Lamarckism - Knowledge

1555: 606:

picture of Darwin's thinking. Ghiselin notes that "Darwin accepted the inheritance of acquired characteristics, just as Lamarck did, and Darwin even thought that there was some experimental evidence to support it." Gould wrote that in the late 19th century, evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it ... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics—inheritance of acquired characters—to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself." He argued that "the restriction of 'Lamarckism' to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system."

1713: 570:

Cutting the tails off mice does not seem to meet the qualifications of disuse, but rather falls in a category of accidental misuse... Lamarck's hypothesis has never been proven experimentally and there is no known mechanism to support the idea that somatic change, however acquired, can in some way induce a change in the germplasm. On the other hand it is difficult to disprove Lamarck's idea experimentally, and it seems that Weismann's experiment fails to provide the evidence to deny the Lamarckian hypothesis, since it lacks a key factor, namely the willful exertion of the animal in overcoming environmental obstacles.

1648: 1377:

cumulative from generation to generation, thus producing, in time, new species. His individual contribution to biological theory consisted in his application to the problem of the origin of species of the view that acquired characters were inherited and in showing that evolution could be inferred logically from the accepted biological hypotheses. He would doubtless have been greatly astonished to learn that a belief in the inheritance of acquired characters is now labeled "Lamarckian," although he would almost certainly have felt flattered if evolution itself had been so designated.

721: 22: 630: 386: 5511:

genetically-identical cells to acquire differentiated functions and allow facultative responses of a genotype to environmental changes (provided that 'similar' changes have occurred repeatedly in the past). However, most neo-Darwinists would claim that the ability to adaptively switch epigenetic state is a property of the DNA sequence (in the sense that alternative sequences would show different switching behavior) and that any increase of adaptedness in the system has come about by a process of natural selection.

593: 506: 1304: 297: 12272: 10922: 558:, and those of their offspring over five generations, and reporting that no mice were born in consequence without a tail or even with a shorter tail. In 1889, he stated that "901 young were produced by five generations of artificially mutilated parents, and yet there was not a single example of a rudimentary tail or of any other abnormality in this organ." The experiment, and the theory behind it, were thought at the time to be a refutation of Lamarckism. 1709:, but in addition it can vary when populations of microorganisms increase or decrease (resembling Lamarckian use and disuse), and when it gains new kinds of microorganism (resembling Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics). These changes are then passed on to offspring. The mechanism is largely uncontroversial, and natural selection does sometimes occur at whole system (hologenome) level, but it is not clear that this is always the case. 12298: 12285: 10932: 1365:(1944) claimed that experiments in heredity have failed to corroborate any Lamarckian process. Simpson noted that neo-Lamarckism "stresses a factor that Lamarck rejected: inheritance of direct effects of the environment" and neo-Lamarckism is closer to Darwin's pangenesis than Lamarck's views. Simpson wrote, "the inheritance of acquired characters, failed to meet the tests of observation and has been almost universally discarded by biologists." 3639:, p. 144: "During the 1920s, the entomologist J. W. Heslop-Harrison published experimental data supporting his claim that chemicals in soot caused widespread mutations from light winged to the dark winged form. Because these mutations were supposedly passed on to subsequent generations, Harrison claimed that he had documented a case of inheritance of acquired traits. Other biologists failed to replicate Harrison's results, and 178: 1440: 878: 682:, felt that inheritance of acquired characteristics would let organisms shape their own evolution, since organisms that acquired new habits would change the use patterns of their organs, which would kick-start Lamarckian evolution. They considered this philosophically superior to Darwin's mechanism of random variation acted on by selective pressures. Lamarckism also appealed to those, like the philosopher 4191:, p. 222: "...the recognition that DNA does not directly participate in the making of the phenotype and that the phenotype, in turn, does not control the composition of the DNA represents the ultimate invalidation of all theories involving the inheritance of acquired characters. This definitive refutation of Lamarck's theory of evolutionary causation clears the air." 245:, the theory that what is inherited derives from the whole body of the parent, whereas Aristotle thought it impossible; but that all the same, Aristotle implicitly agreed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics, giving the example of the inheritance of a scar, or of blindness, though noting that children do not always resemble their parents. Zirkle recorded that 736:

environment. Such ideas were more popular than natural selection in the late 19th century as it made it possible for biological evolution to fit into a framework of a divine or naturally willed plan, thus the neo-Lamarckian view of evolution was often advocated by proponents of orthogenesis. According to the historian of science Peter J. Bowler, writing in 2003:

1512:

change in DNA sequence (genotype) and that such changes may be induced spontaneously or in response to environmental factors—Lamarck's "acquired traits." Determining which observed phenotypes are genetically inherited and which are environmentally induced remains an important and ongoing part of the study of genetics, developmental biology, and medicine.

1402:

the gene-mutation theory beyond all reasonable doubt... In spite of the rapidly increasing evidence for natural selection, Lamarck has never ceased to have loyal followers.... There is indeed a strong emotional appeal in the thought that every little effort an animal puts forth is somehow transmitted to his progeny.

441:

In 1830, in an aside from his evolutionary framework, Lamarck briefly mentioned two traditional ideas in his discussion of heredity, in his day considered to be generally true. The first was the idea of use versus disuse; he theorized that individuals lose characteristics they do not require, or use,

1511:

Lamarck and his ideas were ridiculed and discredited. In a strange twist of fate, Lamarck may have the last laugh. Epigenetics, an emerging field of genetics, has shown that Lamarck may have been at least partially correct all along. It seems that reversible and heritable changes can occur without a

1401:

A host of experiments have been designed to test Lamarckianism. All that have been verified have proved negative. On the other hand, tens of thousands of experiments— reported in the journals and carefully checked and rechecked by geneticists throughout the world— have established the correctness of

1384:

wrote regarding Lamarckism, "very few professional biologists believe that anything of the kind occurs—or can occur—but the notion persists for a variety of nonscientific reasons." Medawar stated there is no known mechanism by which an adaptation acquired in an individual's lifetime can be imprinted

735:

Neo-Lamarckian versions of evolution were widespread in the late 19th century. The idea that living things could to some degree choose the characteristics that would be inherited allowed them to be in charge of their own destiny as opposed to the Darwinian view, which placed them at the mercy of the

476:

Second Law : All the acquisitions or losses wrought by nature on individuals, through the influence of the environment in which their race has long been placed, and hence through the influence of the predominant use or permanent disuse of any organ; all these are preserved by reproduction to the new

472:

First Law : In every animal which has not passed the limit of its development, a more frequent and continuous use of any organ gradually strengthens, develops and enlarges that organ, and gives it a power proportional to the length of time it has been so used; while the permanent disuse of any organ

196:

Lamarck was neither the first nor the most distinguished biologist to believe in the inheritance of acquired characters. He merely endorsed a belief which had been generally accepted for at least 2,200 years before his time and used it to explain how evolution could have taken place. The inheritance

1538:

contends that epigenetic inheritance should not be considered Lamarckian. According to Gregory, Lamarck did not claim that the environment directly affected living things. Instead, Lamarck "argued that the environment created needs to which organisms responded by using some features more and others

1499:

effects that persist for some generations. The mechanism may also enable the inheritance of behavioral traits, for example in chickens, rats and human populations that have experienced starvation, DNA methylation resulting in altered gene function in both the starved population and their offspring.

