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stage (first-stage larva) have a single eye atop the head. The eye has a lens and senses the direction of light but can not resolve details. More sophisticated segmented eyes develop later on the sides of their heads, but the initial eye also stays for some time. Thus it is possible to say that, at
346:
have two parietal eyes, one that developed from the parapineal organ and the other from the pineal organ. These are one behind the other in the centre of the upper surface of the braincase. Because lampreys are among the most primitive of all living vertebrates, it is possible that was the original
161:, reported the results of his dissection of 29 species of lizards; he noted the presence of the same structure that Leydig had described. Spencer called it the pineal eye or parietal eye and noticed that it was associated with the
301:; during development, it divides into two bilaterally somewhat symmetric organs, which rotate their location to become a caudal pineal organ and a parapineal organ. In some species, the parietal eye protrudes through the
365:
to have both a pineal and a parapineal eye. In most vertebrates, the pineal organ forms the parietal eye, however, in lepidosaurs it is formed from the parapineal organ, which suggests that
273:
The third eye is much smaller than the main paired eyes; in living species, it is always covered by skin, and is usually not readily visible externally. The parietal eye is a part of the
393:, in humans, make up a portion of the rear of the skull, far from the eyes. To understand further, note that the parietal bones formed a part of the skull lying between the eyes in
823:"The Sixth Sense in Mammalian Forerunners: Variability of the Parietal Foramen and the Evolution of the Pineal Eye in South African Permo-Triassic Eutheriodont Therapsids"
146:. in 1872; He found cup-like protrusions under the middles of their brains. He believed the protrusions to be glandular and called them frontal organs (German
945:
618:
757:
1303:
602:
377:
The parietal eye of amphibians and reptiles appears relatively far forward in the skull; thus it may be surprising that the human
1234:
Mayer, Georg (2006-12-01). "Structure and development of onychophoran eyes: What is the ancestral visual organ in arthropods?".
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lizard, probably had two parietal eyes, one that developed from the pineal organ and the other from the parapineal organ.
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281:(the pineal organ; or the pineal gland, if it is mostly endocrine) and the parapineal organ (often called the
1068:"An unusual cGMP pathway underlying depolarizing light response of the vertebrate parietal-eye photoreceptor"
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1029:
727:. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. 7 / 3 / 3 B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 113–140.
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condition among vertebrates, and may have allowed bottom-dwelling species to sense threats from above.
332:, have in their skulls sockets that appear to have held functional third eyes. The socket remains as a
229:, suggesting that it was lost during the course of the mammalian evolution due to it being useless in
83:
in some vertebrates. The eye is at the top of the head; is photoreceptive; and is associated with the
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127:
765:
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178:
29:
786:
Gundy, GC; Wurst, GZ (1976). "The occurrence of parietal eyes in recent
Lacertilia (Reptilia)".
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Smith, Krister T.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S.; Köhler, Gunther; Habersetzer, Jörg (2 April 2018).
154:
1211:
1190:
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Spencer, Sir
Baldwin (1885). "On the Presence and Structure of the Pineal Eye in Lacertilia".
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of the retina, and hypothesised that the pineal eye could be a primitive light-sensing organ (
1616:
1575:
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1548:
723:
Dodt, Eberhard (1973). "The
Parietal Eye (Pineal and Parietal Organs) of Lower Vertebrates".
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bridge the substantial distance between eyes and diencephalon. Likewise the pineal stalk of
63:) is surrounded by a black-and-white spot on the skin, giving it the "three-eyed" appearance
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864:"Archelosaurian Color Vision, Parietal Eye Loss, and the Crocodylian Nocturnal Bottleneck"
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in many living amphibians and reptiles, although it has vanished in birds and mammals.
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some stage of development, crustaceans also have a "third eye". Some species, like the
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1113:"The only known jawed vertebrate with four eyes and the bauplan of the pineal complex"
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Benoit, Julien; Abdala, Fernando; Manger, Paul R.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2016-03-17).
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49:) clearly showing the parietal eye (small grey/clear oval) at the top of its head
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animals. It is also absent in the ancestrally endothermic ("warm-blooded")
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181:. He noted that the structure contained sensory cells that looked like the
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Infectious diseases and pathology of reptiles : color atlas and text
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27:(very small grey oval between the regular eyes) of a juvenile bullfrog (
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305:. The parietal eye's way of detecting light differs from the use of
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965:"The pineal complex of reptiles: Physiological and behavioral roles"
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19:
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1009:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 471–473.
