned. However, in the electoral campaign for general and local elections of April 1999, the party faced opposition from the Turkish authorities. The government prohibited the party's Diyarbakır rally, planned for the week before the elections, and detained thousands of people.
257:
Bozlak was succeeded by Ahmet Turan Demir, who served as party chairman from
September 1998 to November 1999. In January 1999, 41 of the detained HADEP members were released, but four remained in custody. The same month, a state prosecutor demanded the party's closure before the
367:
923:"Refworld | Turkey: The situation and treatment of members, supporters and sympathizers of leftist parties, particularly the People's Democratic Party (HADEP) and Democratic People's Party (DEHAP) (January 2003 - September 2004)"
296:
welcomed seven of the HADEP mayors in Ankara, helping to alleviate the legal situation for the
Kurdish politicians. In 1999, HADEP became the first party in the history of Turkish politics to introduced a female quota of 25%.
229:
After the elections, allegations of fraud emerged because a HADEP candidate allegedly did not receive any votes in his home village, which included his wife. At the party congress in June 1996, masked men dropped the
2647:
2683:
2677:
341:(DEHAP), which was joined by 35 mayors of the former HADEP on the 26 March 2003. In 2010, the party's forced dissolution was unanimously found to be contrary to Article 11 (Freedom of Association) of the
979:
3424:
3419:
2641:
2385:
3404:
3399:
2695:
2659:
568:"Refworld | Turkey: Update to TUR22841.E of 19 January 1996 regarding the People's Democracy Party (HADEP); legal status of the party, harassment of known members and supporters (1998-1999)"
487:
2671:
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3106:
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2629:
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2689:
2405:
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321:, stated that the party was a threat to the indivisibility of the Turkish Republic. As a result, 46 politicians from the HADEP were banned from politics for five years.
305:
Bozlak had a second term as party chair, serving until the party dissolved in 2003. HADEP politicians and supporters were detained prior to a 1 September 2001 event for
3621:
3005:
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1998:
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1507:
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At the time, the party hoped to become an important factor in
Turkish politics. Despite the government's suppression, the party was successful in the
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20:
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Party founder and attorney Murat Bozlak was the party's first chairman, serving between 1994 and 1999. During the campaign for the
3370:
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1965:
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1452:
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2875:
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2261:
2237:
1984:
1855:
1789:
1325:
1202:
1125:
1048:
1037:
From
Patriarchy to Empowerment: Women's Participation, Movements, and Rights in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia
761:
681:
448:
401:
377:
338:
131:
3195:
2014:
1769:
1540:
1370:
1105:
313:(SI) which demanded that Turkey provide a framework for a fair pluralistic democracy. However, the party was banned by the
542:
3313:
3243:
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2006:
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326:
3414:
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2309:
2103:
1626:
1469:
1240:
1220:
870:"Turkey's Constitutional Court Issues Ruling Against Pro-Kurdish HDP - 2003-03-13 | Voice of America - English"
346:
314:
259:
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1409:
1263:
278:
219:
3783:
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603:
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369:
The
Islamic World and the West: Managing Religious and Cultural Identities in the Age of Globalisation
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said PKK named the party's candidates, the state prosecutor demanded the party's exclusion from the
3560:
3323:
3293:
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1524:
1518:
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1415:
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310:
3914:
3798:
3449:
241:
to Turkey. Dozens of party members were detained and accused of having supported a country-wide
234:
and raised the PKK flag. As a result, all HADEP members present at the congress were arrested.