456:

Première Loi: Dans tout animal qui n' a point dépassé le terme de ses développemens, l' emploi plus fréquent et soutenu d' un organe quelconque, fortifie peu à peu cet organe, le développe, l' agrandit, et lui donne une puissance proportionnée à la durée de cet emploi; tandis que le défaut constant

1756:

had seemed to render unnecessary. In particular, the effect allows animals to adapt to a new stress in the environment through behavioural changes, followed by genetic change. This somewhat resembles Lamarckism but without requiring animals to inherit characteristics acquired by their parents. The

740:

One of the most emotionally compelling arguments used by the neo-Lamarckians of the late nineteenth century was the claim that Darwinism was a mechanistic theory which reduced living things to puppets driven by heredity. The selection theory made life into a game of Russian roulette, where life or

462:

Deuxième Loi: Tout ce que la nature a fait acquérir ou perdre aux individus par l' influence des circonstances où leur race se trouve depuis long-temps exposée, et, par conséquent, par l' influence de l' emploi prédominant de tel organe, ou par celle d' un défaut constant d' usage de telle partie;

1584:

In 2015, Khursheed Iqbal and colleagues discovered that although "endocrine disruptors exert direct epigenetic effects in the exposed fetal germ cells, these are corrected by reprogramming events in the next generation." Also in 2015, Adam Weiss argued that bringing back Lamarck in the context of

1546:

wrote that research into epigenetic processes does allow a Lamarckian element in evolution but the processes do not challenge the main tenets of the modern evolutionary synthesis as modern Lamarckians have claimed. Haig argued for the primacy of DNA and evolution of epigenetic switches by natural

1666:

There is no feedback of information from the proteins to the DNA, and hence no route by which characteristics acquired in the body can be passed on through the genes. The work of Ted Steele (1979) provoked a flurry of interest in the possibility that there might, after all, be ways in which this

5510:

Modern neo-Darwinists do not deny that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role during development nor do they deny that these mechanisms enable a variety of adaptive responses to the environment. Recurrent, predictable changes of epigenetic state provide a useful set of switches that allow

569:

Can Weismann's experiment be considered a case of disuse? Lamarck proposed that when an organ was not used, it slowly, and very gradually atrophied. In time, over the course of many generations, it would gradually disappear as it was inherited in its modified form in each successive generation.

1751:

by George Gaylord Simpson in 1953, proposes that the ability to learn new behaviours can improve an animal's reproductive success, and hence the course of natural selection on its genetic makeup. Simpson stated that the mechanism was "not inconsistent with the modern synthesis" of evolutionary

896:

A century after Lamarck, scientists and philosophers continued to seek mechanisms and evidence for the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Experiments were sometimes reported as successful, but from the beginning these were either criticised on scientific grounds or shown to be fakes. For

605:

The identification of Lamarckism with the inheritance of acquired characteristics is regarded by evolutionary biologists including Ghiselin as a falsified artifact of the subsequent history of evolutionary thought, repeated in textbooks without analysis, and wrongly contrasted with a falsified

1410:

does not directly participate in the making of the phenotype and that the phenotype, in turn, does not control the composition of the DNA." Peter J. Bowler has written that although many early scientists took Lamarckism seriously, it was discredited by genetics in the early twentieth century.

578:

The acquired characteristics that figured in Lamarck's thinking were changes that resulted from an individual's own drives and actions, not from the actions of external agents. Lamarck was not concerned with wounds, injuries or mutilations, and nothing that Lamarck had set forth was tested or

1550:

Thomas Dickens and Qazi Rahman (2012) have argued that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification are genetically inherited under the control of natural selection and do not challenge the modern synthesis. They dispute the claims of Jablonka and Lamb on Lamarckian

1376:

What Lamarck really did was to accept the hypothesis that acquired characters were heritable, a notion which had been held almost universally for well over two thousand years and which his contemporaries accepted as a matter of course, and to assume that the results of such inheritance were

1585:

epigenetics is misleading, commenting, "We should remember for the good he contributed to science, not for things that resemble his theory only superficially. Indeed, thinking of CRISPR and other phenomena as Lamarckian only obscures the simple and elegant way evolution really works."

362:

of one variety of rabbit into another variety in the expectation that its offspring would show some characteristics of the first. They did not, and Galton declared that he had disproved Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis, but Darwin objected, in a letter to the scientific journal

324:

proposed natural selection as the main mechanism for development of species, but (like Lamarck) gave credence to the idea of heritable effects of use and disuse as a supplementary mechanism. Darwin subsequently set out his concept of pangenesis in the final chapter of his book

741:

death was predetermined by the genes one inherited. The individual could do nothing to mitigate bad heredity. Lamarckism, in contrast, allowed the individual to choose a new habit when faced with an environmental challenge and shape the whole future course of evolution.

654:

Among the most popular alternatives were theories involving the inheritance of characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime. Scientists who felt that such Lamarckian mechanisms were the key to evolution were called neo-Lamarckians. They included the British

583:

The historian of science Rasmus Winther stated that Weismann had nuanced views about the role of the environment on the germ plasm. Indeed, like Darwin, he consistently insisted that a variable environment was necessary to cause variation in the hereditary material.

1539:

less, that this resulted in those features being accentuated or attenuated, and that this difference was then inherited by offspring." Gregory has stated that Lamarckian evolution in epigenetics is more like Darwin's point of view than Lamarck's.

432:"All that has been acquired, traced, or changed, in the physiology of individuals, during their life, is conserved through the genesis, reproduction, and transmitted to new individuals who are related to those who have undergone those changes." 600:

is often used as an example in popular explanations of Lamarckism. However, this was only a small part of his theory of evolution towards "perfection"; it was a hypothetical illustration; and he used it to discuss his theory of heredity, not

1643:

to the B-cells and were then transported through the bloodstream where they could breach the Weismann or soma-germ barrier and reverse transcribe the newly acquired genes into the cells of the germ line, in the manner of Darwin's pangenes.

1808: 678:, who observed that the fossil record showed orderly, almost linear, patterns of development that they felt were better explained by Lamarckian mechanisms than by natural selection. Some people, including Cope and the Darwin critic 1667:

reverse flow of information could take place. ... mechanism did not, in fact, violate the principles of molecular biology, but most biologists were suspicious of Steele's claims, and attempts to reproduce his results have failed.

1547:

selection. Haig has written that there is a "visceral attraction" to Lamarckian evolution from the public and some scientists, as it posits the world with a meaning, in which organisms can shape their own evolutionary destiny.

1752:

theory, though he doubted that it occurred very often or could be proven to occur. He noted that the Baldwin effect provided a reconciliation between the neo-Darwinian and neo-Lamarckian approaches, something that the

426:"The production of a new organ in an animal body, results from a new requirement arising. and which continues to make itself felt, and a new movement which that requirement gives birth to, and its upkeep/maintenance;" 423:"Life by its own force, tends to increase the volume of all organs which possess the force of life, and the force of life extends the dimensions of those parts up to an extent that those parts bring to themselves;" 3863:

Dorcus, Roy M. (June 1933). "The effect of intermittent rotation on orientation and the habituation of nystagmus in the rat, and some observations on the effects of pre-natal rotation on post-natal development".

