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rare exceptions, females spend their entire lives with their female kin. Males migrate to new social groups multiple times during the course of their lifetimes, migrating for the first time between 20 months and 11 years of age. The median age of migration in the Santa Rosa population is 4.5 years. Males sometimes migrate alone, but more often they migrate in the company of other males who are often their kin. One of the unusual features of the kinship structure of the
Panamanian white-faced capuchin, relative to other primate species, is the high degree of relatedness within groups that results from the long tenures of alpha males who sire most of the offspring. Alpha males have been known to keep their positions as long as 17 years in this species and this puts them in the unusual position of being available to sire the offspring of their daughters and granddaughters, who produce their first offspring at about 6–7 years of age. Typically, however, alpha males do not breed with their own daughters, even though they do sire virtually all offspring produced by females unrelated to them. Those subordinate males who are allies of the alpha male in group defense are the males who sire the offspring of the alpha male's daughters. The high degree to which alpha males monopolize matings results in an unusually large number of paternal half-siblings and full siblings in this species relative to other primate species.
697:. This appears to be related to the patchier, more dispersed distribution of food resources in Central America and the fact that there is less dietary overlap between the Central American squirrel monkey and the white-faced capuchin than between their South American counterparts. Therefore, there is less benefit to the Central American squirrel monkey in associating with the Panamanian white-faced capuchin in order to exploit the capuchin's knowledge of food resource distribution. In addition, compared to their South American counterparts, male Panamanian white-headed capuchins are relatively more alert to rival males than to predators, reducing the predator detection benefits that the Central American squirrel monkey receives from associating with the Panamanian white-faced capuchin compared to its South American counterparts. Since the squirrel monkeys generally initiate interactions with the capuchins in South America, the fact that similar associations would impose higher foraging costs and impart fewer predator detection benefits to the Central American squirrel monkey leads to fewer associations with the Panamanian white-faced capuchin.
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sometimes engage in physical aggression (even killing an opponent), while females grab their infants and run. Typically, males are the primary participants in aggressive intergroup encounters, and it seems likely that males are defending access to the females in their groups. Alpha males, who have the largest reproductive stake in the group, participate at a higher rate than subordinate males. Groups with more males have an advantage over groups with fewer males, but the location of the encounter within the home range matters as well; smaller groups defeat larger groups when the contest occurs in the core or center area of the smaller group's home range.
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603:, in which females socially inherit the rank just below their mothers and just above their next oldest sisters, capuchins do not have a highly predictable ranking within their matrilines. Males are typically dominant to females. The alpha male is always easy to discern, but there are sometimes ambiguous rankings among subordinate males. Male-male relationships are tense, and affiliation between males is typically expressed by resting in contact, playing, or
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allies. Because aggression from other male capuchins is the leading cause of death (aside from poaching by humans, where there is contact between humans and capuchins), male allies are critical for self-defense during migration, and to assist in taking over other groups. Male emigration to a new troop typically occurs about every 4 years, so most males are in constant danger of having to defend themselves against other groups of males.
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into estrus earlier by killing the infants and thereby terminating nursing; this has the effect of increasing their breeding opportunities. Females do often mate with the killers of their infants, and with time, they typically become as supportive of the new alpha male as they had been of the previous one. The alpha male helps defend females from subordinate males within the group as well as from infanticidal males from other groups.
1265:, more than it directly impacts the Panamanian white-faced capuchin, and so on a net basis deforestation may not be as harmful to the capuchin's status. The Panamanian white-faced capuchin can adapt to forest fragmentation better than other species due to its ability to live in a wide variety of forest types and exploit a wide variety of food sources. The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is important to its ecosystems as a seed and
596:. Female-female dyads groom far more than male-female and male-male dyads. Coalitionary aggression is common both among males and females, and capuchins seem to have an excellent understanding of the alliance structure in their group. For example, when capuchins are fighting, they sensibly recruit aid from someone who is both higher ranking than they are and also better friends with themselves than with their opponent.
658: mi) per day. Although they engage in activity that has been described as "territorial", more recent research indicates that white-faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other white-faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet, and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range.
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agent. Alternatively, it may be a form of scent marking. The
Panamanian white-faced capuchin also uses tools in other ways. It has been known to beat snakes with sticks in order to protect itself or to get the snake to release an infant, and it sometimes uses sticks as probes to explore openings.
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Capuchins are considered among the most intelligent of the New World monkeys; they have been the subject of many studies on behaviour and intelligence. The capuchins' intelligence is thought to be an adaptation to support their feeding habits; they rely on ephemeral food sources which may be hard to
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of these friars closely resemble the monkey's head coloration. The
Panamanian white-faced capuchin has mostly black fur, with white to yellow like fur on the neck, throat, chest, shoulders, and upper arms. The face is pink or a white-cream color and may have identifying marks such as dark brows or
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period is 5 to 6 months. Usually a single young is born, but twins occur occasionally. Most births occur during the dry season from
December to April. The infant is carried across its mother's back for about 6 weeks. After about 4 to 5 weeks it can stray from its mother for brief periods and by
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Immigrating males often kill young infants when they take over a group. Females band together to defend their infants from infanticidal males, but they rarely succeed in saving their infants. Because infants inhibit their mothers from ovulating by nursing frequently, males are able to bring females
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insects, ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the
Panamanian white-faced capuchin's diet. Access to water can also become an issue during the dry season. The Panamanian white-faced capuchin likes to drink daily, so in forests where water holes dry up during
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Panamanian white-faced capuchins are highly social, living in groups of 16 individuals on average, about three quarters of which are females. Groups consists of related females, immigrant males, and offspring. On average, females birth offspring every 27 months even though they mate throughout the
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mating system in which a male may mate with multiple females. Although the dominant male does not monopolize breeding, studies have shown that the dominant male does tend to father most of the young. Although a female may mate with several males, the dominant male may be more likely to copulate
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threat warnings, and softer calls, such as squeals, are used in intimate discourse. Different types of threats, such as a threat from a terrestrial animal versus a threat from a bird, invoke different vocalizations. Facial expressions and scent are also important to communication. It sometimes
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Kinship is an important organizing factor in the structuring of female-female social relationships. Particularly in larger groups, females preferentially associate with, groom, and provide coalitionary support to their matrilineally related female kin. They do not exhibit a similar preference for
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animal. However, it does come down to the ground more often than many other New World monkeys. It moves primarily by walking on all four limbs. It lives in troops, or groups, of up to 40 monkeys (mean 16, range 4–40) and has a male/female adult sex ratio of 0.71 on average (range 0.54–0.88). With
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Like other capuchin species, the
Panamanian white-faced capuchin matures slowly. Sexual maturity can be reached at 3 years. But on average, females give birth for the first time at 7 years old and give birth every 26 months thereafter. Males attain reproductive maturity at 10 years old. The
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rather than by grooming. Males cooperate in coalitions against potential predators, and also in defense of the group against other males. Occasionally male coalitionary aggression becomes so violent that males are killed, particularly if they are encountered roaming the forest unaccompanied by
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Home ranges overlap extensively, so groups are not territorial in the strictest sense of the word. Perhaps because of the intensity of male-male competition and the threat of infanticide, interactions between groups are typically hostile: the males display aggressively toward one another and
794:. It generally only eats ripe fruit, testing for ripeness by smelling, tasting and prodding the fruit. It typically eats only the pulp and juice, spitting out the seeds and fibers. Other plant matter eaten includes flowers, young leaves, seeds of certain plants, and
753:. Its primary foods are fruit and insects. It forages at all levels of the forest, including the ground. Methods for finding food include stripping bark off of trees, searching through leaf litter, breaking dead tree branches, rolling over rocks, and using stones as
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their paternal half sisters, which may mean that they only are capable of recognizing kinship through the maternal line. Dominance rank is also an important organizing factor, with females more often grooming and associating with females who are closer to them in the
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The
Panamanian white-faced capuchin is similar to the Colombian white-faced capuchin in appearance, except that the female Panamanian white-faced capuchins have brownish or grayish elongated frontal tufts, which provide a contrast to the pure white cheeks and throat.