4094:
3590:
3502:
3338:
3238:
3200:
3150:
3085:
2990:
2144:
2132:
1752:
1431:
3681:
3666:
3185:
3813:
3595:
3175:
3075:
3000:
2617:
2126:
2085:
1734:
709:
611:
3360:
3233:
3090:
3055:
2503:
2493:
2468:
2453:
2333:
2219:
2174:
2108:
1935:
1375:
3823:
3818:
3671:
3160:
2995:
2363:
1074:
8:
3953:
3365:
3348:
3343:
3248:
3125:
2761:
2458:
2031:
1950:
1930:
1464:
175:
3884:
3859:
3828:
3778:
3748:
2980:
293:
4014:
3904:
3288:
3273:
3223:
2443:
2198:
2114:
1945:
1940:
1023:
767:
726:
527:
519:
309:. HADEP was repeatedly accused of supporting terror. In 2002, it received support from
198:
165:
150:
3656:
3535:
3530:
640:
274:
263:
238:
3899:
3605:
3575:
2796:
2511:
2463:
1723:
1064:
1044:
1027:
757:
730:
677:
648:
523:
444:
419:
397:
373:
3919:
3580:
2944:
3999:
3793:
3763:
3190:
2965:
2801:
2526:
1955:
1807:
1131:
1013:
1005:
718:
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501:
317:
on 13 March 2003 because it allegedly supported the PKK. The courts leading judge,
190:
46:
37:
3864:
3600:
3989:
3318:
3080:
3050:
3040:
1643:
922:
567:
492:
306:
143:
3909:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3803:
3773:
3753:
3661:
3585:
3565:
790:
3768:
3758:
3711:
3706:
3696:
3570:
3550:
3045:
2025:
1530:
815:
697:
465:
231:
3854:
3833:
3641:
3540:
262:, alleging that party had organizational ties with the PKK. In February 1999,
4038:
3686:
3676:
3065:
3030:
2345:
1597:
1354:
1320:
771:
745:
652:
318:
242:
223:
3646:
3626:
289:
3701:
3651:
3555:
2339:
2321:
202:
67:
62:
3743:
3636:
3545:
155:
74:
1232:
226:(RP). HADEP was permitted to compete to limit the influence of the RP.
3691:
3631:
1018:
514:
1009:
722:
604:"EXTRA 24/99 Fear of torture or ill-treatment / Fear of disappearance"
505:
19:
This article is about the former party in Turkey. For other uses, see
3869:
3391:
1920:
1404:
1896:
416:
The
Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance
702:"The continuing Kurdish problem in Turkey after O¨calan's capture"
1577:
1271:
2428:
2009:
1960:
1702:
1563:
322:
205:
founded the party on 11 May 1994. The party disbanded in 2003.
237:
The party came under pressure when Italy refused to extradite
2780:
2550:
2315:
1925:
1746:
1611:
752:, Sociopolitical Impacts of the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey,
2393:
1389:
1300:
1104:
222:, the political environment was hostile to HADEP and the
329:
at the time, issued a statement criticizing the events.
4055:
Article 11 of the
European Convention on Human Rights
4050:
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Turkey
996:
Güney, Aylin (2002). "The People's
Democracy Party".
641:"Thousands held as Turkey bans Kurd election rally"
443:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 95.
3136:December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
4036:
2976:August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
1585:
921:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
566:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
270:, hundreds of party members were also detained.
3329:2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
3269:March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2986:March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
300:
1508:Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front
1448:Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan
638:
213:
2379:
1992:
1248:
1090:
674:Turkey between Democracy and Authoritarianism
3964:Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security
3508:2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
2648:Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan
365:
3488:1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
2684:Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan
676:. Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
593:Güney (2002), p. 126 (and note 19 on p.136)
540:
3181:August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids
2386:
2372:
1999:
1985:
1459:Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan
1350:Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle
1255:
1241:
1097:
1083:
1063:(London: I.B. Tauris, 2003), p. 463.
543:"Almost All Party Chairs Served Jail Term"
541:Fırat, Nuri; Yıldız, Yılmaz (3 May 2017).
3146:2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
1262:
1017:
672:Arat, Yeşim; Pamuk, Şevket (2019-09-05).
671:
513:
21:People's Democracy Party (disambiguation)
4080:Political parties disestablished in 2003
4005:Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
2940:Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)
2678:Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan
2280:Republican Villagers Nation Party (CKMP)
1034:
813:
463:
3498:1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
3371:October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
2395:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
2187:National Women's Party of Turkey (TUKP)
1966:List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
1106:Pro-Kurdish political parties in Turkey
252:
4037:
4010:Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
2781:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement
2624:National Liberation Front of Kurdistan
2298:Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP)
2292:Social Democratic People's Party (SHP)
1747:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement
1453:Democratic National Union of Kurdistan
743:
696:
438:
273:After the Turkish press reported that
4060:Political parties established in 1994
2636:People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan
2367:
2056:Democratic Left People's Party (DSHP)
1980:
1868:Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party
1236:
1156:Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party
1078:
995:
947:"Country Report Turkey, October 2005"
891:
889:
634:
632:
630:
485:
413:
394:New Frontiers in Middle East Security
2696:Confederation Community of Kurdistan
2642:Democratic People's Union of Kurdish
2092:Electronic Democracy Party (e-Parti)
1541:Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party
1371:Iranian Call and Reform Organization
920:
589:
587:
565:
3314:Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)
2708:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan
1903:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan
1677:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
1513:Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party
1492:Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq
343:European Convention on Human Rights
245:to protest the Turkish role in the
41:
13:
2262:Progressive Republican Party (TCF)
2238:People's Communist Party of Turkey
2098:Equality and Democracy Party (EDP)
1683:Kurdish Democratic Political Union
1671:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria
1326:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran
897:"Turkey Outlaws Kurds' Main Party"
886:
627:
14:
4106:
4045:Defunct Kurdish parties in Turkey
3206:September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack
2660:Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan
2193:Nationalist Democracy Party (MDP)
1892:Society for the Rise of Kurdistan
1688:Movement for a Democratic Society
1144:Turkey Kurdistan Democratic Party
584:
288:and won 37 mayorships, including
4085:2003 disestablishments in Turkey
4065:Banned Kurdish parties in Turkey
3196:June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes
3107:2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown
2830:
2775:Marxist–Leninist Communist Party
2768:
2762:Free Youth Movement of Kurdistan
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan
2611:
2598:
2579:
2567:
2421:
2304:Socialist Revolution Party (SDP)
2244:People's Democracy Party (HADEP)
2169:National Development Party (MKP)
2008:
1880:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan
1844:Kurdistan Democratic Party/North
366:Marcinkowski, Christoph (2009).
