410:
The formulas given for coal and heating oil show only a typical representative of these complex fuels. Water may be added to lower the combustion temperature and reduce soot formation. Yields are below stoichiometric due to some fuel being fully combusted to carbon dioxide and water.
203:
78:
405:
304:
469:. A higher sulfur content can poison the catalyst, so the TPOX procedure is used for such fuels. However, recent research shows that CPOX is possible with sulfur contents up to 400ppm.
198:{\displaystyle {\ce {{C_{\mathit {n}}H_{\mathit {m}}}+{\frac {\mathit {n}}{2}}{O2}->{\mathit {n}}{CO}+{\frac {\mathit {m}}{2}}H2}}}
544:
311:
210:
515:
598:
593:
510:
443:
603:
505:
478:
8:
490:
458:
560:
Electricity from wood through the combination of gasification and solid oxide fuel cells
465:
content of the fuel being used. CPOX can be employed if the sulfur content is below 50
540:
466:
24:
559:
562:, Ph.D. Thesis by Florian Nagel, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 2008
571:
608:
495:
427:
587:
28:
64:
60:
68:
32:
40:
451:
431:
462:
36:
430:
or oxygen-fuel ratio. Typical reaction temperatures are 1200
500:
419:
59:
Partial oxidation is a technically mature process in which
553:
454:
reduces the required temperature to around 800°C – 900°C.
393:
361:
340:
327:
292:
260:
239:
226:
191:
144:
111:
96:
400:{\displaystyle {\ce {{C24H12}+ 12O2 -> {24CO}+ 6H2}}}
299:{\displaystyle {\ce {{C12H24}+ 6O2 -> {12CO}+ 12H2}}}
39:
which can then be put to further use, for example in a
314:
213:
81:
539:. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. pp. 146–147.
399:
298:
197:
67:) is mixed with a limited amount of oxygen in an
585:
426:) reaction temperatures are dependent on the
382:
371:
350:
281:
270:
249:
177:
129:
35:in a reformer, creating a hydrogen-rich
586:
207:Idealized reaction for heating oil:
169:
153:
121:
105:
90:
534:
13:
14:
620:
516:Timeline of hydrogen technologies
477:1926 – Vandeveer and Parr at the
43:. A distinction is made between
565:
528:
364:
263:
148:
31:fuel-air mixture is partially
1:
521:
308:Idealized reaction for coal:
63:or a heavy hydrocarbon fuel (
481:used oxygen to replace air.
54:
7:
511:Glossary of fuel cell terms
484:
448:catalytic partial oxidation
49:catalytic partial oxidation
10:
625:
472:
506:Small stationary reformer
461:technique depends on the
424:thermal partial oxidation
45:thermal partial oxidation
575:, Frank G. Kerry, p. 230
573:Industrial Gas Handbook
437:
414:
479:University of Illinois
401:
300:
199:
402:
301:
200:
312:
211:
79:
599:Hydrogen production
491:Hydrogen production
395:
363:
342:
329:
294:
262:
241:
228:
193:
146:
113:
98:
27:. It occurs when a
594:Chemical reactions
535:Hornback, Joseph.
397:
383:
351:
330:
317:
296:
282:
250:
229:
216:
195:
181:
134:
99:
84:
75:General reaction:
546:978-0-534-38951-2
537:Organic Chemistry
386:
374:
354:
333:
320:
285:
273:
253:
232:
219:
184:
179:
171:
161:
155:
137:
131:
123:
107:
102:
92:
87:
29:substoichiometric
25:chemical reaction
17:Partial oxidation
616:
604:Industrial gases
578:
569:
563:
557:
551:
550:
532:
406:
404:
403:
398:
396:
394:
391:
384:
375:
372:
362:
359:
352:
343:
341:
338:
331:
328:
325:
318:
305:
303:
302:
297:
295:
293:
290:
283:
274:
271:
261:
258:
251:
242:
240:
237:
230:
227:
224:
217:
204:
202:
201:
196:
194:
192:
189:
182:
180:
178:
172:
167:
162:
159:
157:
156:
147:
145:
142:
135:
132:
130:
124:
119:
114:
112:
109:
108:
100:
97:
94:
93:
85:
624:
623:
619:
618:
617:
615:
614:
613:
584:
583:
582:
581:
570:
566:
558:
554:
547:
533:
529:
524:
487:
475:
450:) the use of a
440:
417:
392:
387:
367:
360:
355:
339:
334:
326:
321:
316:
315:
313:
310:
309:
291:
286:
266:
259:
254:
238:
233:
225:
220:
215:
214:
212:
209:
208:
190:
185:
173:
168:
166:
158:
152:
151:
143:
138:
133:
125:
120:
118:
110:
104:
103:
95:
89:
88:
83:
82:
80:
77:
76:
57:
23:) is a type of
12:
11:
5:
622:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
580:
579:
564:
552:
545:
526:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
496:Industrial gas
493:
486:
483:
474:
471:
457:The choice of
439:
436:
428:air-fuel ratio
416:
413:
408:
407:
390:
381:
378:
370:
366:
358:
349:
346:
337:
324:
306:
289:
280:
277:
269:
265:
257:
248:
245:
236:
223:
205:
188:
176:
165:
150:
141:
128:
117:
56:
53:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
621:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
589:
576:
574:
568:
561:
556:
548:
542:
538:
531:
527:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
482:
480:
470:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
412:
388:
379:
376:
368:
356:
347:
344:
335:
322:
307:
287:
278:
275:
267:
255:
246:
243:
234:
221:
206:
186:
174:
163:
139:
126:
115:
74:
73:
72:
70:
66:
62:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
572:
567:
555:
536:
530:
476:
456:
447:
441:
423:
418:
409:
58:
48:
44:
20:
16:
15:
434:and above.
65:heating oil
61:natural gas
47:(TPOX) and
588:Categories
522:References
71:process.
69:exothermic
459:reforming
365:⟶
264:⟶
149:⟶
55:Principle
41:fuel cell
33:combusted
485:See also
452:catalyst
51:(CPOX).
473:History
543:
463:sulfur
37:syngas
609:Redox
541:ISBN
501:PROX
444:CPOX
438:CPOX
420:TPOX
415:TPOX
467:ppm
442:In
21:POX
590::
432:°C
373:CO
369:24
348:12
336:12
323:24
279:12
272:CO
268:12
235:24
222:12
160:CO
577:.
549:.
446:(
422:(
389:2
385:H
380:6
377:+
357:2
353:O
345:+
332:H
319:C
288:2
284:H
276:+
256:2
252:O
247:6
244:+
231:H
218:C
187:2
183:H
175:2
170:m
164:+
154:n
140:2
136:O
127:2
122:n
116:+
106:m
101:H
91:n
86:C
19:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.