495:. In a multi-lane link, the packet data is striped across lanes, and peak data throughput scales with the overall link width. The lane count is automatically negotiated during device initialization and can be restricted by either endpoint. For example, a single-lane PCI Express (x1) card can be inserted into a multi-lane slot (x4, x8, etc.), and the initialization cycle auto-negotiates the highest mutually supported lane count. The link can dynamically down-configure itself to use fewer lanes, providing a failure tolerance in case bad or unreliable lanes are present. The PCI Express standard defines link widths of x1, x2, x4, x8, and x16. Up to and including PCIe 5.0, x12, and x32 links were defined as well but never used. This allows the PCI Express bus to serve both cost-sensitive applications where high throughput is not needed, and performance-critical applications such as 3D graphics, networking (
3616:
4560:
4537:
4575:
2153:
261:
4252:
after the bad TLP, are considered invalid and discarded. The receiver sends a negative acknowledgement message (NAK) with the sequence-number of the invalid TLP, requesting re-transmission of all TLPs forward of that sequence-number. If the received TLP passes the LCRC check and has the correct sequence number, it is treated as valid. The link receiver increments the sequence-number (which tracks the last received good TLP), and forwards the valid TLP to the receiver's transaction layer. An ACK message is sent to remote transmitter, indicating the TLP was successfully received (and by extension, all TLPs with past sequence-numbers.)
777:
2471:
4061:
4548:
2483:
3394:
423:
433:
253:
528:
789:"mechanical @ electrical" notation (e.g. "x16 @ x4") is also common. The advantage is that such slots can accommodate a larger range of PCI Express cards without requiring motherboard hardware to support the full transfer rate. Standard mechanical sizes are x1, x4, x8, and x16. Cards using a number of lanes other than the standard mechanical sizes need to physically fit the next larger mechanical size (e.g. an x2 card uses the x4 size, or an x12 card uses the x16 size).
891:, as gaming video cards often emit hundreds of watts of heat. Modern computer cases are often wider to accommodate these taller cards, but not always. Since full-length cards (312 mm) are uncommon, modern cases sometimes cannot fit those. The thickness of these cards also typically occupies the space of 2 to 5 PCIe slots. In fact, even the methodology of how to measure the cards varies between vendors, with some including the metal bracket size in dimensions and others not.
2439:
4084:) specification is divided into two sub-layers, corresponding to electrical and logical specifications. The logical sublayer is sometimes further divided into a MAC sublayer and a PCS, although this division is not formally part of the PCIe specification. A specification published by Intel, the PHY Interface for PCI Express (PIPE), defines the MAC/PCS functional partitioning and the interface between these two sub-layers. The PIPE specification also identifies the
600:, transporting data packets in eight-bit "byte" format simultaneously in both directions between endpoints of a link. Physical PCI Express links may contain 1, 4, 8 or 16 lanes. Lane counts are written with an "x" prefix (for example, "x8" represents an eight-lane card or slot), with x16 being the largest size in common use. Lane sizes are also referred to via the terms "width" or "by" e.g., an eight-lane slot could be referred to as a "by 8" or as "8 lanes wide."
4693:
2057:
9596:
2601:
4287:) divided by the encoding overhead (10 bits per byte). This means a sixteen lane (x16) PCIe card would then be theoretically capable of 16x250 MB/s = 4 GB/s in each direction. While this is correct in terms of data bytes, more meaningful calculations are based on the usable data payload rate, which depends on the profile of the traffic, which is a function of the high-level (software) application and intermediate protocol levels.
4943:
621:
63:
709:, signals on a parallel interface have different travel duration and arrive at their destinations at different times. When the interface clock period is shorter than the largest time difference between signal arrivals, recovery of the transmitted word is no longer possible. Since timing skew over a parallel bus can amount to a few nanoseconds, the resulting bandwidth limitation is in the range of hundreds of megahertz.
4276:
account. The sending device may only transmit a TLP when doing so does not make its consumed credit count exceed its credit limit. When the receiving device finishes processing the TLP from its buffer, it signals a return of credits to the sending device, which increases the credit limit by the restored amount. The credit counters are modular counters, and the comparison of consumed credits to credit limit requires
8826:
713:
445:
476:(host). Because of its shared bus topology, access to the older PCI bus is arbitrated (in the case of multiple masters), and limited to one master at a time, in a single direction. Furthermore, the older PCI clocking scheme limits the bus clock to the slowest peripheral on the bus (regardless of the devices involved in the bus transaction). In contrast, a PCI Express bus link supports
2636:. This variant uses the reserved and several non-reserved pins to implement SATA and IDE interface passthrough, keeping only USB, ground lines, and sometimes the core PCIe x1 bus intact. This makes the "miniPCIe" flash and solid-state drives sold for netbooks largely incompatible with true PCI Express Mini implementations.
4280:. The advantage of this scheme (compared to other methods such as wait states or handshake-based transfer protocols) is that the latency of credit return does not affect performance, provided that the credit limit is not encountered. This assumption is generally met if each device is designed with adequate buffer sizes.
4299:
controller), the traffic profile is characterized as short data packets with frequent enforced acknowledgements. This type of traffic reduces the efficiency of the link, due to overhead from packet parsing and forced interrupts (either in the device's host interface or the PC's CPU). Being a protocol
4263:
In practice, the number of in-flight, unacknowledged TLPs on the link is limited by two factors: the size of the transmitter's replay buffer (which must store a copy of all transmitted TLPs until the remote receiver ACKs them), and the flow control credits issued by the receiver to a transmitter. PCI
4255:
If the transmitter receives a NAK message, or no acknowledgement (NAK or ACK) is received until a timeout period expires, the transmitter must retransmit all TLPs that lack a positive acknowledgement (ACK). Barring a persistent malfunction of the device or transmission medium, the link-layer presents
2639:
Also, the typical Asus miniPCIe SSD is 71 mm long, causing the Dell 51 mm model to often be (incorrectly) referred to as half length. A true 51 mm Mini PCIe SSD was announced in 2009, with two stacked PCB layers that allow for higher storage capacity. The announced design preserves the
514:
As a point of reference, a PCI-X (133 MHz 64-bit) device and a PCI Express 1.0 device using four lanes (x4) have roughly the same peak single-direction transfer rate of 1064 MB/s. The PCI Express bus has the potential to perform better than the PCI-X bus in cases where multiple devices
4275:
PCI Express uses credit-based flow control. In this scheme, a device advertises an initial amount of credit for each received buffer in its transaction layer. The device at the opposite end of the link, when sending transactions to this device, counts the number of credits each TLP consumes from its
2548:
have a thickness of 1.0 mm, excluding the components. A "Half Mini Card" (sometimes abbreviated as HMC) is also specified, having approximately half the physical length of 26.8 mm. There are also half size mini PCIe cards that are 30 x 31.90 mm which is about half the length of a full size
2458:
for up to 600 W power delivery. It was introduced in 2022 to supersede the previous 6- and 8-pin power connectors for GPUs. The primary aim was to cater to the increasing power requirements of high-performance GPUs. It was replaced by a minor revision called 12V-2x6, which changed the connector
4858:
Another example is making the packets shorter to decrease latency (as is required if a bus must operate as a memory interface). Smaller packets mean packet headers consume a higher percentage of the packet, thus decreasing the effective bandwidth. Examples of bus protocols designed for this purpose
4680:
The Intel
Thunderbolt interface has provided a new option to connect with a PCIe card externally. Magma has released the ExpressBox 3T, which can hold up to three PCIe cards (two at x8 and one at x4). MSI also released the Thunderbolt GUS II, a PCIe chassis dedicated for video cards. Other products
4177:
scheme (line code) to ensure that strings of consecutive identical digits (zeros or ones) are limited in length. This coding was used to prevent the receiver from losing track of where the bit edges are. In this coding scheme every eight (uncoded) payload bits of data are replaced with 10 (encoded)
4136:
The width of a PCIe connector is 8.8 mm, while the height is 11.25 mm, and the length is variable. The fixed section of the connector is 11.65 mm in length and contains two rows of 11 pins each (22 pins total), while the length of the other section is variable depending on the number
2612:
slot is not necessarily electrically compatible with Mini PCI Express. For this reason, only certain notebooks are compatible with mSATA drives. Most compatible systems are based on Intel's Sandy Bridge processor architecture, using the Huron River platform. Notebooks such as Lenovo's ThinkPad T, W
4259:
In addition to sending and receiving TLPs generated by the transaction layer, the data-link layer also generates and consumes data link layer packets (DLLPs). ACK and NAK signals are communicated via DLLPs, as are some power management messages and flow control credit information (on behalf of the
4251:
On the receive side, the received TLP's LCRC and sequence number are both validated in the link layer. If either the LCRC check fails (indicating a data error), or the sequence-number is out of range (non-consecutive from the last valid received TLP), then the bad TLP, as well as any TLPs received
4145:
PCIe sends all control messages, including interrupts, over the same links used for data. The serial protocol can never be blocked, so latency is still comparable to conventional PCI, which has dedicated interrupt lines. When the problem of IRQ sharing of pin based interrupts is taken into account
3468:
PCI Express 2.1 (with its specification dated 4 March 2009) supports a large proportion of the management, support, and troubleshooting systems planned for full implementation in PCI Express 3.0. However, the speed is the same as PCI Express 2.0. The increase in power from the slot breaks backward
4668:
technology, based on a proprietary cabling system that is compatible with PCIe x8 signal transmissions. This connector is available on the
Fujitsu Amilo and the Acer Ferrari One notebooks. Fujitsu launched their AMILO GraphicBooster enclosure for XGP soon thereafter. Around 2010 Acer launched the
4597:
In virtually all modern (as of 2012) PCs, from consumer laptops and desktops to enterprise data servers, the PCIe bus serves as the primary motherboard-level interconnect, connecting the host system-processor with both integrated peripherals (surface-mounted ICs) and add-on peripherals (expansion
4290:
Like other high data rate serial interconnect systems, PCIe has a protocol and processing overhead due to the additional transfer robustness (CRC and acknowledgements). Long continuous unidirectional transfers (such as those typical in high-performance storage controllers) can approach >95% of
3863:
Historically, the earliest adopters of a new PCIe specification generally begin designing with the Draft 0.5 as they can confidently build up their application logic around the new bandwidth definition and often even start developing for any new protocol features. At the Draft 0.5 stage, however,
3811:
VPC-Z2, uses a nonstandard USB port with an optical component to connect to an outboard PCIe display adapter. Apple has been the primary driver of
Thunderbolt adoption through 2011, though several other vendors have announced new products and systems featuring Thunderbolt. Thunderbolt 3 forms the
3489:
Following a six-month technical analysis of the feasibility of scaling the PCI Express interconnect bandwidth, PCI-SIG's analysis found that 8 gigatransfers per second could be manufactured in mainstream silicon process technology, and deployed with existing low-cost materials and infrastructure,
2658:
M.2 replaces the mSATA standard and Mini PCIe. Computer bus interfaces provided through the M.2 connector are PCI Express 3.0 (up to four lanes), Serial ATA 3.0, and USB 3.0 (a single logical port for each of the latter two). It is up to the manufacturer of the M.2 host or device to choose which
784:
A PCI Express card fits into a slot of its physical size or larger (with x16 as the largest used), but may not fit into a smaller PCI Express slot; for example, a x16 card may not fit into a x4 or x8 slot. Some slots use open-ended sockets to permit physically longer cards and negotiate the best
3665:
On 9 September 2021, IBM announced the Power E1080 Enterprise server with planned availability date 17 September. It can have up to 16 Power10 SCMs with maximum of 32 slots per system which can act as PCIe 5.0 x8 or PCIe 4.0 x16. Alternatively they can be used as PCIe 5.0 x16 slots for optional
3376:
scheme, resulting in a 20% (= 2/10) overhead on the raw channel bandwidth. So in the PCIe terminology, transfer rate refers to the encoded bit rate: 2.5 GT/s is 2.5 Gbit/s on the encoded serial link. This corresponds to 2.0 Gbit/s of pre-coded data or 250 MB/s, which is
483:
In terms of bus protocol, PCI Express communication is encapsulated in packets. The work of packetizing and de-packetizing data and status-message traffic is handled by the transaction layer of the PCI Express port (described later). Radical differences in electrical signaling and bus protocol
366:
hardware connections. PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error
3512:
In
September 2013, PCI Express 3.1 specification was announced for release in late 2013 or early 2014, consolidating various improvements to the published PCI Express 3.0 specification in three areas: power management, performance and functionality. It was released in November 2014.
3352:
Throughput indicates the usable bandwidth (i.e. only including the payload, not the 8b/10b, 128b/130b, or 242B/256B encoding overhead). The PCIe 1.0 transfer rate of 2.5 GT/s per lane means a 2.5 Gbit/s serial bit rate; after applying a 8b/10b encoding, this corresponds to a useful
3481:
per second (GT/s), and that it would be backward compatible with existing PCI Express implementations. At that time, it was also announced that the final specification for PCI Express 3.0 would be delayed until Q2 2010. New features for the PCI Express 3.0 specification included a number of
2689:
Standard cables and connectors have been defined for x1, x4, x8, and x16 link widths, with a transfer rate of 250 MB/s per lane. The PCI-SIG also expects the norm to evolve to reach 500 MB/s, as in PCI Express 2.0. An example of the uses of Cabled PCI Express is a metal enclosure,
788:
The number of lanes actually connected to a slot may also be fewer than the number supported by the physical slot size. An example is a x16 slot that runs at x4, which accepts any x1, x2, x4, x8 or x16 card, but provides only four lanes. Its specification may read as "x16 (x4 mode)", while
4744:
cards. Before NVMe was standardized, many of these cards utilized proprietary interfaces and custom drivers to communicate with the operating system; they had much higher transfer rates (over 1 GB/s) and IOPS (over one million I/O operations per second) when compared to Serial ATA or
378:
The PCI Express electrical interface is measured by the number of simultaneous lanes. (A lane is a single send/receive line of data, analogous to a "one-lane road" having one lane of traffic in both directions.) The interface is also used in a variety of other standards — most notably the
4749:
drives. For example, in 2011 OCZ and
Marvell co-developed a native PCI Express solid-state drive controller for a PCI Express 3.0 x16 slot with maximum capacity of 12 TB and a performance of to 7.2 GB/s sequential transfers and up to 2.52 million IOPS in random transfers.
3852:
Draft 0.7 (Complete draft): this release must have a complete set of functional requirements and methods defined, and no new functionality may be added to the specification after this release. Before the release of this draft, electrical specifications must have been validated via test
3469:
compatibility between PCI Express 2.1 cards and some older motherboards with 1.0/1.0a, but most motherboards with PCI Express 1.1 connectors are provided with a BIOS update by their manufacturers through utilities to support backward compatibility of cards with PCIe 2.1.
2643:
Intel has numerous desktop boards with the PCIe x1 Mini-Card slot that typically do not support mSATA SSD. A list of desktop boards that natively support mSATA in the PCIe x1 Mini-Card slot (typically multiplexed with a SATA port) is provided on the Intel
Support site.
3765:
signaling as version 6.0. Doubling of the data rate will be achieved by fine-tuning channel parameters to decrease signal losses and improve power efficiency, but signal integrity is expected to be a challenge. The specification is expected to be finalized in 2025.
4212:
Dual simplex in PCIe means there are two simplex channels on every PCIe lane. Simplex means communication is only possible in one direction. By having two simplex channels, two-way communication is made possible. One differential pair is used for each channel.
3777:
Some vendors offer PCIe over fiber products, with active optical cables (AOC) for PCIe switching at increased distance in PCIe expansion drawers, or in specific cases where transparent PCIe bridging is preferable to using a more mainstream standard (such as
4633:
Theoretically, external PCIe could give a notebook the graphics power of a desktop, by connecting a notebook with any PCIe desktop video card (enclosed in its own external housing, with a power supply and cooling); this is possible with an
ExpressCard or
3521:
On 29 November 2011, PCI-SIG preliminarily announced PCI Express 4.0, providing a 16 GT/s bit rate that doubles the bandwidth provided by PCI Express 3.0 to 31.5 GB/s in each direction for a 16-lane configuration, while maintaining backward and
3501:, reducing the bandwidth overhead from 20% of PCI Express 2.0 to approximately 1.54% (= 2/130). PCI Express 3.0's 8 GT/s bit rate effectively delivers 985 MB/s per lane, nearly doubling the lane bandwidth relative to PCI Express 2.0.
727:
within the serial signal itself. As such, typical bandwidth limitations on serial signals are in the multi-gigahertz range. PCI Express is one example of the general trend toward replacing parallel buses with serial interconnects; other examples include
3415:
with PCIe v1.x cards. PCIe 2.0 cards are also generally backward compatible with PCIe 1.x motherboards, using the available bandwidth of PCI Express 1.1. Overall, graphic cards or motherboards designed for v2.0 work, with the other being v1.1 or v1.0a.