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Perry, S.; Baker, M.; Fedigan, L.; Gros Louis, J.; Jack, K.; MacKinnon, Katherine C.; Manson, Joseph H.; Panger, M.; Pyle, K.; Rose, L. (2003). "Social
Conventions in Wild White-faced Capuchin Monkeys: Evidence for Traditions in a Neotropical Primate".
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the
Panamanian white-faced capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season (June to November). But during the dry season, only figs and a few other types of fruit are available. During the dry season,
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year. Females tend to stay within their original group while males leave their natal group when they are 4 years old and change groups every 4 years after. Both male and female capuchins exhibit different dominance behaviors within the group.
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DeGama, H. & Fedigan, L. (2006). "The
Effects of Forest Fragment Age, Isolation, Size, Habitat Type, and Water Availability on Monkey Density in a Tropical Dry Forest". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
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persons. It is a medium-sized monkey, weighing up to 3.9 kg (8 lb 10 oz). It is mostly black, but with a pink face and white on much of the front part of the body, giving it its common name. It has a distinctive
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when the female is at peak fertility. Nonetheless, there is evidence that dominant males do tend to avoid breeding with their own daughters who are members of the troop. Such avoidance is rare among New World primates.
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are infrequent, and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers. However, affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur, mostly involving juveniles playing together.
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While the white-faced capuchin is very common in Costa Rica and Panama, the monkey has been largely extirpated from Honduras and much of Nicaragua. Many Honduran capuchins were captured and relocated to the island of
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are attracted by feeding white-faced capuchins, looking for fruit that the capuchins drop. Several species of bird are also known to follow Panmanian white-faced capuchins looking for food. These include the
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Monteza-Moreno, Claudio M.; Dogandžić, Tamara; McLean, Kevin A.; Castillo-Caballero, Pedro L.; Mijango-Ramos, Zarluis; Del Rosario-Vargas, Evelyn; Crofoot, Margaret C.; Barrett, Brendan J. (2020-06-01).
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Rylands, A.; Groves, C.; Mittermeier, R.; Cortes-Ortiz, L. & Hines, J. (2006). "Taxonomy and Distributions of Mesoamerican Primates". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
1225:. Also, higher densities of white-faced capuchins are found in older areas of forest and in areas containing evergreen forest, as well as areas with more water availability during the dry season.
1126:, in which monkeys other than the mother help care for the infant. Infants are carried by alloparents most often between 4 and 6 weeks in age. Males as well as females engage in alloparenting.
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In captivity, it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself, and in one case a white-faced capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile, hurling it at a human observer.
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occurs between 6 and 12 months. While the mother rests, the young spends most of its time foraging or playing, either on its own or with other juveniles. Capuchins engage in high levels of
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In the wild, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is versatile, living in many different types of forest, and eating many different types of food, including fruit, other plant material,
926:. Although widespread in robust capuchins, only one case of habitual stone tool use has been reported by gracile capuchins. One population of Panamanian white-faced capuchins found in
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Bergstrom, M. & Fedigan, L.M. (2009). "Strength and stability of dominance hierarchies in female white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) at Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica".
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split up to 2 million years ago. Boubli's study also indicated that the Honduran white-faced capuchins, which had previously been considered a to be a possible separate subspecies,
336:. It lives in troops that can exceed 20 animals and include both males and females. It is noted for its tool use, including rubbing plants over its body in an apparent use of
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Perry, S.; Manson, J.H.; Muniz, L.; Gros-Louis, J. & Vigilant, L. (2008). "Kin-biased Social Behaviour in Wild Adult Female White-faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus)".
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Carnegie, S.; Fedigan, L. & Ziegler, T. (2006). "Post-conceptive Mating in White-Faced Capuchins". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
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Jack, K. & Fedigan, L. (2006). "Dominance and Reproductive Success in Wild White-Faced Capuchins". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
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Garber, P.; Estrada, A. & Pavelka, M. (2006). "Concluding Comments and Conservation Priorities". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M. & Luecke, L (eds.).
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Di Fiore, A. (2009). "Genetic Approaches to the Study of Dispersal and Kinship in New World Primates". In Garber, P.; Estrada, A.; Bicca-Marques, J.C.; Heymann, E.;
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It is found in many different types of forest, including mature and secondary forests, and including evergreen and deciduous forests, dry and moist forests, and
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The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is the most well-studied capuchin monkey species. Even though many previous studies were performed using the scientific name
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Jack, K. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Male dispersal patterns in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus Part 2: Patterns and causes of secondary dispersal".
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Gros-Louis, J.; Perry, S. & Manson, J.H. (2003). "Violent coalitionary attacks and intraspecific killing in wild capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus)".
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Jack, K. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Male dispersal patterns in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus Part 1: patterns and causes of natal emigration".
681:. However, aggressive interactions between the capuchins and spider monkeys also occur. Interactions between the Panamanian white-faced capuchin and
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and other locations around the South Caribbean coast. They are seen, in the wild, daily by visitors who climb one of the volcanoes on Ometepe Island.
460:, as of 2014 there had been no field studies of the Colombian white-faced capuchin, so all these studies were of the Panamanian white-faced capuchin.
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Panamanian white-faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between 32 and 86 hectares (79 and 213 acres). They travel between 1 and 3 km (
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518: in), excluding tail, and a weight of up to 3.9 kg (8 lb 10 oz). The tail is longer than the body, at up to 551 mm (
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411:. Some primatologists continue to consider the Panamanian and Colombian white-faced capuchins as a single species. It is a member of the
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of certain seeds when they pass through the capuchin's digestive tract. In addition, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin sometimes kills
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Fedigan, L.M. (2003). "Impact of male takeovers on infant deaths, births, and conceptions in Cebus capucinus at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica".
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Manson JH, Gros-Louis J, Perry S (2004). "Three apparent cases of infanticide by males in wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus)".
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Boinski, S. (2000). "Social Manipulation Within and Between Troops Mediates Primate Group Movement". In Boinski, S.; Garber, P. (eds.).
