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153:
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religion; it was a form of entertainment. Literary criticism was influenced by the values and stylistic writing, including clear, bold, precise writing and the more controversial criteria of the author's religious beliefs. These critical reviews were published in many magazines, newspapers, and journals. The commercialization of literature and its mass production had its downside. The emergent literary market, which was expected to educate the public and keep them away from
4349:
43:
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1352:
and prejudice, increasingly diverged from the idealistic control of the
Enlightenment theoreticians so that the business of Enlightenment became a business with the Enlightenment. This development – particularly of emergence of entertainment literature – was addressed through an intensification of
1022:
draws no distinction between literary theory and literary criticism, and almost always uses the terms together to describe the same concept. Some critics consider literary criticism a practical application of literary theory, because criticism always deals directly with particular literary works,
1347:
rates started to rise in the public; no longer was reading exclusive for the wealthy or scholarly. With the rise of the literate public, the swiftness of printing and commercialization of literature, criticism arose too. Reading was no longer viewed solely as educational or as a sacred source of
1257:
was very far from spent as a cultural force, it was to be gradually challenged by a rival movement, namely
Baroque, that favoured the transgressive and the extreme, without laying claim to the unity, harmony, or decorum that supposedly distinguished both nature and its greatest imitator, namely
1519:. It continued until the mid-1980s, when interest in "theory" peaked. Many later critics, though undoubtedly still influenced by theoretical work, have been comfortable simply interpreting literature rather than writing explicitly about methodology and philosophical presumptions.
1447:. In his works Frye noted that some critics tend to embrace an ideology, and to judge literary pieces on the basis of their adherence to such ideology. This has been a highly influential viewpoint among modern conservative thinkers. E. Michael Jones, for example, argues in his
1625:
Among the issues within the history of literature with which book history can be seen to intersect are: the development of authorship as a profession, the formation of reading audiences, the constraints of censorship and copyright, and the economics of literary form.
1408:
However important all of these aesthetic movements were as antecedents, current ideas about literary criticism derive almost entirely from the new direction taken in the early twentieth century. Early in the century the school of criticism known as
1396:– that is, "wit" or "humor" of a certain sort – more highly than the serious Anglophone Romanticism. The late nineteenth century brought renown to authors known more for their literary criticism than for their own literary work, such as
1209:, proclaiming literature as central to culture, entrusting the poet and the author with preservation of a long literary tradition. The birth of Renaissance criticism was in 1498, with the recovery of classic texts, most notably,
4044:
1379:
ideas to literary studies, including the idea that the object of literature need not always be beautiful, noble, or perfect, but that literature itself could elevate a common subject to the level of the
1473:: knowledge via interpretation to understand the meaning of human texts and symbolic expressions – including the interpretation of texts which themselves interpret other texts.
1622:. Principally concerned with the production, circulation, and reception of texts and their material forms, book history seeks to connect forms of textuality with their material aspects.
4042:
1539:, also remain active. Disagreements over the goals and methods of literary criticism, which characterized both sides taken by critics during the "rise" of theory, have declined.
1503:
was more or less dominant until the late 1960s. Around that time Anglo-American university literature departments began to witness a rise of a more explicitly philosophical
4043:
1011:
of literature's goals and methods. Although the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not always been, theorists.
1417:
in
Britain and in the United States, came to dominate the study and discussion of literature in the English-speaking world. Both schools emphasized the
3296:
Normal
Circumstances, Literal Language, Direct Speech Acts, the Ordinary, the Everyday, the Obvious, What Goes Without Saying, and Other Special Cases
1316:
as a universal language of images and as a supreme intellectual act, at once an artifice and an epistemologically privileged mode of access to truth.
2628:
1429:. This emphasis on form and precise attention to "the words themselves" has persisted, after the decline of these critical doctrines themselves.
4158:
4121:
2017:
1245:
The seventeenth-century witnessed the first full-fledged crisis in modernity of the core critical-aesthetic principles inherited from
1026:
Literary criticism is often published in essay or book form. Academic literary critics teach in literature departments and publish in
1146:
have had a profound influence on the study of secular texts. This was particularly the case for the literary traditions of the three
4243:
107:
1332:
79:
1392:, emphasized an aesthetic of fragmentation that can appear startlingly modern to the reader of English literature, and valued
3920:
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3720:
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5388:
2307:
974:
86:
5178:
4238:
724:
60:
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2407:
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has sought to develop new ways of reading and responding to literary texts that go beyond the interpretive methods of
4308:
4203:
4008:
1818:
1761:
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Some critics work largely with theoretical texts, while others read traditional literature; interest in the literary
126:
93:
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17:
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75:
64:
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4673:
4643:
4228:
2551:
2496:
1751:
1547:
1465:
1036:
5333:
4423:
3689:
1958:
1105:, a typology and description of literary forms with many specific criticisms of contemporary works of art.
1066:
1048:
4503:
3952:
2146:
5553:
4323:
4268:
4059:
1814:
1778:
1734:
1692:
1095:
Literary criticism is thought to have existed as far back as the classical period. In the 4th century BC
5487:
5358:
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4283:
4248:
2483:
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1756:
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largely coexist in university literature departments, while conventional methods, some informed by the
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865:
850:
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4115:
5295:
5110:
4313:
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3614:
3604:
3478:
1766:
1687:
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3268:
2250:
1455:
was influenced by his own adulterous affairs to reject classic literature that condemned adultery.
1422:
967:
432:
31:
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5466:
5403:
5258:
5171:
4608:
4513:
2466:
2416:
2164:
904:
875:
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335:
53:
1425:(to say nothing of the author's psychology or biography, which became almost taboo subjects) or
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5323:
5273:
5263:
4738:
4328:
4273:
4233:
3584:
2947:
The Mirror Stage as
Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience
2701:
1532:
1516:
1492:
1253:, that had long governed, guaranteed, and stabilized Western thinking about artworks. Although
1060:
1054:
1008:
914:
356:
4778:
2792:
1229:, was the most important influence upon literary criticism until the late eighteenth century.
