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607:, which is endemic to the Amazon Basin. The blight was considered one of the five most aggressive diseases in commercial crops in South America. Rubber production then moved to parts of the world where it is not indigenous, and therefore not affected by local plant diseases. Today, most rubber tree plantations are in
681:
when it produces more cyanogenic glycosides. This may be because cyanide inhibits the production of other defensive metabolites. This results in significantly divergent subpopulations with selection for or against cyanogenic glycosides, depending on local likelihoods of fungal or non-fungal pest
400:
In plantations the trees are generally smaller for two reasons: 1) trees grow more slowly when they are tapped for latex, and 2) trees are generally cut down after only 30 years, because latex production declines as trees age, and they are no longer economically productive. The tree requires a
341:
tree growing to a height of up to 43 m (141 ft) in the wild. Cultivated trees are usually much smaller because drawing off the latex restricts their growth. The trunk is cylindrical and may have a swollen, bottle-shaped base. The bark is some shade of brown, and the inner bark oozes
682:
pressure.) The carbon and nitrogen in CGs are recycled for growth and latex production if needed, and the ease of doing so makes them an attractive nitrogen store - especially if the plant is light-deprived and storage in photosynthesis proteins would thus be unhelpful. The
452:
The rubber tree takes between seven and ten years to deliver the first harvest. Harvesters make incisions across the latex vessels, just deep enough to tap the vessels without harming the tree's growth, and the latex is collected in small buckets. This process is known as
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409:
with a minimum of about 1,200 mm (50 in) per year of rainfall, and no frost. If frost does occur, the results can be disastrous for production. One frost can cause the rubber from an entire plantation to become brittle and break once it has been refined.
726:
because it is a diglucoside - in fact, the production of lovastatin inhibits linamarase cleavage of linamarin. This allows intra-plant, post-synthesis transport of linustatin without risking premature cleavage.
511:. In Peru, the tree was called 'árbol del caucho', and the latex extracted from it was called 'caucho'. The tree was used to obtain rubber by the natives who inhabited its geographical distribution. The
354:
include separate male and female flowers. The flowers are pungent, creamy-yellow and have no petals. The fruit is a capsule that contains three large seeds; it opens explosively when ripe.
654:, predicted that the Southeast Asian rubber plantations will be ravaged by the blight in the not-too-distant future, thus creating a potential calamity for international industry.
507:, Peru, from 1840 to 1913. In Brazil, before the name was changed to 'Seringueira' the initial name of the plant was 'pará rubber tree', derived from the name of the province of
1458:
Zhang, J., Huss, V.A.R., Sun, X., Chang, K. and Pan, D. 2008. Morphology and phylogenetic position of a trebouxiophycean green algae (Chlorophyta) growing on the rubber tree,
1248:
Correa‑Pinilla, Diana Elisa; Gutiérrez‑Vanegas, Albert
Julesmar; Gil‑Restrepo, Juan Pablo; MartĂnez-Atencia, Judith; CĂłrdoba‑Gaona, Oscar de JesĂşs (September–October 2022).
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when they reach the age of 25 to 30 years. The earlier practice was to burn the trees, but in recent decades, the wood has been harvested for furniture making.
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Once established outside its native country, rubber was extensively propagated in the
British colonies. Rubber trees were brought to the botanical gardens at
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1338:
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669:(CGs) as a defense, concentrated in the seeds. (Although effective against other attackers, cyanogenic glycosides are not very effective against
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Gleadow, Roslyn M.; Møller, Birger
Lindberg (2014-04-29). "Cyanogenic Glycosides: Synthesis, Physiology, and Phenotypic Plasticity".
1635:
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In the wild the tree can reach a height of up to 43 metres (141 ft). The white or yellow latex occurs in latex vessels in the
1862:
1700:
1648:
549:, in the service of the British Empire. About four percent of these germinated, and in 1876, about 2,000 seedlings were sent, in
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The majority of the rubber trees in
Southeast Asia are clones of varieties highly susceptible to the South American leaf blight—
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971:. In JOHN OLSLICK ELDER STREET THIEF KKALAJOA554977 International Seminar Research Committee Armed Forces and Society,
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17:
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1055:. NĂşcleo de Etnologia IndĂgena LaboratĂłrio de Pesquisa Social/IFCS - UFRJ, n/d. Retrieved August 19, 2009 from
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for cultivation, but died. A second attempt was then made, some 70,000 seeds being smuggled to Kew in 1875, by
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The cultivation of the tree in South
America (Amazon) ended early in the 20th century because of indigenous
1627:
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673:. In rare cases, they are even detrimental. This is the case for the rubber tree, which actually suffers
440:
30:"Rubber tree" and "para rubber" redirect here. For the ornamental plant also known as "rubber tree", see
1221:
Erasing the Past: A New
Identity for the Damoclean Pathogen Causing South American Leaf Blight of Rubber
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extracted and produced similar forms of primitive rubber from analogous latex-producing trees such as
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as early as 3,600 years ago. The rubber was used, among other things, to make the balls used in the
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that targeted the rubber tree. The blight, called South
American leaf blight, is caused by the
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of about 30 degrees with the horizontal, and can grow as high as 15 metres (49 ft).