4621:(SLI) technology, which allowed multiple graphics cards of the same chipset and model number to run in tandem, allowing increased performance. This interface has, since, been discontinued. AMD has also developed a multi-GPU system based on PCIe called
3864:
there is still a strong likelihood of changes in the actual PCIe protocol layer implementation, so designers responsible for developing these blocks internally may be more hesitant to begin work than those using interface IP from external sources.
4855:. Differences are based on the trade-offs between flexibility and extensibility vs latency and overhead. For example, making the system hot-pluggable, as with Infiniband but not PCI Express, requires that software track network topology changes.
4519:
4315:
A PCIe 1.x lane for example offers a data rate on top of the physical layer of 250 MB/s (simplex). This is not the payload bandwidth but the physical layer bandwidth – a PCIe lane has to carry additional information for full functionality.
3644:
On 10 December 2018, the PCI SIG released version 0.9 of the PCIe 5.0 specification to its members, and on 17 January 2019, PCI SIG announced the version 0.9 had been ratified, with version 1.0 targeted for release in the first quarter of 2019.
940:(PCB) is the A-side, and the component side is the B-side. PRSNT1# and PRSNT2# pins must be slightly shorter than the rest, to ensure that a hot-plugged card is fully inserted. The WAKE# pin uses full voltage to wake the computer, but must be
4243:
On the transmit side, the data link layer generates an incrementing sequence number for each outgoing TLP. It serves as a unique identification tag for each transmitted TLP, and is inserted into the header of the outgoing TLP. A 32-bit
484:
require the use of a different mechanical form factor and expansion connectors (and thus, new motherboards and new adapter boards); PCI slots and PCI Express slots are not interchangeable. At the software level, PCI Express preserves
448:
The PCIe slots on a motherboard are often labeled with the number of PCIe lanes they have. Sometimes what may seem like a large slot may only have a few lanes. For instance, a x16 slot with only 4 PCIe lanes (bottom slot) is quite
4672:
In 2010, external card hubs were introduced that can connect to a laptop or desktop through a PCI ExpressCard slot. These hubs can accept full-sized graphics cards. Examples include MSI GUS, Village
Instrument's ViDock, the Asus
3600:-based processors and X570 chipset would support PCIe 4.0. AMD had hoped to enable partial support for older chipsets, but instability caused by motherboard traces not conforming to PCIe 4.0 specifications made that impossible.
4209:" to the data stream in a feedback topology. Because the scrambling polynomial is known, the data can be recovered by applying the XOR a second time. Both the scrambling and descrambling steps are carried out in hardware.
5728:
2617:
card slot. The ThinkPad Edge E220s/E420s, and the Lenovo IdeaPad Y460/Y560/Y570/Y580 also support mSATA. On the contrary, the L-series among others can only support M.2 cards using the PCIe standard in the WWAN slot.
6020:
2727:
While initially intended for use in laptops for the connection of powerful external GPU boxes, OCuLink's popularity lies primarily in its use for PCIe interconnections in servers, a more prevalent application.
3806:
and was originally intended as an all-fiber interface, but due to early difficulties in creating a consumer-friendly fiber interconnect, nearly all implementations are copper systems. A notable exception, the
7285:
Power E1080 Enterprise server delivers a uniquely architected platform to help securely and efficiently scale core operational and AI applications in a hybrid cloud, IBM Europe
Hardware Announcement ZG21-0059
2830:
Inc designed for use in low-profile rack-mounted chassis. It has the connector bracket reversed so it cannot fit in a normal PCI Express socket, but it is pin-compatible and may be inserted if the bracket is
3748:(FLIT) block carries 242 bytes of data, which includes variable-sized transaction level packets (TLP) and data link layer payload (DLLP); remaining 14 bytes are reserved for 8-byte CRC and 6-byte FEC. 3-way
2525: 2.0 connectivity, and each card may use either standard. Most laptop computers built after 2005 use PCI Express for expansion cards; however, as of 2015, many vendors are moving toward using the newer
4165:
of 20/8/6 ns for 2.5/5/8 GT/s so the hardware buffers can re-align the striped data. Due to padding requirements, striping may not necessarily reduce the latency of small data packets on a link.
7493:
3760:
On 21 June 2022, PCI-SIG announced the development of PCI Express 7.0 specification. It will deliver 128 GT/s raw bit rate and up to 242 GB/s per direction in x16 configuration, using the same
6685:
4125:
A slot of a large physical size (e.g., x16) can be wired electrically with fewer lanes (e.g., x1, x4, x8, or x12) as long as it provides the ground connections required by the larger physical slot size.
3703:(NRZ) modulation. Unlike previous PCI Express versions, forward error correction is used to increase data integrity and PAM-4 is used as line code so that two bits are transferred per transfer. With 64
3385:
In 2005, PCI-SIG introduced PCIe 1.1. This updated specification includes clarifications and several improvements, but is fully compatible with PCI Express 1.0a. No changes were made to the data rate.
2532:
Due to different dimensions, PCI Express Mini Cards are not physically compatible with standard full-size PCI Express slots; however, passive adapters exist that let them be used in full-size slots.
5803:
3372:
Transfer rate is expressed in transfers per second instead of bits per second because the number of transfers includes the overhead bits, which do not provide additional throughput; PCIe 1.x uses an
2200:
Some cards use two 8-pin connectors, but this has not been standardized yet as of 2018, therefore such cards must not carry the official PCI Express logo. This configuration allows 375 W total (
4272:
PCI Express implements split transactions (transactions with request and response separated by time), allowing the link to carry other traffic while the target device gathers data for the response.
723:
A serial interface does not exhibit timing skew because there is only one differential signal in each direction within each lane, and there is no external clock signal since clocking information is
7665:
5893:
8542:
5209:
5696:
4590:
PCI Express operates in consumer, server, and industrial applications, as a motherboard-level interconnect (to link motherboard-mounted peripherals), a passive backplane interconnect and as an
3905:(MAC) sublayer. The Physical Layer is subdivided into logical and electrical sublayers. The Physical logical-sublayer contains a physical coding sublayer (PCS). The terms are borrowed from the
488:
with PCI; legacy PCI system software can detect and configure newer PCI Express devices without explicit support for the PCI Express standard, though new PCI Express features are inaccessible.
4657:
that can be used for advanced graphic applications for the professional market. These video cards require a PCI Express x8 or x16 slot for the host-side card, which connects to the Plex via a
3504:
On 18 November 2010, the PCI Special
Interest Group officially published the finalized PCI Express 3.0 specification to its members to build devices based on this new version of PCI Express.
3477:
PCI Express 3.0 Base specification revision 3.0 was made available in November 2010, after multiple delays. In August 2007, PCI-SIG announced that PCI Express 3.0 would carry a bit rate of 8
551:. A link is a point-to-point communication channel between two PCI Express ports allowing both of them to send and receive ordinary PCI requests (configuration, I/O or memory read/write) and
8651:
7762:
6975:
IBM Power System AC922 (8335-GTG) server helps you to harness breakthrough accelerated AI, HPDA, and HPC performance for faster time to insight, IBM Europe Hardware Announcement ZG17-0147
6900:
3859:
1.0 (Final release): this is the final and definitive specification, and any changes or enhancements are through Errata documentation and Engineering Change Notices (ECNs) respectively.
4118:. All devices must minimally support single-lane (x1) link. Devices may optionally support wider links composed of up to 32 lanes. This allows for very good compatibility in two ways:
3856:
Draft 0.9 (Final draft): this release allows PCI-SIG member companies to perform an internal review for intellectual property, and no functional changes are permitted after this draft.
7810:
8333:
4677:, Bplus PE4H V3.2 adapter, as well as more improvised DIY devices. However such solutions are limited by the size (often only x1) and version of the available PCIe slot on a laptop.
8236:
4756:
was an interface for connecting SSDs through SATA-compatible ports, optionally providing multiple PCI Express lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the attached storage device.
4304:, it does not require the same tolerance for transmission errors as a protocol for communication over longer distances, and thus, this loss of efficiency is not particular to PCIe.
3408:
GT/s and the per-lane throughput rises from 250 MB/s to 500 MB/s. Consequently, a 16-lane PCIe connector (x16) can support an aggregate throughput of up to 8 GB/s.
8068:
8467:
8209:
6303:
3580:
PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 4.0 specification on 8 June 2017. The spec includes improvements in flexibility, scalability, and lower-power.
2820:
mm × 65 mm) for embedded and small-form-factor applications, which implements two x1 PCIe links on a high-density connector along with USB, I2C, and up to 100 points of I/O
7393:
5588:
4869:) rather than a device interconnect or routed network protocol. Additionally, its design goal of software transparency constrains the protocol and raises its latency somewhat.
2276:
2268:
4149:
Data transmitted on multiple-lane links is interleaved, meaning that each successive byte is sent down successive lanes. The PCIe specification refers to this interleaving as
2713:) is an extension for the "cable version of PCI Express". Version 1.0 of OCuLink, released in Oct 2015, supports up to 4 PCIe 3.0 lanes (3.9 GB/s) over copper cabling; a
8682:
5735:
4477:
6833:
6741:
3876:. This is in sharp contrast to the earlier PCI connection, which is a bus-based system where all the devices share the same bidirectional, 32-bit or 64-bit parallel bus.
8356:
6879:
6851:
4931:
The PCI-SIG Integrators List lists products made by PCI-SIG member companies that have passed compliance testing. The list include switches, bridges, NICs, SSDs, etc.
3834:
physical layer technology. Building on top of already existing widespread adoption of M-PHY and its low-power design, Mobile PCIe lets mobile devices use PCI Express.
3675:
On 23 May 2022, AMD announced its Zen 4 architecture with support for up to 24 lanes of PCIe 5.0 connectivity on consumer platforms and 128 lanes on server platforms.
4795:) require the use of fiber-optic interconnects due to the distance limitations inherent in copper cabling. Typically, a network-oriented standard such as Ethernet or
4598:
cards). In most of these systems, the PCIe bus co-exists with one or more legacy PCI buses, for backward compatibility with the large body of legacy PCI peripherals.
4283:
PCIe 1.x is often quoted to support a data rate of 250 MB/s in each direction, per lane. This figure is a calculation from the physical signaling rate (2.5
8426:
8378:
7238:
6931:
4146:
and the fact that message signaled interrupts (MSI) can bypass an I/O APIC and be delivered to the CPU directly, MSI performance ends up being substantially better.
3541:
In June 2016 Cadence, PLDA and Synopsys demonstrated PCIe 4.0 physical-layer, controller, switch and other IP blocks at the PCI SIG’s annual developer’s conference.
2779:
7570:
5451:
3404:
announced the availability of the PCI Express Base 2.0 specification on 15 January 2007. The PCIe 2.0 standard doubles the transfer rate compared with PCIe 1.0 to 5
3669:
On 27 October 2021, Intel announced the 12th Gen Intel Core CPU family, the world's first consumer x86-64 processors with PCIe 5.0 (up to 16 lanes) connectivity.
2783:
464:
architecture, in which the PCI host and all devices share a common set of address, data, and control lines. In contrast, PCI Express is based on point-to-point
8449:
6986:
6689:
6196:
697:. Timing skew results from separate electrical signals within a parallel interface traveling through conductors of different lengths, on potentially different
7721:
4775:
logical interface for much faster I/O operations provided by utilizing internal parallelism offered by such devices. Enterprise-class SSDs can also implement
3717:
On 5 November 2020, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.7 specification (a "complete draft" with electrical specifications validated via test chips) was released.
3641:
On 31 May 2018, PLDA announced the availability of their XpressRICH5 PCIe 5.0 Controller IP based on draft 0.7 of the PCIe 5.0 specification on the same day.
7346:
6755:
6102:
4291:
PCIe's raw (lane) data rate. These transfers also benefit the most from increased number of lanes (x2, x4, etc.) But in more typical applications (such as a
5794:
4625:. AMD, Nvidia, and Intel have released motherboard chipsets that support as many as four PCIe x16 slots, allowing tri-GPU and quad-GPU card configurations.
3714:
On 24 February 2020, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.5 specification (a "first draft" with all architectural aspects and requirements defined) was released.
6050:
901:
card measures 135 mm in height (excluding the metal bracket), which exceeds the PCIe standard height by 28 mm, another Radeon RX 5700 XT card by
7256:
9630:
8284:
6390:
5897:
4521:
for a 128 byte payload is 86%, and 98% for a 1024 byte payload. For small accesses like register settings (4 bytes), the efficiency drops as low as 16%.
8546:
7412:
7162:
7040:
6412:
5703:
5217:
2933:(AWG) drew up the standard. For initial drafts, the AWG consisted only of Intel engineers; subsequently, the AWG expanded to include industry partners.
2208:
connector, which is mainly used for powering SMP and multi-core systems. The power connectors are variants of the Molex Mini-Fit Jr. series connectors.
457:
replacement of the older PCI/PCI-X bus. One of the key differences between the PCI Express bus and the older PCI is the bus topology; PCI uses a shared
7529:
7332:
6516:
2807:
2793:
2544:, consisting of two staggered rows on a 0.8 mm pitch. Each row has eight contacts, a gap equivalent to four contacts, then a further 18 contacts.
8516:
7865:
3752:
is used in PAM-4/FLIT mode to reduce error rate; the interface does not switch to NRZ and 128/130b encoding even when retraining to lower data rates.
2690:
containing a number of PCIe slots and PCIe-to-ePCIe adapter circuitry. This device would not be possible had it not been for the ePCIe specification.
10156:
7273:
8705:
7754:
7094:
6116:
4178:
bits of transmit data, causing a 20% overhead in the electrical bandwidth. To improve the available bandwidth, PCI Express version 3.0 instead uses
8647:
7071:
3652:
7187:
4642:
of 5 Gbit/s (0.5 GB/s throughput), whereas a Thunderbolt interface provides bit rates of up to 40 Gbit/s (5 GB/s throughput).
4524:
The maximum payload size (MPS) is set on all devices based on smallest maximum on any device in the chain. If one device has an MPS of 128 bytes,
10182:
5502:
4122:
A PCIe card physically fits (and works correctly) in any slot that is at least as large as it is (e.g., a x1 sized card works in any sized slot);
3849:
Draft 0.5 (First draft): this release has a complete set of architectural requirements and must fully address the goals set out in the 0.3 draft.
8258:
6781:
5155:
4887:, a new interconnect bus, based on the PCI Express 5.0 physical layer infrastructure. The initial promoters of the CXL specification included:
2823:
7965:
6719:
6145:
6462:
4107:/s, depending on the negotiated capabilities. Transmit and receive are separate differential pairs, for a total of four data wires per lane.
511:). Slots and connectors are only defined for a subset of these widths, with link widths in between using the next larger physical slot size.
7640:
5950:
5938:
This ECN defines Connector Type encodings for the new 12V-2x6 connector. This connector, defined in CEM 5.1, replaces the 12VHPWR connector.
3769:
On 2 April 2024, PCI-SIG announced the release of PCIe 7.0 specification version 0.5; PCI Express 7.0 remains on track for release in 2025.
8325:
7811:"PCI Express 4.0 Draft 0.7 & PIPE 4.4 Specifications – What Do They Mean to Designers? — Synopsys Technical Article | ChipEstimate.com"
6317:
5340:
5095:
Mayhew, D.; Krishnan, V. (August 2003). "PCI express and advanced switching: Evolutionary path to building next generation interconnects".
2204:) and will likely be standardized by PCI-SIG with the PCI Express 4.0 standard. The 8-pin PCI Express connector could be confused with the
8230:
5538:
9591:
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.
7988:
6167:
4264:
Express requires all receivers to issue a minimum number of credits, to guarantee a link allows sending PCIConfig TLPs and message TLPs.
8052:
6607:
5618:
10187:
9036:
8463:
7515:
6663:
6291:
8203:
6974:
6953:
6547:
3419:
The PCI-SIG also said that PCIe 2.0 features improvements to the point-to-point data transfer protocol and its software architecture.
9564:
7112:
6493:
refers to the sum of incoming and outgoing bandwidth; using this terminology the aggregate bandwidth of full duplex 100BASE-TX is 200
5596:
4684:
In 2017, more fully featured external card hubs were introduced, such as the Razer Core, which has a full-length PCIe x16 interface.
2461:
The original connector was formally adopted as part of PCI Express 5.x, while the revised 12V-2x6 connector design was adopted later.
8674:
4737:
is a memory card format utilizing PCI Express, developed by the CompactFlash Association, with transfer rates of up to 1 GB/s.
4256:
a reliable connection to the transaction layer, since the transmission protocol ensures delivery of TLPs over an unreliable medium.
4186:
limits the run length of identical-digit strings in data streams and ensures the receiver stays synchronised to the transmitter via
9193:
6352:
5484:
4877:
887:
usually exceed the height as well as thickness specified in the PCI Express standard, due to the need for more capable and quieter
2540:
Dimensions of PCI Express Mini Cards are 30 mm × 50.95 mm (width × length) for a Full Mini Card. There is a 52-pin
9623:
9056:
6637:
6072:
4093:
7449:
6811:
6733:
2136:
A full-sized x1 card may draw up to the 25 W limits after initialization and software configuration as a high-power device.