764:. European Molecular Biology Laboratory, heidelberg. Archived from
459:, retain the primary eye throughout all stages of their life. Most
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Light-sensitive organs that evaginate from the diencephalon - NCBI
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Herpetology: An introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles
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1045:(Second ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. p. 75.
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Xiong, Wei-Hong; Solessio, Eduardo C.; Yau, King-Wai (1998).
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appears far away from this position, tucked away between the
302:
262:
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210:
189:). The organ has become popularly known as the "third eye".
174:
1041:
Zug, George; Vitt, Laurie Vitt; Caldwell, Janalee (2002).
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24:
916:. Elliott R. Jacobson. Boca Raton. 2007. p. 21.
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and basal amphibians, but have moved further back in
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organ or as a separate outgrowth of the roof of the
1005:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
409:arises, appears relatively further forward, as the
969:Ethology Ecology & Evolution - ETHOL ECOL EVOL
548:, University of California Press, pp. 32–84,
439:elongates very considerably during metamorphosis.
316:Many of the oldest fossil vertebrates, including
130:, dissected four species of European lizards—the
95:. The hole that contains the eye is known as the
1659:
277:, which can be divided into two major parts—the
57:Parietal eye of the Merrem's Madagascar swift (
634:
192:
1297:
289:). The structures arise as a single anterior
126:Franz Leydig, a professor of zoology at the
524:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
442:
1304:
1290:
944:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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617:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
401:. Likewise in the brain of the frog, the
253:, which may be grouped with archosaurs in
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862:Emerling, Christopher A. (2017-03-01).
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417:are far more prominent than the human
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103:, because it is often enclosed by the
1488:Evolution of color vision in primates
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1285:
1236:Arthropod Structure & Development
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1000:
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463:have one or more simple eyes, called
1213:Journal of morphology - Google Books
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635:Wurtman, R. J.; Axelrod, J. (1965).
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241:. The parietal eye is also lost in
173:zoologist, found the pineal eye in
110:The parietal eye was discovered by
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661:10.1038/scientificamerican0765-50
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285:or, if it is photoreceptive, the
245:("cold-blooded") archosaurs like
221:but was present in their closest
197:The parietal eye is found in the
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590:(40): 26–27 – via Sabinet.
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963:Tosini, Gianluca (1997-10-01).
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868:Molecular Biology and Evolution
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604:Quarterly Journal of Microscopy
165:and the pineal stalk. In 1918,
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692:"The pineal: seat of the soul"
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261:, as lizards and tuatara are,
1:
1171:"FRONTAL AND PARIETAL BONES="
989:10.1080/08927014.1997.9522875
827:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
503:
313:in a normal vertebrate eye.
121:
7:
1416:Simple eye in invertebrates
1191:"Edible Frog Brain Clipart"
733:10.1007/978-3-642-65495-4_4
725:Visual Centers in the Brain
493:Simple eye in invertebrates
476:
369:re-evolved the pineal eye.
193:Presence in various animals
91:and hormone production for
10:
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1612:Infrared sensing in snakes
756:Uetz, Peter (2003-10-07).
540:Eakin, Richard M. (1973),
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114:, in 1872, from work with
1678:Sensory organs in animals
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1483:Evolution of color vision
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1256:10.1016/j.asd.2006.06.003
1140:10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.021
762:The EMBL reptile database
554:10.1525/9780520326323-004
607:. London. pp. 1–76.
582:Flemming, A. F. (1991).
443:Analogs in other species
690:Pearce, J.M.S. (2022).
421:, which is part of the
201:, most lizards, frogs,
140:) and three species of
30:Lithobates catesbeianus
16:Part of the epithalamus
840:10.4202/app.00219.2015
788:Journal of Herpetology
469:, between their main,
157:, an anatomist at the
155:Walter Baldwin Spencer
128:University of TĂĽbingen
64:
50:
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1617:Monocular deprivation
1576:Underwater camouflage
1571:Structural coloration
1549:Disruptive coloration
948:) CS1 maint: others (
881:10.1093/molbev/msw265
696:Hektoen International
265:lack a parietal eye.
89:circadian rhythmicity
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1597:Blindness in animals
1529:Counter-illumination
1478:Evolution of the eye
413:are smaller but the
411:cerebral hemispheres
159:University of Oxford
1248:2006ArtSD..35..231M
1131:2018CBio...28E1101S
1125:(7): 1101–1107.e2.