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4773:
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4378:
4196:
3912:
3901:
3629:
2783:
2095:
1869:
1615:
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1359:
1121:'s attacks on poetry as imitative, secondary, and false were formative as well. The Sanskrit
880:
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829:
800:
305:
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5416:
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5328:
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4653:
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4458:
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3609:
2652:
2576:
2560:
2515:
2472:
2449:: letters to Benjamin Bailey, George & Thomas Keats, John Taylor, and Richard Woodhouse
2437:
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2046:
1788:
1443:
1381:
1340:
1230:
1155:
615:
487:
152:
4708:
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2398:
1233:
was one of the most influential
Renaissance critics who wrote commentaries on Aristotle's
8:
5558:
5393:
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5338:
5308:
5303:
4892:
4713:
4668:
4628:
4623:
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4258:
4100:
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3713:
Beyond the Line: Classical Arabic
Literary Critics on the Coherence and Unity of the Poem
3599:
3025:
2647:
2622:
2565:
2542:
2477:
2461:
2452:
2302:
1603:
1301:
1246:
1147:
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criticism often focused on religious texts, and the several long religious traditions of
1101:
960:
819:
527:
447:
422:
326:
4145:
1309:
1014:
Whether or not literary criticism should be considered a separate field of inquiry from
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5164:
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5055:
4912:
4902:
4858:
4698:
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4413:
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3422:
3377:
3061:
3043:
2955:
2695:
2608:
2388:
2377:
2342:
2271:
1940:
1798:
1677:
1667:
1512:
1385:
1159:
824:
809:
719:
579:
509:
504:
472:
462:
427:
300:
4159:
How to Do
Literary Analysis: An Experimental Reflection Based on the Yellow Wall-Paper
4001:
Formalism, Experience, and the Making of
American Literature in the Nineteenth Century
2210:
A Philosophical
Inquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful
1456:
1421:
of texts, elevating it far above generalizing discussion and speculation about either
1324:
5492:
5426:
5421:
5348:
5216:
5135:
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4947:
4843:
4528:
4318:
4004:
3926:
3916:
3879:
3848:
3822:
3812:
3787:
3762:
3726:
3716:
3667:
3657:
3527:
3200:
2920:
2196:
2106:
Composed in the mid-14th century – most probably by a french physician
1672:
1652:
1410:
1166:
1151:
1128:
1003:, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by
950:
919:
909:
683:
584:
457:
442:
391:
288:
5045:
4110:
3356:
5248:
5130:
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3619:
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3395:
3317:
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3123:
3105:
3034:
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2911:
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2533:
2505:
2382:
2128:
1724:
1611:
1555:
1293:
1285:
1027:
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606:
564:
467:
276:
5105:
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4957:
4833:
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4748:
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4683:
4558:
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4298:
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4220:
3469:
3386:
3227:
3183:
3161:
2902:
2817:
2747:
2738:
2599:
2571:
2259:
2001:
1810:
1729:
1640:
1619:
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is still great, but many critics are also interested in nontraditional texts and
1528:
1504:
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635:
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216:
160:
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4728:
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3114:
3083:
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2223:
2182:
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2068:
2023:
1983:
1682:
1587:
1397:
1354:
1328:
1078:
988:
855:
759:
574:
497:
386:
293:
5050:
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4163:
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2968:
5547:
5206:
5115:
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5007:
4927:
4878:
4868:
4853:
4768:
4763:
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4568:
4563:
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4478:
4463:
4388:
4288:
3826:
3594:
3589:
3487:
3404:
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2942:
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2723:
2313:
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2118:
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2059:
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1793:
1702:
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1418:
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1123:
929:
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729:
477:
452:
437:
376:
4723:
3930:
3784:
Androids in the Enlightenment: Mechanics, Artisans, and Cultures of the Self
3730:
3671:
2672:
1331:, one of the most influential writers and critics of the 18th century. See:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5075:
5012:
5002:
4952:
4907:
4813:
4718:
4548:
4533:
4418:
4338:
4303:
4278:
4263:
4062:
was created from a revision of this article dated 18 October 2006
3845:
Reading 1759: Literary Culture in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain and France
3544:
3540:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3413:
3361:
3291:
3263:
3152:
3052:
2866:
2663:
2241:
2205:
1949:
1783:
1739:
1707:
1607:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1470:
1452:
1349:
1139:
644:
569:
371:
271:
259:
3136:
1300:(The Aristotelian Telescope) in 1654. This seminal treatise – inspired by
5145:
5031:
5017:
4997:
4798:
4783:
4758:
4743:
4733:
4498:
4348:
4174:
3579:
3562:
3330:
3304:
3250:
2835:
2801:
2756:
2718:
2690:
2137:
1657:
1536:
1484:
1372:
1202:
1031:
791:
630:
620:
518:
361:
231:
221:
194:
1343:(1700s–1800s), literary criticism became more popular. During this time
1292:), were not fully developed in literary theory until the publication of
5527:
4618:
4538:
4508:
2446:
2214:
2155:
1629:
1469:), described literary critical theory in literary studies as a form of
1389:
1254:
1000:
781:
703:
559:
537:
179:
144:
3656:(2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005.
1363:, which one critic described as "the detestable story of the Yahoos".
5187:
4808:
4703:
4408:
4368:
4181:
2857:
2617:
1927:
1847:
1488:
1376:
1218:
1205:
developed classical ideas of unity of form and content into literary
1114:
1096:
1072:
924:
321:
226:
184:
1570:
have drawn connections between literature and the natural sciences.