446:

stretch their necks to reach leaves high in trees, they would strengthen and gradually lengthen their necks. These giraffes would then have offspring with slightly longer necks. In the same way, he argued, a

1620:

regions of parent mice were found in their germ cells and seemed to persist in the offspring for a few generations. The mechanism involved the somatic selection and clonal amplification of newly acquired

249:

thought much the same. Zirkle pointed out that stories involving the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics appear numerous times in ancient mythology and the Bible and persisted through to

114:

Many researchers from the 1860s onwards attempted to find evidence for Lamarckian inheritance, but these have all been explained away, either by other mechanisms such as genetic contamination or as

1609:

cells. This reverse transcription process supposedly enabled characteristics or bodily changes acquired during a lifetime to be written back into the DNA and passed on to subsequent generations.

331:(1868), which gave numerous examples to demonstrate what he thought was the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Pangenesis, which he emphasised was a hypothesis, was based on the idea that 463:

elle le conserve par la génération aux nouveaux individus qui en proviennent, pourvu que les changemens acquis soient communs aux deux sexes, ou à ceux qui ont produit ces nouveaux individus.

651:

by some historians of science. During that time many scientists and philosophers accepted the reality of evolution but doubted whether natural selection was the main evolutionary mechanism.

343:. These pangenes were microscopic particles that supposedly contained information about the characteristics of their parent cell, and Darwin believed that they eventually accumulated in the 708:

of the theory of evolution, and a lack of evidence for a mechanism for acquiring and passing on new characteristics, or even their heritability, Lamarckism largely fell from favour. Unlike

1504:

molecules, too, may mediate inherited resistance to infection. Handel and Ramagopalan commented that "epigenetics allows the peaceful co-existence of Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution."

401:, and 2) an adaptive force that causes animals with a given body plan to adapt to circumstances (use and disuse, inheritance of acquired characteristics), creating a diversity of 164:, consisting of the genomes of all an organism's symbiotic microbes as well as its own genome, is also somewhat Lamarckian in effect, though entirely Darwinian in its mechanisms. 547:

contain information that passes from one generation to the next, unaffected by experience, and independent of the somatic (body) cells. This implied what came to be known as the

282:

develop from "one living filament... with the power of acquiring new parts" in response to stimuli, with each round of "improvements" being inherited by successive generations.

1527:

could be classified as Lamarckian, within a Darwinian framework. However, the significance of epigenetics in evolution is uncertain. Critics such as the evolutionary biologist

1229:. Neo-Lamarckism remained influential in biology until the 1940s when the role of natural selection was reasserted in evolution as part of the modern evolutionary synthesis. 1671:

Bowler commented that " work was bitterly criticized at the time by biologists who doubted his experimental results and rejected his hypothetical mechanism as implausible."

451:, through his work, strengthens the muscles in his arms, and thus his sons would have similar muscular development when they mature. Lamarck stated the following two laws: 4785:

Sheau-Fang Ng; Lin, Ruby C. Y.; Laybutt, D. Ross; et al. (October 21, 2010). "Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring".

1431:

have highlighted the possible inheritance of traits acquired by the previous generation. However, the characterization of these findings as Lamarckism has been disputed.

2840:"Handbuch der paläarktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler. Zweite gänzlich umgearbeitete und durch Studien zur Descendenztheorie erweitete Auflage, etc" 2690: 8582:"Consists of papers given at a workshop on the origins of music held in Fiesole, Italy, May 1997, the first of a series called Florentine Workshops in Biomusicology." 712:, neo-Lamarckism is a loose grouping of largely heterodox theories and mechanisms that emerged after Lamarck's time, rather than a coherent body of theoretical work. 662:(1835–1925), who studied the effects of environmental stress on the growth of plants, in the belief that such environmentally-induced variation might explain much of 1385:

on the genome and Lamarckian inheritance is not valid unless it excludes the possibility of natural selection, but this has not been demonstrated in any experiment.

442:

and develop characteristics that are useful. The second was to argue that the acquired traits were heritable. He gave as an imagined illustration the idea that when

1295:

for providing no solid evidence for his theory. Shapiro noted that "Matsuda himself accepts too much at face value and is prone to wish-fulfilling interpretation."

10654: 901:

argued for a version that he called "centro-epigenesis", but it was rejected by most scientists. Some of the experimental approaches are described in the table.

327: 4897: 5016: 1463: 4522: 5778:

Steele, E. J.; Pollard, J. W. (1987). "Hypothesis : Somatic Hypermutation by gene conversion via the error prone DNA-to-RNA-to-DNA information loop".

1348:. Lysenkoism influenced Soviet agricultural policy which in turn was later blamed for the numerous massive crop failures experienced within Soviet states. 747:

Scientists from the 1860s onwards conducted numerous experiments that purported to show Lamarckian inheritance. Some examples are described in the table.

4468:"Environmental Epigenetics and a Unified Theory of the Molecular Aspects of Evolution: A Neo-Lamarckian Concept that Facilitates Neo-Darwinian Evolution" 5884:; Sharon, Gill; Zilber-Rosenberg, Ilana (December 2009). "The hologenome theory of evolution contains Lamarckian aspects within a Darwinian framework". 122:'s experiment, considered definitive in its time, is now considered to have failed to disprove Lamarckism, as it did not address use and disuse. Later, 11143: 11000: 369:, that he had done nothing of the sort, since he had never mentioned blood in his writings. He pointed out that he regarded pangenesis as occurring in 6757:. English adaptation from the second German edition, revised and enlarged by C. F. Marshall (Revised ed.). Physicians and Surgeons Book Company. 10968: 1781:, components of Lamarckism have been used to link cultural development to human evolution by considering technology as extensions of human anatomy. 477:

individuals which arise, provided that the acquired modifications are common to both sexes, or at least to the individuals which produce the young.

188:

The inheritance of acquired characteristics was proposed in ancient times and remained a current idea for many centuries. The historian of science

419:

Between 1800 and 1830, Lamarck proposed a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution. He saw evolution as comprising four laws:

8921: 1170: 311:

and contribute to the next generation via the fertilised egg. Changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as in Lamarckism.

5743:

Steele, E. J. (2016). "Somatic hypermutation in immunity and cancer: Critical analysis of strand-biased and codon-context mutation signatures".

4216:

Steele, E. J. (2016). "Somatic hypermutation in immunity and cancer: Critical analysis of strand-biased and codon-context mutation signatures".

6933:

Hagen, Joel B. (2002). "Retelling Experiments: H.B.D. Kettlewell's Studies of Industrial Melanism in Peppered Moths". In Giltrow, Janet (ed.).

4837: 10403: 9703: 485:), resulting in change in behaviour, causing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time—and thus the gradual 1773:. Gould viewed culture as a Lamarckian process whereby older generations transmitted adaptive information to offspring via the concept of 457:

d' usage de tel organe, l'affoiblit insensiblement, le détériore, diminue progressivement ses facultés, et finit par le faire disparoître.

670:, who studied blind animals living in caves and wrote a book in 1901 about Lamarck and his work. Also included were paleontologists like 8805:"Annual address of the president of the Biological Society of Washington. Delivered January 24, 1891. (From the Proceedings, vol. VI.)" 4868:"Timing of prenatal starvation in women and birth weight in their first and second born offspring: The Dutch famine birth cohort study" 574:

Ghiselin also considered the Weismann tail-chopping experiment to have no bearing on the Lamarckian hypothesis, writing in 1994 that:

11844: 6790: 1393: 12335: 12132: 11734: 10907: 10362: 8249: 1459: 157: 1662:

noted in 1989 that other scientists had been unable to reproduce his results, and described the scientific consensus at the time:

9635: 9589: 8231: 2300: 1369: 9713: 9438: 5430:

Varona, Luis; Munilla, Sebastián; Mouresan, Elena Flavia; González-Rodríguez, Aldemar; Moreno, Carlos; Altarriba, Juan (2015).