556:
8863:
8572:
6570:
5314:
5272:
7907:
7843:
7188:"Doubling Bandwidth in Under Two Years: PCI Express® Base Specification Revision 5.0, Version 0.9 is Now Available to Members"
8808:
8789:
8770:
8348:
8302:
8036:
8010:
6869:
6834:"Mellanox Announces ConnectX-5, the Next Generation of 100G InfiniBand and Ethernet Smart Interconnect Adapter | NVIDIA"
6030:
6004:
5079:
4137:
of lanes. The pins are spaced at 1 mm intervals, and the thickness of the card going into the connector is 1.6 mm.
577:) use a single-lane (x1) link, while a graphics adapter typically uses a much wider and therefore faster 16-lane (x16) link.
8026:
6248:
3683:
On 18 June 2019, PCI-SIG announced the development of PCI Express 6.0 specification. Bandwidth is expected to increase to 64
3615:
10161:
9244:
8915:
8370:
6927:
8418:
7468:
5387:
3460:
scheme, therefore delivering, per-lane, an effective 4 Gbit/s max. transfer rate from its 5 GT/s raw data rate.
2720:
The most recent version of OCuLink, OCuLink-2, supports up to 16 GB/s (PCIe 4.0 x8) while the maximum bandwidth of a
10202:
8620:
6852:"Mellanox Announces 200Gb/s HDR InfiniBand Solutions Enabling Record Levels of Performance and Scalability | NVIDIA"
5443:
4848:
4528:
devices of the tree must set their MPS to 128 bytes. In this case the bus will have a peak efficiency of 86% for writes.
3662:
processor with PCIe 5.0 and up to 32 lanes per single-chip module (SCM) and up to 64 lanes per double-chip module (DCM).
8950:
8151:
8125:
5563:
5517:
428:
white "junction boxes" represent PCI Express device downstream ports, while the gray ones represent upstream ports.
9616:
9297:
9136:
9066:
7137:
7017:
5994:
3623:
In June 2017, PCI-SIG announced the PCI Express 5.0 preliminary specification. Bandwidth was expected to increase to 32
2769:
card: A PCI Express-based flash card by the CompactFlash Association in three form factors supporting 1 to 4 PCIe lanes
685:
architecture was chosen over the traditional parallel bus because of the inherent limitations of the latter, including
8494:
8000:
7310:
5069:
3872:
The PCIe link is built around dedicated unidirectional couples of serial (1-bit), point-to-point connections known as
3631:
GB/s in each direction in a 16-lane configuration. The draft spec was expected to be standardized in 2019. Initially,
3526:
in both software support and used mechanical interface. PCI Express 4.0 specs also bring OCuLink-2, an alternative to
9126:
8062:
6204:
5972:
5636:
5112:
4963:
4129:
In both cases, PCIe negotiates the highest mutually supported number of lanes. Many graphics cards, motherboards and
3691:
GB/s in each direction in a 16-lane configuration, with a target release date of 2021. The new standard uses 4-level
2872:
The PCIe transaction-layer protocol can also be used over some other interconnects, which are not electrically PCIe:
668:
589:
pairs, with one pair for receiving data and the other for transmitting. Thus, each lane is composed of four wires or
480:
communication between any two endpoints, with no inherent limitation on concurrent access across multiple endpoints.
128:
8441:
7695:
6994:
650:
9224:
8400:
7896:
7785:
7717:
7032:
6219:
4819:
can in principle be used for this purpose, but as of 2015, solutions are only available from niche vendors such as
4064:
An open-end PCI Express x1 connector lets longer cards that use more lanes be plugged while operating at x1 speeds.
8598:
7212:
6759:
6094:
3655:
presented the first PCIe 5.0 Controller HC9001 in a 12 nm manufacturing process. Production started in 2020.
2640:
PCIe interface, making it compatible with the standard mini PCIe slot. No working product has yet been developed.
2118:). The amount of +12 V and total power they may consume depends on the form factor and the role of the card:
574:
8173:
6046:
5045:
is present because the USB 3.0 ports require more power than the PCI Express bus can supply. More often, a
3638:
On 7 June 2017 at PCI-SIG DevCon, Synopsys recorded the first demonstration of PCI Express 5.0 at 32 GT/s.
2442:
12VHPWR adapter (12VHPWR output on the left, four 8-pin inputs on the right) supplied with Nvidia RTX 4090 cards
801:
9016:
7594:
7430:
4820:
4233:
4202:
3566:. Their IP has been licensed to several firms planning to present their chips and products at the end of 2016.
646:
8276:
7530:"The Evolution of the PCI Express Specification: On its Sixth Generation, Third Decade and Still Going Strong"
7063:
6382:
5001:
4536:
763:
Multichannel serial design increases flexibility with its ability to allocate fewer lanes for slower devices.
10151:
9568:
9219:
9188:
6420:
4957:
4312:
As for any "network like" communication links, some of the "raw" bandwidth is consumed by protocol overhead:
8841:
6508:
6022:
Mobile Computing Deployment and Management: Real World Skills for CompTIA Mobility+ Certification and Beyond
4681:
such as the Sonnet's Echo Express and mLogic's mLink are Thunderbolt PCIe chassis in a smaller form factor.
4559:
2936:
Since, PCIe has undergone several large and smaller revisions, improving on performance and other features.
2196:
Sense1 pin is connected to ground by the cable or power supply, or float on board if cable is not connected.
2193:
Sense0 pin is connected to ground by the cable or power supply, or float on board if cable is not connected.
2143:
V (66 W) and 75 W combined after initialization and software configuration as a high-power device.
10019:
9990:
9166:
8520:
7872:
4844:
4567:
2455:
642:
6270:
4574:
3482:
optimizations for enhanced signaling and data integrity, including transmitter and receiver equalization,
2152:
260:
10197:
9816:
9758:
9492:
9431:
9286:
6789:
3723:
On 11 January 2022, PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 6.0 specification.
3604:
560:
7494:"PCI-SIG® Releases PCIe® 6.0 Specification Delivering Record Performance to Power Big Data Applications"
9995:
9091:
8856:
7284:
4908:
4514:{\displaystyle {\text{Packet Efficiency}}={\frac {\text{Payload}}{{\text{Payload}}+{\text{Overhead}}}}}
3762:
3745:
3692:
3229:
2574:
8100:
7989:
https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/aemDocuments/documents/TCG/ProductDocuments/Brochures/00003818.pdf
7919:
9809:
9146:
8464:"CompactFlash Association readies next-gen XQD format, promises write speeds of 125 MB/s and up"
4602:
3648:
On 29 May 2019, PCI-SIG officially announced the release of the final PCI Express 5.0 specification.
3343:
Transfer rate refers to the encoded serial bit rate; 2.5 GT/s means 2.5 Gbit/s serial data rate.
797:
719:
topologies of the Legacy PCI Shared (Parallel) Interface and the PCIe Serial Point-to-Point Interface
328:
138:
7347:"AMD Showcases Industry-Leading Gaming, Commercial, and Mainstream PC Technologies at COMPUTEX 2022"
5465:
5166:
3846:
Draft 0.3 (Concept): this release may have few details, but outlines the general approach and goals.
10126:
10039:
10012:
9983:
9746:
6711:
6141:
4995:
4654:
4248:
code (known in this context as Link CRC or LCRC) is also appended to the end of each outgoing TLP.
3737:
3696:
3490:
while maintaining full compatibility (with negligible impact) with the PCI Express protocol stack.
3221:
2862:
2760:
2753:
PCI Express ExpressModule: A hot-pluggable modular form factor defined for servers and workstations
2451:
2447:
2431:
749:
631:
7941:
6473:
3720:
On 6 October 2021, the PCI Express 6.0 revision 0.9 specification (a "final draft") was released.
3603:
Intel released their first mobile CPUs with PCI Express 4.0 support in mid-2020, as a part of the
2470:
905:
measures 55 mm thick (i.e. 2.7 PCI slots at 20.32 mm), taking up 3 PCIe slots, while an
10069:
10064:
9952:
9925:
9599:
9574:
9466:
9121:
7552:
4969:
4635:
4618:
4245:
3790:
3741:
3527:
2876:
2803:
635:
458:
6448:
6325:
5348:
776:
9156:
6756:"PCI Express 4.0 evolution to 16 GT/s, twice the throughput of PCI Express 3.0 technology"
5193:
Flash Memory Form Factors – The Fundamentals of Reliable Flash Storage, Retrieved 19 April 2018
4100:
3726:
On 18 March 2024, Nvidia announced Nvidia Blackwell GB100 GPU, the world's first PCIe 6.0 GPU.
3593:
3486:
improvements, clock data recovery, and channel enhancements of currently supported topologies.
3442:
2858:
2067:
power supply for the PCIe slot is pins B2, B3 (side B) and pins A2, A3 (side A). Power standby
586:
536:
485:
407:
6171:
5760:
10192:
9959:
9420:
9373:
9229:
9001:
8849:
8830:
6911:
6600:
4776:
4301:
4229:
3563:
3544:
3523:
2545:
2413:
When a 6-pin connector is plugged into an 8-pin receptacle the card is notified by a missing
937:
898:
698:
690:
516:
515:
are transferring data simultaneously, or if communication with the PCI Express peripheral is
17:
6961:
6659:
5136:
5046:
5032:
Switches can create multiple endpoints out of one to allow sharing it with multiple devices.
3672:
On 22 March 2022, Nvidia announced Nvidia Hopper GH100 GPU, the world's first PCIe 5.0 GPU.
9947:
9416:
9269:
9151:
7618:
6539:
5011:
4884:
4746:
4292:
4170:
3902:
3366:
737:
504:
469:
454:
310:
265:
184:
7742:
7368:
7298:
5242:
5042:
4225:
sequence the transaction layer packets (TLPs) that are generated by the transaction layer,
2865:, a proprietary technology that uses a slot to transmit video signals from the host CPU's
440:), which creates multiple endpoints out of one endpoint and lets multiple devices share it
8:
9821:
9328:
8883:
5835:
5418:
4133:
versions are verified to support x1, x4, x8 and x16 connectivity on the same connection.
3438:
3412:
2810:
specification; supports processor and I/O modules on ATCA boards (x1, x2, x4 or x8 PCIe).
895:
496:
8782:
Complete PCI Express Reference: Design Implications for Hardware and Software Developers
6360:
4228:
ensure reliable delivery of TLPs between two endpoints via an acknowledgement protocol (
4060:
3365:
In 2003, PCI-SIG introduced PCIe 1.0a, with a per-lane data rate of 250 MB/s and a
2613:
and X series, released in March–April 2011, have support for an mSATA SSD card in their
8872:
6633:
5933:
5919:
5682:
5118:
4948:
4873:
4650:
4579:
4277:
3808:
3736:(BER) of 10 (vs. 10 previously), so in place of 128b/130b encoding, a 3-way interlaced
3700:
2992:
2787:
2706:
2659:
interfaces to support, depending on the desired level of host support and device type.
2459:
to ensure that the sense pins only make contact if the power pins are seated properly.
2157:
372:
371:
functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for
6064:
4161:
byte on a link. While the lanes are not tightly synchronized, there is a limit to the
9969:
9833:
9731:
9643:
9318:
8940:
8876:
8804:
8785:
8766:
8058:
8032:
8006:
7641:"PCIe® 7.0 Specification, Version 0.5 Now Available: Full Draft Available to Members"
7413:"PCI Express Bandwidth to Be Doubled Again: PCIe 6.0 Announced, Spec to Land in 2021"
6803:
6026:
6000:
5496:
5108:
5075:
4727:
4701:
4547:
4092:
and other analog circuitry; however, since SerDes implementations vary greatly among
3483:
3422:
2633:
909:
793:
355:
8568:
7333:"NVIDIA Announces Hopper Architecture, the Next Generation of Accelerated Computing"
6578:
5870:
PCI Express 225 W/300 W High Power Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 1.0
5683:"PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 4.0, Version 1.0 (Clean)"
5318:
5264:
4831:
Other communications standards based on high bandwidth serial architectures include
3583:
On 5 December 2017 IBM announced the first system with PCIe 4.0 slots, Power AC922.
2482:
9804:
9695:
9051:
7835:
5122:
5100:
4792:
4194:
4179:
3880:
2884:
941:
706:
500:
465:
411:
320:
284:
8298:
7469:"PCIe® 6.0 Specification, Version 0.9: One Step Closer to Final Release | PCI-SIG"
4157:) the incoming striped data, striping can significantly reduce the latency of the
3534:
GB/s total for x8 lanes), while the maximum bandwidth of a Thunderbolt 3 link is 5
2632:, and the Dell mini9 and mini10) use a variant of the PCI Express Mini Card as an
792:
The cards themselves are designed and manufactured in various sizes. For example,
9964:
9942:
9905:
9853:
9673:
9668:
9660:
9181:
9031:
9011:
8886:
8706:"CXL Specification 1.0 Released: New Industry High-Speed Interconnect From Intel"
6244:
4980:
4741:
4605:
as the default interface for graphics cards on new systems. Almost all models of
4174:
3498:
3494:
3457:
3393:
3373:
702:
682:
461:
348:
107:
8730:
8491:"What's so very different about the design of Fusion-io's ioDrives / PCIe SSDs?"
7431:"PCI Express 6.0 Reaches Version 0.5 Ahead Of Finalization Next Year – Phoronix"
5104:
3397:
A PCI Express 2.0 x1 expansion card that provides USB 3.0 connectivity
531:
A PCI Express link between two devices consists of one or more lanes, which are
10029:
9930:
9700:
9683:
9482:
9176:
9101:
9026:
8930:
8905:
8761:
Budruk, Ravi; Anderson, Don; Shanley, Tom (2003), Winkles, Joseph ‘Joe’ (ed.),
7138:"PLDA Announces Availability of XpressRICH5™ PCIe 5.0 Controller IP | PLDA.com"
6299:
5395:
4840:
4816:
4761:
4591:
4187:
3733:
3430:
2541:
933:
924:
mm, exceeding PCI Express' maximum height, length, and thickness respectively.
724:
422:
8624:
7556:
4799:
suffices for these applications, but in some cases the overhead introduced by
4617:
use PCI Express. Nvidia used the high-bandwidth data transfer of PCIe for its
3666:
optical CXP converter adapters connecting to external PCIe expansion drawers.
2843:
brings PCIe 3.0 to mobile devices (such as tablets and smartphones), over the
2557:
PCI Express Mini Card edge connectors provide multiple connections and buses:
432:
10176:
10131:
10121:
10101:
9917:
9843:
9796:
9741:
9736:
9688:
9554:
9441:
9333:
9281:
9264:
9046:
8945:
8935:
8910:
8871:
8147:
8117:
7394:"PCI-SIG® Announces Upcoming PCI Express® 6.0 Specification to Reach 64 GT/s"
6987:"NETINT Introduces Codensity with Support for PCIe 4.0 – NETINT Technologies"
4888:
4796:
4622:
4606:
4183:
3827:
3802:
as a general-purpose high speed interface combining a logical PCIe link with
3619:
Three PCIe 5.0 x16 and two PCIe 4.0 x16 slots on a 2023 workstation mainboard
3426:
1231:
508:
477:
316:
9608:
8118:"NVIDIA Introduces NVIDIA Quadro® Plex – A Quantum Leap in Visual Computing"
2773:
804:(full height, half length) to describe the physical dimensions of the card.
252:
10007:
9895:
9878:
9873:
9651:
9291:
9234:
9086:
8991:
8490:
6874:
4990:
4753:
4719:
4709:
4610:
3562:
presented a test setup with FPGA clocking a lane to PCIe 4.0 speeds at the
3478:
2614:
888:
590:
532:
473:
388:
368:
351:
340:
173:
8259:"MSI to showcase 'GUS' external graphics solution for laptops at Computex"
5964:
5644:
2776:
bus, introduced in version 7.0 of the SD specification uses a x1 PCIe link
2736:
Numerous other form factors use, or are able to use, PCIe. These include:
527:
10106:
10074:
9977:
9937:
9900:
9868:
9710:
9559:
9538:
9456:
9301:
9239:
9214:
8925:
8920:
7966:
Reducing Interrupt Latency Through the Use of Message Signaled Interrupts
7755:"Acer, Asus to Bring Intel's Thunderbolt Speed Technology to Windows PCs"
7692:"Introduced second generation PCI Express Gen 2 over fiber optic systems"
7033:"AMD Nixes PCIe 4.0 Support on Older Socket AM4 Motherboards, Here's Why"
5619:"ROG Strix GeForce RTX 3080 OC Edition 10GB GDDR6X | Graphics Cards"
4788:
4772:
4740:
Many high-performance, enterprise-class SSDs are designed as PCI Express
4723:
4169:
As with other high data rate serial transmission protocols, the clock is
3803:
3590:
SSD based on PCIe 4.0 on 17 July 2018, ahead of Flash Memory Summit 2018
3587:
2880:
2743:
2714:
2629:
2622:
2438:
757:
694:
686:
597:
594:
568:
491:
The PCI Express link between two devices can vary in size from one to 16
384:
332:
197:
9378:
7691:
4692:
2056:
436:
PCI Express x1 card containing a PCI Express switch (covered by a small
9838:
9768:
9763:
9753:
9412:
9111:
8900:
8594:
8232:
DynaVivid Graphics Dock from Acer arrives in France, what about the US?