42:
5517:
5125:
4393:
4383:
4152:
3509:
1976:
1896:
1878:
1583:
1344:
1313:
1276:
1174:
1143:
1135:
814:
754:
544:
189:
169:
1606:
is a field of interdisciplinary inquiry drawing on the methods of
5140:
4448:
4428:
4398:
3903:
Degenerate Moderns: Modernity as Rationalized Sexual Misbehaviour
3553:
2951:
The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason Since Freud
2810:
2012:
1967:
1905:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1110:
786:
663:
549:
532:
413:
381:
366:
351:
209:
4132:
3685:
3166:
Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences
1165:
Literary criticism was also employed in other forms of medieval
5532:
4438:
4373:
3944:
3438:
The Metaphorical Process as Cognition, Imagination, and Feeling
2907:
Epic and Novel: Toward a Methodology for the Study of the Novel
2006:
1992:
1860:
776:
749:
698:
693:
668:
653:
266:
238:
199:
4003:. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
1388:, which followed closely after the late development of German
4403:
4363:
1914:
1830:
1214:
1118:
673:
658:
554:
331:
283:
254:
174:
5156:
4146:"A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology"
3847:. Lewisburg : Bucknell University Press. pp. 125–130.
678:
204:
3761:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 82.
1271:
688:
3977:
Clio Or, a Discourse on Taste: Addressed to a Young Lady
3786:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 71–72.
3652:
The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism
1550:, as elaborated on by certain academic journals such as
1499:
In the British and American literary establishment, the
1375:
movement of the early nineteenth century introduced new
1020:
The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism
3686:"Literary Theory | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
2960:
The Ideal of the Harmonious Man in Bourgeois Aesthetics
3348:"A Waking Dream": The Symbolic Alternative to Allegory
3878:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 25.
3057:
Toward a More Adequate Criticism of Poetic Structure
1630:
Major twentieth-century schools of critical analysis
4143:
1357:, for instance, were criticized including his book
1090:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature
3900:
3649:
3558:Some Modest Proposals for the Reform of Literature
3474:Blurred Genres: The Refiguration of Social Thought
3205:Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory
2862:On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry
2520:Critical Essays; History of the Italian Literature
1602:Related to other forms of literary criticism, the
1366:
3870:
2629:Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
2403:Literature in its Relation to Social Institutions
1823:
5545:
4155:Collection of Critical and Biographical Websites
3945:"Contemporary Women's Writing | Oxford Academic"
3876:A History of German Literary Criticism: 173–1980
2169:The Advancement and Reformation of Modern Poetry
3756:
2761:The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas; The Open Work
2133:Of the Three Unities of Action, Time, and Place
1308:and the work of the Spanish Jesuit philosopher
1117:, which are still crucial in literary studies.
3759:The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe
2822:On Language as Such and On the Language of Man
1023:while theory may be more general or abstract.
1018:is a matter of some controversy. For example,
5172:
4197:
4178:. United States: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
2591:The Function of Criticism at the Present Time
2412:On the Relation of the Plastic Arts to Nature
1109:developed for the first time the concepts of
968:
4153:Internet Public Library: Literary Criticism
3842:
3710:
3549:Manifesto: Towards a Free Revolutionary Art
1034:in broadly circulating periodicals such as
5179:
5165:
4204:
4190:
4164:Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism
3715:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 1–2.
2871:The Formalist School of Poetry and Marxism
2604:History of English Literature and Language
2421:Shakespeare's Judgment Equal to His Genius
1319:
975:
961:
4130:
2668:Studies in the History of the Renaissance
2347:Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man
2272:Letters & Essays in Prose & Verse
1030:, and more popular critics publish their
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4070:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
4053:
3811:. New York: Skyhorse. pp. 132–133.
3483:The Foundation and Manifesto of Futurism
3418:The Historical Text as Literary Artifact
2659:Truth and Falsity in an Ultramoral Sense
1910:The Nature and Domain of Sacred Doctrine
1475:
1323:
1196:
5475:
3838:
3836:
3781:
2160:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
2111:
1558:read popular texts like comic books or
1127:includes literary criticism on ancient
14:
5546:
4211:
3973:
3967:
3806:
2028:A Discussion of Literature and Meaning
1597:
1249:, such as proportion, harmony, unity,
5160:
4185:
3998:
3898:
3692:from the original on 27 November 2020
3030:Standard Language and Poetic Language
2425:On the Principles of Genial Criticism
2073:On the Defense of the Comedy of Dante
2055:of Aristotle Translated and Explained
2040:
1586:. Many literary critics also work in
1574:studies literature in the context of
1258:ancient art. The key concepts of the
3866:
3864:
3843:Regan, Shaun; Dawson, Books (2013).
3833:
2308:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
2278:Clio: or a Discourse on Taste (1767)
1403:
1240:
1225:. The work of Aristotle, especially
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
4137:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3809:The Library: An Illustrated History
3309:The World, the Text, and the Critic
2840:Tradition and the Individual Talent
2326:Annotations to Reynolds' Discourses
2246:Conjectures on Original Composition
2187:On the Pleasures of the Imagination
1554:, while some critics influenced by
1333:Samuel Johnson's literary criticism
24:
4604:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
4123:Dictionary of the History of Ideas
4040:
3955:from the original on 7 August 2019
3747:(Bologna: Il Mulino, 2005), 21–22.