65:
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Charles C. Mann 2011. 1493. Uncovering the New World
Columbus Created. Ch.7 Black Gold.
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Grund, Sabina C.; Hanusch, Kunibert; Wolf, Hans Uwe. "Arsenic and
Arsenic Compounds".
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1135:"A Review of a Century of Studies on South American Leaf Blight of the Rubber Tree"
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650:. For these reasons, environmental historian Charles C. Mann, in his 2011 book,
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procedure in 1839 led to the rubber boom in that region, enriching the cities of
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Latex being collected from an incised rubber tree and a bucket of collected latex
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457:. Latex production is highly variable from tree to tree and across clone types.
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Economic Change, Social
Structure, and the Political System in Southeast Asia
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1116:, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: Singapore 1985, pp. 16–17
557:(modern day Sri Lanka) and 22 were sent to the botanic gardens in
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As latex production declines with age, rubber trees are generally
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Prance, Ghillean (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
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1025:. Artificial Environments, n/d. Retrieved August 19, 2009 from
967:"The Brazilian Armed Forces: Current changes, new challenges",
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http://eduardoeginacarli.blogspot.com/2007_07_01_archive.html
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304:. It is the most economically important member of the genus
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537:. After some effort, 12 seedlings were germinated at the
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European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
757:
List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil
1081:
Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded, August 27, 1883
389:. These vessels spiral up the tree in a right-handed
753:—a liana that was the primary source of Congo rubber
1462:, with the description of a new genus and species.
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805:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T62003521A62003529.en
487:, and increasing demand and the discovery of the
314:extracted from the tree is the primary source of
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483:The South American rubber tree grew only in the
1374:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
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652:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
1339:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
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947:"Introduction to Rubber Usage among the Maya"
790:
36:. For the New Zealand brand Para Rubber, see
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529:. Early attempts were made in 1873 to grow
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448:." Photograph circa 1911, taken in Brazil.
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975:, 2002. Retrieved August 19, 2009 from
797:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
1825:
1315:"The Top 5 Rubber Producing Countries"
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1232:South American Leaf Blight of rubber (
1133:Guyot, Jean; Le Guen, Vincent (2018).
1007:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1418:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040027
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639:on rubber plantations, especially in
1838:Crops originating from South America
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945:Langenheim, J.H. (13 January 2010).
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346:when damaged. The leaves have three
1833:IUCN Red List least concern species
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714:act upon linamarin because it is a
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1149:American Phytopathological Society
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1784:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:349913-1
932:"Natural rubber from dandelions"
791:Fabriani, F.; Hills, R. (2020).
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288:belonging to the spurge family,
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350:and are spirally arranged. The
1863:Trees of the Amazon rainforest
1401:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1291:The Cultural History of Plants
1053:Marco António Gonçalves (Org.)
1051:"Acre: HistĂłria e etnologia",
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1:
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1348:10.1002/14356007.a03_113.pub2
892:"Elastomer-The rubber tree",
830:(Willd. ex A.Juss.) MĂĽll.Arg"
686:are likely contained in the
635:has led to the heavy use of
7:
1193:(MICCUL)[Overview]"
730:
623:The toxicity of arsenic to
292:, originally native to the
10:
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1158:10.1094/pdis-04-17-0592-fe
1021:"Amazon - The Animation",
835:Plants of the World online
539:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
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330:Canopy and trunk, Thailand
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1371:Mann, Charles C. (2011).
1293:. Routledge. p. 28.
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96:Scientific classification
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799:: e.T62003521A62003529.
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1342:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
894:Encyclopædia Britannica
300:in distribution due to
27:Most common rubber tree
619:Environmental concerns
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358:Rubber tree plantation
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1191:Pseudocercospora ulei
750:Landolphia owariensis
679:Pseudocercospora ulei
667:cyanogenic glycosides
658:Secondary metabolites
648:Pseudocercospora ulei
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541:. These were sent to
527:Mesoamerican ballgame
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385:, mostly outside the
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1485:Extraction of Rubber
793:"Hevea brasiliensis"
276:, or most commonly,
209:H. brasiliensis
1377:. New York: Knopf.