3304:December 2016 Istanbul bombings
3131:October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri
2672:Free Women's Party of Kurdistan
2654:Free Women's Union of Kurdistan
2286:Republican Reliance Party (CGP)
2226:Peace and Democracy Party (BDP)
2074:Democratic Progress Party (DGP)
1035:Moghadam, Valentine M. (2007).
988:
973:
964:
939:
914:
862:
853:
829:
816:"Asylum seekers from Turkey II"
807:
783:
737:
690:
665:
596:
466:"Asylum seekers from Turkey II"
439:Barkey, Henri J. (2000-01-01).
337:The party was succeeded by the
220:parliamentary elections of 1995
3299:Assassination of Deryan Aktert
2630:Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan
2328:Turkish Villagers' Party (TKP)
2316:Social Democracy Party (SODEP)
2181:National Salvation Party (MSP)
2139:Liberal Republican Party (SCF)
2080:Democratic Society Party (DTP)
1627:Descendants of Saladin Brigade
1470:Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq
1221:Participatoric Democracy Party
559:
547:Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi
534:
488:"The People's Democracy Party"
479:
457:
432:
407:
386:
359:
347:European Court of Human Rights
332:
1:
4090:Kurdish nationalism in Turkey
4075:1994 establishments in Turkey
3121:2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing
2352:Workers Party of Turkey (TİP)
2268:Republican Nation Party (CMP)
2050:Democratic Center Party (DMP)
1536:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
1060:A Modern History of the Kurds
639:Guardian Staff (1999-04-14).
352:
286:local elections of April 1999
81:Ahmet Turan Demir (1999–2000)
3995:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
3259:February 2016 Ankara bombing
3036:Winter Campaign of 1994–1995
2015:Historical parties in Turkey
1778:Communist Party of Kurdistan
1759:Civil Protection Units-Women
1553:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1497:Kurdistan Conservative Party
754:University of Michigan Press
414:Gunes, Cengiz (2013-01-11).
396:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001,
301:Bozlak's second chairmanship
292:. In August 1999, President
7:
3284:May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing
3156:October 2008 Aktütün attack
2310:Socialist Unity Party (SBP)
2086:Democrat Turkey Party (DTP)
1826:Kurdistan Communities Union
1814:Freedom and Democracy Party
1287:Yezidi National Union (ULE)
1185:Freedom and Democracy Party
1120:Freedom and Socialism Party
791:"Reuters Archive Licensing"
214:Bozlak's first chairmanship
201:political party in Turkey.
10:
4111:
3985:Kurdish separatism in Iran
3493:2013–2015 Solution process
3254:February 2016 Lice bombing
3244:Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)
2250:People's Voice Party (HAS)
2232:People's Labor Party (HEP)
2175:National Order Party (MNP)
2109:Great Anatolia Party (BAP)
1838:Islamic Party of Kurdistan
1832:Kurdistan Islamic Movement
1820:Freedom and Equality Party
1502:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1487:Kurdish Tribal Association
1481:Kurdistan Islamic Movement
1332:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1179:Freedom and Equality Party
825:. Asylum Aid. p. 122.
475:. Asylum Aid. p. 121.
418:. Routledge. p. 164.