3505:The Declaration of 27 January 1925
3274:The Dialectics of Poetic Tradition
3088:The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles
2982:Literature as Equipment for Living
2408:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
25:
5580:
4021:
3861:
3400:Literary Commentary as Literature
3021:Irony as a Principle of Structure
2880:The Theory of the "Formal Method"
2393:Preface to the Second Edition of
2034:The Twenty-Four Classes of Poetry
1819:List of American literary critics
1762:Psychoanalytic literary criticism
1173:from the 9th century, notably by
4347:
4175:Principles of literary criticism
4052:
2779:Creative Writers and Daydreaming
2123:Answer to Davenant's preface to
1578:influences on human nature. And
1522:
1091:Classical and medieval criticism
944:
151:
41:
3992:
3937:
3892:
3757:Van Horn Melton, James (2001).
3278:Poetry, Revisionism, Repression
3157:Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
2731:
2587:Preface to the 1853 Edition of
2370:
1923:Letter to Cangrande Della Scala
1495:approach to literary criticism.
1491:were influential in developing
1367:19th-century Romantic criticism
52:needs additional citations for
5523:Appraisal (discourse analysis)
3800:
3775:
3750:
3737:
3711:van. Gelder, G. J. H. (1982).
3704:
3678:
3642:
3364:: Capitalism and Schizophrenia
3300:Is There a Text in This Class?
3075:Cultural Criticism and Society
2318:The Marriage of Heaven or Hell
1945:The Book of the City of Ladies
1824:Classical and medieval periods
1201:The literary criticism of the
1043:The New York Times Book Review
13:
1:
5186:
4674:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
4644:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
4599:Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
3874:; Berghahn, Klaus L. (1988).
3635:
2929:Criticism as Pure Speculation
2788:Course in General Linguistics
2710:The Book: A Spiritual Mystery
2552:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
2497:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2399:Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
2334:A Vision of the Last Judgment
2082:Discourses on the Heroic Poem
1936:Genealogy of the Gentile Gods
1901:The Consolation of Philosophy
1773:Race and sexuality approaches
1752:Archetypal literary criticism
1466:Knowledge and Human Interests
1037:The Times Literary Supplement
3242:From One Identity to Another
2797:The Structural Study of Myth
2488:Conversations with Eckermann
2269:Richard "Conversation" Sharp
1883:On the Intellectual Beauties
1804:
1552:Contemporary Women's Writing
1298:Il Cannocchiale aristotelico
1049:The New York Review of Books
7:
5564:Interpretation (philosophy)
3573:
3523:Sensation and New Sensation
3456:How to Do Things with Texts
3259:The Rhetoric of Temporality
2973:Poetry and Abstract Thought
2706:The Evolution of Literature
2639:Two Ages: A Literary Review
2091:The Advancement of Learning
1815:Feminist literary criticism
1779:African-American literature
1735:Feminist literary criticism
1693:Semiotic literary criticism
1527:Today, approaches based in
10:
5585:
4639:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
3899:Jones, E. Michael (1991).
3782:Voskuhl, Adelheid (2013).
3492:Unpretentious Proclamation
3175:The Structuralist Activity
2925:Poetry: A Note in Ontology
2806:Romanticism and Classicism
2686:The Adventures of the Soul
2501:The Philosophy of Fine Art
2484:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2457:The World as Will and Idea
2142:An Essay of Dramatic Poesy
1808:
1720:Marxist literary criticism
1572:Darwinian literary studies
1441:published the influential
1085:
29:
5510:
5450:
5402:
5294:
5241:
5225:
5194:
5111:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
4504:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
4356:
4345:
4314:Reader-response criticism
4219:
4144:José Ángel García Landa.
4101:Resources in your library
3615:Philosophy and literature
3479:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
3339:The Madwoman in the Attic
3335:Infection in the Sentence
3322:Toward a Feminist Poetics
3196:The Discourse on Language
3139:and the Essence of Poetry
2916:The Notion of Expenditure
2147:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
1997:A Discourse on Literature
1688:Reader-response criticism
1432:
1413:, and slightly later the
1353:criticism. Many works of
4554:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
4309:Psychoanalytic criticism
3501:The Surrealist Manifesto
3447:On Textual Understanding
3269:The Anxiety of Influence
3223:The Country and the City
3214:Phenomenology of Reading
3148:Objective Interpretation
3017:The Heresy of Paraphrase
2770:Poetry for Poetry's Sake
2655:from the Spirit of Music
2251:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
2219:Of the Standard of Taste
2007:Rhymeprose on Literature
1746:Psychological approaches
1461:Erkenntnis und Interesse
1312:– developed a theory of
32:Literary Criticism (UIL)
5467:Criticism of technology
4609:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
4116:Encyclopædia Britannica
3807:Murray, Stuart (2009).
3382:The Laugh of the Medusa
3232:The Liberal Imagination
3179:The Death of the Author
3004:The Intentional Fallacy
2964:Art and Objective Truth
2844:Hamlet and His Problems
2467:The Four Ages of Poetry
2417:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
2330:A Descriptive Catalogue
1972:The Invention of Poetry
1963:Inquiry into Literature
1320:Enlightenment criticism
1187:Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz
4329:Sociological criticism
4299:Postcolonial criticism
4234:Biographical criticism
4048:
4028:Listen to this article
3745:L’estetica del Barocco
3585:Comparative literature
3373:The Sacrificial Crisis
3255:Semiology and Rhetoric
3128:The Nature of Language
2938:A Critic's Job of Work
2677:The Experimental Novel
2429:The Statesman's Manual
2364:On Incomprehensibility
2322:Letter to Thomas Butts
1635:Historicist approaches
1533:continental philosophy
1517:Continental philosophy
1496:
1336:
1061:Dublin Review of Books
1055:London Review of Books
1009:philosophical analysis
5269:Intellectual property
4774:Ferdinand de Saussure
4357:Theorists and critics
4047:
3630:Translation criticism
3532:Cannibalist Manifesto
3391:Beyond Interpretation
3287:Colonialist Criticism
3008:The Affective Fallacy
2784:Ferdinand de Saussure
2714:Mystery in Literature
2287:The Paradox of Acting
2178:An Essay on Criticism
2064:An Apology for Poetry
1892:On Christian Doctrine
1809:Further information:
1616:history of literature
1515:, and other kinds of
1481:Ferdinand de Saussure
1479:
1327:
1197:Renaissance criticism
1179:al-Bayan wa-'l-tabyin
951:Literature portal
5462:Criticism of science
5451:Science, technology,
4679:James Russell Lowell
4654:Francesco De Sanctis
4634:Percy Bysshe Shelley
4614:Wilhelm von Humboldt
4459:Lodovico Castelvetro
4244:Cultural materialism
4229:Archetypal criticism
4079:More spoken articles
3999:Davis, Theo (2007).