1317:. Top 5 of Anything
1266:2022AgrJ..114.2830C
969:Dreifuss, R. Armand
698:by an accompanying
444:"Spiral tapping of
407:subtropical climate
250:Range of the genus
66:Conservation status
1539:Hevea brasiliensis
1509:Hevea brasiliensis
1460:Hevea brasiliensis
1275:10.1002/agj2.21068
1112:Harold A. Crouch,
1062:2018-09-01 at the
949:. Maya Archaeology
828:Hevea brasiliensis
762:Red Rubber Scandal
708:Hevea brasiliensis
663:Hevea brasiliensis
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446:Hevea brasiliensis
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262:Hevea brasiliensis
227:Hevea brasiliensis
49:Hevea brasiliensis
1820:
1819:
1740:Open Tree of Life
1501:Taxon identifiers
1384:978-0-307-26572-2
1076:Winchester, Simon
1023:Greepeace Digital
907:"The rubber tree"
738:Castilla elastica
684:α-hydroxynitriles
522:Castilla elastica
485:Amazon rainforest
274:tree, seringueira
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1154:
1151:: 1052–1065.
1150:
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1141:
1140:Plant Disease
1136:
1129:
1123:
1122:9971-988-23-2
1119:
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1109:
1101:
1099:0-06-621285-5
1095:
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1086:HarperCollins
1083:
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302:introductions
299:
296:, but is now
295:
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290:Euphorbiaceae
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185:Euphorbiaceae
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81:Least Concern
71:
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1843:Crotonoideae
1508:
1466:
1463:
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1337:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1309:
1290:
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1243:
1233:
1227:
1216:
1205:. Retrieved
1196:
1190:
1183:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1113:
1108:
1079:
1070:
1052:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1022:
1017:
992:. Retrieved
985:the original
968:
963:
951:. Retrieved
940:
926:
914:. Retrieved
901:
893:
873:. Retrieved
843:. Retrieved
833:
827:
820:
808:. Retrieved
796:
786:
748:
743:Mesoamerican
736:
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294:Amazon basin
282:rubber plant
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175:Malpighiales
158:
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132:
119:
48:
42:
32:
1662:iNaturalist
1533:Wikispecies
1412:: 155–185.
1088:. pp.
840:Kew Science
710:linamarase
517:Mesoamerica
322:Description
298:pantropical
278:rubber tree
139:Angiosperms
1827:Categories
1753:Plant List
1469:: 185–193.
1452:References
1300:0415927463
1207:2021-08-28
1038:2009-08-19
994:2009-08-19
810:28 October
773:Rubberwood
724:linustatin
700:linamarase
696:hydrolyzed
589:ascomycete
574:Buitenzorg
515:people of
467:Rubberwood
337:is a tall
1758:kew-98927
1628:200012583
1442:207575721
1426:1543-5008
1167:0191-2917
692:Linamarin
688:cytoplasm
665:produces
559:Singapore
509:Grão-Pará
339:deciduous
234:MĂĽll.Arg.
203:Species:
109:Kingdom:
38:Skellerup
1797:12801400
1792:Tropicos
1719:62003521
1693:10252596
1680:349913-1
1518:Wikidata
1434:24579992
1199:. EPPO (
1175:30673445
1078:(2003).
1060:Archived
1003:cite web
845:31 March
731:See also
641:Malaysia
629:bacteria
533:outside
497:Santarém
403:tropical
376:Malaysia
348:leaflets
272:sharinga
181:Family:
152:Eudicots
86:IUCN 3.1
1641:3071171
1602:1142979
1584:Ecocrop
1524:Q156538
1490:YouTube
1262:Bibcode
1090:223–224
973:Romania
745:peoples
625:insects
585:blights
505:Iquitos
479:History
284:, is a
191:Genus:
171:Order:
113:Plantae
84: (
1848:Rubber
1766:PLANTS
1745:339361
1706:506431
1563:143721
1550:108052
1547:APDB:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1381:
1354:
1321:29 May
1297:
1173:
1165:
1120:
1096:
953:29 May
916:29 May
896:, 2008
875:29 May
631:, and
578:Malaya
555:Ceylon
535:Brazil
501:Manaus
499:, and
473:felled
387:phloem
265:, the
165:Rosids
1771:HEBR8
1688:IRMNG
1667:53940
1654:18974
1615:HVEBR
1576:6LTD3
1467:43(2)
1438:S2CID
1408:(1).
1147:(6).
988:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
909:. UN
868:. UN
779:Notes
677:from
675:worse
633:fungi
609:South
603:, or
553:, to
543:India
513:Olmec
493:Belém
395:angle
391:helix
366:Seeds
344:latex
312:latex
307:Hevea
252:Hevea
196:Hevea
159:Clade
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
1779:POWO
1732:3981
1727:NCBI
1714:IUCN
1701:ITIS
1675:IPNI
1649:GRIN
1636:GBIF
1610:EPPO
1589:1212
1558:APNI
1430:PMID
1422:ISSN
1379:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1323:2017
1295:ISBN
1171:PMID
1163:ISSN
1118:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1009:link
955:2017
918:2017
877:2017
847:2017
812:2022
722:for
712:does
702:, a
611:and
596:ulei
383:bark
1805:WFO
1623:FoC
1597:EoL
1571:CoL
1488:on
1414:doi
1344:doi
1270:doi
1258:114
1153:doi
1145:102
911:FAO
870:FAO
801:doi
720:not
694:is
405:or
280:or
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