1244:

Neo-Lamarckism was dominant in French biology for more than a century. French scientists who supported neo-Lamarckism included

11704: 11624: 11599: 11478: 11358: 10961: 10670: 10430: 8670: 8559: 8497: 8422: 8380: 8324: 8201: 8154: 8072: 8033: 7942: 7900: 7648: 7609: 7445: 7406: 7371: 7336: 7301: 7254: 7215: 7058: 7023: 6981: 6946: 6907: 6866: 6724: 6576: 6537: 6459: 6417: 6378: 6339: 6297: 6259: 6212: 6136: 6089: 6008: 5939: 5354: 2231: 1554: 1531:

point out that epigenetic inheritance lasts for only a few generations, so it is not a stable basis for evolutionary change.

473:

imperceptibly weakens and deteriorates it, and progressively diminishes its functional capacity, until it finally disappears.

6489: 1479:

to be Lamarckian. Epigenetics is based on hereditary elements other than genes that pass into the germ cells. These include

59:

physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime. It is also called the

11824: 11032: 10027: 9625: 9469: 6893: 2740: 1697:, and together they have a "hologenome" consisting of all their genomes. The hologenome can vary like any other genome by 11604: 11529: 11456: 11432: 11380: 10753: 9673: 9403: 5328: 4903: 2047:, p. 617: "But Darwin was loath to let go of the notion that a well-used and strengthened organ could be inherited." 12264: 12216: 11849: 11235: 10988: 10415: 10075: 9248: 8976: 8826: 5632: 2494: 1834: 1732:. All the theories offer explanations of how organisms respond to a changed environment with adaptive inherited change. 952:

visited laboratory, found fire suspicious, doubted claim that steam leak had killed all beetles, concluded faked data.

773: 724: 83: 2315:

Gauthier, Peter (March–May 1990). "Does Weismann's Experiment Constitute a Refutation of the Lamarckian Hypothesis?".

11644: 8948: 7637:

The Complicity of Friends: How George Eliot, G. H. Lewes, and John Hughlings-Jackson Encoded Herbert Spencer's Secret

4081: 2006: 1495:. These marks are responsive to environmental stimuli, differentially affect gene expression, and are adaptive, with 1406:

According to Ernst Mayr, any Lamarckian theory involving the inheritance of acquired characters has been refuted as "

160:

of traits acquired by the previous generation. These proved a limited validity of Lamarckism. The inheritance of the

10482: 7697:

Eugenio Rignano Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters: A Hypothesis of Heredity, Development, and Assimilation

4324:"Transgenerational Rescue of a Genetic Defect in Long-Term Potentiation and Memory Formation by Juvenile Enrichment" 12330: 12277: 11884: 11669: 11461: 10954: 10487: 10085: 9205: 8991: 8986: 6128: 5024: 3428: 2987: 1070: 2584: 414: 11879: 11859: 11572: 11317: 11025: 11020: 10993: 10732: 10722: 10646: 9921: 8263: 7990: 5998: 5929: 4530: 1753: 705: 640: 127: 12345: 12137: 12097: 12052: 11759: 11582: 11152: 11089: 10860: 10727: 10507: 10251: 10049: 9953: 9842: 8351: 8193: 6251: 1686: 1680: 1652: 9382: 6599:

Modern Biology: A Review of the Principal Phenomena of Animal Life in Relation to Modern Concepts and Theories

107:

gave credence to the idea of heritable effects of use and disuse, as Lamarck had done, and his own concept of

12209: 11894: 11874: 11811: 11262: 11131: 11072: 10925: 10512: 10256: 9995: 9233: 7740:. International Library of Psychology, Philosophy, and Scientific Method. Translated with an introduction by 7701: 1962:(January 1946). "The Early History of the Idea of the Inheritance of Acquired Characters and of Pangenesis". 10457: 12057: 11829: 11649: 11272: 11240: 11148: 10865: 10367: 8456: 7892: 6498: 1095: 7601:

The Reluctant Mr. Darwin: An Intimate Portrait of Charles Darwin and the Making of His Theory of Evolution

5099:

Rechavi, O.; Houri-Ze'evi, L.; Anava, S.; Goh, W.S.; Kerk, S.Y.; Hannon, G.J.; Hobert, O. (17 July 2014).

3679:"Alcoholism and the behavior of white rats. I. The influence of alcoholic grandparents upon maze-behavior" 12303: 11869: 11104: 10935: 10529: 9200: 7773: 6852: 6370: 4463: 3643:

pointed out that Harrison's hypothesis required a mutation rate far higher than any previously reported."

1361: 230: 8261:

Cook, George M. (December 1999). "Neo-Lamarckian Experimentalism in America: Origins and Consequences".

11764: 11634: 11614: 11393: 11138: 10631: 9805: 9392: 9258: 9090: 7437: 6712: 6451: 4726:

Nätt, Daniel; Lindqvist, Niclas; Stranneheim, Henrik; et al. (July 28, 2009). Pizzari, Tom (ed.).

4077: 2691:"Additional Evidence on the Influence of Light in producing Pigments on the Lower Sides of Flat Fishes" 1292: 561:

The experiment's effectiveness in refuting Lamarck's hypothesis is doubtful, as it did not address the

429:"The development of the organs, and their ability, are constantly a result of the use of those organs." 3148: 2033: 126:

supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the

12340: 12184: 12155: 12042: 11956: 11864: 11839: 11664: 11629: 11405: 10425: 10222: 10032: 9800: 9693: 9640: 9085: 7785: 7640: 6858: 10554: 2208: 565:

of characteristics in response to the environment. The biologist Peter Gauthier noted in 1990 that:

12077: 11961: 11834: 11654: 11587: 11449: 11422: 11277: 11052: 11015: 10848: 10712: 10684: 10659: 10616: 10519: 10452: 10327: 10200: 10168: 10141: 10131: 9462: 8028:. The International Library of Critical Writings in Economics Series. Vol. 233. Edward Elgar. 7399:

More Than Darwin: An Encyclopedia of the People and Places of the Evolution-creationism Controversy

6899: 6704: 6594: 6409: 5277:"CRISPR: a new principle of genome engineering linked to conceptual shifts in evolutionary biology" 2620: 2101:

Holterhoff, Kate (2014). "The History and Reception of Charles Darwin's Hypothesis of Pangenesis".

1706: 826: 799:

in response to environment; results could not be replicated; cause possibly a transmitted disease.

679: 648: 486: 347:

where they could pass on to the next generation the newly acquired characteristics of the parents.

320: 265: 103: 10332: 4845: 1712: 12241: 12082: 11948: 11774: 11754: 11744: 11559: 11539: 11410: 11398: 11388: 11245: 10977: 10853: 10783: 10692: 10420: 10302: 10070: 9666: 9620: 9326: 9263: 9238: 9121: 9041: 8774:"Essays ... based upon papers read at a conference held at the University of Edinburgh ... 1959." 6081: 1770: 1187: 980: 7210:(First Harvard University Press paperback ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 5624: 5618: 2486: 2480: 12199: 12194: 12169: 12117: 12112: 11952: 11944: 11935: 11930: 11899: 11791: 11577: 11514: 11267: 11186: 10892: 10541: 10410: 10372: 10273: 10244: 10217: 10212: 9810: 9311: 9210: 9195: 9164: 9065: 8696:

Seki, Yoshiyuki (April 2013). Groszmann, Roberto J.; Iwakiri, Yasuko; Taddei, Tamar H. (eds.).