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and by the fact that farmers sometimes attack them as potential threats. However, deforestation may also impact its main predator, the
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Perry, S.; Manson, J. & Barrett, H.C. (2004). "White-faced capuchin monkeys exhibit triadic awareness in their choice of allies".
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340:, and also using tools as weapons and for getting to food. It is a long-lived monkey, with a maximum recorded age of over 54 years.
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Panamanian white-faced capuchin has a long life span given its size. The maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years.
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disperser. It also impacts the ecosystem by eating insects that act as pests to certain trees, by pruning certain trees, such as
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Barrett, Brendan J.; Monteza-Moreno, Claudio M.; Dogandžić, Tamara; Zwyns, Nicolas; Ibáñez, Alicia; Crofoot, Margaret C. (2018).
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The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is known to rub parts of certain plants into their hair. Plants used in this manner include
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1166:, but these reports are unconfirmed. It is among the most commonly seen monkeys in Central America's national parks, such as
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find. In one particular study conducted in 2007, capuchins were found to be among the ten most intelligent primates, second to
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Several non-primate animal species tend to follow troops of white-faced monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence.
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MacKinnon, K. (2006). "Food Choice by Juevenile Capuchin Monkeys". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M.; Luecke, L (eds.).
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3231:"Polymorphic color vision in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): Is there foraging niche divergence among phenotypes?"
2929:"Interaction location outweighs the competitive advantage of numerical superiority in Cebus capucinus intergroup contests"
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Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B. (2013). Mittermeier, Russell A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Wilson, Don E. (eds.).
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Melin, Amanda D.; Jack, Katherine M.; Fedigan, Linda; Mendez-Carvajal; Pedro G. (2016). Rowe, Noel; Myers, Marc (eds.).
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Williams-Guillén, K.; Rosales-Meda, M.; Méndez-Carvajal, P.G.; Solano-Rojas, D.; Urbani, B; Lynch-Alfaro, J.W. (2021).
1078:", in which the monkey rubs urine on its feet. The exact purpose of this practice is unknown, but it may be a form of
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Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Social Interactions, Relationships and Social Structure".
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Hrdy, S. (1974). "Male-male competition and infanticide among the langurs (Presbytis entellus) of Abu, Rajasthan".
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tail that is often carried coiled up and is used to help support the monkey when it is feeding beneath a branch.
1477:"Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys"
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The Panamanian white-faced capuchin's intelligence and ability to use tools allows them to be trained to assist
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Perry, S.; Manson, J. (2009). "11. Guapo: Innovation and Tradition in the Creation of Bond-Testing Rituals".
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Manson, J.H.; Perry, S. & Parish, A.R. (1997). "Nonconceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins".
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Perry, S. (1997). "Male-female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus".
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Perry, S. (1997). "Male-female social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus".
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Jack, K. (2007). "The Cebines". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Panger, M.; Bearder, S (eds.).
768:, white-faced capuchins ate 95 different fruit species. Among its favorite fruits are figs from the family
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about 3 months it can move around independently, although some infants will be mostly independent earlier.
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Rose, L.; Perry, S.; Panger, M.; Jack, K.; Manson, J.; Gros-Louis, J. & Mackinnin, K. (August 2003).
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Jack, K. & Fedigan, L. (2009). "Female dispersal in a female-philopatric species, Cebus capucinus".
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are also used in this way. It is not definitively known what this rubbing is for, but this may deter
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prey eaten varies by troop. Even neighboring troops can show significant differences in their diets.
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South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology and Conservation
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are also trained in this manner. Panamanian white-faced capuchins can also be trained for roles on
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Perry, S. (1998). "Male-male social relationships in wild white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus".
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Panger, M.; Perry, S.; Rose, L.; Gros-Louis, J.; Vogel, E.; Mackinnon, C. & Baker, M. (2002).
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the dry season, there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes.
798:. It also uses the bromelids as a water source, drinking the water that gets trapped inside. In
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Female capuchins have linear dominance hierarchies. In contrast to many Old World monkeys such as
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Melin, Amanda D.; Fedigan, Linda Marie; Hiramatsu, Chihiro; Kawamura, Shoji (22 September 2007).
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The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is noisy. Loud calls, such as barks and coughs, are used to
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tail assists with feeding, helping support the monkey when foraging for food below the branches.
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399:. Until the 21st century the Panamanian white-faced capuchin was considered conspecific with
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Muniz, L.; Perry, S.; Manson, J.; Gilkenson, H.; Gros-Louis, J. & Vigilant, L. (2006).
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dark fur patches. An area of black fur on the crown of the head is distinctive. It has a
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covers the Central American portion of the range except the easternmost portion of Panama.
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Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Capuchins Use Objects as Tools".
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Perry, S. (1996). "Intergroup encounters in wild white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus".
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tail that is often held coiled, giving the white-faced capuchins the nickname "ringtail".
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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the capuchins have a varied diet in addition to the above of banana fruits and flowers,
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Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Life History and Demography".
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Jungle Living: A look at life and social behavior of man and monkey in Central American
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Fruit can make up between 50% and 67% or more of the capuchin's diet. In one study in
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Jungle Living: A look at life and social behavior of man and monkey in central america
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3377:"Begging and transfer of coati meat by white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus"
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4092:) invent more social behaviors, but younger monkeys innovate more in other contexts"
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2110:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 118, 145–154, 169–214, 229–241.
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1362:
302:, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is recognized as the typical companion to the
4467:
4329:
4163:
4113:
4103:
4066:
4034:
4026:
3841:
3534:
3488:
3478:
3399:
3391:
3245:
3169:
3095:
3009:
2958:
2948:
2924:
2824:
2789:
2754:
2708:
2681:
2614:
2584:
2564:
2526:
2494:
2482:
2455:
2423:
2369:
2332:
2324:
2310:"Female-female relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus"
2279:
2227:
2183:
2145:
2063:
1560:
1491:
1331:
1287:
1277:
1271:
1222:
550: oz), which is larger than that of several larger monkey species, such as the
431:
272:
4911:
3413:
3021:
2600:"The Demographic and Reproductive Context of Male Replacements in Cebus Capucinus"
2373:
2283:
2187:
2149:
1291:
plants when it rips through the plant's branches to get to resident ant colonies.
689:
Although South American capuchin species often travel with and feed together with
356:
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin was previously considered a subspecies of the
4882:
4504:
4494:
4422:
4241:
3793:
3360:
1233:
1139:
1061:
1032:
741:
690:
427:
396:
392:
337:
284:
217:
4004:. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press. pp. 245–263.
3155:
Groups: Local Traditions, Food Availability or Responses to Food Profitability?"
833:, and ant and wasp larvae. It also eats larger prey, such as birds, bird eggs,
4797:
4667:
4458:
4440:
4096:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3906:
3618:
Blumenthal, D. (June 17, 1987). "Monkeys as Helpers To Quadriplegics At Home".
3538:
3515:
2459:
1218:
1214:
946:
682:
580:
551:
3523:, Hammerstone and Anvil Tool Use in Riparian Habitats on Coiba Island, Panama"
3249:
3204:
Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Behavioral Ecology".
