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in flight safety. In some seasons, weather at landing sites can change quickly relative to the time necessary to initiate and execute re-entry and safe landing. Due to weather, it is possible the vehicle may have to execute a landing at an alternate site. Furthermore, most airports do not have runways of sufficient length to support the approach landing speed and roll distance required by spacecraft. Few airports exist in the world that can support or be modified to support this type of requirement. Therefore, alternate landing sites are very widely spaced across the U.S. and around the world. The
Shuttle's delta wing design was driven by these issues. These requirements were further exacerbated by requirements that extended the Shuttle's flight landing envelope.
407:
447:. The F-15's pilot was aware that the wing had been seriously damaged, but decided to try and land in a nearby airbase, not knowing the extent of his wing damage. It was only after he had landed, when he climbed out of the cockpit and looked backward, that the pilot realized what had happened: the wing had been completely torn off the plane, and he had landed the plane with only one wing attached. A few months later, the damaged F-15 had been given a new wing, and returned to operational duty in the squadron. The engineers at McDonnell Douglas had a hard time believing the story of the one-winged landing: as far as their planning models were concerned, this was an impossibility.
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Lifting bodies pose complex control, structural, and internal configuration issues. Lifting bodies were eventually rejected in favor of a delta wing design for the Space
Shuttle. Data acquired in flight test using high-speed landing approaches at very steep descent angles and high sink rates was used
314:
In planning for atmospheric re-entry, the landing site is selected in advance. For reusable reentry vehicles, typically a primary site is preferred that is closest to the launch site in order to reduce costs and improve launch turnaround time. However, weather near the landing site is a major factor
442:
also produce substantial lift from the wide fuselage between the wings. Because the F-15 Eagle's wide fuselage is so efficient at lift, an F-15 is able to land successfully with only one wing, albeit under nearly full power, with thrust contributing significantly to lift. In the summer of 1983, an
77:
Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 70s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built a number of lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the
Pacific. Interest
161:
series had very little control over where they landed. A steerable spacecraft with wings could significantly extend its landing envelope. However, the vehicle's wings would have to be designed to withstand the dynamic and thermal stresses of both re-entry and hypersonic flight. One proposal
1725:
CEO Dave
Thompson said ... "I don't, at this time, anticipate that we'll continue to pursue our own project in that race. We'll watch it and if an opportunity develops we may reconsider. But at this point, I would not anticipate a lot of activity on our part in the commercial crew
1697:"Orbital Sciences isn’t the kind of independent, private, “new space” enterprise as, say, SpaceX. It’s a consortium of defense and aviation heavy-hitters: Northrop would build the plane, and the rockets would be provided by United Launch Alliance (read: Boeing and Lockheed)."
426:
racing plane of the 1930s, likewise, from more modern aerodynamic studies, has been shown to have had considerable ability to generate lift with its fuselage design, important for the R-1's intended racing role, while in highly banked pylon turns while racing.
346:
spacecraft. Of the three basic design shapes usually analyzed for such programs (capsule, lifting body, aircraft) the lifting body may offer the best trade-off in terms of maneuverability and thermodynamics while meeting its customers' mission requirements.
486:
rocket but would land on a runway. The initial design was to have carried a crew of 4, but it could carry up to 6, or a combination of crew and cargo. In addition to
Orbital Sciences, the consortium behind the proposal included
495:, which would have provided the launch vehicle. Failing to be selected for a CCDev phase 2 award by NASA, Orbital announced in April 2011 that they would likely wind down their efforts to develop a commercial crew vehicle.
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422:, had vaguely airfoil-shaped fuselages capable of generating some lift, with even the wing struts on some versions given widened fairings to give them some lift-generating capability. The
128:
The lifting body had been imagined by 1917, in which year an aircraft with something like a delta wing plan form with a thick included fuselage was described in a patent by
443:
Israeli F-15 staged a mock dogfight with
Skyhawks for training purposes, near Nahal Tzin in the Negev desert. During the exercise, one of the Skyhawks miscalculated and
264:
or EPOS (Russian acronym for
Experimental Passenger Orbital Aircraft) was developed and several test flights made. Work ended in 1978 when the efforts shifted to the
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In 1963, NASA began programs with heavier rocket-powered lifting-body vehicles to be air launched from under the starboard wing of a NB-52B, a derivative of the
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1318:, crashing and tumbling violently along the Edwards dry lakebed runway. The cause of the crash was attributed to the onset of
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speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic,
414:
Some aircraft with wings also employ bodies that generate lift. Some of the early 1930s high-wing monoplane designs of the
1658:
1562:"The Shape of Things to Come – Orbital's Prometheus™ Space Plane Ready for NASA's Commercial Crew Development Initiative"
431:
developed several aircraft between the 1920s and 1950 that used fuselage lift. Like the earlier
Bellanca monoplanes, the
435:
produces a substantial amount of lift from its fuselage shape, almost as much as the 35% each of the wings produces.