7972: 7769: 7088: 5955: 5481: 2835: 1921:(1935). "The Inheritance of Acquired Characters and the Provisional Hypothesis of Pangenesis". 1543: 1356: 1279:

coined the term "pan-environmentalism" for his evolutionary theory which he saw as a fusion of

1006: 935: 927: 667: 10398: 8539: 8190:

The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society

6563:

Cullen, Ben Sandford (2000). Steele, James; Cullen, Richard; Chippindale, Christopher (eds.).

4683:

Richards, Eric J. (May 2006). "Inherited epigenetic variation — revisiting soft inheritance".

3608:"Fourth (Final) Report on a Test of McDougall'S Lamarckian Experiment on the Training of Rats" 1287:

is a main mechanism for evolutionary change and that novelty in evolution can be generated by

12226: 12189: 12087: 11996: 11991: 11966: 11694: 11674: 11524: 11444: 11417: 11348: 11116: 10833: 10707: 10626: 10621: 10606: 10591: 10581: 10497: 10472: 10307: 10263: 10227: 10195: 10136: 10114: 10095: 9958: 9911: 9862: 9857: 9815: 9599: 9422: 9316: 9243: 9142: 9080: 9075: 9006: 8941: 7084: 6827:. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures. Yale University Press; Oxford University Press. 6485: 6443: 6243: 6172: 3906:(September 1934). "Inherited changes produced by heat-treatment in Drosophila melanogaster". 2623:(1891). "An Experiment concerning the Absence of Color from the lower Sides of Flat-fishes". 2401: 1778: 1613: 1602: 1598: 1566: 1562: 1496: 1428: 1230: 647:

in the 1920s and the beginnings of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s, is called

181: 153: 123: 71: 25: 6328: 3809:

Detlefsen, John A. (1923). "Are the Effects of Long-Continued Rotation in Rats Inherited?".

3052:"(1) Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters (2) Biological Aspects of Human Problems". 2787: 1257: 551:, as it would make Lamarckian inheritance from changes to the body difficult or impossible. 12179: 11986: 11971: 11939: 11926: 11787: 11699: 11567: 11534: 11509: 11363: 11327: 11221: 11191: 11010: 10807: 10702: 10636: 10437: 10352: 10268: 10180: 10163: 10090: 10080: 9790: 9698: 9682: 9331: 9174: 9169: 9051: 9046: 9033: 8702: 7834: 7745: 7513: 7118: 5893: 4794: 4739: 4384: 4050:

Animal Evolution in Changing Environments: With Special Reference to Abnormal Metamorphosis

3775: 3690: 3358: 3278: 3111: 3061: 2705: 2655: 2073: 1729: 1702: 1647: 1524: 1288: 1249: 1193: 1088: 989: 620: 336: 10442: 10312: 7931:

Lamarck's Signature : How Retrogenes Are Changing Darwin's Natural Selection Paradigm

4084:

Animal Evolution in Changing Environments with Special Reference to Abnormal Metamorphosis

720: 78:

theory of soft inheritance into his theory of evolution as a supplement to his concept of

8: 12325: 12246: 12011: 11796: 11714: 11255: 11199: 11126: 10870: 10828: 10778: 10697: 10545: 10537: 10467: 10447: 10393: 10237: 9990: 9933: 9795: 9778: 9756: 9533: 9455: 9427: 8698:"Serum-mediated transgenerational effects on sperm: Evidence for lamarckian inheritance?" 8356: 8122: 8099: 8020:

Wilkins, John S. (2009) . "The Appearance of Lamarckism in the Evolution of Culture". In

7934: 7722: 6820: 6690: 6568: 4373:"Germline DNA Demethylation Dynamics and Imprint Erasure Through 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine" 3606:

Agar, Wilfred E.; Drummond, Frank H.; Tiegs, Oscar W.; Gunson, Mary M. (September 1954).

1717: 1617: 1214: 859: 671: 644: 633: 10148: 8806: 8782: 7176: 7103: 6776:

The sexual question: a scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study (1922)

6663: 5897: 4798: 4743: 4388: 3779: 3719:(November–December 1920). "The Effect upon the White Rat of Continued Bodily Rotation". 3694: 3362: 3282: 3115: 3065: 2709: 2659: 2077: 12204: 12047: 12037: 12006: 11801: 11749: 11659: 11609: 11468: 11427: 11343: 11250: 11230: 11084: 11062: 11057: 10843: 10795: 10788: 10385: 10297: 10158: 10119: 9943: 9887: 9877: 9837: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9659: 9116: 8893: 8866: 8853: 8729: 8662: 8626:(September 6, 2013). "Evolution Heresy? Epigenetics Underlies Heritable Plant Traits". 8611: 8296: 8280: 7793: 7695: 7471: 6796: 6659: 6239: 6041: 5975: 5858: 5831: 5679: 5652: 5587: 5562: 5501: 5458: 5431: 5407: 5380: 5301: 5276: 5249: 5222: 5180: 5153: 5129: 5100: 5076: 5047: 4992: 4967: 4943: 4918: 4818: 4762: 4727: 4708: 4638: 4613: 4589: 4564: 4492: 4467: 4405: 4372: 4348: 4323: 4299: 4270: 4012: 3923: 3818: 3744: 3736: 3505:"A First Report on a Test of McDougall'S Lamarckian Experiment on the Training of Rats" 3500: 3478: 3444: 3381: 3347:"Transmission of Eye-Defects Induced in Rabbits by Means of Lens-Sensitized Fowl-Serum" 3346: 3197: 3180: 3127: 3077: 3034: 3010: 2966: 2721: 2671: 2367: 2324: 2196: 2169: 2126: 1979: 1938: 1766: 1748: 1136: 340: 9528: 8143:

Lamarck, the Mythical Precursor: A Study of the Relations Between Science and Ideology

7984: 6290:

The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900

6166: 4371:

Hackett, Jamie A.; Sengupta, Roopsha; Zylicz, Jan J.; et al. (January 25, 2013).

3987:

Loison, Laurent (November 2011). "French Roots of French Neo-Lamarckisms, 1879–1985".