3013:
2896:
Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Behavioral Ecology".
2758:
2568:
2486:
2232:
2215:
1612:
1090:
571:
316:
film series. It is a highly intelligent monkey and has been trained to assist
5021:
4958:
4841:
4603:
3546:
3265:
3257:
3121:
Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "Community Ecology".
2923:
2685:
2618:
2067:
1611:
Capuchin Franciscans Vocation Office Province of Saint Joseph. Archived from
1404:
1322:
1254:
1198:. In Nicaragua, wild capuchins may still be easily spotted in regions around
1194:, and many Nicaraguan capuchins were captured and relocated to the island of
1138:
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is found in much of Central America. In
1123:
1075:
1050:
992:
971:
940:
904:
811:
785:
773:
307:
303:
70:
4693:
4108:
2953:
2828:
2427:
2269:
1428:
4127:
4048:
4030:
3853:
3635:"Earth Matters: Turkey struggles with national epidemic: primate smuggling"
3502:
2972:
2720:
2576:
2241:
1572:
1503:
1400:
329:
3181:
2801:
1446:
1413:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. Cebus.
352:
4932:
4891:
3820:
3455:"Habitual stone-tool-aided extractive foraging in white-faced capuchins,
3404:
2337:
2213:
1282:
1262:
1016:
931:
822:
777:
453:, was not genetically distinct from the Panamanian white-faced capuchin.
3483:
2875:. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Conservation International. pp. 227–235.
677:. Panamanian white-faced capuchins sometimes travel with and even groom
4937:
4924:
4231:
4154:
Use of a club by a wild white-faced capuchin to attack a venomous snake
3845:
3823:"Cross-Site Differences in Foraging Behavior of White-Faced Capuchins (
3395:
3099:
2530:
1981:
Bezanson, L. (2006). "Ontogenetic Influences on Positional Behavior in
1203:
1151:
1036:
1028:
885:
874:
854:
758:
729:
714:
484:
373:
333:
322:
317:
288:
147:
3730:
3705:
3567:
3203:
3173:
3120:
2895:
2793:
2712:
2329:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)40:2<167::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-W
2028:
1564:
1495:
693:, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin only rarely associates with the
41:
1159:
1147:
1114:
1079:
1012:
996:
988:
890:
880:
The diet can vary between the rainy and dry season. For example, in
803:
795:
781:
671:
97:
4853:
3731:
Fragaszy, D.; Visalberghi, E. & Fedigan, L. (2004). "The Body".
3075:
1191:
4876:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4070:
3452:
2988:
2554:
2216:"Father-daughter inbreeding avoidance in a wild primate population"
1258:
1210:
1143:
1000:
977:
858:
769:
750:
670:
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin sometimes interacts with other
600:
584:
532: in) in length. Males are about 27% larger than females. The
117:
3755:
1726:(Second ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 130–131.
474:, the Panamanian white-faced capuchin is named after the order of
4195:
2472:
1410:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1195:
1119:
1045:
983:
846:
384:
280:
276:
167:
137:
3963:
2359:
4207:
1266:
1199:
1163:
1155:
1040:
1008:
966:
951:
862:
838:
818:
765:
705:
377:
299:
292:
157:
127:
107:
1989:". In Estrada, A.; Garber, P.; Pavelka, M.; Luecke, L (eds.).
383:
The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is a member of the family
3228:
2740:
2738:
870:
754:
533:
470:
4011:"Social traditions and social learning in capuchin monkeys (
3329:
Costa Rica: Monkeys, Animal Behavior, Cognitive Neuroscience
4137:
Social relationships in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys,
4055:
1250:
1004:
842:
834:
830:
479:
3885:. Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 97, 100, 110, 130.
2735:
2394:
1182:. It appears on the reverse side of the Costa Rican 5,000
910:
The use of stone tools is a marked difference between the
3638:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2303:
2301:
826:
434:. This genus is also referred to as "gracile" capuchins.
4502:
1449:
Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Volume 3, Primates
422:
which also includes the Colombian white-faced capuchin,
4159:
Pet rescue -- white-faced capuchin returned to the wild
1546:"Capuchin Monkey Research Priorities and Urgent Issues"
3968:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
3935:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
3760:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
3298:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
3148:
2678:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
2647:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
2501:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2298:
1993:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
1368:
New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates
490:
Adults reach a length of between 335 and 453 mm (
4002:
Manipulative Monkeys: The Capuchins of Lomas Barbudal
3929:
3053:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 447–448.
2995:
and other Species: Data from Three Costa Rican Sites"
2698:
2108:
Manipulative Monkeys: The Capuchins of Lomas Barbudal
1543:
4831:
4193:
3880:
2927:; Gilby, I.C.; Wikelski, M.C & Kays, RW (2008).
733:
White-faced capuchin eating a wild banana along the
306:. In recent years the species has become popular in
3426:
2642:
2597:
2434:
2173:
2135:
2043:
1955:
1245:The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is regarded as
1899:
1811:
1337:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T81265980A191708420.en
4142:. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International.
4085:
2676:Jack & Fedigan (2006). "Why Be Alpha Male?".
1158:. It has also been reported to occur in eastern
5019:
4086:Perry, S. E.; Barrett, B. J.; Godoy, I. (2017).
3710:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–220.
3572:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–183.
3446:
3374:
536:of a white-faced capuchin is about 79.2 g (
1474:
4633:
3208:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–47.
2900:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–39.
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1679:
615:
4723:
4709:
4619:
4179:
3669:
3427:Leake, D. & Dobson, R. (April 15, 2007).
3293:
2744:
2033:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–79.
1877:. Oxford University Press. pp. 107–120.
665:
291:ecology for its role in dispersing seeds and
3791:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3420:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
1980:
1724:Neotropical Rainforest Mammals A Field Guide
772:, mangos and related fruits from the family
3999:
3735:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
3073:
3048:
2984:
2982:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2675:
2105:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
1857:
1771:
1544:Lynch Alfaro, Jessica; et al. (2014).
1133:
1102:The Panamanian white-faced capuchin uses a
287:, the white-faced capuchin is important to
4716:
4702:
4626:
4612:
4186:
4172:
3617:
3144:
3142:
3125:. Cambridge University Press. p. 70.
2870:
1902:The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates
1814:The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates
1721:
1682:The Natural History of Costa Rican Mammals
1442:
1440:
1438:
1257:, hunting for pet trade and sometimes for
1043:, such as Marcel on the television series
749:The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is an
226:
59:
40:
4339:Sierra de Perijá white-fronted capuchin (
4117:
4107:
4038:
3834:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3674:Field Guide to the Wildlife of Costa Rica
3656:
3492:
3482:
3403:
3151:"Dietary Differences between Neighboring
2962:
2952:
2814:
2516:
2445:
2413:
2336:
2307:
2231:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2057:
1395:
1393:
1335:
579:The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is a
3701:
3699:
2979:
2835:
2779:
2169:
2167:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2015:
1960:. Aldine Transaction. pp. 237–238.