7666:"PLX demo shows PCIe over fiber as data center clustering interconnect"
5539:"ASUS x Noctua RTX 4080 Graphics Card is 5 Slots Thick, We Go Hands-on"
4832:
4804:
4764:
and associated connectors, which also uses multiple PCI Express lanes.
4674:
4154:
3799:
3779:
3551:
Gbit/s network adapter with PCIe 4.0 on 15 June 2016, and the first 200
3446:
2857:
The PCIe slot connector can also carry protocols other than PCIe. Some
2827:
2813:
2797:
2626:
2010:
894:
For instance, comparing three high-end video cards released in 2020: a
884:
729:
344:
336:
8801:
Introduction to PCI Express: A Hardware and Software Developer's Guide
7553:"PCIe 6.0 Specification: The Interconnect for I/O Needs of the Future"
4236:
signaling) that explicitly requires replay of unacknowledged/bad TLPs,
2600:
10116:
10111:
10095:
10024:
9863:
9715:
9678:
9436:
9426:
9393:
9388:
9323:
9198:
8986:
8971:
8966:
8543:"OCZ Demos 4 TiB, 16 TiB Solid-State Drives for Enterprise"
8181:
7619:"PCI-SIG® Announces PCI Express® 7.0 Specification to Reach 128 GT/s"
6574:
6543:
5522:
4920:
4866:
4221:
The data link layer performs three vital services for the PCIe link:
4206:
4153:. While requiring significant hardware complexity to synchronize (or
4096:
vendors, PIPE does not specify an interface between the PCS and PMA.
3842:
There are 5 primary releases/checkpoints in a PCI-SIG specification:
3749:
3450:
3084:
2866:
2766:
552:
437:
205:
8836:
7018:"AMD Ryzen 3000 Series CPUs Based on Zen 2 Launching in Mid of 2019"
620:
10054:
9705:
9640:
9446:
9383:
9116:
8976:
8648:"A Case for PCI Express as a High-Performance Cluster Interconnect"
7743:
IBM Power Systems E870 and E880 Technical Overview and Introduction
7516:"NVIDIA Blackwell Platform Arrives to Power a New Era of Computing"
5951:"Understanding M.2, the interface that will speed up your next SSD"
5097:
11th Symposium on High Performance Interconnects, 2003. Proceedings
4985:
4942:
4900:
4896:
4812:
4734:
4639:
4583:
4296:
4284:
4173:
in the signal. At the physical level, PCI Express 2.0 utilizes the
3906:
3783:
3559:
2800:
for larger applications; supports serial based backplane topologies
2756:
2514:
741:
543:
PCI Express devices communicate via a logical connection called an
363:
313:
7239:"PCI-SIG® Achieves 32GT/s with New PCI Express® 5.0 Specification"
7113:"1,2,3,4,5... It's Official, PCIe 5.0 is Announced | synopsys.com"
4099:
At the electrical level, each lane consists of two unidirectional
3441:) as of 21 October 2007. AMD started supporting PCIe 2.0 with its
944:
from the standby power to indicate that the card is wake capable.
932:
The following table identifies the conductors on each side of the
9888:
9826:
9780:
9579:
9533:
9517:
9343:
9161:
9106:
9041:
8996:
8205:
Fujitsu-Siemens Amilo GraphicBooster External Laptop GPU Released
7311:"Intel Unveils 12th Gen Intel Core, Launches World's Best Gaming"
6469:
6168:"PCI Express External Cabling Specification Completed by PCI-SIG"
5213:
4836:
4808:
4803:
protocols is undesirable and a lower-level interconnect, such as
4800:
4665:
4104:
3659:
3401:
2922:
2747:
2683:
2518:
2275:
2267:
745:
403:
41:
For Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Installation, see
7450:"PCIe 6.0 Specification Hits Milestone: Complete Draft Is Ready"
7064:"PCIe 4.0 May Come to all AMD Socket AM4 Motherboards (Updated)"
6117:"How to distinguish the differences between M.2 cards | Dell US"
10002:
9775:
9512:
9403:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9171:
9061:
9021:
8981:
8825:
7839:
6686:"PCI Special Interest Group Publishes PCI Express 3.0 Standard"
6416:
4912:
4904:
4852:
4646:
4614:
4552:
4398:
The Gen2 overhead is then 20, 24, or 28 bytes per transaction.
4089:
3574:
2997:
2879:: A royalty-free interconnect standard by Intel that combines
2840:
2710:
2205:
2139:
A full-sized x16 graphics card may draw up to 5.5 A at +12
2100:
410:) — a group of more than 900 companies that also maintains the
380:
9497:
9408:
8569:"Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express"
8148:"Quadro Plex VCS – Advanced visualization and remote graphics"
4543:
Nvidia GeForce GTX 650 Ti, a PCI Express 3.0 x16 graphics card
4471:
The Gen3 overhead is then 22, 26 or 30 bytes per transaction.
2905:
While in early development, PCIe was initially referred to as
712:
62:
9507:
9398:
9338:
9276:
9249:
9131:
9081:
9006:
8675:"New PCI Express 4.0 delay may empower next-gen alternatives"
8326:"How to Upgrade Your Notebook Graphics Card Using DIY ViDOCK"
6220:"Untangling terms: M.2, NVMe, USB-C, SAS, PCIe, U.2, OCuLink"
6098:
5920:"12VHPWR Sideband Allocation and Requirements - PCIe 5.x ECN"
5881:
PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 3.0
5782:
PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 1.1
5670:
PCI Express Card Electromechanical Specification Revision 2.0
5190:
4974:
4916:
4892:
4658:
4563:
3831:
3795:
3729:
3597:
3216:
2888:
2844:
2721:
2609:
2582:
2568:
1099:
571:
444:
359:
324:
133:
97:
31:
8799:
Wilen, Adam; Schade, Justin P; Thornburg, Ron (April 2003),
5859:
PCI Express x16 Graphics 150W-ATX Specification Revision 1.0
5729:"Emergency Power Reduction Mechanism with PWRBRK Signal ECN"
796:(SSDs) that come in the form of PCI Express cards often use
563:). At the physical level, a link is composed of one or more
10079:
9973:
9502:
9487:
9348:
9259:
9254:
9096:
8349:"The Thunderbolt Devices Trickle In: Magma's ExpressBox 3T"
7571:"Pushing the Envelope with PCIe 6.0: Bringing PAM4 to PCIe"
5934:"12V-2x6 Connector Updates to PCIe Base 6.0 - PCIe 6.x ECN"
5518:"Nvidia GeForce RTX 3080 review: welcome to the next level"
5156:"Enable PCI Express Advanced Error Reporting in the Kernel"
5006:
4768:
4713:
4540:
4130:
3813:
3434:
3240:
3012:
3004:
2894:
2475:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2114:
2107:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
1103:
948:
PCI Express connector pinout (x1, x4, x8 and x16 variants)
906:
753:
102:
42:
35:
7274:
IBM’s POWER10 Processor, Hot Chips 32, August 16–18, 2020
6758:(press release). PCI-SIG. 29 November 2011. Archived from
5589:"AMD Radeon™ RX 5700 XT 8GB GDDR6 THICC II – RX-57XT8DFD6"
4718:
The PCI Express protocol can be used as data interface to
3555:
Gbit/s network adapter with PCIe 4.0 on 10 November 2016.
402:
Formal specifications are maintained and developed by the
10059:
9883:
9451:
9076:
9071:
8002:
IBM Power 770 and 780 Technical Overview and Introduction
7890:
6442:
6197:"OCuLink connectors and cables support new PCIe standard"
5071:
IBM Power 770 and 780 Technical Overview and Introduction
4757:
4697:
4198:
3711:
GB/s in each direction is possible in x16 configuration.
3570:
2850:
2834:
2653:
2578:
2526:
2522:
902:
733:
396:
392:
209:
112:
7786:"PCIe for Mobile Launched; PCIe 3.1, 4.0 Specs Revealed"
6928:"PCIe 4.0 specification finally out with 16 GT/s on tap"
5836:"Mini-Fit® PCI Express®* Wire to Board Connector System"
5564:"Sapphire Radeon RX 5700 XT Pulse Review | bit-tech.net"
5444:"New PCIe Form Factor Enables Greater PCIe SSD Adoption"
4110:
A connection between any two PCIe devices is known as a
3334:
In each direction (each lane is a dual simplex channel).
6912:
2016 IEEE Hot Chips 28 Symposium (HCS), 21–23 Aug. 2016
5637:"What is the A side, B side configuration of PCI cards"
5388:"PCI Express – An Overview of the PCI Express Standard"
871:
705:. Despite being transmitted simultaneously as a single
8028:
CompTIA A+ Exam Cram (Exams 220-602, 220-603, 220-604)
6455:
5394:. National Instruments. 13 August 2009. Archived from
3826:) allows PCI Express architecture to operate over the
3786:) that may require additional software to support it.
2567:
Wires to diagnostics LEDs for wireless network (i.e.,
241:
8765:, Mind share PC system architecture, Addison-Wesley,
8760:
7836:"PCI Express 1x, 4x, 8x, 16x bus pinout and wiring @"
7522:
7257:"PCI-Express 5.0: China stellt ersten Controller vor"
6901:
Brian Thompto, POWER9 Processor for the Cognitive Era
6292:"PCI SIG discusses M-PCIe oculink & 4th gen PCIe"
6095:"Desktop Board Solid-state drive (SSD) compatibility"
5315:"PCI Express Architecture Frequently Asked Questions"
5294:"4.2.4.9. Link Width and Lane Sequence Negotiation",
4555:
GeForce GTX 1070, a PCI Express 3.0 x16 Graphics card
4480:
2887:. Thunderbolt 3.0 also combines USB 3.1 and uses the
2750:
form factor (with x1 PCIe and USB 2.0; hot-pluggable)
2608:
Despite sharing the Mini PCI Express form factor, an
689:
operation, excess signal count, and inherently lower
8798:
8371:"MSI GUS II external GPU enclosure with Thunderbolt"
7388:
7386:
7294:
7292:
5796:
Board Design Guidelines for PCI Express Architecture
5485:"19 graphics cards that shaped the future of gaming"
4938:
4197:) of 0 and 1 bits in the data stream is achieved by
2883:
and PCIe protocols in a form factor compatible with
2074:
is pin B10 and A10. PCIe x1 cards can receive up to
256:
Two types of PCIe slot on an Asus H81M-K motherboard
7550:
7299:
IBM Power E1080 Technical Overview and Introduction
5373:up to PCIe 5.0 but there's no card standard in the
4760:is a specification for internally mounted computer
4114:, and is built up from a collection of one or more
3772:
2129:
x4 and wider cards are limited to 2.1 A at +12
8101:"Understanding Performance of PCI Express Systems"
4771:logical interface for backward compatibility, and
4513:
3353:throughput of 2.0 Gbit/s = 250 MB/s.
3330:
3328:
2513:), based on PCI Express, is a replacement for the
453:Conceptually, the PCI Express bus is a high-speed
9461:
8519:. storagereview.com. 16 July 2012. Archived from
8419:"M logics M link Thunderbold chassis no shipping"
8277:"ExpressCard trying to pull a (not so) fast one?"
7934:
7912:
7736:
7383:
7289:
7278:
3901:. The Data Link Layer is subdivided to include a
3707:GT/s data transfer rate (raw bit rate), up to 121
2955:
2759:: A PCI Express-based flash card standard by the
1708:"Power brake", active-low to reduce device power
228:
10174:
8045:
7866:"PHY Interface for the PCI Express Architecture"
6660:"PCI Express 3.0 Bandwidth: 8.0 Gigatransfers/s"
6540:"Intel P35: Intel's Mainstream Chipset Grows Up"
6142:"PCI Express External Cabling 1.0 Specification"
4815:is needed. Local-bus standards such as PCIe and
2521:. The host device supports both PCI Express and
2147:
912:video card takes up two slots and measures 140.1
9194:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)
8442:"2017 Razer Blade Stealth and Core V2 detailed"
6894:
6134:
4880:(CAPI) all being announced by the end of 2016.
4767:PCI Express storage devices can implement both
3635:was also considered for technical feasibility.
3573:announced the first CPU with PCIe 4.0 support,
3569:On the IEEE Hot Chips Symposium in August 2016
3449:. All of Intel's prior chipsets, including the
3429:and boards began to ship from various vendors (
3325:
2662:
2486:MiniPCI and MiniPCI Express cards in comparison
748:. In digital video, examples in common use are
387:. It is also used in the storage interfaces of
8517:"Fusion-io ioDrive Duo Enterprise PCIe Review"
7920:"Mechanical Drawing for PCI Express Connector"
7871:(version 2.00 ed.). Intel. Archived from
7587:
7563:
6862:
6688:. X bit labs. 18 November 2010. Archived from
6463:"PCI Express Base 2.0 specification announced"
5664:
5662:
5094:
4872:Delays in PCIe 4.0 implementations led to the
3530:. OCuLink version 2 has up to 16 GT/s (16
2015:May be pulled low or sensed by multiple cards
936:on a PCI Express card. The solder side of the
10157:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
9638:
9624:
8857:
8779:
8672:
8488:
7783:
6968:
5965:"MP1: Mini PCI Express / PCI Express Adapter"
5296:PCI Express Base Specification, Revision 2.1.
5257:
5203:
5201:
5199:
4865:targeted by design as a system interconnect (
4638:interface. An ExpressCard interface provides
3337:
785:available electrical and logical connection.
7977:PCI Express Base Specification, Revision 3.0
6509:"PCI Express 2.0 final draft spec published"
6353:"PCI Express 3.0 Frequently Asked Questions"
6318:"PCI Express 4.0 Frequently Asked Questions"
5820:PCI Express Base Specification, Revision 1.1
5697:"L1 PM Substates with CLKREQ, Revision 1.0a"
3867:
2595:
2393:
2341:
813:Dimensions height × length × width, maximum
780:Intel P3608 NVMe flash SSD, PCIe add-in card
8323:
7901:
7684:
6921:
6919:
6905:
6782:"Frequently Asked Questions | PCI-SIG"
6734:"Trick or Treat… PCI Express 3.1 Released!"
6489:— note that in this press release the term
6191:
6189:
6025:. John Wiley & Sons. 24 February 2015.
5659:
5501:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5377:and that lane number was never implemented.
5207:
5154:Zhang, Yanmin; Nguyen, T Long (June 2007).
5153:
2891:form factor as opposed to Mini DisplayPort.
2869:instead of PCIe, using a supported add-in.
2701:(standing for "optical-copper link", since
2317:Not connected (usually +12 V as well)
649:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
9631:
9617:
8864:
8850:
8346:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8086:
7858:
7658:
7633:
7544:
7369:"4th Gen AMD EPYC™ Processor Architecture"
6712:"PCIe 3.1 and 4.0 Specifications Revealed"
6652:
6286:
6284:
6245:"Supermicro Universal I/O (UIO) Solutions"
6170:. PCI SIG. 7 February 2007. Archived from
5792:
5515:
5483:July 2015, Kane Fulton 20 (20 July 2015).
5196:
5002:List of device bit rates § Main buses
4863:PCI Express falls somewhere in the middle,
4239:initialize and manage flow control credits
3425:'s first PCIe 2.0 capable chipset was the
3346:
61:
8274:
8256:
6954:"IBM Unveils Most Advanced Server for AI"
6870:"IDF: PCIe 4.0 läuft, PCIe 5.0 in Arbeit"
6634:"PCI Express 3.0 Spec Pushed Out to 2010"
6601:"Intel P35 Express Chipset Product Brief"
5830:
5828:
5516:Leadbetter, Richard (16 September 2020).
5482:
5375:PCIe Card Electromechanical Specification
4307:
3596:announced on 9 January 2019 its upcoming
3586:NETINT Technologies introduced the first
2122:x1 cards are limited to 0.5 A at +12
2081:and x16 graphics cards can receive up to
771:
669:Learn how and when to remove this message
426:Example of the PCI Express topology:
299:Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
56:Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
8623:. SCSI Trade Association. Archived from
7180:
6916:
6186:
5891:
5643:. Adex Electronics. 1998. Archived from
4878:Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface
4876:consortium, the CCIX effort and an open
4691:
4573:
4558:
4546:
4535:
4059:
3614:
3392:
3369:of 2.5 gigatransfers per second (GT/s).