266:was captured in Kenya and
208:
18:
3972:
3939:
3932:
3847:
3736:
3729:
3614:
3523:
3516:
3478:
3458:
3390:
3383:
3264:March 2016 Ankara bombing
3214:
3113:
3101:
2958:
2932:
2925:
2848:
2812:
2559:
2549:
2502:
2449:National Security Council
2436:
2419:
2401:
2032:Bright Turkey Party (ATP)
2021:
1916:
1886:Rights and Freedoms Party
1856:Peoples' Democratic Party
1850:Peace and Democracy Party
1790:Democratic People's Party
1768:
1710:
1701:
1666:Kurdish Supreme Committee
1652:
1632:People's Protection Units
1619:
1610:
1576:
1440:
1397:
1388:
1363:
1344:Kurdistan Free Life Party
1308:
1299:
1279:
1270:
1215:Peace and Democracy Party
1203:Democratic People's Party
1165:
1150:Rights and Freedoms Party
1126:Peoples' Democratic Party
1112:
1041:Syracuse University Press
980:Judgment in case 28003/03
795:Reuters Archive Licensing
441:Turkey's Kurdish Question
339:Democratic People's Party
279:General Elections of 1999
161:
149:
137:
132:Democratic People's Party
127:
117:
102:
87:
73:
61:
28:
16:Political party in Turkey
4070:Banned socialist parties
3334:2020 İskenderun shootout
3279:May 2016 Dürümlü bombing
3171:2010 Hakkâri bus bombing
2950:1980 Turkish coup d'état
2205:New Party (Turkey, 1993)
2115:Great Turkey Party (BTP)
1862:People's Democracy Party
1802:Democratic Regions Party
1796:Democratic Society Party
1718:Kurdistan Workers' Party
1660:Kurdish National Council
1638:Women's Protection Units
1593:Kurdish Democratic Party
1547:Kurdistan Toilers' Party
1410:Êzîdxan Protection Force
1209:Democratic Society Party
1197:People's Democracy Party
1138:Democratic Regions Party
1057:McDowall, David. (2003)
814:McDowall, David (2002).
464:McDowall, David (2002).
247:Kurdish Turkish conflict
195:Halkın Demokrasi Partisi
187:People's Democracy Party
106:March 13, 2003
83:Murat Bozlak (2000–2003)
79:Murat Bozlak (1994–1999)
51:Halkın Demokrasi Partisi
31:People's Democracy Party
3959:Düzce Military Cemetery
3309:2017 Diyarbakır bombing
3229:Operation Martyr Yalçın
3141:2008 Diyarbakır bombing
3021:May 24, 1993 PKK attack
3016:Operation Northern Iraq
2605:People's Defence Forces
2522:Turkish Revenge Brigade
2215:New Turkey Party (2002)
2210:New Turkey Party (1961)
2151:Motherland Party (ANAP)
2026:Anatolia Party (ANAPAR)
1741:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
1729:People's Defence Forces
1559:Service and Reform List
1525:New Generation Movement
1519:Kurdistan Islamic Union
1475:Kurdistan Islamic Group
1416:Sinjar Resistance Units
1338:Kurdistan Freedom Party
841:Socialist International
744:Gurses, Mehmet (2018),
311:Socialist International
151:Political position
42:Partiya Demokrasiya Gel
3980:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3503:Musa Anter peace train
3339:Operation Claw-Eagle 2
3239:Siege of Silvan (2015)
3201:2012 Gaziantep bombing
3166:2010 İskenderun attack
3151:2008 Istanbul bombings
3086:1999 Istanbul bombings
2840:(until the late 1980s)
1753:Civil Protection Units
1711:Militant organizations
1620:Militant organizations
1398:Militant organizations
1309:Militant organizations
970:McDowall 2003, p. 463.
750:Anatomy of a Civil War
372:. LIT Verlag Münster.
194:
91:May 11, 1994
50:
3784:İsmail Hakkı Karadayı
3466:Mothers of Diyarbakır
3176:2010 Istanbul bombing
2274:Republican Party (CP)
2104:Free Democratic Party
2068:Democratic Party (DP)
2044:Democracy Party (DEP)
1422:Êzîdxan Women's Units
1264:Kurdish organisations
859:Moghadam 2007, p. 86.
710:Third World Quarterly
612:Amnesty International
486:Güney, Aylin (2002).