1949:
1897:
1872:
1809:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1470:
1468:
1232:
1089:
1060:
1049:. They were also traditionally used as
740:
728:
570:
367:
351:
3429:"Chimps Knocked Off Top of the IQ Tree"
3350:
3348:
3326:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3139:
2638:
2636:
2634:
1746:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1435:
776:, the bean-like fruits from the family
463:
14:
5020:
3907:"Ometepe Island Info - Volcán Maderas"
3814:
3678:. University of Texas Press. pp.
3149:Chapman, C. & Fedigan, L. (1990).
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1399:
1390:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1228:
849:and small mammals. The population in
644: mi) daily, averaging 2 km (
4858:
4857:
4697:
4607:
4167:
4134:
4008:
3787:
3785:
3696:
3632:
3222:
2164:
2124:
2074:
1532:
1475:Boubli, Jean P.; et al. (2012).
1465:
1358:
1356:
1354:
950:(coconuts) and invertebrates such as
269:Central American white-faced capuchin
5043:Least concern biota of North America
4348:Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin (
3881:Hunter, L. & Andrew, D. (2002).
3586:
3527:International Journal of Primatology
3345:
3188:
3088:International Journal of Primatology
3042:
3002:International Journal of Primatology
2991:"Interspecific Interactions between
2747:International Journal of Primatology
2631:
2591:
2519:International Journal of Primatology
2475:International Journal of Primatology
1935:. Pogonias Press. pp. 286–288.
1844:"Medical Dictionary Capuchin Monkey"
1698:
1626:
4294:Río Cesar white-fronted capuchin, (
4267:Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin (
3238:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2598:Fedigan, L. & Jack, K. (2004).
1956:Morris, D. & Bruce, D. (2005).
1924:
1790:
1684:. Zona Tropical. pp. 135–139.
1323:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1300:
857:in particular is noted for hunting
566:
24:
4547:Central American squirrel monkey (
3993:
3782:
2669:
1351:
1249:from a conservation standpoint by
934:and anvils to process fruits from
930:in Panama has been observed using
25:
5069:
4321:Panamanian white-faced capuchin (
4147:
3883:Watching Wildlife Central America
1217:. However, it appears to prefer
5028:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
4834:
4748:Central American squirrel monkey
4648:Central American squirrel monkey
4384:Marañón white-fronted capuchin (
4285:Colombian white-faced capuchin (
3327:Luedtke, Karen (2010). "Ch 11".
1074:engages in a practice known as "
1056:
784:. It will also eat fruits from
695:Central American squirrel monkey
468:Like other monkeys in the genus
265:Panamanian white-headed capuchin
84:
35:Panamanian white-faced capuchin
18:Panamanian white-headed capuchin
4818:Panamanian white-faced capuchin
4678:Panamanian white-faced capuchin
4375:Varied white-fronted capuchin (
4366:Spix's white-fronted capuchin (
3972:. New York: Springer. pp.
3957:
3939:. New York: Springer. pp.
3923:
3899:
3874:
3764:. New York: Springer. pp.
3749:
3724:
3626:
3611:
3561:
3509:
3368:
3320:
3302:. New York: Springer. pp.
3287:
3114:
3067:
2889:
2808:
2773:
2692:
2651:. New York: Springer. pp.
2466:
2407:
2397:American Journal of Primatology
2388:
2353:
2317:American Journal of Primatology
2037:
1997:. New York: Springer. pp.
1974:
1891:
1836:
1765:
1740:
1553:American Journal of Primatology
1484:American Journal of Primatology
1372:. New York: Springer. pp.
1113:takes about 2 minutes, and the
1085:
407:, but as a separate subspecies
358:Colombian white-headed capuchin
255:Panamanian white-faced capuchin
4768:Colombian white-faced capuchin
4520:Black-capped squirrel monkey (
3800:. Springer. pp. 222–223.
2106:Perry, S.; Manson, J. (2008).
1601:
405:Colombian white-faced capuchin
13:
1:
5058:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
2374:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.04.005
2284:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.020
2188:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.015
2150:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.04.015
1609:"Capuchin Franciscans F.A.Q."
1294:
1142:, its range includes much of
788:such as Mexican jumping bean
4565:Bare-eared squirrel monkey (
4529:Humboldt's squirrel monkey (
4088:"Older, sociable capuchins (
3633:Pflum, M. (March 18, 2000).
1239:Manuel Antonio National Park
1168:Manuel Antonio National Park
969:fruits, vines of the genera
7:
5038:Primates of Central America
3084:form mixed-species groups?"
897:
821:larvae, butterfly and moth
817:Insect prey eaten includes
780:and fruits from the family
757:to crack hard fruits. Its
616:Interactions between groups
561:
437:In 2012 a study by Boubli,
347:
310:media, particularly in the
283:. Native to the forests of
10:
5074:
4738:Black-headed spider monkey
4636:Costa Rican monkey species
4538:Collins' squirrel monkey (
4258:(Gracile capuchin monkeys)
3539:10.1007/s10764-020-00156-5
3463:Royal Society Open Science
3074:Boinski, S. (April 1989).
2460:10.1163/156853998793066384
1906:. Pogonias Press. p.
1818:. Pogonias Press. p.
1451:. Lynx. pp. 412–413.
666:Interspecific interactions
5053:Mammals described in 1803
4866:
4829:
4733:
4726:Panamanian monkey species
4643:
4590:
4556:Guianan squirrel monkey (
4493:
4477:Golden-bellied capuchin (
4414:(Robust capuchin monkeys)
4405:
4249:
4240:
4202:
4194:Extant species of family
3600:. The Rainforest Alliance
3375:Perry S. Rose L. (1994).
3250:10.1007/s00265-007-0490-3
2569:10.1007/s10329-003-0050-z
2233:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.055
1330:: e.T81265980A191708420.
907:among New World monkeys.
679:Geoffroy's spider monkeys
234:
225:
206:
199:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
4778:Geoffroy's spider monkey
4658:Geoffroy's spider monkey
4450:Black-striped capuchin (
3521:Cebus capucinus imitator
3090:(Submitted manuscript).
2686:10.1007/0-387-25872-8_18
2619:10.1163/1568539042245178
2068:10.1163/156853909X404420
1933:All the World's Primates
1407:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
1176:Santa Rosa National Park
1134:Distribution and habitat
1096:Palo Verde National Park
362:Cebus capucinus imitator
313:Pirates of the Caribbean
4808:Panamanian night monkey
4574:Black squirrel monkey (
4357:Wedge-capped capuchin (
4303:Shock-headed capuchin (
4276:Brown weeper capuchin (
4109:10.1073/pnas.1620739114
3519:"White-Faced Capuchin,
3014:10.1023/A:1024624721363
2954:10.1073/pnas.0707749105
2829:10.1163/156853997X00494
2759:10.1023/A:1024620620454
2487:10.1023/A:1026395829818
2428:10.1163/156853997X00494
1875:Primates in Perspective
1747:Luedtke, Karen (2012).
1680:Wainwright, M. (2002).