2900:
2599:
2481:
2469:
2465:
2437:
2274:
2266:
2151:
2097:All PCI express cards may consume up to
2055:
1996:Signal from the motherboard to the card
1976:Signal from the card to the motherboard
775:
711:
701:(PCB) layers, and at possibly different
526:
443:
431:
421:
319:standard, designed to replace the older
259:
251:
224:
201:
8083:
7092:
7015:
6631:
6538:Key, Gary; Fink, Wesley (21 May 2007).
6537:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6281:
6217:
5536:
5309:
5307:
5305:
4782:
2552:
2478:PCI Express Mini Card and its connector
593:. Conceptually, each lane is used as a
14:
10183:Computer-related introductions in 2004
10175:
8780:Solari, Edward; Congdon, Brad (2003),
8723:
8697:
8666:
8645:
8639:
8613:
8587:
8561:
8535:
8509:
8497:from the original on 23 September 2013
8482:
8456:
8433:
8411:
8393:
8363:
8347:Lal Shimpi, Anand (7 September 2011),
8340:
8317:
8291:
8268:
8250:
8223:
8196:
8166:
8140:
8110:
8098:
7970:
7959:
7828:
7803:
7777:
7747:
7710:
7447:
7441:
7423:
7404:
7061:
7030:
6796:
6613:from the original on 26 September 2007
6053:from the original on 12 February 2012.
5874:
5825:
5775:
5466:"Memblaze PBlaze4 AIC NVMe SSD Review"
5454:from the original on 6 September 2015.
4826:
4103:operating at 2.5, 5, 8, 16 or 32
3885:
2929:. A technical working group named the
2693:
2682:) specifications were released by the
2588:Future extension for another PCIe lane
2535:
2178:(8-pin) of +12 V power for up to
1256:Link reactivation; fundamental reset
165:1 on each endpoint of each connection.
9612:
8845:
8575:from the original on 27 November 2012
8439:
8381:from the original on 13 February 2012
8336:from the original on 13 December 2013
8305:from the original on 14 February 2014
8071:from the original on 25 February 2014
8057:. Technical Publications Pune. 2008.
7846:from the original on 25 November 2009
7724:from the original on 30 December 2014
7460:
7249:
7231:
7205:
7155:
7130:
7105:
7086:
7055:
7024:
7009:
6979:
6946:
6844:
6826:
6774:
6748:
6726:
6722:from the original on 1 February 2016.
6704:
6678:
6625:
6593:
6568:
6562:
6531:
6506:
6500:
6435:
6405:
6375:
6263:
6237:
6211:
6160:
6148:from the original on 10 February 2007
6109:
6087:
6057:
6039:
5957:
5885:
5863:
5852:
5786:
5721:
5689:
5675:
5629:
5611:
5581:
5556:
5509:
5476:
5458:
5436:
5410:
5380:
5363:
5333:
5287:
4601:As of 2013, PCI Express has replaced
4415:
4333:
3658:On 17 August 2020, IBM announced the
3453:chipset, supported PCIe 1.1 or 1.0a.
3411:PCIe 2.0 motherboard slots are fully
2963:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2417:that it may only use up to 75 W.
2133:V (25 W) and 25 W combined.
993:Must connect to farthest PRSNT2# pin
472:links connecting every device to the
10162:List of pioneers in computer science
8654:from the original on 14 January 2013
8452:from the original on 17 October 2017
8287:from the original on 1 February 2016
8239:from the original on 16 October 2015
8212:from the original on 16 October 2015
7765:from the original on 18 January 2012
7555:. PCI-SIG. p. 8. Archived from
6925:
6666:from the original on 24 October 2007
6519:from the original on 29 January 2007
6340:
6310:
6105:from the original on 2 January 2016.
5302:
5275:from the original on 3 December 2009
5243:"What are PCIe Slots and Their Uses"
5184:
5147:
5129:
5088:
4586:controller, as a PCI Express x1 card
4267:
4140:
3891:
2517:form factor. It is developed by the
2424:
2126:V (6 W) and 10 W combined.
872:Non-standard video card form factors
647:adding citations to reliable sources
614:
567:. Low-speed peripherals (such as an
8703:
8601:from the original on 3 October 2013
8401:"PCI express graphics, Thunderbolt"
8324:O'Brien, Kevin (8 September 2010),
8128:from the original on 24 August 2006
8054:Computer Peripherals And Interfaces
8031:. Pearson Education. 19 July 2007.
7942:"FCi schematic for PCIe connectors"
7908:PCI Express Architecture, intel.com
7698:from the original on 4 October 2012
7551:Debendra Das Sharma (8 June 2020).
7093:Cutress, Dr. Ian (13 August 2020).
6882:from the original on 19 August 2016
6814:from the original on 28 August 2016
6804:"PCIe 4.0 Heads to Fab, 5.0 to Lab"
6744:from the original on 23 March 2015.
6640:from the original on 7 January 2014
6393:from the original on 14 August 2012
6218:Mokosiy, Vitaliy (9 October 2020).
5975:from the original on 3 October 2014
5537:Discuss, btarunr (6 January 2023).
4926:
4849:Mobile Industry Processor Interface
4704:, a full-height x4 PCI Express card
4193:A desirable balance (and therefore
3897:
3377:referred to as throughput in PCIe.
3360:
2939:
2731:
2585:applications (UIM signals on spec.)
2263:8-pin power connector (150 W)
2045:Not presently used, do not connect
2039:PCI Express x8 cards end at pin 49
1780:PCI Express x4 cards end at pin 32
1453:PCI Express x1 cards end at pin 18
24:
8754:
8275:Hellstrom, Jerry (9 August 2011),
8154:from the original on 28 April 2011
7718:"PCIe Active Optical Cable System"
7213:"PCIe 5.0 Is Ready For Prime Time"
7016:Mujtaba, Hassan (9 January 2019).
6251:from the original on 24 March 2014
6075:from the original on 30 March 2010
5809:from the original on 27 March 2016
5163:Proceedings of the Linux Symposium
4883:On 11 March 2019, Intel presented
4687:
4300:for devices connected to the same
4216:
3755:
3732:coding results in a vastly higher
3678:
3610:
3516:
3507:
3493:PCI Express 3.0 upgraded the
3472:
3463:
3388:
3380:
2913:), and underwent a name change to
2816:: A tiny expansion card format (43
2717:version may appear in the future.
2647:
2375:Sense0 (6-pin or 8-pin connected)
2258:6-pin power connector (75 W)
1322:Reference clock differential pair
335:interface for personal computers'
25:
10214:
10188:Peripheral Component Interconnect
8818:
8685:from the original on 1 April 2017
8673:Evan Koblentz (3 February 2017).
8646:Meduri, Vijay (24 January 2011).
8429:from the original on 25 June 2017
8359:from the original on 4 March 2016
8099:Lawley, Jason (28 October 2014).
7466:
7448:Shilov, Anton (4 November 2020).
7410:
7163:"XpressRICH5 for ASIC | PLDA.com"
7074:from the original on 10 June 2019
7043:from the original on 10 June 2019
6960:. 5 December 2017. Archived from
6571:"NVIDIA "MCP72" Details Unveiled"
6472:. 15 January 2007. Archived from
6306:from the original on 29 June 2017
4964:Peripheral Component Interconnect
4669:Dynavivid graphics dock for XGP.
3912:
2921:) before finally settling on its
604:
9595:
9594:
8824:
8470:from the original on 19 May 2014
8440:Burns, Chris (17 October 2017),
8257:Dougherty, Steve (22 May 2010),
8019:
7993:
7982:
7611:
7508:
7496:. Business Wire. 11 January 2022
7486:
7361:
7339:
7325:
7303:
7062:Alcorn, Paul (10 January 2019).
6934:from the original on 8 June 2017
6550:from the original on 23 May 2007
6451:from the original on 6 July 2008
5996:IT Essentials Companion Guide v8
5894:"PCIe Electromechanical Updates"
5416:
5165:. Fedora project. Archived from
4941:
4859:are RapidIO and HyperTransport.
4628:
4090:serializer/deserializer (SerDes)
4088:(PMA) layer, which includes the
3837:
3773:Extensions and future directions
2430:This section is an excerpt from
2316:
2212:Molex Mini-Fit Jr. part numbers
1959:Supplies power to the PCIe card
619:
383:expansion card interface called
331:bus standards. It is the common
8763:PCI Express System Architecture
8489:Zsolt Kerekes (December 2011).
7897:PCI Express System Architecture
7267:
6632:Hachman, Mark (5 August 2009).
6507:Smith, Tony (11 October 2006).
6013:
5987:
5943:
5926:
5912:
5813:
5753:
5530:
5035:
4531:
4402:Gen 3 Transaction Layer Packet
4320:Gen 2 Transaction Layer Packet
3497:to 128b/130b from the previous
2591:1.5 V and 3.3 V power
2407:
2156:8-pin (left) and 6-pin (right)
1672:Lane 15 transmit data, + and −
1580:Lane 14 transmit data, + and −
1488:Lane 13 transmit data, + and −
1403:Lane 12 transmit data, + and −
1308:Lane 11 transmit data, + and −
1216:Lane 10 transmit data, + and −
809:
800:(half height, half length) and
766:
603:For mechanical card sizes, see
522:
417:
27:Computer expansion bus standard
8299:"PE4H V3.2 (PCIe x16 Adapter)"
7784:Kevin Parrish (28 June 2013).
6993:. 17 July 2018. Archived from
6662:. ExtremeTech. 9 August 2007.
6569:Huynh, Anh (8 February 2007).
6383:"What does GT/s mean, anyway?"
6271:"Get ready for M-PCIe testing"
5235:
5208:Ravi Budruk (21 August 2007).
5062:
5026:
3822:specification (abbreviated to
2571:) status on computer's chassis
2529:form factor for this purpose.
2202:1 × 75 W + 2 × 150 W
2187:2 × 75 W + 1 × 150 W
1953:Lane 7 transmit data, + and −
1894:Lane 6 transmit data, + and −
1844:Lane 5 transmit data, + and −
1794:Lane 4 transmit data, + and −
1720:Lane 15 receive data, + and −
1660:Lane 3 transmit data, + and −
1626:Lane 14 receive data, + and −
1568:Lane 2 transmit data, + and −
1534:Lane 13 receive data, + and −
1476:Lane 1 transmit data, + and −
1448:Lane 12 receive data, + and −
1357:Lane 11 receive data, + and −
1345:Lane 0 transmit data, + and −
1268:Lane 10 receive data, + and −
1118:Lane 9 transmit data, + and −
1005:Lane 8 transmit data, + and −
159:
13:
1:
10152:History of computing hardware
9189:Intel Ultra Path Interconnect
8466:. Engadget. 8 December 2011.
8377:(hands-on). 10 January 2012.
8005:. IBM Redbooks. 6 June 2013.
7621:. Business Wire. 21 June 2022
6878:(in German). 18 August 2016.
5074:. IBM Redbooks. 6 June 2013.
5056:
4958:Active State Power Management
4594:interface for add-in boards.
3740:(FEC) is used in addition to
2945:PCI Express link performance
2450:is a standard for connecting
2279:8 pin power connector pin map
2271:6 pin power connector pin map
2148:6- and 8-pin power connectors
2092:
1990:Lane 7 receive data, + and −
1919:Lane 6 receive data, + and −
1869:Lane 5 receive data, + and −
1819:Lane 4 receive data, + and −
1614:Lane 2 receive data, + and −
1522:Lane 1 receive data, + and −
1391:Lane 0 receive data, + and −
1167:Lane 9 receive data, + and −
1057:Lane 8 receive data, + and −
877:
610:
301:), officially abbreviated as
10020:Network interface controller
9167:Intel QuickPath Interconnect
9157:Direct Media Interface (DMI)
8731:"Integrators List | PCI-SIG"
8545:. X-bit labs. Archived from
7031:Alcorn, Paul (3 June 2019).
5999:. Cisco Press. 9 July 2023.
5369:32 lanes are defined by the
4845:Intel QuickPath Interconnect
4791:applications (such as large
3445:and nVidia started with the
2853:(formerly known as SFF-8639)
2668:PCI Express External Cabling
2663:PCI Express External Cabling
2621:Some notebooks (notably the
1706:Lane 3 receive data, + and −
367:Reporting, AER), and native
229:PCI Express External Cabling
7:
9817:Refreshable braille display
9759:Refreshable braille display
6047:"mSATA FAQ: A Basic Primer"
5936:. PCI SIG. 31 August 2023.
5802:, PCI-SIG, pp. 19–21,
5761:"Where Does PCIe Cable Go?"
5245:. PC Guide 101. 18 May 2021
5137:"Definition of PCI Express"
5105:10.1109/CONECT.2003.1231473
5047:4-pin Molex power connector
4934:
4664:In 2008, AMD announced the
4661:carrying eight PCIe lanes.
4182:encoding (1.54% overhead).
3918:Connector pins and lengths
3909:networking protocol model.
3695:(PAM-4) with a low-latency
3456:Like 1.x, PCIe 2.0 uses an
2561:PCI Express x1 (with SMBus)
503:), and enterprise storage (
78:; 21 years ago
10:
10219:
10203:Motherboard expansion slot
9152:Compute Express Link (CXL)
7532:. Pci-Sig. 11 January 2022
6926:Born, Eric (8 June 2017).
5641:Frequently Asked Questions
5191:https://www.hyperstone.com
5043:Serial ATA power connector
4885:Compute Express Link (CXL)
4707:
3693:pulse-amplitude modulation
2651:
2429:
2265:
2260:
1321:
1295:
1255:
1229:
992:
964:
585:A lane is composed of two
40:
29:
10144:
10088:
10047:
10038:
9916:
9852:
9795:
9724:
9659:
9650:
9588:
9547:
9526:
9475:
9389:IEEE-1284 (parallel port)
9311:
9304:logical device interface)
9207:
8959:
8893:
7694:. Adnaco. 22 April 2011.
7595:"PowerPoint Presentation"
7095:"Tiger Lake IO and Power"
6359:. PCI-SIG. Archived from
6324:. PCI-SIG. Archived from
5793:Schoenborn, Zale (2004),
5734:. PCI-SIG. Archived from
5702:. PCI-SIG. Archived from
5317:. PCI-SIG. Archived from
4458:
4446:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4382:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4086:physical media attachment
4068:The PCIe Physical Layer (
3928:
3925:
3922:
3868:Hardware protocol summary
3272:
3225:
3214:
3208:
3167:
3123:
3083:
3077:
3039:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2859:9xx series Intel chipsets
2596:Mini-SATA (mSATA) variant
2452:graphics processing units
2347:Sense1 (8-pin connected)
2262:
2257:
2160:used on PCI Express cards
2044:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2014:
2009:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1975:
1972:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1938:
1935:
1921:
1918:
1893:
1868:
1843:
1818:
1793:
1779:
1753:
1719:
1705:
1671:
1659:
1625:
1613:
1579:
1567:
1533:
1521:
1487:
1475:
1452:
1447:
1402:
1390:
1356:
1344:
1307:
1272:
1267:
1215:
1166:
1117:
1098:
1056:
1021:
1004:
927:
812:
492:
236:
217:
190:
180:
169:
158:
147:
121:
90:
72:
60:
55:
6419:: Eiscat. Archived from
5892:Yun Ling (16 May 2008).
5019:
4996:Serial Digital Video Out
4653:external PCIe family of
4566:82574L Gigabit Ethernet
3744:(CRC). A fixed 256 byte
3738:forward error correction
3697:forward error correction
2863:Serial Digital Video Out
2837:(formerly known as NGFF)
2761:CompactFlash Association
2448:16-pin 12VHPWR connector
2432:16-pin 12VHPWR connector
2164:Optional connectors add
2051:
840:111.15 × 167.65 × 20.32
829:111.15 × 312.00 × 20.32
30:Not to be confused with
9926:Central processing unit
5922:. PCI SIG. 12 May 2022.
5371:PCIe Base Specification
5265:"How PCI Express Works"
4970:PCI configuration space
4619:Scalable Link Interface
4609:released since 2010 by
4570:, a PCI Express x1 card
4246:cyclic redundancy check
3742:cyclic redundancy check
3547:announced the first 100
2911:High Speed Interconnect
2790:form factor (VITA 42.3)
2456:computer power supplies
2249:45586-0005, 45586-0006
858:68.90 × 167.65 × 20.32
580:
8951:List of bus bandwidths
8837:PCI-SIG Specifications
5419:"What are PCIe Slots?"
4705:
4587:
4571:
4556:
4544:
4515:
4308:Efficiency of the link
4065:
3620:
3443:AMD 700 chipset series
3398:
2806:: A complement to the
2605:
2487:
2479:
2443:
2280:
2272:
2161:
2089:
2034:Tied together on card
781:
772:PCI Express (standard)
720:
587:differential signaling
540:
537:differential signaling
486:backward compatibility
450:
441:
429:
408:Special Interest Group
291:
268:, from top to bottom:
257:
8493:. storagesearch.com.
8180:. AMD. Archived from
7761:. 14 September 2011.