3941:Memorials, monuments
3915:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
3361:Operation Claw-Sword
3234:2015 Hakkari assault
3091:Blue Market massacre
3056:1996 Tunceli bombing
3006:1992 Taşdelen attack
1936:Kingdom of Kurdistan
1874:People's Labor Party
1376:Kurdish United Front
1173:People's Labor Party
325:, the holder of the
315:Constitutional Court
268:imprisoned on Imrali
260:Constitutional Court
253:Demir's chairmanship
3954:33 Martyrs Memorial
3946:military cemeteries
3717:Sırrı Süreyya Önder
3667:Selahattin Demirtaş
3622:Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar
3366:2023 Ankara bombing
3349:Zakho resort attack
3344:Operation Claw-Lock
3324:2018 Gercüş bombing
3294:2016 Elazığ bombing
3249:Siege of Sur (2016)
3186:2011 Hakkâri attack
3126:2007 Ankara bombing
2256:Populist Party (HP)
2062:Democrat Party (DP)
1951:Republic of Mahabad
1931:Kurdish nationalism
837:"Resolution on HDP"
4015:Turkish war crimes
3905:Ahmet Necdet Sezer
3789:Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu
3356:2022 Mersin attack
3289:2016 Cizre bombing
3274:2016 Bursa bombing
3224:2015 Siirt bombing
3026:Başbağlar massacre
2618:Free Women's Units
2346:Welfare Party (RP)
2145:Liberty Party (HP)
2133:Justice Party (AP)
1946:Republic of Ararat
1941:Kurdistansky Uyezd
1735:Free Women's Units
1432:Fayli Kurd Brigade
528:Bilkent University
392:Lenore G. Martin,
166:Politics of Turkey
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
3928:
3927:
3900:Necmettin Erbakan
3725:
3724:
3672:Nurettin Demirtaş
3481:and peace efforts
3474:
3473:
3379:
3378:
3161:Reşadiye shooting
2996:Yeşilova incident
2991:Pınarcık massacre
2921:
2920:
2841:
2805:
2690:People's Congress
2545:
2544:
2512:Counter-Guerrilla
2361:
2360:
2340:Virtue Party (FP)
2322:Turkey Party (TP)
2163:Nation Party (MP)
2157:Nation Party (MP)
2127:Greens Party (YP)
1974:
1973:
1912:
1911:
1770:Political parties
1724:Kurdish Hizbollah
1697:
1696:
1653:Political parties
1606:
1605:
1586:Political parties
1572:
1571:
1441:Political parties
1384:
1383:
1364:Political parties
1295:
1294:
1280:Political parties
1230:
1229:
1050:978-0-8156-3111-8
1010:10.1080/714005704
901:Los Angeles Times
763:978-0-472-13100-6
723:10.1080/713701074
683:978-0-521-19116-6
506:10.1080/714005704
450:978-0-585-17773-1
402:978-0-312-23992-3
379:978-3-643-80001-5
184:
183:
171:Political parties
128:Succeeded by
4102:
4000:Kurdish refugees
3937:
3936:
3875:Yıldırım Akbulut
3860:Süleyman Demirel
3839:Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu
3829:Erdal Ceylanoğlu
3814:Aydoğan Babaoğlu
3749:Tahsin Şahinkaya
3734:
3733:
3596:Hüseyin Velioğlu
3591:Muhammad Mustafa
3521:
3520:
3388:
3387:
3191:Roboski massacre
3071:Operation Hammer
3001:Battle of Şırnak
2966:1984 PKK attacks
2930:
2929:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2799:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2666:Free Women Party
2616:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2527:Susurluk scandal
2434:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2334:Unity Party (BP)
2220:Peace Party (BP)
2013:
2012:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1956:Kurdistan Region
1808:Free Cause Party
1708:
1707:
1617:
1616:
1583:
1582:
1427:Asayîşa Êzîdxanê
1395:
1394:
1306:
1305:
1277:
1276:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1132:Free Cause Party
1099:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1054:
1039:. Syracuse, NY:
1031:
1021:
982:
977:
971:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
951:
943:
937:
936:
934:
933:
918:
912:
911:
909:
908:
893:
884:
883:
881:
880:
866:
860:
857:
851:
850:
848:
847:
833:
827:
826:
820:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
787:
781:
780:
779:
778:
741:
735:
734:
706:
694:
688:
687:
669:
663:
662:
660:
659:
636:
625:
624:
622:
620:
608:
600:
594:
591:
582:
581:
579:
578:
563:
557:
556:
554:
553:
538:
532:
531:
517:
483:
477:
476:
470:
461:
455:
454:
436:
430:
429:
411:
405:
390:
384:
383:
363:
294:Süleyman Demirel
118:Preceded by
113:
111:
98:
96:
43:
26:
25:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4024:
4020:Iraq operations
3990:Rojava conflict
3968:
3943:
3924:
3843:
3809:Yaşar Büyükanıt
3799:İbrahim Fırtına
3730:Turkish leaders
3721:
3657:Tuncer Bakırhan
3610:
3536:Murat Karayılan
3531:Abdullah Öcalan
3517:Kurdish leaders
3512:
3480:
3470:
3454:
3375:
3319:2018 Siirt raid
3210:
3109:
3097:
3081:Operation Murat
3051:Operation Tokat
3041:Operation Steel
2954:
2917:
2844:
2831:
2829:
2808:
2769:
2767:
2751:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2597:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2541:
2498:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2397:
2392:
2362:
2357:
2038:Citizen's Party
2017:
2007:
2005:
1975:
1970:
1908:
1784:Democracy Party
1764:
1693:
1648:
1602:
1568:
1436:
1380:
1359:
1291:
1266:
1261:
1231:
1226:
1191:Democracy Party
1161:
1108:
1103:
1073:
1051:
998:Turkish Studies
991:
986:
985:
978:
974:
969:
965:
955:
953:
949:
945:
944:
940:
931:
929:
919:
915:
906:
904:
895:
894:
887:
878:
876:
874:www.voanews.com
868:
867:
863:
858:
854:
845:
843:
835:
834:
830:
818:
812:
808:
799:
797:
789:
788:
784:
776:
774:
764:
746:"War and Women"
742:
738:
704:
698:Gunter, Michael
695:
691:
684:
670:
666:
657:
655:
637:
628:
618:
616:
615:. February 1999
606:
602:
601:
597:
592:
585:
576:
574:
564:
560:
551:
549:
539:
535:
493:Turkish Studies
484:
480:
468:
462:
458:
451:
437:
433:
426:
412:
408:
391:
387:
380:
364:
360:
355:
335:
307:World Peace Day
303:
264:Abdullah Öcalan
255:
239:Abdullah Öcalan
216:
211:
197:, HADEP) was a
180:
122:Democracy Party
109:
107:
94:
92:
82:
80:
57:
56:
55:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3920:Süleyman Soylu
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3769:Necip Torumtay
3766:
3761:
3759:Nurettin Ersin
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3712:Osman Baydemir
3709:
3707:Fatma Kurtulan
3704:
3699:
3697:Sebahat Tuncel
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Gültan Kışanak
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Nizamettin Taş
3578:
3573:
3571:Mahsum Korkmaz
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Mustafa Karasu
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3076:Operation Dawn
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Siege of Varto
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Operation Hawk
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Battle of Kulp
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2945:Maraş massacre
2942:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:(2023–present)
2909:
2908:(2014–present)
2903:
2902:(2012–present)
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2765:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2576:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2494:Village Guards
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1531:Kurdistan List
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1069:978-1850434160
1055:
1049:
1032:
1004:(1): 122–137.
992:
990:
987:
984:
983:
972:
963:
938:
913:
885:
861:
852:
828:
806:
782:
762:
756:, p. 51,
736:
689:
682:
664:
626:
595:
583:
558:
533:
478:
456:
449:
431:
424:
406:
385:
378:
357:
356:
354:
351:
334:
331:
302:
299:
254:
251:
215:
212:
210:
207:
182:
181:
179:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
144:Kurdish rights
141:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
104:
100:
99:
89:
85:
84:
77:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
44:
34:
33:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4107:
4096:
4095:HEP tradition
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:Bülent Ecevit
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Pervin Buldan
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:Ayla Akat Ata
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Celal Başkale
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:Peace process
3477:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
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1644:Kurdish Front
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1598:Razkari Party
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1355:Sipay Rizgari
1353:
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1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Komalah (CPI)
1319:
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981:
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952:. p. 127
948:
942:
928:
924:
917:
902:
898:
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890:
875:
871:
865:
856:
842:
838:
832:
824:
817:
810:
796:
792:
786:
773:
772:j.ctvh4zj0p.7
769:
765:
759:
755:
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747:
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724:
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712:
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703:
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569:
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489:
482:
474:
467:
460:
452:
446:
442:
435:
427:
425:9781136587986
421:
417:
410:
403:
399:
395:
389:
381:
375:
371:
370:
362:
358:
350:
348:
344:
340:
330:
328:
327:EU presidency
324:
320:
319:Mustafa Bumin
316:
312:
308:
298:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
250:
248:
244:
243:hunger strike
240:
235:
233:
227:
225:
224:Welfare Party
221:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
105:
101:
90:
86:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
64:
60:
52:
48:
45:
39:
36:
35:
27:
22:
3910:Abdullah Gül
3895:Mesut Yılmaz
3890:Tansu Çiller
3880:Mesut Yılmaz
3824:Işık Koşaner
3819:İlker Başbuğ
3804:Faruk Cömert
3774:Eşref Bitlis
3754:Bülend Ulusu
3702:Kemal Burkay
3662:Aysel Tuğluk
3652:Murat Bozlak
3606:İsmail Özden
3586:Mazlum Doğan
3576:Şemdin Sakık
3566:Osman Öcalan
3556:Duran Kalkan
3216:2015–present
2926:The conflict
2869:
2692:(Kongra-Gel)
2243:
1861:
1196:
1059:
1058:
1036:
1001:
997:
989:Bibliography
975:
966:
954:. Retrieved
941:
930:. Retrieved
926:
916:
905:. Retrieved
903:. 2003-03-14
900:
877:. Retrieved
873:
864:
855:
844:. Retrieved
840:
831:
822:
809:
798:. Retrieved
794:
785:
775:, retrieved
749:
739:
714:
708:
692:
673:
667:
656:. Retrieved
645:The Guardian
644:
617:. Retrieved
610:
598:
575:. Retrieved
571:
561:
550:. Retrieved
546:
536:
526:– via
497:
491:
481:
472:
459:
440:
434:
415:
409:
393:
388:
368:
361:
336:
304:
283:
272:
256:
236:
232:Turkish flag
228:
217:
203:Murat Bozlak
186:
185:
68:Murat Bozlak
3885:Erdal İnönü
3855:Turgut Özal
3834:Necdet Özel
3794:Hilmi Özkök
3779:Doğan Güreş
3764:Necdet Üruğ
3744:Kenan Evren
3642:Orhan Doğan
3637:Hatip Dicle
3561:Haji Ahmadi
3546:Bahoz Erdal
3541:Cemîl Bayik
2896:(2008–2014)
2890:(2005–2009)
2878:(1997–2005)
2872:(1994–2003)
2866:(1993–1994)
2860:(1990–1993)
2517:Grey Wolves
2479:Coast Guard
2474:Gendarmerie
2342:(1998–2001)
2246:(1994–2003)
2228:(2008–2014)
2153:(1983–2009)
2135:(1961–1980)
2121:Green Party
2094:(2014–2016)
2088:(1997–2008)
2040:(1986-1986)
2034:(1998–2010)
1846:(KDP/Bakur)
1019:11693/48656
515:11693/48656
333:Dissolution
156:Centre-left
75:Chairperson
4039:Categories
3692:Emine Ayna
3647:Ahmet Türk
3632:Leyla Zana
3627:Yaşar Kaya
2620:(YJA-STAR)
2504:Deep state
2444:Government
1810:(HÜDA PAR)
1737:(YJA-STAR)
1662:(KNC-ENKS)
932:2020-04-10
907:2020-04-10
879:2020-10-21
846:2020-10-21
800:2020-10-20
777:2022-04-01
717:(5): 859.
658:2020-04-10
577:2020-10-20
552:2020-10-12
353:References
290:Diyarbakır
110:2003-03-13
95:1994-05-11
3870:Ali Bozer
3848:Political
3615:Political
3524:Insurgent
3445:2011–2012
3392:Serhildan
3114:2004–2012
3102:1999–2004
2971:Karageçit
2959:1984–1999
2933:1974–1984
2850:Political
2560:Insurgent
2532:Ergenekon
2464:Air Force
2354:(1961–87)
2348:(1983–98)
2336:(1966–81)
2330:(1952–58)
2324:(2009–12)
2318:(1983–85)
2312:(1991–95)
2306:(1975–95)
2300:(1985–95)
2294:(2002–10)
2288:(1967–81)
2282:(1958–69)
2276:(1972–73)
2270:(1954–58)
2264:(1924–25)
2258:(1983–85)
2252:(2010–12)
2240:(2014–17)
2234:(1990–93)
2222:(1996–99)
2201:(2008–12)
2199:New Party
2195:(1983–86)
2189:(1972–81)
2183:(1972–81)
2177:(1970–71)
2171:(1945–58)
2165:(1962–77)
2159:(1948–53)
2147:(1955–58)
2129:(2008–12)
2123:(1988–94)
2111:(1986–92)
2100:(2010–12)
2082:(2005–09)
2076:(2014–15)
2070:(1970–80)
2064:(1946–60)
2058:(2009–10)
2052:(1990–91)
2046:(1993–94)
2028:(2014–15)
1921:Kurdistan
1888:(HAK-PAR)
1761:(YPS-Jin)
1690:(TEV-DEM)
1405:Peshmerga
1152:(HAK-PAR)
1134:(HÜDAPAR)
1028:143548942
731:154977403
653:0261-3077
524:143548942
404:, p. 140.