1253:. It is threatened by
1180:Soberania National Park
1172:Corcovado National Park
1011:, or it may serve as a
724:
451:C. capucinus limitaneus
4031:10.1098/rstb.2010.0317
3670:Henderson, C. (2000).
1242:
1099:
1066:
746:
738:
702:white-lipped peccaries
576:
424:white-fronted capuchin
380:
365:
4998:Paleobiology Database
4312:Ecuadorian capuchin (
4135:Perry, Susan (1995).
3911:ometepeislandinfo.com
3733:The Complete Capuchin
3708:The Complete Capuchin
3570:The Complete Capuchin
3206:The Complete Capuchin
3123:The Complete Capuchin
2898:The Complete Capuchin
2031:The Complete Capuchin
1236:
1093:
1064:
981:, monkey comb (genus
867:white-crowned parrots
791:Sebastiania pavoniana
745:Foraging in the trees
744:
732:
575:Walking on four limbs
574:
409:C. capucinus imitator
371:
355:
298:Among the best known
263:), also known as the
4059:Current Anthropology
2873:Primates of Colombia
1772:Luedtke, K. (2012).
1202:, as well as around
1031:. Other species of
800:Carara National Park
464:Physical description
271:, is a medium-sized
4758:Coiba Island howler
4432:Azaras's capuchin (
4393:Chestnut capuchin (
3484:10.1098/rsos.181002
3475:2018RSOS....581002B
2945:2008PNAS..105..577C
2871:Defler, T. (2004).
2782:Folia Primatologica
2701:Folia Primatologica
1722:Emmons, L. (1997).
1229:Conservation status
928:Coiba National Park
711:double-toothed kite
594:dominance hierarchy
51:Conservation status
5048:Tool-using mammals
4792:Saguinus geoffroyi
4788:Geoffroy's tamarin
4762:Alouatta coibensis
4531:S. cassiquiarensis
4511:(Squirrel monkeys)
4468:Crested capuchin (
4330:Kaapori capuchin (
4009:Perry, S. (2011).
3846:10.1002/ajpa.10103
3620:The New York Times
3594:"Capuchin Monkey (
3396:10.1007/bf02381950
3356:David Attenborough
3100:10.1007/BF02736248
2531:10.1007/BF02736624
2308:Perry, S. (1996).
1751:. pp. 40–45.
1243:
1100:
1067:
937:Terminalia catappa
747:
739:
719:sharp-shinned hawk
605:non-conceptive sex
577:
441:demonstrated that
381:
366:
27:Species of primate
5013:
5012:
4985:Open Tree of Life
4860:Taxon identifiers
4851:
4850:
4802:Alouatta palliata
4752:Saimiri oerstedii
4691:
4690:
4672:Alouatta palliata
4652:Saimiri oerstedii
4601:
4600:
4586:
4585:
4489:
4488:
4423:Tufted capuchin (
4102:(30): 7806–7813.
4025:(1567): 988–996.
3983:978-0-387-25854-6
3950:978-0-387-25854-6
3892:978-1-86450-034-9
3807:978-0-387-78704-6
3775:978-0-387-25854-6
3742:978-0-521-66768-5
3717:978-0-521-66768-5
3689:978-0-292-73459-3
3579:978-0-521-66768-5
3338:978-0-9832448-0-6
3313:978-0-387-25854-6
3215:978-0-521-66768-5
3174:10.1159/000156442
3132:978-0-521-66768-5
3078:Saimiri oerstedii
3060:978-0-226-06340-9
2907:978-0-521-66768-5
2882:978-1-881173-83-0
2794:10.1159/000155616
2713:10.1159/000076270
2662:978-0-387-25854-6
2117:978-0-674-02664-3
2008:978-0-387-25854-6
1967:978-0-202-30826-5
1917:978-0-9648825-0-8
1898:Rowe, N. (1996).
1884:978-0-19-517133-4
1829:978-0-9648825-0-8
1810:Rowe, N. (1996).
1783:978-0-9832448-2-0
1758:978-0-9832448-2-0
1733:978-0-226-20721-6
1691:978-0-9705678-1-9
1565:10.1002/ajp.22269
1496:10.1002/ajp.21998
1383:978-0-387-25854-6
1223:secondary forests
1065:Facial expression
1021:anti-inflammatory
912:gracile capuchins
808:huevos de caballo
418:within the genus
389:New World monkeys
251:
250:
74:
16:(Redirected from
5065:
5033:Capuchin monkeys
5006:
5005:
4993:
4992:
4980:
4979:
4967:
4966:
4954:
4953:
4941:
4940:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4914:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4782:Ateles geoffroyi
4742:Ateles fusciceps
4727:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4662:Ateles geoffroyi
4637:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4479:S. xanthosternos
4459:Black capuchin (
4441:Blond capuchin (
4416:
4415:
4341:C. leucocephalus
4314:C. aequatorialis
4260:
4259:
4247:
4246:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4143:
4131:
4121:
4111:
4082:
4052:
4042:
4005:
3988:
3987:
3971:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3938:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3856:. Archived from
3831:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3677:
3667:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3641:. Archived from
3630:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3486:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3381:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3301:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3235:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3201:
3186:
3185:
3168:(3–4): 177–186.
3159:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3024:. Archived from
2999:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2956:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2868:
2833:
2832:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2650:
2640:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2514:
2499:
2498:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2443:
2432:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2362:Animal Behaviour
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2272:Animal Behaviour
2267:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2176:Animal Behaviour
2171:
2162:
2161:
2138:Animal Behaviour
2133:
2122:
2121:
2103:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2013:
2012:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1958:Primate Ethology
1953:
1947:
1946:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1817:
1807:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1696:
1695:
1677:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1583:. Archived from
1550:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1514:. Archived from
1481:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1371:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1309:
1288:Acacia collinsii
1278:Bursera simaruba
1272:Gustavia superba
1033:capuchin monkeys
920:robust capuchins
873:. The amount of
691:squirrel monkeys
657:
656:
652:
649:
643:
642:
638:
635:
629:
628:
624:
567:Social structure
549:
548:
544:
541:
531:
530:
526:
523:
517:
516:
512:
509:
503:
502:
498:
495:
432:Kaapori capuchin
397:squirrel monkeys
393:capuchin monkeys
387:, the family of
273:New World monkey
235:Distribution of
230:
212:
192:C. imitator
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5001:
4996:
4988:
4983:
4975:
4970:
4962:
4957:
4949:
4944:
4936:
4931:
4923:
4918:
4910:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4862:
4852:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4772:Cebus capucinus
4729:
4725:
4722:
4692:
4687:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4602:
4597:
4582:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4485:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4236:
4198:
4192:
4150:
4139:Cebus capucinus
4090:Cebus capucinus
3996:
3994:Further reading
3991:
3984:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3829:
3825:Cebus capucinus
3819:
3815:
3808:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3668:
3657:
3648:
3646:
3631:
3627:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3596:Cebus capucinus
3592:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3566:
3562:
3514:
3510:
3457:Cebus capucinus
3451:
3447:
3438:
3436:
3425:
3421:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3361:Life of Mammals
3354:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3331:. p. 109.