3872:Hohendahl, Peter Uwe
3610:Literary translation
3567:The Bow and the Lire
3132:Language in the Poem
3110:The Poetics of Space
3097:Anatomy of Criticism
3066:The Burning Fountain
2653:The Birth of Tragedy
2643:The Concept of Irony
2577:The Poetic Principle
2561:James Russell Lowell
2516:Francesco de Sanctis
2473:Percy Bysshe Shelley
2438:Wilhelm von Humboldt
2433:Biographia Literaria
2297:Critique of Judgment
2112:Enlightenment period
2047:Lodovico Castelvetro
1789:Critical race theory
1714:Political approaches
1647:Formalist approaches
1444:Anatomy of Criticism
1341:Enlightenment period
1262:aesthetic, such as "
1231:Lodovico Castelvetro
1156:Christian literature
1134:Later classical and
1131:and Sanskrit drama.
725:Groups and movements
76:"Literary criticism"
61:improve this article
5389:Walt Disney Company
4779:Claude Lévi-Strauss
4714:Friedrich Nietzsche
4669:Ralph Waldo Emerson
4629:Thomas Love Peacock
4624:Arthur Schopenhauer
4574:Mary Wollstonecraft
4259:Descriptive poetics
4249:Darwinian criticism
4111:Literary Criticism
3980:. Davies. p. 3
3974:Ussher, J. (1767).
3600:History of the book
2898:Practical Criticism
2889:A Room of One's Own
2853:Romantic Melancholy
2793:Claude Lévi-Strauss
2648:Friedrich Nietzsche
2623:The German Ideology
2595:The Study of Poetry
2566:A Fable for Critics
2543:Ralph Waldo Emerson
2478:A Defence of Poetry
2462:Thomas Love Peacock
2453:Arthur Schopenhauer
2360:Athenaeum Fragments
2303:Mary Wollstonecraft
1988:Light on Suggestion
1604:history of the book
1598:History of the book
1423:authorial intention
1302:Giambattista Marino
1247:classical antiquity
1148:Abrahamic religions
344:Short prose fiction
247:Major written forms
30:For the event, see
5554:Literary criticism
5202:Literary criticism
5081:Hans-Georg Gadamer
4913:Philip Wheelwright
4903:Simone de Beauvoir
4699:Charles Baudelaire
4594:William Wordsworth
4589:Friedrich Schlegel
4584:Friedrich Schiller
4414:Christine de Pizan
4324:Semiotic criticism
4269:Feminist criticism
4213:Literary criticism
4127:Literary Criticism
4092:Literary Criticism
4049:
3514:Feminist Manifesto
3465:The Critic as Host
3423:Hans-Georg Gadamer
3192:What Is an Author?
3062:Philip Wheelwright
3044:Simone de Beauvoir
2696:The Decay of Lying
2609:Charles Baudelaire
2556:What Is a Classic?
2389:William Wordsworth
2356:Critical Fragments
2352:Friedrich Schlegel
2343:Friedrich Schiller
2276:James Usher :
2041:Renaissance period
1941:Christine de Pizan
1799:Disability studies
1678:Literary Modernism
1668:Post-structuralism
1548:women's literature
1513:post-structuralism
1497:
1449:Degenerate Moderns
1386:German Romanticism
1360:Gulliver's Travels
1337:
1160:Islamic literature
993:literary criticism
838:Lists and outlines
314:Long prose fiction
5541:
5540:
5506:
5505:
5453:engineering, and
5217:Theatre criticism
5154:
5153:
5136:Oswald de Andrade
4973:Hans Robert Jauss
4948:E. D. Hirsch, Jr.
4844:John Crowe Ransom
4739:Stéphane Mallarmé
4709:Søren Kierkegaard
4529:Giambattista Vico
4319:Russian formalism
4284:Marxist criticism
4133:"Literary Theory"
4087:Library resources
4045:
3922:978-0-89870-447-1
3907:. San Francisco:
3885:978-0-8032-7232-3
3854:978-1-61148-478-6
3818:978-1-61608-453-0
3793:978-0-226-03402-7
3768:978-0-521-46573-1
3722:978-90-04-06854-4
3663:978-0-8018-8010-0
3528:Oswald de Andrade
3313:Secular Criticism
3201:Hans Robert Jauss
3101:The Critical Path
2921:John Crowe Ransom
2702:Stéphane Mallarmé
2635:Søren Kierkegaard
2613:The Salon of 1859
2338:On Homer's Poetry
2264:Discourses on Art
2197:Giambattista Vico
2151:The Art of Poetry
2104:John Mandaville:
2018:The Literary Mind
1673:Deconstructionism
1653:Russian Formalism
1411:Russian Formalism
1404:The New Criticism
1241:Baroque criticism
1167:Arabic literature
1152:Jewish literature
1129:Indian literature
1028:academic journals
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5576:
5511:Similar concepts
5473:
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5369:Paramount Global
5249:Social criticism
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5167:
5158:
5157:
5131:Yokomitsu Riichi
5101:J. Hillis Miller
5066:Geoffrey Hartman
5023:Elaine Showalter
4983:Raymond Williams
4943:Martin Heidegger
4933:Gaston Bachelard
4898:Jean-Paul Sartre
4883:Monroe Beardsley
4839:Georges Bataille
4819:Boris Eikhenbaum
4794:Viktor Shklovsky
4664:John Stuart Mill
4649:Giacomo Leopardi
4494:Pierre Corneille
4351:
4334:Source criticism
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3620:Poetic tradition
3605:Literary critics
3519:Yokomitsu Riichi
3461:J. Hillis Miller
3428:Truth and Method
3396:Geoffrey Hartman
3318:Elaine Showalter
3219:Raymond Williams
3144:E. D. Hirsch Jr.