6302:, 13 September 2013,
6201:www.connectortips.com
4777:SCSI over PCI Express
4695:
4577:
4562:
4550:
4539:
4516:
4302:printed circuit board
4063:
3651:On 20 November 2019,
3618:
3564:Intel Developer Forum
3545:Mellanox Technologies
3524:forward compatibility
3396:
2901:History and revisions
2603:
2491:PCI Express Mini Card
2485:
2473:
2466:PCI Express Mini Card
2441:
2278:
2270:
2155:
2059:
1296:Clock Request Signal
938:printed circuit board
832:4.376 × 12.283 × 0.8
779:
715:
699:printed circuit board
530:
447:
435:
425:
263:
255:
191:Hotplugging interface
176:, up to 242 GB/s
9394:IEEE-1394 (FireWire)
9132:PCI Extended (PCI-X)
8833:at Wikimedia Commons
8425:, 13 December 2012,
7815:www.chipestimate.com
7398:www.businesswire.com
7243:www.businesswire.com
6997:on 29 September 2018
5210:"PCI Express Basics"
5012:Compute Express Link
4783:Cluster interconnect
4478:
4260:transaction layer).
3903:media access control
3794:was co-developed by
2828:Super Micro Computer
2672:External PCI Express
2553:Electrical interface
1939:Zero volt reference
738:Serial Attached SCSI
643:improve this section
266:computer motherboard
9235:Parallel ATA (PATA)
8407:, 17 September 2012
8208:, 3 December 2008,
7559:on 30 October 2021.
7263:. 18 November 2019.
6991:NETINT Technologies
6964:on 8 December 2017.
6792:on 20 October 2016.
6762:on 23 December 2012
6692:on 21 November 2010
6581:on 10 February 2007
6491:aggregate bandwidth
6174:on 26 November 2013
6049:. Notebook review.
5599:on 1 September 2019
5472:. 21 December 2015.
5321:on 13 November 2008
4827:Competing protocols
4823:, and TTTech Auto.
4403:
4321:
3919:
3607:microarchitecture.
3413:backward compatible
2946:
2867:integrated graphics
2746:: Successor to the
2694:PCI Express OCuLink
2536:Physical dimensions
2213:
949:
535:channels using two
497:10 Gigabit Ethernet
264:Various slots on a
52:
10198:Computer standards
9142:PCI Express (PCIe)
8627:on 27 January 2013
8235:, 11 August 2010,
8184:on 29 January 2010
6413:"Deliverable 12.2"
6363:on 1 February 2014
6247:. Supermicro.com.
5953:. 8 February 2015.
5900:on 5 November 2015
5741:on 9 November 2018
5709:on 4 December 2018
5647:on 2 November 2011
5351:on 8 December 2007
5271:. 17 August 2005.
5099:. pp. 21–29.
4949:Electronics portal
4728:solid-state drives
4706:
4588:
4572:
4557:
4545:
4511:
4416:Transaction Layer
4401:
4319:
4278:modular arithmetic
4101:differential pairs
4066:
3917:
3883:, consisting of a
3701:non-return-to-zero
3699:(FEC) in place of
3687:GT/s, yielding 128
3621:
3399:
2944:
2931:Arapaho Work Group
2919:3rd Generation I/O
2796:: A complement to
2686:in February 2007.
2676:Cabled PCI Express
2606:
2604:An Intel mSATA SSD
2488:
2480:
2444:
2281:
2273:
2220:Female/receptacle
2211:
2162:
2090:
947:
794:solid-state drives
782:
721:
681:The bonded serial
541:
451:
442:
430:
373:I/O virtualization
309:, is a high-speed
292:
287:(32-bit, 5 V)
258:
218:External interface
50:
10170:
10169:
10140:
10139:
10070:Analog audio jack
9791:
9790:
9606:
9605:
9592:
9319:Apple Desktop Bus
9296:PCI Express (via
9255:Serial ATA (SATA)
8941:Network on a chip
8829:Media related to
8810:978-0-9702846-9-3
8791:978-0-9717861-9-6
8772:978-0-321-15630-3
8710:www.anandtech.com
8523:on 4 October 2013
8124:. 1 August 2006.
8038:978-0-7686-9003-3
8012:978-0-7384-5121-3
7417:www.anandtech.com
7261:PC Games Hardware
7219:. 17 January 2019
6468:(Press release).
6423:on 17 August 2010
6207:on 13 March 2017.
6065:"Eee PC Research"
6032:978-1-118-82461-0
6006:978-0-13-816625-0
5763:. 16 January 2022
5398:on 5 January 2010
5341:"PCI Express Bus"
5081:978-0-7384-5121-3
4793:computer clusters
4722:devices, such as
4509:
4506:
4498:
4493:
4484:
4483:Packet Efficiency
4469:
4468:
4396:
4395:
4268:Transaction layer
4203:binary polynomial
4163:lane to lane skew
4141:Data transmission
4058:
4057:
3886:transaction layer
3879:PCI Express is a
3746:Flow Control Unit
3627:GT/s, yielding 63
3316:
3315:
2826:: A variant from
2782:: Similar to the
2724:cable is 10GB/s.
2549:mini PCIe card.
2425:12VHPWR connector
2403:
2402:
2253:
2252:
2225:Male/right-angle
2049:
2048:
1993:Host-to-card pin
1973:Card-to-host pin
899:Radeon RX 5700 XT
869:
868:
852:Low-Profile/Slim
744:(IEEE 1394), and
717:Highly simplified
703:signal velocities
679:
678:
671:
250:
249:
16:(Redirected from
10210:
10045:
10044:
9696:Optical trackpad
9661:Pointing devices
9657:
9656:
9633:
9626:
9619:
9610:
9609:
9598:
9597:
9590:
9052:HP Precision Bus
8866:
8859:
8852:
8843:
8842:
8828:
8813:
8794:
8775:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8617:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8549:on 25 March 2013
8539:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8486:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8397:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8096:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8023:
8017:
8016:
7997:
7991:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7963:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7946:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7916:
7910:
7905:
7899:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7878:on 17 March 2008
7877:
7870:
7862:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7832:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7781:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7751:
7745:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7714:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7677:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7599:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7575:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7490:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7479:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7435:www.phoronix.com
7427:
7421:
7420:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7390:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7343:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7307:
7301:
7296:
7287:
7282:
7276:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7217:tomshardware.com
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7117:www.synopsys.com
7109:
7103:
7102:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6983:
6977:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6923:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6856:www.mellanox.com
6848:
6842:
6841:
6838:www.mellanox.com
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6810:. 26 June 2016.
6800:
6794:
6793:
6788:. Archived from
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6612:
6605:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6577:. Archived from
6566:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6504:
6498:
6496:
6488:
6486:
6484:
6478:
6467:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6349:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6288:
6279:
6278:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6203:. Archived from
6193:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6017:
6011:
6010:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5971:. 18 July 2014.
5961:
5955:
5954:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5896:. Archived from
5889:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5832:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5801:
5790:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5733:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5595:. Archived from
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5500:
5492:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5450:. 12 June 2012.
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5384:
5378:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5347:. Archived from
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5311:
5300:
5299:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5216:. Archived from
5205:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5172:on 10 March 2016
5171:
5160:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5066:
5050:
5039:
5033:
5030:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4927:Integrators list
4864:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4499:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4419:Data Link Layer
4413:Data Link Layer
4404:
4400:
4337:Data Link Layer
4331:Data Link Layer
4322:
4318:
4195:spectral density
4041:
4027:
4020:
4013:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3920:
3916:
3881:layered protocol
3710:
3706:
3690:
3686:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3558:In August 2016,
3554:
3550:
3537:
3533:
3407:
3361:PCI Express 1.0a
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3219:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3176:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3007:
2947:
2943:
2940:Comparison table
2885:Mini DisplayPort
2819:
2732:Derivative forms
2495:Mini PCI Express
2418:
2411:
2255:
2254:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2158:power connectors
2142:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
1230:Aux power &
1197:
1174:
1148:
1125:
1089:
1064:
1038:
1022:Main power pins
1012:
983:
950:
946:
923:
919:
915:
910:GeForce RTX 3080
882:
879:
864:
857:
846:
807:
806:
674:
667:
663:
660:
654:
623:
615:
501:Gigabit Ethernet
468:, with separate
414:specifications.
412:conventional PCI
285:Conventional PCI
246:
243:
232:
213:
161:
154:
153:(up to 16 lanes)
86:
84:
79:
65:
53:
49:
21:
10218:
10217:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10209:
10208:
10207:
10173:
10172:
10171:
10166:
10136:
10084:
10034:
9912:
9906:USB flash drive
9855:
9848:
9787:
9720:
9674:Game controller
9669:Graphics tablet
9646:
9637:
9607:
9602:
9593:
9584:
9543:
9522:
9471:
9384:IEEE-488 (GPIB)
9307:
9203:
9182:Infinity Fabric
9012:Europe Card Bus
8955:
8889:
8870:
8821:
8811:
8792:
8773:
8757:
8755:Further reading
8751:
8749:
8739:
8737:
8729:
8728:
8724:
8714:
8712:
8702:
8698:
8688:
8686:
8671:
8667:
8657:
8655:
8644:
8640:
8630:
8628:
8619:
8618:
8614:
8604:
8602:
8595:"SATA M.2 Card"
8593:
8592:
8588:
8578:
8576:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8552:
8550:
8541:
8540:
8536:
8526:
8524:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8500:
8498:
8487:
8483:
8473:
8471:
8462:
8461:
8457:
8438:
8434:
8417:
8416:
8412:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8384:
8382:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8345:
8341:
8330:Notebook review
8322:
8318:
8308:
8306:
8301:. Hwtools.net.
8297:
8296:
8292:
8273:
8269:
8255:
8251:
8242:
8240:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8215:
8213:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8187:
8185:
8172:
8171:
8167:
8157:
8155:
8146:
8145:
8141:
8131:
8129:
8116:
8115:
8111:
8103:
8097:
8084:
8074:
8072:
8065:
8051:
8050:
8046:
8039:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8013:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7987:
7983:
7975:
7971:
7964:
7960:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7939:
7935:
7925:
7923:
7922:. Interface bus
7918:
7917:
7913:
7906:
7902:
7895:
7891:
7881:
7879:
7875:
7868:
7864:
7863:
7859:
7849:
7847:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7819:
7817:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7794:
7792:
7782:
7778:
7768:
7766:
7753:
7752:
7748:
7741:
7737:
7727:
7725:
7716:
7715:
7711:
7701:
7699:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7675:
7673:
7670:Cabling install
7664:
7663:
7659:
7649:
7647:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7549:
7545:
7535:
7533:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7499:
7497:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7477:
7475:
7465:
7461:
7446:
7442:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7409:
7405:
7400:. 18 June 2019.
7392:
7391:
7384:
7374:
7372:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7352:
7350:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7316:
7314:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7268:
7255:
7254:
7250:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7222:
7220:
7211:
7210:
7206:
7196:
7194:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7171:
7169:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7121:
7119:
7111:
7110:
7106:
7091:
7087:
7077:
7075:
7060:
7056:
7046:
7044:
7029:
7025:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6973:
6969:
6952:
6951:
6947:
6937:
6935:
6930:. Tech Report.
6924:
6917:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6895:
6885:
6883:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6817:
6815:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6695:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6669:
6667:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6643:
6641:
6630:
6626:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6584:
6582:
6567:
6563:
6553:
6551:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6520:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6482:
6480:
6479:on 4 March 2007
6476:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6426:
6424:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6394:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6366:
6364:
6351:
6350:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6290:
6289:
6282:
6275:PC board design
6269:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6216:
6212:
6195:
6194:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6166:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6125:
6123:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6078:
6076:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6007:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5949:
5948:
5944:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5864:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5826:
5818:
5814:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5776:
5766:
5764:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5668:
5667:
5660:
5650:
5648:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5535:
5531:
5514:
5510:
5494:
5493:
5481:
5477:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5399:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5368:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5303:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5269:How Stuff Works
5263:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5223:on 15 July 2014
5220:
5206:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5115:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5054:
5053:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5017:
4981:PCI/104-Express
4947:
4940:
4937:
4929:
4862:
4829:
4785:
4762:expansion cards
4742:RAID controller
4716:
4690:
4688:Storage devices
4631:
4534:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4310:
4270:
4219:
4217:Data link layer
4175:8b/10b encoding
4143:
4078:PCI Express PHY
4039:
4025:
4018:
4011:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3915:
3892:data link layer
3870:
3840:
3775:
3758:
3756:PCI Express 7.0
3708:
3704:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:PCI Express 6.0
3632:
3628:
3624:
3613:
3611:PCI Express 5.0
3552:
3548:
3535:
3531:
3519:
3517:PCI Express 4.0
3510:
3508:PCI Express 3.1
3499:8b/10b encoding
3495:encoding scheme
3475:
3473:PCI Express 3.0
3466:
3464:PCI Express 2.1
3458:8b/10b encoding
3405:
3391:
3389:PCI Express 2.0
3383:
3381:PCI Express 1.1
3374:8b/10b encoding
3363:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3326:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2960:
2942:
2903:
2847:physical layer.
2817:
2740:Low-height card
2734:
2707:chemical symbol
2696:
2670:(also known as
2665:
2656:
2650:
2648:PCI Express M.2
2598:
2555:
2538:
2493:(also known as
2468:
2463:
2462:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2226:
2221:
2201:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2123:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
1707:
1224:+3.3 V aux
1195:
1172:
1146:
1123:
1087:
1062:
1036:
1010:
981:
930:
921:
917:
913:
880:
874:
862:
855:
844:
774:
769:
675:
664:
658:
655:
640:
624:
613:
583:
525:
427:
420:
395:(SFF-8639) and
349:hard disk drive
290:
281:PCI Express x16
275:PCI Express x16
240:
222:
195:
152:
143:
117:
82:
80:
77:
68:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10216:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10148:
10146:
10142:
10141:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10092:
10090:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10051:
10049:
10042:
10036:
10035:
10033:
10032:
10030:Expansion card
10027:
10022:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10010:
10000:
9999:
9998:
9988:
9987:
9986:
9981:
9967:
9957:
9956:
9955:
9950:
9940:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9931:Microprocessor
9922:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9910:
9909:
9908:
9903:
9893:
9892:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9871:
9866:
9860:
9858:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9830:
9829:
9819:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9801:
9799:
9797:Output devices
9793:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9785:
9784:
9783:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9750:
9749:
9739:
9734:
9728:
9726:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9701:Pointing stick
9698:
9693:
9692:
9691:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9665:
9663:
9654:
9648:
9647:
9636:
9635:
9628:
9621:
9613:
9604:
9603:
9589:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9562:
9557:
9551:
9549:
9545:
9544:
9542:
9541:
9536:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9523:
9521:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9493:Intel HD Audio
9490:
9485:
9483:ADAT Lightpipe
9479:
9477:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9305:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9273:
9272:
9267:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9211:
9209:
9205:
9204:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9185:
9184:
9177:HyperTransport
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8963:
8961:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8931:Bus contention
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8906:Front-side bus
8903:
8897:
8895:
8891:
8890:
8887:computer buses
8869:
8868:
8861:
8854:
8846:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8820:
8819:External links
8817:
8816:
8815:
8809:
8796:
8790:
8777:
8771:
8756:
8753:
8748:
8747:
8722:
8704:Cutress, Ian.
8696:
8665:
8638:
8621:"SCSI Express"
8612:
8586:
8560:
8534:
8508:
8481:
8455:
8432:
8410:
8405:Tom’s hardware
8392:
8362:
8339:
8316:
8290:
8281:PC Perspective
8267:
8249:
8222:
8195:
8165:
8139:
8109:
8106:. 1.2. Xilinx.
8082:
8063:
8044:
8037:
8018:
8011:
7992:
7981:
7969:
7958:
7933:
7911:
7900:
7889:
7857:
7827:
7802:
7790:Tom's Hardware
7776:
7746:
7735:
7709:
7683:
7657:
7632:
7610:
7586:
7562:
7543:
7521:
7507:
7485:
7459:
7454:Tom's Hardware
7440:
7422:
7403:
7382:
7360:
7338:
7324:
7302:
7288:
7277:
7266:
7248:
7245:. 29 May 2019.