1072:Nature Neuroscience
1007:The Vertebrate Body
981:1997EtEcE...9..313T
653:1965SciAm.213a..50W
641:Scientific American
373:Comparative anatomy
79:) is a part of the
47:Anolis carolinensis
1544:Deimatic behaviour
637:"The pineal gland"
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399:higher vertebrates
361:is the only known
217:. It is absent in
87:, which regulates
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1647:Visual perception
1642:Underwater vision
1607:Feature detection
1602:Eyespot apparatus
1561:Eyespot (mimicry)
1509:Animal coloration
1312:Vision in animals
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1016:978-0-03-910284-5
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405:, from which the
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257:. Despite being
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187:photoreceptor
184:
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167:Nils Holmgren
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26:
23:The parietal
21:
1455:Parietal eye
1454:
1401:Compound eye
1239:
1235:
1229:
1218:. Retrieved
1212:
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1165:
1122:
1116:
1106:
1095:. Retrieved
1084:10.1038/1570
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770:. Retrieved
766:the original
761:
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724:
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707:. Retrieved
695:
685:
647:(1): 50–60.
644:
640:
603:
596:
587:
577:
567:, retrieved
545:
521:
512:
465:
457:brine shrimp
446:
434:
407:pineal stalk
403:diencephalon
379:pineal gland
376:
366:
358:
348:
342:
336:between the
328:, and early
318:ostracoderms
315:
299:diencephalon
286:
283:parietal eye
282:
272:
247:crocodilians
196:
162:
152:
147:
141:
135:
125:
112:Franz Leydig
109:
100:
96:
85:pineal gland
76:
72:
69:parietal eye
68:
66:
58:
46:
28:
1632:Pseudopupil
1514:Aposematism
1433:Mollusc eye
518:Eakin, R. M
488:Mollusc eye
448:Crustaceans
431:optic nerve
427:optic tract
415:optic lobes
389:. Also the
291:evagination
275:epithalamus
259:lepidosaurs
243:ectothermic
231:endothermic
203:salamanders
81:epithalamus
43:green anole
1662:Categories
1622:Ommatidium
1554:coincident
1519:Camouflage
1497:Coloration
1438:cephalopod
1332:Chameleons
1220:2011-09-08
1197:2011-09-08
1176:2011-09-08
1097:2007-02-22
975:(4): 314.
772:2007-02-22
709:2023-03-28
569:2023-03-28
504:References
461:arthropods
436:Petromyzon
423:brain stem
387:cerebellum
322:placoderms
311:cone cells
235:archosaurs
227:therapsids
205:, certain
183:cone cells
148:Stirnorgan
77:pineal eye
1637:Rhopalium
1470:Evolution
1443:gastropod
1411:Eye shine
1406:Eagle eye
1337:Dinosaurs
1264:1467-8039
1149:0960-9822
940:cite book
932:317753687
890:1537-1719
849:0567-7920
704:2155-3017
669:0036-8733
613:cite book
330:tetrapods
307:rod cells
287:third eye
279:epiphysis
249:, and in
207:bony fish
153:In 1886,
132:slow worm
122:Discovery
73:third eye
1504:Albinism
1272:18089073
1157:29614279
1092:10196524
898:27940498
677:14298722
520:(1973).
477:See also
452:nauplius
344:Lampreys
237:such as
215:lampreys
1668:Lizards
1566:Mimicry
1539:Crypsis
1352:Mammals
1244:Bibcode
1127:Bibcode
977:Bibcode
808:1562791
649:Bibcode
450:at the
355:varanid
334:foramen
293:of the
269:Anatomy
251:turtles
223:extinct
219:mammals
199:tuatara
179:dogfish
171:Swedish
143:Lacerta
116:lizards
1357:horses
1319:Vision
1270:
1262:
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675:
667:
560:
466:ocelli
367:Saniwa
359:Saniwa
350:Saniwa
295:pineal
263:snakes
213:, and
211:sharks
41:Adult
1426:human
1347:Toads
1327:Birds
804:JSTOR
588:Culna
303:skull
239:birds
175:frogs
1388:Eyes
1367:cats
1362:dogs
1342:Fish
1268:PMID
1260:ISSN
1153:PMID
1145:ISSN
1088:PMID
1047:ISBN
1011:ISBN
950:link
946:link
928:OCLC
918:ISBN
894:PMID
886:ISSN
845:ISSN
737:ISBN
700:ISSN
673:PMID
665:ISSN
619:link
558:ISBN
385:and
309:and
177:and
169:, a
1683:Eye
1252:doi
1135:doi
1080:doi
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