3124:Martin Heidegger
3119:Art and Illusion
3106:Gaston Bachelard
3079:Aesthetic Theory
3035:Jean-Paul Sartre
3000:Monroe Beardsley
2912:Georges Bataille
2876:Boris Eikhenbaum
2831:Art as Technique
2827:Viktor Shklovsky
2813:'s Theory of Art
2752:Prison Notebooks
2534:John Stuart Mill
2506:Giacomo Leopardi
2383:American Writers
2129:Pierre Corneille
1725:Cultural studies
1612:cultural history
1556:cultural studies
1507:, influenced by
1310:Baltasar Gracián
1294:Emanuele Tesauro
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5106:Clifford Geertz
5061:Jonathan Culler
4988:Lionel Trilling
4968:Michel Foucault
4958:Jacques Derrida
4834:Mikhail Bakhtin
4789:Walter Benjamin
4754:Antonio Gramsci
4749:Benedetto Croce
4694:Hippolyte Taine
4684:Edgar Allan Poe
4559:Joshua Reynolds
4352:
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4294:New historicism
4221:Literary theory
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4170:Richards, I. A.
4131:Vince Brewton.
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3387:Jonathan Culler
3228:Lionel Trilling
3188:Truth and Power
3184:Michel Foucault
3162:Jacques Derrida
2903:Mikhail Bakhtin
2818:Walter Benjamin
2748:Antonio Gramsci
2739:Benedetto Croce
2734:
2729:
2600:Hippolyte Taine
2572:Edgar Allan Poe
2538:What is Poetry?
2442:Collected Works
2395:Lyrical Ballads
2373:
2368:
2260:Joshua Reynolds
2201:The New Science
2114:
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1826:
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1811:Critical theory
1807:
1730:Postcolonialism
1641:New Historicism
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1600:
1529:literary theory
1525:
1505:literary theory
1483:'s theories of
1457:Jürgen Habermas
1435:
1427:reader response
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1217:translation of
1199:
1093:
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1016:literary theory
1007:, which is the
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3357:Félix Guattari
3353:Gilles Deleuze
3350:
3344:Murray Krieger
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3327:Sandra Gilbert
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3238:Julia Kristeva
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3048:The Second Sex
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2716:
2699:
2688:
2682:Anatole France
2679:
2670:
2661:
2645:
2632:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2583:Matthew Arnold
2580:
2569:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2525:Thomas Carlyle
2522:
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2289:
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2257:
2248:
2239:
2224:Samuel Johnson
2221:
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2203:
2194:
2183:Joseph Addison
2180:
2174:Alexander Pope
2171:
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2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2096:Henry Reynolds
2093:
2084:
2078:Torquato Tasso
2075:
2069:Jacopo Mazzoni
2066:
2057:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2024:Wang Changling
2021:
2010:
1999:
1990:
1984:Anandavardhana
1981:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1874:On the Sublime
1867:
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1683:Post-modernism
1680:
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1655:
1649:
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1644:
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1637:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1599:
1596:
1588:film criticism
1524:
1521:
1434:
1431:
1405:
1402:
1398:Matthew Arnold
1368:
1365:
1355:Jonathan Swift
1329:Samuel Johnson
1321:
1318:
1242:
1239:
1198:
1195:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1079:The New Yorker
999:is the study,
989:arts criticism
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135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5581:
5570:
5569:New Criticism
5567:
5565:
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5555:
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5549:
5534:
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5509:
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5488:Desktop Linux
5486:
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5207:Art criticism
5205:
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5116:Tristan Tzara
5114:
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5071:Wolfgang Iser
5069:
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5056:Hélène Cixous
5054:
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5026:
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5006:
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4928:Northrop Frye
4926:
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4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
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4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4879:W. K. Wimsatt
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Kenneth Burke
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:György Lukács
4857:
4855:
4854:Jacques Lacan
4852:
4850:
4847:
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4842:
4840:
4837:
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4832:
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4827:
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4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Sigmund Freud
4767:
4765:
4764:A. C. Bradley
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
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4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4579:William Blake
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:Immanuel Kant
4567:
4565:
4564:Denis Diderot
4562:
4560:
4557:
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4552:
4550:
4547:
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4507:
4505:
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4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:Thomas Hobbes
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Francis Bacon
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:Philip Sidney
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
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4407:
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4400:
4397:
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4390:
4389:St. Augustine
4387:
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4380:
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4375:
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4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4289:New Criticism
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
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4207:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4188:
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4184:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4166:Award Winners
4165:
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4157:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4126:
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4112:
4109:
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4102:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
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4076:
4061:
4012:
4010:9781139466561
4006:
4002:
3995:
3979:
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3946:
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3932:
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3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Genre studies
3593:
3591:
3590:Critical lens
3588:
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3488:Tristan Tzara
3486:
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3471:
3468:
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3406:
3405:Wolfgang Iser
3403:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:Hélène Cixous
3376:
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3306:
3303:
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3297:
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3290:
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3283:Chinua Achebe
3281:
3279:
3275:
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3262:
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3125:
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3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3093:Northrop Frye
3091:
3089:
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3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
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3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:W. K. Wimsatt
2994:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:Kenneth Burke
2976:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:György Lukács
2954:
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2948:
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2800:
2798:
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2776:
2775:Sigmund Freud
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:A. C. Bradley
2764:
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2523:
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2492:Maxim No. 279
2489:
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2319:
2315:
2314:William Blake
2312:
2310:
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2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:Immanuel Kant
2290:
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2283:Denis Diderot
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2117:
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2087:Francis Bacon
2085:
2083:
2079:
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2060:Philip Sidney
2058:
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2019:
2014:
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1969:
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1954:Natya Shastra
1951:
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1942:
1939:
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1932:Life of Dante
1929:
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1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
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1523:Current state
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1419:close reading
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1211:Giorgio Valla
1208:
1207:neoclassicism
1204:
1194:
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1191:Kitab al-Badi
1188:
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1171:Arabic poetry
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78: –
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72:Find sources:
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55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5296:Corporations
5201:
5121:André Breton
5096:M. H. Abrams
5091:Peter Szondi
5086:Paul Ricoeur
5076:Hayden White
5013:Stanley Fish
5003:Harold Bloom
4953:Noam Chomsky
4908:Ronald Crane
4814:Leon Trotsky
4719:Walter Pater
4549:Edward Young
4534:Edmund Burke
4424:Rajashekhara
4419:Bharata Muni
4339:Thing theory
4304:Postcritique
4279:Geocriticism
4264:Ecocriticism
4212:
4173:
4136:
4122:
4114:
4091:
4000:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3976:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3949:OUP Academic
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3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3680:
3651:
3644:
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3557:
3548:
3545:Diego Rivera
3541:Leon Trotsky
3537:André Breton
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3500:
3497:André Breton
3491:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3452:M. H. Abrams
3446:
3443:Peter Szondi
3437:
3434:Paul Ricoeur
3426:
3417:
3414:Hayden White
3408:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3362:Anti-Oedipus
3360:
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3338:
3334:
3321:
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3308:
3299:
3295:
3292:Stanley Fish
3286:
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3273:
3267:
3264:Harold Bloom
3258:
3254:
3246:Women's Time
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3153:Noam Chomsky
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2867:Leon Trotsky
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2809:
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2796:
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2751:
2742:
2732:20th century
2724:What is Art?
2722:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2664:Walter Pater
2658:
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2371:19th century
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2245:
2242:Edward Young
2235:
2231:
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2218:
2209:
2206:Edmund Burke
2200:
2190:
2186:
2177:
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2159:
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2033:
2027:
2016:
2005:
1996:
1987:
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1971:
1962:
1959:Rajashekhara
1953:
1950:Bharata Muni
1944:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1784:Queer theory
1767:New Humanism
1740:Ecocriticism
1708:Hermeneutics
1624:
1620:media theory
1608:bibliography
1601:
1580:postcritique
1576:evolutionary
1551:
1541:
1526:
1498:
1471:hermeneutics
1464:
1460:
1453:Stanley Fish
1448:
1442:
1436:
1407:
1393:
1371:The British
1370:
1358:
1350:superstition
1338:
1305:
1297:
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1281:
1275:
1267:
1244:
1234:
1226:
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1190:
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1142:and textual
1140:hermeneutics
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1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
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1013:
996:
992:
986:
895:
510:Encyclopedic
488:supernatural
404:Prose genres
260:closet drama
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5455:mathematics
5379:Tesla, Inc.
5254:Advertising
5146:Octavio Paz
5051:René Girard
5032:Susan Gubar
5018:Edward Said
4998:Paul de Man
4864:Paul Valéry
4799:T. S. Eliot
4784:T. E. Hulme
4759:Umberto Eco
4744:Leo Tolstoy
4734:Oscar Wilde
4514:John Dennis
4499:John Dryden
3911:. pp.
3580:Book review
3563:Octavio Paz
3369:René Girard
3331:Susan Gubar
3305:Edward Said
3251:Paul de Man
2969:Paul Valéry
2836:T. S. Eliot
2802:T. E. Hulme
2757:Umberto Eco
2719:Leo Tolstoy
2691:Oscar Wilde
2512:(notebooks)
2238:Shakespeare
2236:Preface to
2165:John Dennis
2138:John Dryden
2100:Mythomystes
2032:Sikong Tu:
1919:The Banquet
1658:Narratology
1537:New Critics
1485:linguistics
1203:Renaissance
987:A genre of
915:Composition
792:Tragicomedy
631:Verse novel
519:Non-fiction
423:Speculative
362:Short story
232:spoken word
222:Performance
195:heroic epic
5559:Aesthetics
5548:Categories
5528:Evaluation
5498:Windows 10
5404:Mass media
5259:Capitalism
4724:Émile Zola
4619:John Keats
4539:David Hume
4509:John Locke
4075:Audio help
4066:2006-10-18
3984:10 October
3696:1 December
3636:References
3039:Why Write?
2673:Émile Zola
2447:John Keats
2228:On Fiction
2215:David Hume
2156:John Locke
1974:(from the
1568:Ecocritics
1390:classicism
1290:meraviglia
1255:Classicism
1183:al-Hayawan
1099:wrote the
1067:The Nation
1001:evaluation
830:Postmodern
765:historical
704:Villanelle
585:Travelogue
580:Persuasive
560:Journalism
538:philosophy
505:Historical
473:paranormal
433:Children's
306:Electronic
180:fairy tale
145:Literature
117:April 2016
87:newspapers
5442:Knowledge
5374:Starbucks
5359:McDonalds
5354:Microsoft
5324:Coca-Cola
5274:Copyright
5264:Democracy
5188:Criticism
4809:Carl Jung
4704:Karl Marx
4409:Boccaccio
4369:Aristotle
4274:Formalism
3827:277203534
3137:Hölderlin
2858:Carl Jung
2743:Aesthetic
2618:Karl Marx
2510:Zibaldone
2378:John Neal
2191:Spectator
2125:Gondibert
1928:Boccaccio
1848:Aristotle
1805:Key texts
1489:semiotics
1377:aesthetic
1237:in 1570.