226:
jet bomber. The first flights started in 1966. Of the Dryden lifting bodies, all but the unpowered NASA M2-F1 used an
105:
lifting-body spaceplane, an extension of HL-20 technology, was proposed as one of three vehicles to potentially carry
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featured a lifting body craft visually similar to the M2-F2 for orbital operations ("The Man Who Came Back"). In the
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The episode "The Deadly Replay" (season 2 episode 8 aired 9/22/1974) features the HL-10 as a prop of the story.
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TV series conjectured using lifting bodies to deliver a probe to a distant earth-like planet in the animated
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1314:. The scenes included an HL-10's separation from its carrier plane—a modified B-52—and an M2-F2 piloted by
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lifting body lander / ascender to visit an Earth-like planet, only to crash in both attempts. His series
383:
132:. However at low airspeeds the lifting body is inefficient and did not enter mainstream airplane design.
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Dream Chaser will become a fully capable suborbital vehicle on the way to reaching orbital capability.
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vehicle intended to validate
European reusable launchers which could be evaluated in the frame of the
219:
was added in order to extend the landing envelope. The M2-F1 was soon nicknamed the "Flying
Bathtub".
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378:(SNC). The Dream Chaser design is planned to eventually carry up to seven people to and from
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when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage.
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used footage of a lifting body aircraft, culled from actual NASA exercises, in the show's
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Jumping into the New Space Race, Orbital Sciences Unveils Mini-Shuttle Spaceplane Design
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becomes an alternative lunar capable spacecraft that the player can choose over the
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concepts in the 1990s and 2000s did use lifting-body designs. Examples include the
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eliminated wings altogether: design the fuselage body to produce lift by itself.
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56:
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Nonetheless, the lifting body concept has been implemented in a number of other
51:, a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional
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1932, Snyder "Arup" (blurs the boundary between "flying wing" and lifting body)
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lifting body. The HL-10 attempted to solve part of this problem by angling the
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Numerical Analysis and Simulation of an Assured Crew Return Vehicle Flow Field
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1885:
Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Story. NASA History Series SP-4220 1997 PDF
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Orbital Sciences proposed a commercial lifting-body spaceplane in 2010. The
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lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the
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vehicle lifting body designs from the early 1960s through the mid-1970s at
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Burnelli General Airborne Transport XCG-16, a lifting body aircraft (1944)
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performed the first ever successful reentry of a lifting body spacecraft.
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Design principles of lifting bodies are used also in the construction of
113:, but eventually was selected as a resupply vehicle instead. In 2015 the
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74:. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight safety.
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Wood, Haise and Engle each made a single car-towed flight of the M2-F1.
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program. The IXV made its first flight in February 2015, launched by a
268:, while work on another small-scale spacecraft partly continued in the
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Aircraft configuration in which the fuselage produces significant lift
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http://aerospacelegacyfoundation.com/aviation-history-flying-wings/
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homebuilt lifting-body aircraft, photographed from above in flight
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71:
48:
192:. The first full-size model to come out of Reed's program was the
149:. Following atmospheric re-entry, the capsule spacecraft from the
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stemming from control instability as induced by flow separation.
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built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program
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55:. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at
1225:
180:'s refinements of the lifting body concept began in 1962 with
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482:(VTHL) vehicle was to have been launched on a human-rated
1579:"Private Spaceflight Innovators Attract NASA's Attention"
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1612:"Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden – NASA.gov"
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the Earth's atmosphere and landing much like a regular
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138:-related lifting body research arose from the idea of
505:
1740:"NASA Dryden Past Projects: Lifting Bodies, HL-10"
1709:"Orbital may wind down its commercial crew effort"
390:program. The vehicle will launch vertically on an
311:for modeling Shuttle flight and landing profiles.
