477:
took over the command of the entire operations, the tide began to turn against the Shatuo. In summer 880, Li Keyong's officer Gao Wenji (高文集), who was then defending Shuo
Prefecture (朔州, in modern Shuozhou) for Li Keyong, surrendered to Li Zhuo along with Li Guochang's cousin Li Youjin (李友金) and several other chieftains. Li Keyong reacted by attacking Gao, to try to recapture Shuo Prefecture. Li Keju, however, attacked and defeated Li Keyong at Yao'er Heights (藥兒嶺, in modern
444:
write a letter to persuade Li Keyong to accept Lu—but then decided to make Lu the military governor of Zhenwu and transfer Li
Guochang to Datong instead (as military governor), believing that Li Keyong would not dare to resist his father. However, Li Guochang actually hoped for an arrangement where both he and Li Keyong would be each allowed to keep control of a circuit, and therefore, when he received the edict, he, in anger, tore the edict and killed the
440:, also considered rising in rebellion, particularly because the defender of Datong Circuit, Duan Wenchu (段文楚), was harsh to the soldiers, and was cutting back on their supplies. Li Jinzhong persuaded Li Keyong to agree to the rebellion, and then attacked and arrested Duan. Li Keyong subsequently arrived at Yun Prefecture and took control of the Datong headquarters, putting Duan and several of Duan's staff members to death cruelly.
254:, he elicited the help from Zhuye Chixin by giving Zhuye 300 horses, and together, they defeated Zhangxin Khan, who then committed suicide, precipitating the subsequent collapse of the Huigu. In the next few years, when Huigu remnants often raided Tang borders, the Shatuo participated extensively in counterattacking the Huigu with other tribes loyal to Tang. In 843, Zhuye Chixin, under the command of the officer
485:) before Li Keyong could do so, killing Li Jinzhong and Cheng. Li Keju then again defeated Li Keyong at Xiongwu Base (雄武軍, in modern Chengde). Meanwhile, Li Zhuo and Helian attacked Wei Prefecture, where Li Guochang had stationed himself at the time, defeating Li Guochang. Li Guochang, Li Keyong, and their family were forced to flee to the Dada (達靼) tribe, then in the
492:
Several months later, Helian, who was consequently made the defender of Datong, secretly tried to persuade the Dada to slaughter the Shatuo who fled to them. Li Keyong, hearing rumors of this, demonstrated his shooting skills at a feast with Dada nobles, and further proclaimed that he did not intend
505:
In 881, by which time Huang Chao had captured Chang'an, forced
Emperor Xizong to flee, and established his own state of Qi as its emperor, Li Youjin persuaded the eunuch monitor of his army, Chen Jingsi (陳景思), to suggest to Emperor Xizong to pardon Li Guochang and Li Keyong and to summon them to aid
476:
Li Keyong and Li
Guochang initially gained successes in their raids on the neighboring circuits, and the Hedong soldiers were repeatedly intimidated into disturbances themselves, causing the successive expulsions or deaths of several Hedong military governors. However, after Li Zhuo (李涿) eventually
443:
Li
Guochang initially pledged continued faith to the imperial government, asking it to appoint a new defender of Datong and offering to attack Li Keyong himself if Li Keyong refused to comply. Emperor Xizong thus commissioned Lu Jianfang (盧簡方) as the new defender of Datong and asked Li Guochang to
358:
As Kang's imperial army took shape in 869 and prepared to engage Pang, he had Zhuye serve as his forward commander, and it was said that the soldiers under Kang, who were from 10 different circuits, were all impressed by the Shatuo soldiers' fortitude. He subsequently contributed greatly to Kang's
210:
region. When Zhuye Chixin's grandfather Zhuye
Jinzhong (朱邪盡忠) heard this, he and his son, Zhuye Chixin's father Zhuye Zhiyi (朱邪執宜) decided to take their tribe and flee to Tang. The Tufan gave chase, and in the ensuing engagements, Zhuye Jinzhong was killed in battle, and over half of the Shatuo
517:
Later in the year, Emperor Xizong again summoned Li Keyong to aid in the imperial cause in attacking Huang Chao's Qi state, and this time, pursuant to imperial orders, Zheng did not again intercept Li Keyong. Li Keyong subsequently became the leading general in the Tang campaign to recapture
229:
Circuit (朔方, headquartered at Ling
Prefecture), Fan Xichao (范希朝), welcomed the Shatuo under Zhuye Zhiyi. They were soon joined by Zhuye Jinzhong's younger brother Zhuye Abo (朱邪阿波). In 809, when Fan was transferred from Shuofang to Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
448:
monitor of the army. He then joined forces with Li Keyong in raiding the other circuits of the region. Emperor Xizong thereafter commissioned Cui Jikang (崔季康) as the military governor of Hedong to oversee the operations against Li
Guochang and Li Keyong, while ordering
400:). However, he soon incurred the wrath of the imperial government when he, acting in defiance of the imperial government, killed members of his staff without imperial approval. In 872, Emperor Yizong tried to transfer him to Datong Circuit, with the lesser title of
371:
and a new personal name of
Guochang (國昌, meaning "prosperity to the empire"), having him adopted into the branch house of the Prince of Zheng. He carved out a new Datong Circuit (大同) from Hedong, with its headquarters at Yun Prefecture (雲州, in modern
249:
It is not known when Zhuye Chixin was born, or when Zhuye Zhiyi died. It is known that when Zhuye Zhiyi died, Zhuye Chixin took over leadership of the Shatuo. In 839, when the Huigu general
Jueluowu (掘羅勿) rose against the rule of then-reigning
497:. After Li Keyong made that proclamation, the Dada became convinced that he would not stay and pose a threat to them, and therefore did not slaughter the Shatuo. Thereafter, Li Guochang and Li Keyong remained with the Dada for some time.