1219:Aristotle
1185:, and by
1115:catharsis
1097:Aristotle
1073:Bookforum
925:Narrative
910:Magazines
905:Sociology
896:criticism
866:Movements
825:Modernist
815:Classical
607:Narrative
443:adventure
387:Religious
357:Novelette
322:Anthology
277:narrative
227:audiobook
185:folk play
5518:Critique
5476:Software
5412:Fox News
5314:AT&T
5286:Religion
5195:The arts
5126:Mina Loy
4394:Boethius
4384:Plotinus
4379:Longinus
4172:(1928),
4077: ·
3959:1 August
3953:Archived
3931:28241358
3731:10350183
3690:Archived
3672:54374476
3574:See also
3510:Mina Loy
2750: :
2547:The Poet
2232:Rasselas
1977:Ramayana
1897:Boethius
1879:Plotinus
1870:Longinus
1856:Rhetoric
1843:Cratylus
1839:Republic
1584:critique
1437:In 1957
1373:Romantic
1345:literacy
1314:metaphor
1304:'s epic
1284:), and "
1277:acutezza
1268:concetto
1175:Al-Jahiz
1144:exegesis
1136:medieval
920:Language
851:Glossary
820:Medieval
755:Libretto
684:Limerick
636:National
626:Dramatic
616:Children
545:Anecdote
528:Academic
468:military
289:Nonsense
190:folksong
170:Folklore
5384:Walmart
5364:Netflix
5329:Comcast
5319:Chevron
5279:Patents
5141:Hu Shih
4449:Liu Xie
4429:Valmiki
4399:Aquinas
4113:at the
4064: (
4035:minutes
3554:Hu Shih
2811:Bergson
2589:Poems,
2529:Symbols
2255:Laocoön
2193:essays)
2053:Poetics
2013:Liu Xie
1968:Valmiki
1906:Aquinas
1852:Poetics
1511:, then
1382:sublime
1339:In the
1282:ingegno
1264:conceit
1260:Baroque
1251:decorum
1235:Poetics
1227:Poetics
1223:Poetics
1189:in his
1177:in his
1111:mimesis
1107:Poetics
1102:Poetics
1086:History
1032:reviews
861:Writers
846:Outline
810:Ancient
801:History
787:Tragedy
664:Epigram
550:Epistle
533:history
493:western
478:romance
463:fantasy
428:Realist
414:Fiction
382:Parable
367:Drabble
352:Novella
336:romance
301:Ergodic
217:Oration
210:proverb
101:scholar
5533:Review
5394:Yahoo!
5344:Huawei
5339:Google
5309:Amazon
5304:Airbnb
4439:Cao Pi
4374:Horace
4089:about
4007:
3929:
3919:
3882:
3851:
3825:
3815:
3790:
3765:
3729:
3719:
3670:
3660:
1993:Cao Pi
1861:Horace
1817:, and
1618:, and
1433:Theory
1286:wonder
1076:, and
1058:, the
1052:, the
935:Estate
892:Theory
881:poetry
871:Cycles
782:Script
777:Satire
750:Comedy
699:Sonnet
694:Qasida
669:Ghazal
654:Ballad
575:Nature
565:Letter
498:horror
458:erotic
392:Wisdom
372:Sketch
327:Serial
267:Poetry
239:Saying
200:legend
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
5432:MSNBC
4444:Lu Ji
4404:Dante
4364:Plato
3913:79–84
2002:Lu Ji
1915:Dante
1831:Plato
1544:canon
1459:, in
1451:that
1306:Adone
1215:Latin
1119:Plato
856:Books
770:moral
730:Poets
712:Lists
674:Haiku
659:Elegy
645:Lyric
555:Essay
453:crime
438:Genre
332:Novel
294:verse
284:Prose
272:lyric
255:Drama
175:fable
108:JSTOR
94:books
5493:Java
5427:ESPN
5422:CNBC
5349:IKEA
5044:and
5030:and
4881:and
4005:ISBN
3986:2014
3961:2019
3927:OCLC
3917:ISBN
3880:ISBN
3849:ISBN
3823:OCLC
3813:ISBN
3788:ISBN
3763:ISBN
3727:OCLC
3717:ISBN
3698:2020
3668:OCLC
3658:ISBN
3543:and
3355:and
3329:and
2998:and
2051:The
1560:pulp
1531:and
1487:and
1394:Witz
1270:), "
1181:and
1169:and
1158:and
1113:and
930:Feud
894:and
760:Play
720:Epic
679:Hymn
621:Epic
570:Life
205:myth
80:news
5483:C++
5417:BBC
2991:Art
1835:Ion
1590:or
1296:'s
1288:" (
1274:" (
1272:wit
1266:' (
1221:'s
1213:'s
995:or
689:Ode
63:by
5550::
4135:.
3951:.
3947:.
3925:.
3915:.
3863:^
3835:^
3821:.
3725:.
3688:.
3666:.
3565::
3556::
3547::
3539:,
3530::
3521::
3512::
3503:;
3499::
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3481::
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3454::
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3425::
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3333::
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3190:;
3186::
3177:;
3173::
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3134:;
3130:;
3126::
3117::
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