47:, which is a wing with minimal or no conventional
491:, which would have built the spaceplane, and the
1895:
1677:, December 14, 2010, accessed December 15, 2010.
39:configuration in which the body itself produces
336:Multi Unit Space Transport And Recovery Device
242:. Air flow separation caused the crash of the
1427:
445:collided forcefully with the F-15's wing root
1634:"Granville Gee Bee (series) Racing Aircraft"
1701:
1662:
1603:
1193:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
462:vehicle, about one-quarter the size of the
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1680:
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1840:(The math of airflow over a lifting body)
1669:Orbital Proposes Spaceplan for Astronauts
1648:
1556:
1554:
1486:"Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Story"
1213:Learn how and when to remove this message
305:
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405:
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23:US X-24A, M2-F3 and HL-10 lifting bodies
18:
1521:NASA Dryden fact sheet - lifting bodies
260:Starting 1965 the Russian lifting-body
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257:outward and enlarging the center one.
1656:(9 Aug 2001 09:01:17 EDT) NO WING F15
1533:"Europe's mini-space shuttle returns"
1475:
1435:"ESA Bulletin 161 (1st quarter 2015)"
1236:Lifting bodies have appeared in some
561:
234:. A follow-on design designated the
207:. Later the craft was towed behind a
1191:adding citations to reliable sources
1158:
480:Vertical Takeoff, Horizontal Landing
368:vertical-takeoff, horizontal-landing
211:and released. Since the M2-F1 was a
1880:Some history of lifting body flight
1695:, 2010-12-16, accessed 2010-12-18.
1636:. Militayrfactory.com. June 8, 2009
322:programs, the previously mentioned
13:
1154:
470:option for carrying astronauts to
350:
14:
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342:, and the joint Russian-European
230:rocket engine as was used on the
118:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
1830:Lifting Bodies Fact Sheet (NASA)
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524:Armstrong Flight Research Center
506:Armstrong Flight Research Center
190:Armstrong Flight Research Center
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302:is more fully described below.
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1514:
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1:
1845:Dryden Flight Research Center
1416:
1352:HL-20 Personnel Launch System
1283:Buzz Aldrin's Race Into Space
95:HL-20 Personnel Launch System
1843:NASA Photo Collections from
401:
388:Commercial Resupply Services
169:The Martin Aircraft Company
84:Space Shuttle design process
7:
1330:
1240:works, including the movie
424:Gee Bee R-1 Super Sportster
384:International Space Station
111:International Space Station
10:
1930:
1510:Classical Pontiac and NASA
1307:The Six Million Dollar Man
1286:computer game, a modified
283:lifting body experimental
123:
1357:Dream Chaser (spacecraft)
1230:Wainfan Facetmobile FMX-4
416:Bellanca Aircraft Company
398:on conventional runways.
376:Sierra Nevada Corporation
1793:The Deltoid Pumpkin Seed
1614:. NASA. 17 December 2010
1362:Space Rider (spacecraft)
262:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105
1909:Aircraft configurations
1391:1953 Horton "Wingless"
1367:Prometheus (spacecraft)
514:developed a variety of
476:commercial crew program
458:"blended lifting-body"
240:Langley Research Center
1835:NASA Tech Paper 3101:
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493:United Launch Alliance
411:
306:Aerospace applications
238:was developed at NASA
198:Edwards Air Force Base
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24:
1609:It is currently used
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281:European Space Agency
200:California, behind a
168:
109:crew to and from the
99:Prometheus spaceplane
22:
1444:. 2015. p. 23.