7230:
7204:
7179:
7154:
7129:
7104:
7085:
7068:Tom's Hardware
7054:
7037:Tom's Hardware
7023:
7008:
6978:
6967:
6958:www-03.ibm.com
6945:
6915:
6904:
6893:
6861:
6843:
6825:
6795:
6773:
6747:
6725:
6703:
6677:
6651:
6624:
6592:
6561:
6530:
6499:
6454:
6434:
6404:
6374:
6339:
6328:on 18 May 2014
6309:
6280:
6262:
6236:
6210:
6185:
6159:
6133:
6108:
6086:
6056:
6038:
6031:
6012:
6005:
5986:
5956:
5942:
5925:
5911:
5884:
5873:
5862:
5851:
5824:
5812:
5785:
5774:
5752:
5720:
5688:
5674:
5658:
5628:
5610:
5580:
5555:
5529:
5508:
5475:
5457:
5435:
5409:
5392:Developer Zone
5379:
5362:
5332:
5301:
5298:, 4 March 2009
5286:
5256:
5234:
5195:
5183:
5146:
5128:
5113:
5087:
5080:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5034:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4977:(PCI Extended)
4972:
4967:
4961:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4936:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4841:HyperTransport
4828:
4825:
4817:HyperTransport
4784:
4781:
4689:
4686:
4649:developed the
4630:
4627:
4607:graphics cards
4592:expansion card
4533:
4530:
4502:
4488:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4309:
4306:
4269:
4266:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4226:
4218:
4215:
4188:clock recovery
4142:
4139:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4056:
4055:
4054:71.65 mm
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4036:
4035:
4034:38.65 mm
4032:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4006:21.65 mm
4004:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3914:
3913:Physical layer
3911:
3898:physical layer
3869:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3839:
3836:
3774:
3771:
3757:
3754:
3734:bit error rate
3680:
3677:
3653:Jiangsu Huacun
3612:
3609:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3232:
3224:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2941:
2938:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2838:
2832:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2754:
2751:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2695:
2692:
2664:
2661:
2652:Main article:
2649:
2646:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2554:
2551:
2542:edge connector
2537:
2534:
2467:
2464:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2227:header on PCB
2223:
2218:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2127:
2094:
2091:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
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1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
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1786:
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1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
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1760:
1757:
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1698:
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1687:
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1678:
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1670:
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1664:
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1638:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
963:
960:
957:
954:
934:edge connector
929:
926:
876:Modern (since
873:
870:
867:
866:
859:
853:
849:
848:
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
827:
823:
822:
819:
815:
814:
811:
810:PCI card type
773:
770:
768:
765:
677:
676:
627:
625:
618:
612:
609:
582:
579:
524:
521:
419:
416:
337:graphics cards
289:
288:
282:
279:
278:PCI Express x1
276:
273:
272:PCI Express x4
269:
248:
247:
238:
234:
233:
219:
215:
214:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
171:
167:
166:
163:
156:
155:
149:
145:
144:
142:
141:
136:
131:
125:
123:
119:
118:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
94:
92:
88:
87:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10215:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10143:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10102:Parallel port
10100:
10097:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10087:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10037:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10005:
10004:
10001:
9997:
9994:
9993:
9992:
9989:
9985:
9982:
9979:
9975:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9958:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9945:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9932:
9929:
9928:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9919:
9918:Computer case
9915:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9898:
9897:
9894:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9857:
9851:
9845:
9844:Graphics card
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9794:
9782:
9779:
9778:
9777:
9774:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9748:
9745:
9744:
9743:
9742:Graphics card
9740:
9738:
9737:Image scanner
9735:
9733:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9723:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9652:Input devices
9649:
9645:
9642:
9634:
9629:
9627:
9622:
9620:
9615:
9614:
9611:
9601:
9587:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9555:Multidrop bus
9553:
9552:
9550:
9546:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9474:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9462:External PCIe
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9442:Parallel SCSI
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9334:Commodore bus
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9310:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9282:Fibre Channel
9280:
9278:
9275:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9206:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8958:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8946:Plug and play
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8936:Bus mastering
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8911:Back-side bus
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8881:
8879:
8874:
8867:
8862:
8860:
8855:
8853:
8848:
8847:
8844:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8827:
8823:
8822:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8797:
8793:
8787:
8783:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8764:
8759:
8758:
8752:
8736:
8732:
8726:
8711:
8707:
8700:
8684:
8680:
8679:Tech Republic
8676:
8669:
8653:
8649:
8642:
8626:
8622:
8616:
8600:
8596:
8590:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8548:
8544:
8538:
8522:
8518:
8512:
8496:
8492:
8485:
8469:
8465:
8459:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8436:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8414:
8406:
8402:
8396:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8366:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8286:
8283:(editorial),
8282:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8260:
8253:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8226:
8211:
8207:
8206:
8199:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8153:
8149:
8143:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8113:
8102:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8070:
8066:
8064:9788184313086
8060:
8056:
8055:
8048:
8040:
8034:
8030:
8029:
8022:
8014:
8008:
8004:
8003:
7996:
7990:
7985:
7978:
7973:
7967:
7962:
7947:. FCI connect
7943:
7937:
7921:
7915:
7909:
7904:
7898:
7893:
7874:
7867:
7861:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7831:
7816:
7812:
7806:
7791:
7787:
7780:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7739:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7697:
7693:
7687:
7671:
7667:
7661:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7620:
7614:
7596:
7590:
7572:
7566:
7558:
7554:
7547:
7531:
7525:
7517:
7511:
7495:
7489:
7474:
7470:
7463:
7455:
7451:
7444:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7418:
7414:
7411:Smith, Ryan.
7407:
7399:
7395:
7389:
7387:
7370:
7364:
7348:
7342:
7334:
7328:
7312:
7306:
7300:
7295:
7293:
7286:
7281:
7275:
7270:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7234:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7143:
7139:
7133:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7089:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7058:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7019:
7012:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6971:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6920:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6897:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6865:
6857:
6853:
6847:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6761:
6757:
6751:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6729:
6721:
6718:. July 2013.
6717:
6713:
6707:
6691:
6687:
6681:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6609:
6602:
6596:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6503:
6492:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6438:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6190:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6060:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6034:
6028:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6008:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5990:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5952:
5946:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5921:
5915:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5882:
5877:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5855:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5821:
5816:
5805:
5798:
5797:
5789:
5783:
5778:
5762:
5756:
5737:
5730:
5724:
5705:
5698:
5692:
5684:
5678:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5498:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5471:
5470:StorageReview
5467:
5461:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5350:
5346:
5345:Interface bus
5342:
5336:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5297:
5290:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5244:
5238:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5192:
5187:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5114:0-7695-2012-X
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5065:
5061:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5029:
5025:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4797:Fibre Channel
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4629:External GPUs
4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4585:
4584:SATA 3.0
4581:
4576:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4542:
4538:
4529:
4527:
4522:
4500:
4486:
4472:
4464:
4462:4 (optional)
4461:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4447:Size (Bytes)
4445:
4441:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4405:
4399:
4391:
4388:
4386:4 (optional)
4385:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:Size (Bytes)
4370:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:Line encoding
4181:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4151:data striping
4147:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3978:7.65 mm
3974:
3971:
3960:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3921:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3865:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:Draft process
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:MIPI Alliance
3825:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3812:basis of the
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3617:
3608:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3529:
3525:
3514:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3479:gigatransfers
3470:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3395:
3386:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3367:transfer rate
3349:
3340:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2967:
2959:Transfer rate
2948:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:SD card: The
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2602:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2433:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2256:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2159:
2154:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2037:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Standby power
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1001:
998:
995:
989:
986:
980:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
945:
943:
939:
935:
925:
911:
908:
904:
900:
897:
892:
890:
886:
860:
854:
851:
850:
842:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
824:
820:
817:
816:
808:
805:
803:
799:
795:
790:
786:
778:
764:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
718:
714:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
673:
670:
662:
652:
648:
644:
638:
637:
633:
628:This section
626:
622:
617:
616:
608:
606:
601:
599:
596:
592:
591:signal traces
588:
578:
576:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
538:
534:
529:
520:
518:
517:bidirectional
512:
510:
509:Fibre Channel
506:
502:
499:or multiport
498:
494:
489:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
446:
439:
434:
424:
415:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
376:
374:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:host adapters
350:
346:
342:
341:capture cards
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:expansion bus
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
267:
262:
254:
245:
239:
235:
230:
226:
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
157:
150:
148:Width in bits
146:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
124:
120:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
95:
93:
89:
75:
71:
64:
59:
54:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
10193:Serial buses
10008:Power MOSFET
9991:Power supply
9960:Data storage
9896:Flash memory
9874:Optical disc
9856:data storage
9141:
9087:TURBOchannel
8877:
8800:
8781:
8762:
8750:
8738:. Retrieved
8734:
8725:
8713:. Retrieved
8709:
8699:
8687:. Retrieved
8678:
8668:
8656:. Retrieved
8641:
8629:. Retrieved
8625:the original
8615:
8605:14 September
8603:. Retrieved
8589:
8577:. Retrieved
8563:
8551:. Retrieved
8547:the original
8537:
8525:. Retrieved
8521:the original
8511:
8499:. Retrieved
8484:
8472:. Retrieved
8458:
8445:
8435:
8422:
8413:
8404:
8395:
8383:. Retrieved
8374:
8365:
8352:
8342:
8329:
8319:
8307:. Retrieved
8293:
8280:
8270:
8262:
8252:
8241:, retrieved
8231:
8225:
8214:, retrieved
8204:
8198:
8188:11 September
8186:. Retrieved
8182:the original
8177:
8168:
8158:11 September
8156:. Retrieved
8142:
8130:. Retrieved
8121:
8112:
8073:. Retrieved
8053:
8047:
8027:
8021:
8001:
7995:
7984:
7976:
7972:
7961:
7949:. Retrieved
7936:
7924:. Retrieved
7914:
7903:
7892:
7880:. Retrieved
7873:the original
7860:
7848:. Retrieved
7830:
7818:. Retrieved
7814:
7805:
7793:. Retrieved
7789:
7779:
7767:. Retrieved
7758:
7749:
7738:
7726:. Retrieved
7712:
7700:. Retrieved
7686:
7674:. Retrieved
7669:
7660:
7648:. Retrieved
7644:
7635:
7623:. Retrieved
7613:
7601:. Retrieved
7589:
7577:. Retrieved
7565:
7557:the original
7546:
7534:. Retrieved
7524:
7510:
7498:. Retrieved
7488:
7476:. Retrieved
7472:
7462:
7453:
7443:
7434:
7425:
7416:
7406:
7397:
7373:. Retrieved
7363:
7351:. Retrieved
7341:
7327:
7315:. Retrieved
7305:
7280:
7269:
7260:
7251:
7242:
7233:
7221:. Retrieved
7216:
7207:
7195:. Retrieved
7191:
7182:
7170:. Retrieved
7167:www.plda.com
7166:
7157:
7145:. Retrieved
7142:www.plda.com
7141:
7132:
7120:. Retrieved
7116:
7107:
7098:
7088:
7076:. Retrieved
7067:
7057:
7045:. Retrieved
7036:
7026:
7011:
7001:28 September
6999:. Retrieved
6995:the original
6990:
6981:
6970:
6962:the original
6957:
6948:
6936:. Retrieved
6907:
6896:
6884:. Retrieved
6875:Heise Online
6873:
6864:
6855:
6846:
6837:
6828:
6816:. Retrieved
6807:
6798:
6790:the original
6785:
6776:
6764:. Retrieved
6760:the original
6750:
6738:synopsys.com
6737:
6728:
6715:
6706:
6694:. Retrieved
6690:the original
6680:
6668:. Retrieved
6654:
6642:. Retrieved
6627:
6615:. Retrieved
6595:
6583:. Retrieved
6579:the original
6564:
6552:. Retrieved
6533:
6521:. Retrieved
6513:The Register
6512:
6502:
6490:
6481:. Retrieved
6474:the original
6457:
6443:
6437:
6425:. Retrieved
6421:the original
6407:
6395:. Retrieved
6386:
6377:
6365:. Retrieved
6361:the original
6356:
6330:. Retrieved
6326:the original
6321:
6312:
6296:The Register
6295:
6274:
6265:
6253:. Retrieved
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6223:
6213:
6205:the original
6200:
6176:. Retrieved
6172:the original
6162:
6150:. Retrieved
6136:
6124:. Retrieved
6121:www.dell.com
6120:
6111:
6089:
6077:. Retrieved
6068:
6059:
6041:
6021:
6015:
5995:
5989:
5979:28 September
5977:. Retrieved
5968:
5959:
5945:
5937:
5928:
5914:
5902:. Retrieved
5898:the original
5887:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5854:
5842:. Retrieved
5819:
5815:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5777:
5765:. Retrieved
5755:
5743:. Retrieved
5736:the original
5723:
5711:. Retrieved
5704:the original
5691:
5677:
5669:
5649:. Retrieved
5645:the original
5640:
5631:
5623:rog.asus.com
5622:
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5597:the original
5593:xfxforce.com
5592:
5583:
5571:. Retrieved
5568:bit-tech.net
5567:
5558:
5548:19 September
5546:. Retrieved
5542:
5532:
5521:
5511:
5488:
5478:
5469:
5460:
5447:
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5422:
5417:Qazi, Atif.
5412:
5400:. Retrieved
5396:the original
5391:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5353:. Retrieved
5349:the original
5344:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5319:the original
5295:
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5268:
5259:
5247:. Retrieved
5237:
5225:. Retrieved
5218:the original
5186:
5174:. Retrieved
5167:the original
5162:
5149:
5140:
5131:
5096:
5090:
5070:
5064:
5037:
5028:
4991:Root complex
4930:
4882:
4871:
4861:
4857:
4851:(MIPI), and
4830:
4786:
4766:
4754:SATA Express
4752:
4739:
4732:
4724:memory cards
4720:flash memory
4717:
4710:SATA Express
4683:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4644:
4632:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4532:Applications
4525:
4523:
4473:
4470:
4397:
4334:Transaction
4314:
4311:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4271:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4220:
4211:
4192:
4168:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4128:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4098:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4067:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3862:
3841:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3789:
3788:
3776:
3768:
3759:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3682:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3622:
3602:
3592:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3568:
3557:
3543:
3540:
3520:
3511:
3503:
3492:
3488:
3476:
3467:
3455:
3421:
3418:
3410:
3400:
3384:
3371:
3364:
3348:
3339:
3311:242.000 GB/s
3306:121.000 GB/s
3267:121.000 GB/s
2935:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2871:
2856:
2824:Universal IO
2763:with x2 PCIe
2735:
2726:
2719:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2642:
2638:
2620:
2607:
2564:USB 2.0
2556:
2539:
2531:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2445:
2414:
2409:
2295:Description
2289:Description
2222:on PS cable
2199:
2163:
2096:
1204:+3.3 V
976:Description
962:Description
931:
893:
889:cooling fans
875:
865:6.600 × 0.8
847:6.600 × 0.8
837:Half-Length
826:Full-Length
791:
787:
783:
767:Form factors
762:
722:
716:
680:
665:
656:
641:Please help
629:
602:
584:
564:
561:MSI or MSI-X
548:
545:interconnect
544:
542:
533:dual simplex
523:Interconnect
513:
490:
482:
474:root complex
452:
418:Architecture
401:
389:SATA Express
377:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
174:Dual simplex
73:Year created
47:
10107:Serial port
10098:(IEEE 1394)
10075:DisplayPort
10065:Thunderbolt
9938:Motherboard
9901:Memory card
9869:Floppy disk
9711:Touchscreen
9560:CoreConnect
9539:ExpressCard
9467:Thunderbolt
9457:Camera Link
9240:Bus and Tag
8926:Address bus
8921:Control bus
8916:Daisy chain
8650:. HPCwire.
8631:27 December
8597:. SATA-IO.
8571:. SATA-IO.
8385:12 February
7842:: Pinouts.
7672:. Penn Well
7603:16 February
7579:16 February
7536:16 February
7500:16 February
7467:Yanes, Al.
7375:12 November
7317:16 February
7313:. Intel.com
7197:12 December
6716:eteknix.com
6696:18 November
6670:5 September
6617:5 September
5969:hwtools.net
5543:TechPowerUp
5448:NVM Express
5423:PC Gear Lab
5325:23 November
5041:The card's
4821:Dolphin ICS
4789:data-center
4773:NVM Express
4651:Quadro Plex
4636:Thunderbolt
3820:Mobile PCIe
3809:Sony VAIO Z
3804:DisplayPort
3791:Thunderbolt
3528:Thunderbolt
3301:60.500 GB/s
3296:30.250 GB/s
3291:15.125 GB/s
3262:60.500 GB/s
3257:30.250 GB/s
3252:15.125 GB/s
3203:63.015 GB/s
3198:31.508 GB/s
3193:15.754 GB/s
3162:31.508 GB/s
3154:15.754 GB/s
3118:15.754 GB/s
2964:Throughput
2953:Introduced
2927:PCI Express
2881:DisplayPort
2877:Thunderbolt
2808:AdvancedTCA
2794:AdvancedTCA
2744:ExpressCard
2715:fiber optic
2630:MacBook Air
2623:Asus Eee PC
2337:+12 V
2331:+12 V
2323:+12 V
2309:+12 V
2303:+12 V
2246:45587-0004
2238:45558-0003
2235:45559-0002
2171:(6-pin) or
2088:, combined.