176:Elections
3933:See also
3737:Military
3384:Protests
2802:Hüda-Par
2454:Military
2406:Timeline
956:10 April
927:Refworld
823:Refworld
700:(2000).
572:Refworld
473:Refworld
349:(ECHR).
139:Ideology
2981:Ortabağ
2783:(YDG-H)
2764:(TECAK)
2686:(KADEK)
2591:History
2551:Kurdish
1864:(HADEP)
1816:(ÖZDEP)
1792:(DEHAP)
1749:(YDG-H)
1679:(KDP-S)
1578:Lebanon
1328:(KDP-I)
1272:Armenia
1223:(KADEP)
1205:(DEHAP)
1199:(HADEP)
1187:(ÖZDEP)
1166:Defunct
1146:(T-KDP)
500:: 125.
345:by the
209:History
199:Kurdish
191:Turkish
108: (
93: (
88:Founded
47:Turkish
38:Kurdish
3459:Others
2884:(2005)
2813:Allies
2777:(MLKP)
2710:(PPKK)
2674:(PAJK)
2662:(PJKK)
2656:(YAJK)
2638:(ARGK)
2626:(ERNK)
2553:groups
2484:Police
2429:Turkey
2426:
2141:(1930)
2117:(1983)
1961:Rojava
1905:(PPKK)
1897:Xoybûn
1822:(ÖZEP)
1703:Turkey
1673:(HNKS)
1564:Shursh
1543:(KSDP)
1515:(PÇDK)
1465:Gorran
1461:(DPAK)
1455:(YNDK)
1346:(PJAK)
1316:Komala
1181:(ÖZEP)
1113:Active
1067:
1047:
1026:
770:
760:
729:
680:
651:
619:21 May
522:
447:
422:
400:
376:
323:Greece
275:Öcalan
103:Banned
63:Leader
3973:Other
2876:DEHAP
2870:HADEP
2837:ASALA
2733:KDP/N
2704:(PŞK)
2698:(KKK)
2680:(KJB)
2668:(PJA)
2650:(CDK)
2644:(YDK)
2632:(HRK)
2607:(HPG)
2537:JİTEM
2437:State
1926:Kurds
1899:(CSK)
1882:(PŞK)
1876:(HEP)
1870:(DEM)
1858:(HDP)
1852:(BDP)
1840:(PİK)
1834:(HİK)
1828:(KCK)
1804:(DBP)
1798:(DTP)
1786:(DEP)
1780:(KKP)
1755:(YPS)
1743:(TAK)
1731:(HPG)
1720:(PKK)
1640:(YPJ)
1634:(YPG)
1612:Syria
1555:(PUK)
1549:(KZP)
1521:(KIU)
1504:(KDP)
1483:(IMK)
1477:(IGK)
1418:(YBŞ)
1412:(HPŞ)
1340:(PAK)
1334:(KDP)
1217:(BDP)
1211:(DTP)
1193:(DEP)
1175:(HEP)
1158:(DEM)
1140:(DBP)
1128:(HDP)
1122:(ÖSP)
1024:S2CID
950:(PDF)
819:(PDF)
768:JSTOR
727:S2CID
705:(PDF)
607:(PDF)
520:S2CID
469:(PDF)
3944:and
3450:2014
3440:2009
3435:2008
3430:2006
3425:2005
3420:2001
3415:1999
3410:1992
3405:1991
3400:1990
2745:PJAK
2469:Navy
2459:Army
1527:(NG)
1390:Iraq
1301:Iran
1065:ISBN
1045:ISBN
958:2020
758:ISBN
678:ISBN
649:ISSN
621:2021
445:ISBN
420:ISBN
398:ISBN
374:ISBN
2912:DEM
2906:DBP
2900:HDP
2894:BDP
2888:DTP
2882:DTH
2864:DEP
2858:HEP
2825:TDP
2820:DHP
2792:HİK
2787:PIK
2757:KKP
2721:TAK
2586:PKK
2574:KCK
2489:MİT
2411:Map
1014:hdl
1006:doi
719:doi
510:hdl
502:doi
4041::
2797:KH
1043:.
1022:.
1012:.
1000:.
925:.
899:.
888:^
872:.
839:.
821:.
793:.
766:,
748:,
725:.
715:21
713:.
707:.
647:.
643:.
629:^
609:.
586:^
570:.
545:.
518:.
508:.
496:.
490:.
471:.
249:.
193::
49::
40::
2804:)
2800:(
2387:e
2380:t
2373:v
2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
1256:e
1249:t
1242:v
1098:e
1091:t
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