1187:improve this section
370:(VTHL) lifting-body
328:Lockheed Martin X-33
255:vertical stabilizers
1914:Wing configurations
1875:Short M2-F1 history
1765:"The Deadly Replay"
1674:Wall Street Journal
1470:US patent 1,250,033
1084:Thomas C. McMurtry
1023:Einar K. Enevoldson
420:Bellanca Aircruiser
374:being developed by
43:. In contrast to a
33:fixed-wing aircraft
1539:. 11 February 2015
1398:2018-01-14 at the
1303:television program
1234:
693:Donald L. Mallick
601:Milton O. Thompson
562:Pilots and flights
526:. These included:
438:Fighters like the
412:
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25:
1587:. 7 February 2011
1377:Blended wing body
1337:Martin X-23 PRIME
1254:Discovery Channel
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814:Jerauld R. Gentry
753:Donald M. Sorlie
433:Short SC.7 Skyvan
396:land horizontally
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1803:. (Story of the
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429:Vincent Burnelli
205:Pontiac Catalina
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1789:McPhee, John
1769:. Retrieved
1759:
1748:. Retrieved
1746:. 2009-08-14
1734:
1724:
1723:
1717:. Retrieved
1715:. 2011-04-22
1712:
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1628:
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1536:
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1494:. Retrieved
1492:. 1997-01-01
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1429:
1326:
1319:
1305:
1300:
1281:
1269:Doppelgänger
1267:
1259:Alien Planet
1257:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1209:
1200:
1185:Please help
1173:
1113:
663:Chuck Yeager
509:
497:
449:
437:
413:
357:Dream Chaser
354:
340:EADS Phoenix
317:
313:
309:
297:
274:
259:
221:
217:rocket motor
182:R. Dale Reed
176:
134:
127:
103:Dream Chaser
101:(2010). The
88:
80:US Air Force
76:
29:lifting body
28:
26:
1771:October 22,
1654:Jon Easley
1640:20 December
1543:12 February
1382:Flying wing
1372:Facetmobile
520:flight-test
338:, Europe's
143:re-entering
130:Roy Scroggs
67:flight, or
45:flying wing
1898:Categories
1750:2014-12-13
1719:2011-04-25
1591:2012-09-05
1496:2014-12-13
1422:References
1417:References
1321:Dutch roll
1301:The 1970s
1203:April 2015
845:Fred Haise
474:under the
468:commercial
460:spaceplane
456:Prometheus
440:F-15 Eagle
386:under the
372:spaceplane
361:suborbital
300:Prometheus
215:, a small
194:NASA M2-F1
140:spacecraft
91:spaceplane
69:spacecraft
65:hypersonic
61:supersonic
37:spacecraft
1815:, a.k.a.
1618:29 August
1584:Space.com
1450:0376-4265
1298:capsule.
1174:does not
876:Joe Engle
450:In 2010,
402:Body lift
324:NASA X-38
320:aerospace
272:program.
252:starboard
136:Aerospace
89:Advanced
1813:aerostat
1809:aerodyne
1791:(1973),
1726:market."
1537:BBC News
1405:Arup S-2
1396:Archived
1331:See also
1266:'s 1969
1249:Farscape
1243:Marooned
295:rocket.
285:re-entry
232:Bell X-1
202:modified
147:airplane
72:re-entry
57:subsonic
49:fuselage
1387:MUSTARD
1272:used a
1195:removed
1180:sources
484:Atlas V
466:, as a
392:Atlas V
365:orbital
151:Mercury
124:History
1805:Aereon
1799:
1455:30 May
1448:
1347:Kliper
1296:Apollo
1292:Gemini
1252:. The
595:Total
592:X-24B
589:X-24A
586:M2-F3
578:HL-10
575:M2-F2
572:M2-F1
569:Pilot
478:. The
344:Kliper
213:glider
159:Apollo
157:, and
155:Gemini
1865:M2-F3
1860:M2-F2
1855:M2-F1
1850:HL-10
1565:(PDF)
1438:(PDF)
1342:BOR-4
1288:X-24A
1114:TOTAL
581:HL-10
556:X-24B
551:X-24A
546:HL-10
541:M2-F3
536:M2-F2
531:M2-F1
359:is a
279:is a
228:XLR11
31:is a
1797:ISBN
1773:2021
1744:NASA
1642:2011
1620:2012
1545:2015
1490:NASA
1457:2015
1446:ISSN
1274:VTOL
1178:any
1176:cite
1139:224
583:mod
518:and
510:The
394:and
363:and
355:The
293:Vega
289:FLPP
275:The
250:and
248:port
224:B-52
209:C-47
186:NASA
178:NASA
171:X-24
63:and
53:wing
41:lift
1442:ESA
1294:or
1278:UFO
1189:by
1136:36
1133:28
1130:27
1127:36
1124:37
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605:45
334:'s
332:BAC
277:IXV
270:Bor
188:'s
184:of
115:ESA
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1795:;
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