3538:"Second Report on a Test of McDougall's Lamarckian Experiment on the Training of Rats" 2865: 845: 12297: 12290: 12284: 12067: 12062: 11976: 11778: 11519: 11486: 11353: 11214: 11162: 11121: 11099: 11067: 10931: 10885: 10611: 10559: 10337: 10153: 10054: 10017: 10012: 9968: 9963: 9916: 9882: 9630: 9502: 9377: 9157: 9152: 9061: 8898: 8867:"Like father like son. A fresh review of the inheritance of acquired characteristics" 8845: 8796: 8788: 8778: 8765: 8757: 8721: 8684: 8676: 8666: 8645: 8628: 8623: 8573: 8565: 8555: 8543: 8511: 8503: 8493: 8479: 8436: 8428: 8418: 8394: 8386: 8376: 8375:. Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology. Illustrations by Anna Zeligowski. MIT Press. 8338: 8330: 8320: 8313: 8288: 8215: 8207: 8197: 8168: 8160: 8150: 8113: 8105: 8086: 8078: 8068: 8047: 8039: 8029: 8002: 7994: 7956: 7948: 7938: 7914: 7906: 7896: 7875: 7867: 7860: 7846: 7838: 7827: 7813: 7805: 7797: 7757: 7749: 7713: 7705: 7682: 7662: 7654: 7644: 7623: 7615: 7605: 7599: 7583: 7559: 7551: 7534: 7525: 7517: 7489: 7481: 7459: 7451: 7441: 7420: 7412: 7402: 7385: 7377: 7367: 7350: 7342: 7332: 7315: 7307: 7297: 7268: 7260: 7250: 7229: 7221: 7211: 7191: 7167: 7159: 7129: 7121: 7094: 7072: 7064: 7054: 7037: 7029: 7019: 6995: 6987: 6977: 6960: 6952: 6942: 6921: 6913: 6903: 6880: 6872: 6862: 6848: 6836: 6828: 6808: 6800: 6766: 6758: 6738: 6730: 6720: 6681: 6673: 6643: 6635: 6613: 6605: 6582: 6572: 6551: 6543: 6533: 6510: 6502: 6497:. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Biographical Memoirs. Vol. 25. 6473: 6465: 6455: 6431: 6423: 6413: 6392: 6384: 6374: 6353: 6345: 6335: 6311: 6303: 6293: 6273: 6265: 6255: 6226: 6218: 6208: 6193: 6184: 6176: 6150: 6142: 6132: 6103: 6095: 6085: 6004: 5935: 5909: 5905: 5863: 5795: 5760: 5725: 5684: 5628: 5592: 5463: 5412: 5306: 5254: 5185: 5134: 5081: 4997: 4948: 4889: 4884: 4867: 4810: 4767: 4728:"Inheritance of Acquired Behaviour Adaptations and Brain Gene Expression in Chickens" 4700: 4643: 4594: 4497: 4445: 4410: 4353: 4304: 4233: 4004: 3791: 3571:"Third Report on a Test of McDougall'S Lamarckian Experiment on the Training of Rats" 3496: 3386: 3202: 2490: 2397: 2359: 2227: 2161: 2157: 2130: 2118: 2012: 2002: 949: 819: 494: 98: 9361: 8917: 8857: 8615: 8300: 7568: 6045: 5505: 5048:"Transgenerational Inheritance of an Acquired Small RNA-Based Antiviral Response in 4712: 3927: 3748: 3482: 3181:"The work of tornier as affording a possible explanation of the causes of mutations" 2725: 2675: 2371: 2173: 1942: 1500:

Methylation similarly mediates epigenetic inheritance in plants such as rice. Small

11496: 11437: 11226: 11169: 10477: 10044: 10022: 9830: 9584: 9387: 9356: 9351: 9306: 8934: 8888: 8880: 8835: 8810: 8741: 8733: 8711: 8637: 8601: 8272: 8126: 8021: 7976: 7926: 7789: 7726: 7572: 7538: 7502: 7180: 7142: 7138: 7107: 6779: 6694: 6197: 6033: 5967: 5901: 5881: 5853: 5843: 5787: 5752: 5715: 5674: 5664: 5582: 5574: 5563:"The extended evolutionary synthesis and the role of soft inheritance in evolution" 5536: 5493: 5453: 5443: 5402: 5392: 5296: 5288: 5244: 5234: 5175: 5165: 5124: 5116: 5071: 5063: 4987: 4979: 4938: 4930: 4879: 4822: 4802: 4757: 4747: 4692: 4633: 4625: 4584: 4576: 4487: 4479: 4437: 4400: 4392: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4256:

Somatic selection and adaptive evolution: on the inheritance of acquired characters

4225: 4039: 4016: 3996: 3915: 3903: 3873: 3845: 3783: 3728: 3716: 3698: 3619: 3607: 3582: 3570: 3549: 3537: 3516: 3504: 3470: 3440: 3376: 3366: 3342: 3286: 3245: 3192: 3131: 3119: 3081: 3069: 3026: 2958: 2851: 2713: 2663: 2351: 2153: 2110: 2081: 1971: 1930: 1725: 1594: 1558: 1222: 1175: 1150: 1025: 629: 555: 548: 529: 490: 365: 21: 11368: 10322: 8641: 7115:

Zoological Philosophy; An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals

6406:

The Spirit of System: Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology: Now with 'Lamarck in 1995'

1689:, while Darwinian, has Lamarckian aspects. An individual animal or plant lives in 12236: 12127: 12092: 12001: 11889: 11783: 11739: 11719: 11592: 11308: 11287: 11042: 10838: 10462: 10289: 10278: 10232: 10175: 10124: 9904: 9708: 9558: 9538: 9397: 9301: 9111: 8592: 8245: 8227: 8185: 8064: 7968: 7741: 7674: 7190:. The Life of Science Library. Vol. 32 (Reprint ed.). Abelard-Schuman. 6938: 6755:

The Sexual Question: A Scientific, Psychological, Hygienic and Sociological Study

6323: 6285: 6162: 6120: 5848: 5791: 5756: 5541: 5524: 4841: 4752: 4518: 4229: 4053: 3849: 3176: 3095: 2839: 2279: 1659: 1535: 1492: 1451: 1276: 1238: 1117: 1062: 945: 898: 889: 683: 663: 536: 509: 389:

Lamarck's two-factor theory involves 1) a complexifying force that drives animal

255: 250: 246: 218: 119: 8547: 4580: 3787: 905:

Early 20th century experiments attempting to demonstrate Lamarckian inheritance

892:, but the results are thought to be either fraudulent or at best misinterpreted. 385: 184:

repeated the ancient folk wisdom of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

11729: 11709: 11619: 11312: 11204: 11079: 10678: 10550: 10492: 9852: 9847: 9785: 9763: 9543: 9492: 8926: 8745: 8524: 8452: 8406: 8308: 7980: 7679:

Sur La Transmissibilité Des Caractères Acquis: Hypothèse D'une Centro-épigénèse

7545: 7498: 7475: 7329:

The State of Nature: Ecology, Community, and American Social Thought, 1900–1950

7011: 6786: 6700: 6625: 6565:

Contagious Ideas: On Evolution, Culture, Archaeology, and Cultural Virus Theory

5992: 5827: 5720: 5703: 5120: 5067: 4441: 2224:

The lying stones of Marrakech : penultimate reflections in natural history

2057: 1742: 1721: 1476: 1388: 1333: 1307: 1253: 1245: 1225:

relied on a neo-Lamarckian model of evolution to try and explain the origin of

957: 804: 659: 351: 339:' or 'pangenes' which travelled around the body, though not necessarily in the 315: 300: 234: 226: 90: 6238:

Boesiger, Ernest (1974). "Evolutionary theories after Lamarck and Darwin". In

6037: 5669: 5497: 5484:(June 2007). "Weismann Rules! OK? Epigenetics and the Lamarckian temptation". 5292: 4322:

Arai, Junko A.; Shaomin Li; Hartley, Dean M.; et al. (February 4, 2009).