404:(防禦使). Li Guochang claimed to be ill and refused to report to Datong. He was apparently thereafter allowed to remain at Zhenwu, and subsequently sent soldiers to participate in the imperial campaign against the agrarian rebel
432:). At that time, most of the empire was overrun with agrarian rebellions; the Shatuo officer Li Jinzhong (李盡忠), technically Li Keyong's superior as the commander of the Shatuo soldiers at Datong, as well as his subordinates
510:, however, refused to supply his troops. In reaction, Li Keyong pillaged the prefectures of Hedong, and Zheng expelled his forces, which were forced to withdraw back north. He captured Xin (忻州, in modern
518:
Chang'an. In 883, Emperor Xizong made Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong and Li Guochang the military governor of a newly created Daibei Circuit (代北), with its headquarters at Dai Prefecture.
323:
attack were incensed when they were informed that they were to stay another year at the border, mutinied. They headed toward Xusi's capital Xu Prefecture, under the leadership of the officer
238:), the Tang imperial government feared that the Shatuo would betray Tang, and therefore had them relocate, with Fan, to Hedong Circuit, and the area of Huanghuadui (黃花堆, in modern
331:) Cui Yanzeng (崔彥曾), Pang captured Xu Prefecture and put Cui under arrest. He demanded official imperial sanction in taking over Xusi, threatening to attack the imperial capital
347:) and the overall commander of the operation against Pang. Kang requested his troops to be supplemented with Zhuye Chixin's troops, as well as the chieftains of
514:) and Dai (代州, in modern Xinzhou) Prefectures. In 882, Li Guochang, who was then still with the Dada, took his family and settled at Dai Prefecture.
1044:
1039:
1049:
198:), had often served as forward troops for Tufan. In or shortly before 808, after Tufan lost nearby Liang Prefecture (涼州, in modern
279:, the Tufan general Lun Kongre (論恐熱), who was then contending for control of Tufan, itself then in internal turmoil, attacked the
506:
the imperial cause. Chen agreed, and subsequently, Li Keyong tried to take his troops south. Then-military governor of Hedong,
291:, to react, and Wang had Zhuye serve as his forward commander. The Hedong forces subsequently defeated Lun, who then withdrew.
589:(856-908), Prince of Longxi 884, Prince of Jin 895, posthumously honoured as Emperor Wu with the temple name of Taizu 923
532:, Li Guochang died in 887, while still serving as the military governor of Daibei. According to the annotations to the
392:
In 870, Emperor Yizong commissioned Li Guochang as the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern
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1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
892:
858:
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823:
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784:
763:
747:
731:
690:
640:
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968:
961:
956:
934:
910:
905:
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871:
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649:
534:
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was serving as the deputy commander of Shatuo soldiers at Datong Circuit, stationed at Wei Prefecture (蔚州, in modern
206:, Tufan feared that the Shatuo would join forces with the Huigu, and therefore consider relocating the Shatuo to the
539:
493:
to stay with the Dada and wished to eventually assist the Tang imperial government in attacking the agrarian rebel
118:
949:
715:
630:
211:
were killed or captured. Zhuye Zhiyi was able to make it through to Tang's Ling Prefecture (靈州, in modern
276:
546:
in 923 as its Emperor Zhuangzong, Li Guochang was posthumously honored Emperor Wenjing, with the
445:
592:
Li Kerang (李克讓) (died 880?), commander in the imperial guard, killed fighting against Huang Chao
380:), to have Li Guochang serve as its military governor, but then kept Li Guochang at the capital
1034:
417:
367:), in which Pang was killed. To reward Zhuye, Emperor Yizong gave him the imperial surname of
335:
if Emperor Yizong refused. Emperor Yizong reacted by commissioning the imperial guard general
300:
263:
473:
and Bai Yicheng (白義誠), and the Sage (薩葛) chief Mi Haiwan (米海萬) to join in the attack as well.