3325:
3321:
3314:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3202:
3189:
3157:
3153:Cebus capucinus
3147:
3140:
3133:
3119:
3115:
3082:Cebus capucinus
3072:
3068:
3061:
3047:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3028:
2997:
2993:Cebus capucinus
2987:
2980:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2869:
2836:
2813:
2809:
2778:
2774:
2743:
2736:
2697:
2693:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2553:
2546:
2515:
2502:
2471:
2467:
2444:
2435:
2412:
2408:
2403:(Suppl 1): 103.
2393:
2389:
2358:
2354:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2268:
2249:
2220:Current Biology
2212:
2203:
2172:
2165:
2134:
2125:
2118:
2104:
2075:
2059:10.1.1.619.2612
2042:
2038:
2027:
2016:
2009:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1871:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1808:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1720:
1699:
1692:
1678:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1445:
1436:
1421:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1361:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1231:
1215:montane forests
1140:Central America
1136:
1088:
1059:
960:Halloween crabs
900:
727:
668:
654:
650:
647:
645:
640:
636:
633:
631:
626:
622:
621:
618:
569:
564:
546:
542:
539:
537:
528:
524:
521:
519:
514:
510:
507:
505:
500:
496:
493:
491:
476:Capuchin friars
466:
428:weeper capuchin
401:Cebus capucinus
350:
338:herbal medicine
285:Central America
241:Cebus capucinus
221:
214:
208:
195:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5071:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
4994:
4981:
4968:
4955:
4942:
4929:
4916:
4903:
4898:Cebus imitator
4888:
4872:
4870:
4868:Cebus imitator
4864:
4863:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4822:Cebus imitator
4815:
4805:
4798:Mantled howler
4795:
4785:
4775:
4765:
4755:
4745:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4682:Cebus imitator
4675:
4668:Mantled howler
4665:
4655:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4522:S. boliviensis
4516:
4514:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4452:S. libidinosus
4447:
4438:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4390:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4263:
4261:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4191:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4149:
4148:External links
4146:
4145:
4144:
4132:
4083:
4071:10.1086/345825
4065:(2): 241–268.
4053:
4006:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3956:
3949:
3922:
3898:
3891:
3873:
3813:
3806:
3781:
3774:
3748:
3741:
3723:
3716:
3695:
3688:
3655:
3625:
3610:
3585:
3578:
3560:
3533:(3): 429–433.
3508:
3445:
3419:
3390:(4): 409–415.
3367:
3344:
3337:
3319:
3312:
3286:
3221:
3214:
3187:
3162:Folia Primatol
3138:
3131:
3113:
3094:(2): 103–114.
3066:
3059:
3041:
3008:(4): 780–785.
2978:
2939:(2): 577–581.
2913:
2906:
2888:
2881:
2834:
2823:(7): 477–510.
2807:
2772:
2753:(4): 723–741.
2734:
2707:(2): 104–106.
2691:
2668:
2661:
2630:
2613:(6): 755–775.
2590:
2563:(4): 341–346.
2544:
2525:(3): 309–330.
2500:
2481:(5): 767–786.
2465:
2433:
2422:(7): 477–510.
2406:
2387:
2352:
2323:(2): 167–182.
2297:
2247:
2201:
2182:(4): 771–782.
2163:
2144:(4): 761–769.
2123:
2116:
2073:
2052:(4): 471–498.
2036:
2014:
2007:
1973:
1966:
1948:
1941:
1923:
1916:
1890:
1883:
1856:
1835:
1828:
1789:
1782:
1776:. p. 45.
1764:
1757:
1739:
1732:
1697:
1690:
1625:
1600:
1531:
1464:
1458:978-8496553897
1457:
1434:
1419:
1389:
1382:
1350:
1316:Cebus imitator
1298:
1296:
1293:
1230:
1227:
1135:
1132:
1087:
1084:
1058:
1055:
947:Cocos nucifera
905:spider monkeys
899:
896:
726:
723:
683:mantled howler
675:monkey species
667:
664:
617:
614:
568:
565:
563:
560:
552:mantled howler
465:
462:
349:
346:
275:of the family
260:Cebus imitator
249:
248:
245:Cebus imitator
237:Cebus imitator
232:
231:
223:
222:
215:
210:Cebus imitator
204:
203:
197:
196:
189:
187:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5070:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5016:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4843:
4842:Panama portal
4832:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4812:Aotus zonalis
4809:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4377:C. versicolor
4373:
4371:
4369:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4350:C. malitiosus
4346:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4141:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
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4016:
4014:
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4003:
3998:
3997:
3985:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3863:on 2011-06-04
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3809:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3645:on 2006-09-28
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3614:
3599:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3469:(8): 181002.
3468:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3405:2027.42/41610
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
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3156:
3154:
3145:
3143:
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3128:
3124:
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3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3031:on 2009-02-25
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
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2985:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2925:Crofoot, M.C.
2920:
2918:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2874:
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2391:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2338:2027.42/38432
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
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2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
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2225:
2221:
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2210:
2208:
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2197:
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2177:
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2113:
2109:
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2100:
2098:
2096:
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2084:
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2080:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1942:9781940496061
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1894:
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1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1615:on 2011-07-25
1614:
1610:
1604:
1590:on 2017-08-10
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1521:on 2016-03-04
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:0-801-88221-4
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1405:Wilson, D. E.
1402:
1401:Groves, C. P.
1396:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:deforestation
1252:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:and southern
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:alloparenting
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:urine washing
1072:
1063:
1057:Communication
1054:
1052:
1051:organ grinder
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:custard apple
990:
986:
985:
980:
979:
974:
973:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
952:nerite snails
949:
948:
943:
942:
941:Bactris major
938:
933:
929:
925:
922:of the genus
921:
917:
914:of the genus
913:
908:
906:
895:
892:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
812:anacardiaceae
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:
787:
786:Euphorbiaceae
783:
779:
775:
774:Anacardiaceae
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
743:
736:
731:
722:
720:
716:
712:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
687:
684:
680:
676:
673:
663:
659:
613:
609:
606:
602:
597:
595:
589:
586:
582:
573:
559:
555:
553:
535:
488:
486:
481:
477:
473:
472:
461:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:species group
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
379:
375:
370:
363:
359:
354:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
330:invertebrates
326:
324:
319:
315:
314:
309:
305:
304:organ grinder
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
256:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
224:
219:
213:
211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
193:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5015:
4867:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4801:
4791:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4661:
4651:
4592:
4576:S. vanzolini
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4521:
4503:
4478:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4406:
4395:C. castaneus
4394:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4359:C. olivaceus
4358:
4349:
4340:
4331:
4322:
4320:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4287:C. capucinus
4286:
4277:
4269:C. albifrons
4268:
4250:
4140:
4136:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4062:
4058:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4001:
3967:
3959:
3934:
3925:
3914:. Retrieved
3910:
3901:
3882:
3876:
3865:. Retrieved
3858:the original
3840:(1): 52–66.