4000: 2855: 2717: 2667: 2355: 2114: 1588: 1221:

supported a neo-Lamarckian view of human evolution. The German anthropologist

12319: 12231: 12174: 12164: 11724: 11544: 11504: 11500: 11491: 11334: 11303: 11292: 11282: 11209: 11111: 11005: 10880: 10758: 10717: 10563: 10317: 9985: 9980: 9604: 9507: 9365: 9279: 9147: 8981: 8958: 8884: 8817: 8489: 8475: 8440: 8414: 8398: 8342: 8315:

The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London

8090: 8051: 8006: 7918: 7666: 7595: 7587: 7493: 7424: 7389: 7289: 7272: 7233: 7195: 7076: 6840: 6750: 6669: 6647: 6555: 6396: 6315: 6230: 6188: 6154: 6107: 6024:

Kronfeldner, Maria (December 13, 2005). "Is cultural evolution Lamarckian?".

5648: 5432:"A Bayesian Model for the Analysis of Transgenerational Epigenetic Variation" 5397: 5272: 5218: 2745: 2406: 2016: 1959: 1918: 1694: 1633: 1381: 1341: 1265: 1121: 1103: 1045: 998: 881: 782: 709: 694: 687: 675: 335:

would, in response to environmental stimulation (use and disuse), throw off '

260: 214: 189: 75: 8840: 8821: 8688: 8577: 8528: 8515: 8219: 7960: 7627: 7463: 7354: 7319: 7041: 6999: 6964: 6925: 6770: 6742: 6586: 6514: 6435: 6357: 5170: 4917:

Akimoto, Keiko; Katakami, Hatsue; Hyun-Jung Kim; et al. (August 2007).

4396: 2283: 1842: 1269: 1034:

Injected fowl serum antibodies for rabbit lens-protein into pregnant rabbits

592: 12021: 11322: 11299: 10875: 10823: 10768: 10601: 10596: 10190: 9948: 9579: 9497: 9190: 9011: 9001: 8902: 8871: 8849: 8800: 8769: 8725: 8649: 8485: 8448: 8292: 8236: 8172: 7817: 7717: 7686: 7529: 7242: 7171: 7133: 7007: 6884: 6716: 6477: 6277: 5913: 5867: 5764: 5729: 5688: 5596: 5578: 5467: 5416: 5310: 5258: 5239: 5189: 5138: 5085: 5001: 4952: 4814: 4771: 4704: 4647: 4598: 4501: 4449: 4414: 4357: 4308: 4237: 4008: 3836:

Detlefsen, John A. (April 1925). "The inheritance of acquired characters".

3795: 3702: 3640: 3474: 3431:(April 1938). "Fourth Report on a Lamarckian Experiment". General Section. 3390: 3291: 3266: 3250: 3233: 3206: 2363: 2165: 2122: 1472: 1329: 1315: 1284: 1237:. In the 1960s, "biochemical Lamarckism" was advocated by the embryologist 1218: 1197: 1053: 885: 698: 624: 394: 332: 276: 79: 10946: 8117: 7879: 7850: 7809: 7761: 7580:

Studies from the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute: Collected Reprints

7563: 6812: 6685: 6617: 5799: 5448: 4983: 4893: 1303: 884:

claimed in the 1920s to have found evidence for Lamarckian inheritance in

751:

19th century experiments attempting to demonstrate Lamarckian inheritance

505: 489:. As the evolutionary biologists and historians of science Conway Zirkle, 12160: 12072: 12016: 11854: 11639: 11338: 11157: 10902: 10773: 10502: 10037: 9867: 9773: 9731: 9553: 9548: 9126: 9106: 8753: 8535: 6655: 6116: 5324: 4934: 4629: 4483: 3623: 3586: 3554: 3521: 3458: 3371: 2862:

Handbuch der paläarktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler

1528: 1480: 1468: 1447: 1420: 1128: 210: 198: 177: 145: 10342: 8352:"Longevity Shown for First Time to Be Inherited via a Non-DNA Mechanism" 7735: 6775: 5381:"Past, present, and future of epigenetics applied to livestock breeding" 4872:

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

4806: 4269:

Roth, Tania L.; Lubin, Farah D.; Funk, Adam J.; et al. (May 2009).

481:

In essence, a change in the environment brings about change in "needs" (

307:

theory. Every part of the body emits tiny gemmules which migrate to the

296: 12107: 11819: 11554: 11094: 10664: 10586: 10573: 10207: 10007: 9894: 9872: 9825: 9820: 9768: 9736: 9651: 9478: 9370: 9070: 9023: 8319:. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. University of Chicago Press. 8284: 7331:. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. University of Chicago Press. 7203: 7155: 6976:. Science and its Conceptual Foundations. University of Chicago Press. 6205:

Freaks of Nature: And What They Tell Us about Evolution and Development

5979: 5429: 4043: 3919: 3740: 3267:"Experimental Distortion of Development in Amphibian Tadpoles. Part II" 3038: 2970: 2328: 1983: 1640: 1637: 1570: 1517: 1454:, enabling a neo-Lamarckian pattern of inheritance for some generations 1337: 1323: 1311: 1226: 863: 786: 728: 540: 525: 513: 448: 304: 291: 242: 161: 108: 33: 8750:

Darwinism and the Study of Society: A Centenary Symposium; Chicago, IL

8716: 8697: 8373:

Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology

7247:

The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology

6974:

Styles of Scientific Thought: The German Genetics Community, 1900–1933

5549:

Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology

4866:

Lumey, Lambert H.; Stein, Aryeh D.; Ravelli, Anita C. J. (July 1995).

3822: 3536:

Agar, Wilfred E.; Drummond, Frank H.; Tiegs, Oscar W. (October 1942).

1368:

Zirkle pointed out that Lamarck did not originate the hypothesis that

528:

afresh in each generation from the germ plasm, creating an invisible "

11769: 10897: 10748: 10357: 9975: 9723: 9321: 9289: 9056: 8962: 8146: 7577: 6602: 6292:(Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. 5046:

Rechavi, Oded; Minevich, Gregory; Hobert, Oliver (December 9, 2011).

3890: 3877: 3123: 3073: 2086: 2061: 1690: 1484: 1280: 690:, who saw evolution as an inherently progressive process. The German 390: 344: 202: 94: 68: 56: 8606: 8587: 6248:

Studies in the Philosophy of Biology: Reduction and Related Problems

5971: 4968:"Inheritance of acquired traits in plants: Reinstatement of Lamarck" 4696: 3763: 3678: 3100:"Dr. Kammerer's Testimony to the Inheritance of Acquired Characters" 3099: 3030: 2643: 1975: 1061:

Fraud, ink injected; or, results misinterpreted; case celebrated by

516:

theory. The hereditary material, the germ plasm, is confined to the

12221: 11981: 11686: 10800: 10002: 9574: 9512: 9284: 9253: 8276: 7051:

Landscapes and Labscapes: Exploring the Lab-Field Border in Biology

6629: 5101:"Starvation-induced transgenerational inheritance of small RNAs in 4061: 3732: 3569:

Agar, Wilfred E.; Drummond, Frank H.; Tiegs, Oscar W. (June 1948).

2962: 2342:

Winther, Rasmus (2001). "August Weismann on Germ-Plasm Variation".

2144:

Liu, Yongsheng (2008). "A new perspective on Darwin's Pangenesis".