562:
Zhuye Zhiyi (朱邪執宜), posthumously honoured as Emperor Zhaolie with the temple name of Yizu 923
405:
8:
1029:
671:
era), appeared to contradict the available chronology of the career of Li Guochang's son
595:
Li Kegong (李克恭) (died 890), military governor of the Zhaoyi Circuit 890, killed in mutiny
320:
26:
930:
51:
457:), Li Jun (李均) the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern
944:
710:
625:
511:
359:
battles against Pang, including the final battle at Bo Prefecture (亳州, in modern
348:
77:
21:
287:
and Huigu remnants. Emperor Xuānzong ordered then-military governor of Hedong,
980:
685:
635:
528:
507:
397:
259:
183:
1023:
486:
336:
251:
140:
311:) who had been sent to Lingnan West Circuit (嶺南西道, headquartered in modern
207:
199:
187:
167:
17:
547:
437:
425:
381:
339:
as the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern
332:
275:
In 847, shortly after Emperor Wuzong's death and succession by his uncle
155:
89:
922:
543:
494:
470:
433:
368:
280:
147:
601:(李克寧) (died 908), governor of the Zhenwu command, executed by Li Cunxu
672:
598:
586:
453:
the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern
421:
284:
255:
64:
56:
929:. trans. by Richard L. Davis. New York: Columbia University Press.
458:
324:
288:
239:
226:
221:
212:
643:
gave Li Guochang's death date as 887 (i.e., the third year of the
478:
466:
454:
450:
316:
312:
308:
231:
216:
191:
387:
462:
393:
377:
373:
360:
352:
340:
304:
258:, participated in a raid against the Huigu that rescued Tang's
243:
235:
179:
163:
126:
482:
429:
364:
344:
268:
203:
195:
178:
Zhuye Chixin's ancestors had been hereditary chiefs of the
303:, soldiers from Xusi Circuit (徐泗, headquartered in modern
500:
266:, who had been married to a former khan as part of the
538:, he was given posthumous honors. After his grandson
355:, and Qibi (契苾) tribes, and his request was approved.
667:, which gave a contrary 883 (i.e., the third year of
384:
for some time to serve as an imperial guard general.
327:. After defeating troops sent by the governor (觀察使,
416:
As of 878, by which time Emperor Yizong's young son
299:In 868, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong's son
182:tribe, and, after they had come under the rule of
578:née Qin, posthumously honored Empress Wenjing 923
570:née Cui, posthumously honored Empress Zhaolie 923
1021:
294:
647:era), so that date will be used here, as the
436:, Xue Zhiqin (薛志勤), Cheng Huaixin (程懷信), and
388:Between Pang Xun's and Li Keyong's rebellions
921:
850:
848:
190:-controlled Gan Prefecture (甘州, in modern
815:
813:
811:
809:
776:
774:
772:
411:
166:ethnicity during the waning years of the
927:Historical records of the five dynasties
705:
703:
701:
699:
1045:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Datong Circuit
1040:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhenwu Circuit
845:
619:
617:
607:
553:
1050:9th-century Chinese military personnel
1022:
806:
769:
420:was emperor, Li Guochang's oldest son
696:
219:), where the Tang military governor (
614:
521:
501:Exile and later resubmission to Tang
246:) became Zhuye Zhiyi's possession.
13:
146:(德興), posthumously honored by the
14:
1061:
969:New History of the Five Dynasties
906:New History of the Five Dynasties
660:New History of the Five Dynasties
319:) to defend against a potential
898:
882:
864:
829:
162:(獻祖), was a Chinese general of
790:
753:
737:
721:
678:
272:system of marriage alliances.