3837:
3833:
3824:
3816:
3797:
3759:
3751:
3732:
3726:
3707:
3673:
3647:. Retrieved
3643:the original
3628:
3619:
3613:
3602:. Retrieved
3595:
3588:
3569:
3563:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3511:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3448:
3437:. Retrieved
3432:
3422:
3387:
3383:
3370:
3364:. BBC Video.
3359:
3328:
3322:
3297:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3241:
3237:
3224:
3205:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3122:
3116:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3050:
3044:
3033:. Retrieved
3026:the original
3005:
3001:
2992:
2936:
2932:
2897:
2891:
2872:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2788:(1): 19–58.
2785:
2781:
2775:
2750:
2746:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2677:
2671:
2646:
2622:. Retrieved
2610:
2606:
2593:
2560:
2556:
2522:
2518:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2451:
2447:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2320:
2316:
2275:
2271:
2226:(5): 156–7.
2223:
2219:
2179:
2175:
2141:
2137:
2107:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2030:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1932:
1926:
1901:
1893:
1874:
1848:. Retrieved
1846:. Farlex Inc
1838:
1813:
1773:
1767:
1748:
1742:
1723:
1681:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1603:
1592:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1556:
1552:
1523:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1487:
1483:
1448:
1409:
1367:
1341:. Retrieved
1327:
1321:
1315:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1244:
1241:, Costa Rica
1221:or advanced
1208:
1188:
1137:
1128:
1109:
1101:
1098:, Costa Rica
1094:Juvenile in
1086:Reproduction
1068:
1044:
1026:
995:. Ants and
982:
976:
970:
964:
956:hermit crabs
945:
935:
932:hammerstones
923:
915:
909:
901:
879:
823:caterpillars
816:
789:
763:
748:
737:, Costa Rica
699:
688:
669:
660:
619:
610:
598:
590:
578:
556:
489:
478:– the
469:
467:
458:C. capucinus
457:
455:
450:
447:C. capucinus
446:
442:
438:
436:
419:
413:C. capucinus
412:
408:
400:
382:
361:
342:
332:, and small
327:
311:
297:
279:, subfamily
268:
264:
259:
258:
254:
252:
244:
240:
236:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
154:Infraorder:
29:
4933:iNaturalist
4892:Wikispecies
4558:S. sciureus
4549:S. oerstedi
4540:S. collinsi
4495:Saimiriinae
4470:S. robustus
4461:S. nigritus
4368:C. unicolor
4323:C. imitator
4305:C. cuscinus
4278:C. brunneus
3076:"Why don't
3051:On the Move
2454:(2): 1–34.
2368:: 165–170.
2278:: 187–199.
1559:(8): 1–16.
1490:(4): 1–13.
1343:29 November
1283:germination
1263:harpy eagle
1071:communicate
1029:paraplegics
1017:bactericide
810:fruits and
778:Leguminosae
443:C. imitator
391:containing
334:vertebrates
158:Simiiformes
5022:Categories
4443:S. flavius
4386:C. yuracus
4332:C. kaapori
4232:Haplorhini
4230:Suborder:
3916:2017-03-05
3867:2009-10-06
3649:2009-02-07
3604:2009-02-07
3439:2008-09-01
3244:(5): 663.
3035:2008-09-04
2624:2008-11-14
1850:2008-09-01
1619:2008-09-01
1594:2018-12-30
1525:2018-12-30
1295:References
1247:vulnerable
1204:Bluefields
1152:Costa Rica
1111:Copulation
1104:polygamous
1037:television
997:millipedes
886:Costa Rica
882:Guanacaste
875:vertebrate
855:Costa Rica
851:Guanacaste
796:bromeliads
759:prehensile
735:Frío River
715:white hawk
485:prehensile
374:Gatun Lake
323:prehensile
318:paraplegic
289:rainforest
148:Haplorhini
144:Suborder:
66:Vulnerable
4883:Q31836365
4425:S. apella
4296:C. cesare
4206:Kingdom:
3794:Strier, K
3555:218773276
3547:1573-8604
3433:The Times
3266:437741616
3258:1432-0762
2817:Behaviour
2607:Behaviour
2448:Behaviour
2416:Behaviour
2054:CiteSeerX
2046:Behaviour
1160:Guatemala
1148:Nicaragua
1115:gestation
1080:olfactory
1053:monkeys.
1013:fungicide
1001:parasites
989:dumb cane
891:chitinous
869:and baby
859:squirrels
804:heliconia
782:Rubiaceae
672:sympatric
186:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
4964:81265980
4877:Wikidata
4594:Category
4567:S. ustus
4226:Primates
4220:Mammalia
4214:Chordata
4212:Phylum:
4208:Animalia
4128:28739946
4079:54755518
4049:21357221
3854:12209573
3796:(eds.).
3503:30225086
3435:. London
3384:Primates
3358:(2003).
3274:13839857
3108:24192169
2973:18184811
2767:19279800
2729:35102249
2721:15010584
2577:12910384
2557:Primates
2539:20334207
2382:53198039
2347:37033722
2292:53154942
2242:16527729
2196:10044824
2158:53701873
1987:Alouatta
1581:14778572
1573:24668460
1512:12171529
1504:22311697
1429:62265494
1403:(2005).
1259:bushmeat
1211:mangrove
1144:Honduras
1082:signal.
1003:such as
978:Clematis
918:and the
898:Tool use
847:mollusks
770:Moraceae
751:omnivore
717:and the
601:macaques
585:arboreal
562:Behavior
430:and the
348:Taxonomy
308:American
164:Family:
138:Primates
128:Mammalia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
4990:6145184
4977:2715852
4938:1369296
4925:8028197
4505:Saimiri
4408:Sapajus
4242:Cebinae
4224:Order:
4218:Class:
4196:Cebidae
4119:5544268
4040:3049088
3494:6124021
3471:Bibcode
3279:20 July
3182:2391047
2964:2206578
2941:Bibcode
2802:4215710
2585:6573597
2495:3032455
1219:primary
1196:Ometepe
1120:Weaning
1046:Friends
1009:insects
984:Sloanea
924:Sapajus
863:magpies
839:lizards
814:stems.
806:seeds,
706:agoutis
653:⁄
639:⁄
625:⁄
581:diurnal
545:⁄
527:⁄
513:⁄
499:⁄
385:Cebidae
300:monkeys
281:Cebinae
277:Cebidae
220:, 1903)
174:Genus:
168:Cebidae
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
5003:390426
4951:944168
4434:S. cay
4126:
4116:
4077:
4047:
4037:
3980:
3976:–571.
3947:
3943:–186.
3889:
3852:
3804:
3772:
3768:–405.
3739:
3714:
3686:
3682:–455.
3576:
3553:
3545:
3501:
3491:
3414:146496
3412:
3335:
3310:
3306:–360.
3272:
3264:
3256:
3212:
3180:
3129:
3106:
3057:
3022:430769
3020:
2971:
2961:
2904:
2879:
2800:
2765:
2727:
2719:
2659:
2655:–382.
2583:
2575:
2537:
2493:
2380:
2345:
2290:
2240:
2194:
2156:
2114:
2056:
2005:
2001:–344.
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