1936:Ground pin
1227:+3.3 V
1178:+3.3 V
1045:+12 V
942:pulled high
885:video cards
881: 2012
758:DisplayPort
695:timing skew
687:half-duplex
598:byte stream
595:full-duplex
478:full-duplex
385:ExpressCard
345:sound cards
333:motherboard
295:PCI Express
198:ExpressCard
151:1 per lane
51:PCI Express
10177:Categories
9854:Removable
9839:Sound card
9769:Sound chip
9764:Sound card
9754:Microphone
9644:components
9413:ACCESS.bus
9312:Peripheral
9112:InfiniBand
9107:HP GSC bus
8901:System bus
8795:, 1056 pp.
8776:, 1120 pp.
8735:pcisig.com
8658:7 December
8579:7 December
8553:7 December
8309:5 February
8150:. nVidia.
7979:Table 4-24
7951:7 December
7926:7 December
7850:7 December
7769:7 December
7728:23 October
7645:pcisig.com
7473:pcisig.com
7223:18 January
7192:pcisig.com
6786:pcisig.com
6766:7 December
6644:7 December
6636:. PC Mag.
6585:9 February
6523:9 February
6483:9 February
6427:7 December
6397:7 December
6357:pcisig.com
6322:pcisig.com
6178:7 December
6152:9 February
6079:26 October
5904:7 November
5844:4 December
5745:8 November
5713:8 November
5651:24 October
5402:7 December
5279:7 December
5057:References
4833:InfiniBand
4805:InfiniBand
4708:See also:
4700:RevoDrive
4675:XG Station
4613:(ATI) and
4459:0 to 4096
4383:0 to 4096
4051:89 mm
4048:2×71 = 142
4045:2×82 = 164
4031:56 mm
4003:39 mm
3972:25 mm
3816:standard.
3780:InfiniBand
3605:Tiger Lake
3282:128.0 GT/s
3278:(planned)
3247:7.563 GB/s
3228:242B/256B
3188:7.877 GB/s
3180:3.938 GB/s
3149:7.877 GB/s
3141:3.938 GB/s
3136:1.969 GB/s
3113:7.877 GB/s
3105:3.938 GB/s
3100:1.969 GB/s
3095:0.985 GB/s
3072:8.000 GB/s
3067:4.000 GB/s
3062:2.000 GB/s
3057:1.000 GB/s
3052:0.500 GB/s
3034:4.000 GB/s
3029:2.000 GB/s
3024:1.000 GB/s
3019:0.500 GB/s
2956:Line code
2814:FeaturePak
2798:CompactPCI
2774:SD Express
2503:Mini PCI-E
2454:(GPUs) to
2106:+3.3
2093:Slot power
2031:Sense pin
2011:Open drain
1956:Power pin
1273:Key notch
1106:port pins
1042:+12 V
1019:+12 V
1016:+12 V
987:+12 V
916:mm × 318.5
730:Serial ATA
659:March 2018
611:Serial bus
553:interrupts
162:of devices
122:Supersedes
91:Created by
10117:PS/2 port
10112:Game port
10025:Fax modem
9864:Disk pack
9716:Trackball
9679:Light pen
9374:Lightning
9324:Atari SIO
9199:SpaceWire
9032:Zorro III
8972:S-100 bus
8967:SS-50 bus
8960:Standards
8880:standards
8873:Technical
8814:, 325 pp.
8803:, Intel,
8784:, Intel,
8527:2 October
8501:2 October
8446:SlashGear
8375:The Verge
8353:AnandTech
8263:TweakTown
7702:29 August
7676:29 August
7478:6 October
7371:. AMD.com
7349:. AMD.com
7099:Anandtech
6886:18 August
6818:27 August
6606:. Intel.
6575:AnandTech
6544:AnandTech
5603:25 August
5573:26 August
5523:Eurogamer
5489:TechRadar
4921:Microsoft
4867:local bus
4645:In 2006,
4640:bit rates
4623:CrossFire
4456:12 or 16
4430:Sequence
4380:12 or 16
4351:Sequence
4207:scrambler
4180:128b/130b
3943:Variable
3937:Variable
3750:Gray code
3633:25.0 GT/s
3451:Intel P35
3235:64.0 GT/s
3175:32.0 GT/s
3131:16.0 GT/s
3085:128b/130b
2961:per lane
2767:CFexpress
2577:card for
2499:Mini PCIe
2180:300
2173:150
2113:9.9
2069:3.3
2060:The main
2042:Reserved
1775:Reserved
1740:HSIn(15)
1646:HSIn(14)
1554:HSIn(13)
1462:HSIn(12)
1377:HSIn(11)
1282:HSIn(10)
920:mm × 57.8
883:) gaming
691:bandwidth
630:does not
438:heat sink
206:CFexpress
10096:FireWire
10089:Obsolete
10055:Ethernet
9834:Speakers
9732:Keyboard
9706:Touchpad
9641:computer
9600:Category
9575:Wishbone
9548:Embedded
9527:Portable
9447:Profibus
9379:DMX512-A
9265:Parallel
9117:Ethernet
9027:Zorro II
8977:Multibus
8878:de facto
8740:27 March
8715:9 August
8689:31 March
8683:Archived
8652:Archived
8599:Archived
8573:Archived
8495:Archived
8468:Archived
8450:archived
8427:archived
8423:Engadget
8379:Archived
8357:archived
8334:archived
8303:Archived
8285:archived
8243:9 August
8237:archived
8216:9 August
8210:archived
8152:Archived
8126:Archived
8069:Archived
7844:Archived
7763:Archived
7759:PC World
7722:Archived
7696:Archived
7072:Archived
7041:Archived
6932:Archived
6880:Archived
6812:Archived
6808:EE Times
6742:Archived
6720:Archived
6664:Archived
6638:Archived
6608:Archived
6548:Archived
6517:Archived
6449:archived
6391:Archived
6387:TM World
6304:archived
6255:24 March
6249:Archived
6229:26 March
6146:Archived
6126:24 March
6103:Archived
6073:Archived
6071:(wiki).
6051:Archived
5973:Archived
5822:Page 332
5804:archived
5497:cite web
5452:Archived
5273:Archived
5049:is used.
4986:PCIe/104
4935:See also
4901:Facebook
4897:Dell EMC
4813:NUMAlink
4801:routable
4787:Certain
4735:XQD card
4730:(SSDs).
4505:Overhead
4436:Payload
4357:Payload
4297:Ethernet
4285:gigabaud
4201:a known
4171:embedded
4082:PCIe PHY
3907:IEEE 802
3895:, and a
3853:silicon.
3784:Ethernet
3560:Synopsys
3439:Gigabyte
3286:64.0 GBd
3090:8.0 GT/s
3047:5.0 GT/s
2950:Version
2861:support
2831:removed.
2757:XQD card
2515:Mini PCI
2166:75
2083:75
2076:25
2062:12
2007:HSIn(7)
1933:HSIn(6)
1880:HSIn(5)
1830:HSIn(4)
1791:Reserved
1759:Reserved
1731:HSIn(3)
1717:HSIp(15)
1689:HSOn(15)
1666:HSOp(15)
1637:HSIn(2)
1623:HSIp(14)
1597:HSOn(14)
1574:HSOp(14)
1545:HSIn(1)
1531:HSIp(13)
1505:HSOn(13)
1482:HSOp(13)
1473:Reserved
1445:HSIp(12)
1420:HSOn(12)
1414:HSIn(0)
1397:HSOp(12)
1354:HSIp(11)
1328:HSOn(11)
1302:HSOp(11)
1265:HSIp(10)
1239:HSOn(10)
1210:HSOp(10)
1190:HSIn(9)
1082:HSIn(8)
1002:Reserved
896:Sapphire
861:2.731 ×
843:4.376 ×
742:FireWire
732:(SATA),
725:embedded
466:topology
459:parallel
369:hot-swap
364:Ethernet
314:computer
10145:Related
10048:Current
9889:Blu-ray
9827:Plotter
9822:Printer
9805:Monitor
9781:Softcam
9689:Optical
9580:SLIMbus
9534:PC Card
9518:TOSLINK
9208:Storage
9162:RapidIO
9042:FASTBUS
8997:STD Bus
8894:General
8132:14 July
8075:23 July
7820:28 June
7795:10 July
7650:3 April
7625:25 June
7172:28 June
7147:28 June
7078:10 June
7047:10 June
6497:Mbit/s.
6470:PCI-SIG
6444:PCI SIG
5767:10 June
5428:8 April
5355:12 June
5249:21 June
5227:15 July
5214:PCI-SIG
5123:7456382
4889:Alibaba
4837:RapidIO
4809:RapidIO
4666:ATI XGP
4582:-based
4580:Marvell
4497:Payload
4492:Payload
4433:Header
4354:Header
4074:PCIEPHY
4024:2×38 =
4017:2×49 =
3996:2×21 =
3989:2×32 =
3954:2×18 =
3929:Length
3660:Power10
3402:PCI-SIG
2923:PCI-SIG
2748:PC Card
2705:is the
2699:OCuLink
2684:PCI-SIG
2519:PCI-SIG
2399:Ground
2389:Ground
2383:Ground
2361:Ground
2355:Ground
2185:total (
2099:3
2004:PRSNT2#
1987:HSIp(7)
1970:Ground
1967:HSOn(7)
1947:HSOp(7)
1922:Legend
1916:HSIp(6)
1905:Ground
1902:HSOn(6)
1888:HSOp(6)
1866:HSIp(5)
1855:Ground
1852:HSOn(5)
1838:HSOp(5)
1816:HSIp(4)
1805:Ground
1802:HSOn(4)
1788:HSOp(4)
1748:PRSNT2#
1737:PRSNT2#
1728:PWRBRK#
1703:HSIp(3)
1692:Ground
1683:Ground
1680:HSOn(3)
1654:HSOp(3)
1611:HSIp(2)
1600:Ground
1591:Ground
1588:HSOn(2)
1562:HSOp(2)
1519:HSIp(1)
1508:Ground
1499:Ground
1496:HSOn(1)
1470:HSOp(1)
1423:Ground
1411:PRSNT2#
1388:HSIp(0)
1368:Ground
1365:HSOn(0)
1342:REFCLK−
1339:HSOp(0)
1331:Ground
1319:REFCLK+
1290:CLKREQ#
1242:Ground
1164:HSIp(9)
1141:Ground
1138:HSOn(9)
1112:HSOp(9)
1054:HSIp(8)
1031:Ground
1028:HSOn(8)
999:HSOp(8)
990:PRSNT1#
746:RapidIO
740:(SAS),
693:due to
651:removed
636:sources
449:common.
404:PCI-SIG
237:Website
225:OCuLink
202:OCuLink
81: (
10003:MOSFET
9943:Memory
9810:Screen
9776:Webcam
9639:Basic
9513:S/PDIF
9404:1-Wire
9369:RS-485
9364:RS-423
9359:RS-422
9354:RS-232
9215:ST-506
9172:NVLink
9022:STEbus
8982:Unibus
8807:
8788:
8769:
8474:18 May
8122:Nvidia
8061:
8035:
8009:
7882:21 May
7353:23 May
7122:7 June
6938:8 June
6554:21 May
6495:
6332:18 May
6224:Medium
6029:
6003:
5121:
5111:
5078:
4998:(SDVO)
4960:(ASPM)
4913:Huawei
4905:Google
4853:NVLink
4847:, the
4647:Nvidia
4615:Nvidia
4553:Nvidia
4427:Start
4407:Layer
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4325:Layer
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4155:deskew
3940:Total
3934:Total
3923:Lanes
3824:M-PCIe
3709:
3705:
3689:
3685:
3629:
3625:
3575:POWER9
3553:
3549:
3538:GB/s.
3536:
3532:
3406:
3239:32.0 G
3011:0.250
2998:8b/10b
2841:M-PCIe
2818:
2711:copper
2625:, the
2546:Boards
2509:, and
2415:Sense1
2369:Sense
2243:8-pin
2232:6-pin
2206:EPS12V
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2023:Ground
1984:Ground
1950:Ground
1930:Ground
1913:Ground
1891:Ground
1877:Ground
1863:Ground
1841:Ground
1827:Ground
1813:Ground
1772:Ground
1762:Ground
1751:Ground
1714:Ground
1700:Ground
1669:Ground
1657:Ground
1643:Ground
1634:Ground
1620:Ground
1608:Ground
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1565:Ground
1551:Ground
1542:Ground
1528:Ground
1516:Ground
1485:Ground
1459:Ground
1442:Ground
1434:Ground
1431:Ground
1400:Ground
1385:Ground
1374:Ground
1351:Ground
1316:Ground
1305:Ground
1293:Ground
1279:Ground
1262:Ground
1253:PERST#
1213:Ground
1187:Ground
1161:Ground
1152:Ground
1115:Ground
1079:Ground
1071:Ground
1068:Ground
1051:Ground
973:Side A
970:Side B
959:Side A
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569:802.11
539:pairs.
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455:serial
381:laptop
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311:serial
242:pcisig
223:(with
196:(with
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10122:eSATA
10040:Ports
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9684:Mouse
9508:McASP
9476:Audio
9421:SMBus
9417:PMBus
9399:UNI/O
9339:HP-IL
9292:SATAe
9277:ESCON
9250:HIPPI
9082:NuBus
9037:CAMAC
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8174:"XGP"
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7945:(PDF)
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7598:(PDF)
7574:(PDF)
6611:(PDF)
6604:(PDF)
6477:(PDF)
6466:(PDF)
6367:1 May
6277:, EDN
6099:Intel
5839:(PDF)
5807:(PDF)
5800:(PDF)
5739:(PDF)
5732:(PDF)
5707:(PDF)
5700:(PDF)
5221:(PDF)
5176:8 May
5170:(PDF)
5159:(PDF)
5141:PCMag
5119:S2CID
5020:Notes
5014:(CXL)
4975:PCI-X
4966:(PCI)
4917:Intel
4893:Cisco
4874:Gen-Z
4811:, or
4659:VHDCI
4564:Intel
4442:LCRC
4439:ECRC
4424:Data
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4360:ECRC
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3926:Pins
3874:lanes
3832:M-PHY
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3447:MCP72
3423:Intel
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3217:PAM-4
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9349:MIDI
9302:NVMe
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9220:ESDI
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8992:MBus
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7049:2019
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6888:2016
6820:2016
6768:2012
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6646:2012
6619:2007
6587:2007
6556:2007
6525:2007
6485:2007
6429:2012
6399:2012
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6334:2014
6257:2014
6231:2021
6180:2012
6154:2007
6128:2020
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5906:2015
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5769:2022
5747:2018
5715:2018
5653:2011
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5575:2019
5550:2024
5503:link
5430:2020
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5357:2010
5327:2008
5281:2009
5251:2021
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5109:ISBN
5076:ISBN
5007:UCIe
4919:and
4769:AHCI
4733:The
4726:and
4714:NVMe
4712:and
4655:GPUs
4551:The
4541:Asus
4474:The
4410:PHY
4366:End
4340:PHY
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3965:7 =
3889:, a
3814:USB4
3798:and
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3588:NVMe
3435:Asus
3431:Abit
3276:2025
3273:7.0
3230:FLIT
3209:6.0
3168:5.0
3124:4.0
3078:3.0
3040:2.0
3013:GB/s
3005:GT/s
3003:2.5
2986:1.0
2981:x16
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2709:for
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1102:and
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802:FHHL
798:HHHL
754:HDMI
707:word
634:any
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557:INTx
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303:PCIe
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10132:VGA
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9344:HIL
9329:DCB
9300:or
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9230:SMD
9225:IPI
9147:AGP
9137:PXI
9127:PCI
9122:UPA
9102:VLB
9092:MCA
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9072:VXS
9067:VXI
9062:VME
9047:LPC
9017:ISA
8178:ATI
6069:ivc
5101:doi
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4747:SAS
4702:SSD
4698:OCZ
4696:An
4611:AMD
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4568:NIC
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3222:FEC
2993:NRZ
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2851:U.2
2835:M.2
2804:AMC
2788:PMC
2784:CMC
2780:XMC
2654:M.2
2634:SSD
2579:GSM
2575:SIM
2527:M.2
2523:USB
2511:PEM
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2104:at
2020:49
2001:48
1981:47
1964:46
1944:45
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1910:43
1899:42
1885:41
1874:40
1860:39
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1835:37
1824:36
1810:35
1799:34
1785:33
1769:32
1756:82
1745:31
1734:81
1725:30
1711:80
1697:29
1686:79
1677:28
1663:78
1651:27
1640:77
1631:26
1617:76
1605:25
1594:75
1585:24
1571:74
1559:23
1548:73
1539:22
1525:72
1513:21
1502:71
1493:20
1479:70
1467:19
1456:69
1439:68
1428:18
1417:67
1408:17
1394:66
1382:16
1371:65
1362:15
1348:64
1336:14
1325:63
1313:13
1299:62
1287:12
1276:61
1259:60
1247:11
1236:59
1221:10
1207:58
1184:57
1158:56
1135:55
1109:54
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1025:51
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462:bus
397:M.2
393:U.2
329:AGP
321:PCI
305:or
227:or
210:U.2
208:or
160:No.
139:AGP
129:PCI
113:IBM
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