131:
122:
1:
957:History of the Five Dynasties
872:History of the Five Dynasties
650:History of the Five Dynasties
535:History of the Five Dynasties
173:
186:and settled at the formerly-
7:
295:During Pang Xun's rebellion
262:, an aunt of then-reigning
10:
1066:
15:
104:
95:
88:
83:
76:
72:
50:
46:Lady Qin, Empress Wenjing
42:
36:Li Guochang/Zhuye Chixin
35:
412:Rebellion against Tang
608:Notes and references
554:Personal information
84:Emperor Wenjing 文景皇帝
465:), as well as the
148:Later Tang dynasty
526:According to the
522:Posthumous honors
202:) to Tang's ally
135:) (died 887), né
112:
111:
100:
99:
1057:
945:New Book of Tang
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711:New Book of Tang
707:
694:
682:
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626:New Book of Tang
621:
542:established the
277:Emperor Xuānzong
154:(文景皇帝) with the
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124:
74:
73:
33:
32:
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152:Emperor Wenjing
78:Posthumous name
68:Princess Yiling
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63:
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37:
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12:
11:
5:
1063:
1053:
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981:Zizhi Tongjian
977:
965:
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941:
935:
916:
915:
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889:Zizhi Tongjian
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863:
855:Zizhi Tongjian
844:
836:Zizhi Tongjian
828:
820:Zizhi Tongjian
805:
797:Zizhi Tongjian
789:
781:Zizhi Tongjian
768:
760:Zizhi Tongjian
752:
744:Zizhi Tongjian
736:
728:Zizhi Tongjian
720:
695:
686:Zizhi Tongjian
677:
636:Zizhi Tongjian
612:
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529:Zizhi Tongjian
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508:Zheng Congdang
502:
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418:Emperor Xizong
413:
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398:Inner Mongolia
389:
386:
301:Emperor Yizong
296:
293:
264:Emperor Wuzong
260:Princess Taihe
175:
172:
110:
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9:
6:
4:
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1035:Shatuo rulers
1033:
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936:0-231-12826-6
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487:Yin Mountains
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337:Kang Chengxun
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406:Wang Xianzhi
401:
391:
357:
328:
298:
283:region with
274:
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248:
220:
208:Yellow River
200:Wuwei, Gansu
188:Tang dynasty
177:
168:Tang dynasty
159:
151:
143:
137:Zhuye Chixin
136:
130:
114:
113:
25:
18:Chinese name
550:of Xianzu.
548:temple name
438:Li Cunzhang
426:Zhangjiakou
156:temple name
132:Lǐ Guóchāng
115:Li Guochang
108:Zhuye Zhiyi
90:Temple name
22:family name
1030:887 deaths
1024:Categories
923:Ouyang Xiu
544:Later Tang
495:Huang Chao
471:Helian Duo
434:Kang Junli
329:Guanchashi
174:Background
673:Li Keyong
623:Both the
599:Li Kening
587:Li Keyong
583:Children
422:Li Keyong
402:Fangyushi
285:Dangxiang
256:Shi Xiong
96:Xianzu 獻祖
65:Li Kening
62:Li Kegong
60:Li Keyang
57:Li Keyong
984:, vols.
950:vol. 218
925:(2004).
893:vol. 272
859:vol. 255
840:vol. 254
824:vol. 253
801:vol. 252
785:vol. 251
764:vol. 248
748:vol. 247
732:vol. 246
716:vol. 218
691:vol. 237
657:and the
641:vol. 256
633:and the
631:vol. 218
540:Li Cunxu
489:region.
459:Changzhi
382:Chang'an
333:Chang'an
325:Pang Xun
289:Wang Zai
240:Shuozhou
227:Shuofang
222:Jiedushi
213:Yinchuan
139:(朱邪赤心),
38:李國昌/朱邪赤心
16:In this
962:vol. 25
877:vol. 25
669:Zhonghe
655:vol. 25
645:Guangqi
567:Mother
559:Father
479:Chengde
469:chiefs
467:Tuyuhun
455:Beijing
451:Li Keju
349:Tuyuhun
317:Guangxi
313:Nanning
309:Jiangsu
232:Taiyuan
217:Ningxia
192:Zhangye
119:Chinese
974:vol. 5
933:
911:vol. 5
665:vol. 4
463:Shanxi
446:eunuch
394:Hohhot
378:Shanxi
374:Datong
361:Bozhou
341:Anyang
305:Xuzhou
244:Shanxi
236:Shanxi
180:Shatuo
164:Shatuo
160:Xianzu
144:Dexing
129::
127:pinyin
121::
105:Father
43:Spouse
20:, the
575:Wife
483:Hebei
430:Hebei
365:Anhui
353:Tatar
345:Henan
281:Ordos
269:heqin
225:) of
204:Huigu
196:Gansu
52:Issue
931:ISBN
321:Dali
184:Tubo
1014:256
1010:255
1006:253
1002:252
998:251
994:248
990:247
986:246
158:of
150:as
123:李國昌
24:is
1026::
1012:,
1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
996:,
992:,
988:,
972:,
960:,
948:,
909:,
891:,
875:,
857:,
847:^
838:,
822:,
808:^
799:,
783:,
771:^
762:,
746:,
730:,
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