1934: 1774: 1698: 1622: 1606: 1574: 1424: 1345: 1261: 1110: 370: 271: 222: 149: 52: 29: 8432: 8390: 8082: 8043: 7910: 7723:

Eugenio Rignano upon the inheritance of acquired characters (1911)

7658: 7619: 7416: 7381: 7296:. Oxford Paperbacks (Reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. 7068: 6956: 6917: 6547: 6388: 6349: 6222: 6146: 6099: 2698:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

2648:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

1439: 12122: 10185: 9899: 9016: 8659:

Neo-Lamarckism and the Evolution Controversy in France, 1870-1920

7801: 7125: 6530:

Treasure Your Exceptions: The Science and Life of William Bateson

5926:

Depew, David J. (2003), "Baldwin Boosters, Baldwin Skeptics" in:

4916: 4838:"Obese male mice father offspring with higher levels of body fat" 4725: 4428:

Bonduriansky, Russell (June 2012). "Rethinking heredity, again".

1835:"The Imaginary Lamarck: A Look at Bogus "History" in Schoolbooks" 1488: 972: 691: 597: 443: 402: 131: 8792: 8761: 8680: 8569: 8507: 8334: 8211: 8164: 8109: 7998: 7952: 7871: 7842: 7753: 7709: 7555: 7521: 7485: 7455: 7364:

The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics

7346: 7311: 7264: 7225: 7163: 7098: 7033: 6991: 6876: 6832: 6804: 6762: 6734: 6677: 6639: 6609: 6506: 6469: 6427: 6307: 6269: 6180: 4565:"Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters" 1260:(1895–1985). They followed two traditions, one mechanistic, one 1001:

unable to reproduce findings in chickens; Darwinian explanation

877: 409:. Lamarckism is the name now widely used for the adaptive force. 8996: 8481:

The Threat and the Glory: Reflections on Science and Scientists

5880: 5098: 1629: 1520: 1079: 656: 532:" to Lamarckian influence from the soma to the next generation. 521: 398: 355: 279: 7188:

Main Currents of Scientific Thought: A History of the Sciences

7016:

Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension

6127:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 242. 5551:, edited by Snait B. Gissis and Eva Jablonka, MIT Press, 2011" 3234:"Experimental Distortion of Development in Amphibian Tadpoles" 554:

Weismann conducted the experiment of removing the tails of 68

10106: 9447: 5623:(Revised ed.). University of California Press. pp. 4784: 4370: 4271:"Lasting Epigenetic Influence of Early-Life Adversity on the 2485:(Revised ed.). University of California Press. pp. 1999:

El sueño de D'Alembert; y Suplemento al viaje de Bougainville

544: 517: 406: 374: 359: 308: 206: 115: 36:'s sons inherit the strong muscles he acquires from his work. 6935:

Academic Reading: Reading and Writing Across the Disciplines

6078:

Brown-Séquard: An Improbable Genius Who Transformed Medicine

1233:, a British zoologist, defended Lamarckism in his 1959 book 497:

have pointed out, these ideas were not original to Lamarck.

9294: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 2947:

Eugenio Rignano Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters

1636:

products of these somatically novel genes were captured by

1625: 1589:

Somatic hypermutation and reverse transcription to germline

1434: 643:

between Darwin's death in the 1880s, and the foundation of

8232:"Why everything you've been told about evolution is wrong" 7434:

History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene

2644:"Researches on the Coloration of the Skins of Flat Fishes" 1507:

Joseph Springer and Dennis Holley commented in 2013 that:

812:

Transplant plants at different altitudes in Alps, Pyrenees

8521: 8457:"The Epigenome in Evolution: Beyond The Modern Synthesis" 8411:

Lamarck's Evolution: Two Centuries of Genius and Jealousy

5995:(2003), "The Baldwin Effect, a Crane, not a Skyhook" in: 5152:

Handel, Adam E.; Ramagopalan, Sreeram V. (May 13, 2010).

4321: 1577: 1501: 1443: 1407: 7700:. Authorized English translation by Basil C. H. Harvey. 7604:. Great Discoveries (1st ed.). Atlas Books/Norton. 7294:

Aristotle to Zoos: A Philosophical Dictionary of Biology

6491:

Biographical Memoir of Francis Bertody Sumner, 1874–1945

5653:"Disputing Lamarckian Epigenetic Inheritance in Mammals" 5603: 3764:"Are Permanent Disturbances of Equilibration Inherited?" 2749:(Book review). Vol. 141, no. 5229. p. 337 789:, causing abnormal nervous condition resembling epilepsy 358:, with Darwin's cooperation, in which he transfused the 259:. The idea is mentioned in 18th century sources such as 7582:. Vol. 25. Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute. 7249:. New preface by Ernst Mayr. Harvard University Press. 6000:

Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered

5954: 5931:

Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered

3605: 2945:

Eastwood, M. Lightfoot (October 1912). "Reviewed Work:

2813:, "Lamarckism in Britain and the United States", p. 348 328:

The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication

197:

of acquired characters had been accepted previously by

6854:

The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History

6125:

Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline

5378: 5201: 5199: 3677:

Macdowell, E. Carleton; Vicari, Emilia M. (May 1921).

2891: 2889: 1336:

promoted the ideologically driven research programme,

701:, the idea that evolution is directed towards a goal. 134:. Despite this, interest in Lamarckism has continued. 8822:"Epigenetics: Sins of the fathers, and their fathers" 8540:"Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Music and Language" 6408:(First Harvard University Press paperback ed.). 5045: 2299:, "The Supposed Transmission of Mutilations" (1888), 1879: 1877: 1875: 1464:

Contribution of epigenetic modifications to evolution

579:"disproven" by the Weismann tail-chopping experiment. 7986:

Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems

7925: 7569:

Readings in evolution, genetics, and eugenics (1921)

7208:

Evolution and the Diversity of Life: Selected Essays

7117:. Translated, with an introduction, by Hugh Elliot. 5822: 5820: 5812: 4211: 4209: 3463:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

856:

Variations in offspring even without low temperature

6114: 5561:Dickins, Thomas E.; Rahman, Qazi (August 7, 2012). 5196: 4268: 4116: 3299: 2886: 1414: 1372:, so it is incorrect to refer to it as Lamarckism: 1165:Results not replicable; likely cause ear infection 436: 380: 8312: 7859: 7826: 6327: 5379:González-Recio, O.; Toro, M. A.; Bach, A. (2015). 3461:(November 1957). "Oscar Werner Tiegs. 1897-1956". 2906: 2904: 2876: 2874: 1964:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1896: 1894: 1892: 1872: 1757:Baldwin effect is broadly accepted by Darwinists. 1612:The mechanism was meant to explain why homologous 7480:. The Macmillan Company; Macmillan and Co., Ltd. 5817: 5151: 4865: 4206: 3811:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 3568: 3535: 3495: 2186: 1996: 1769:, Lamarckism has been applied as a mechanism for 1747:The Baldwin effect, named after the psychologist 1674: 1628:sequences generated via somatic hypermutation in 1084:Offspring learnt mazes quicker (20 vs 165 trials) 1014:Reared mice at different temperatures, humidities 415:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck § Lamarckian evolution 12317: 8956: 8661:. Studies in French Civilization. Vol. 14. 7929:; Lindley, Robyn A.; Blanden, Robert V. (1998). 7778:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 6367:Darwin Deleted: Imagining a World Without Darwin 6334:(3rd ed.). University of California Press. 2472: 2438: 2436: 2310: 2308: 2100: 89:Introductory textbooks contrast Lamarckism with 8922:University of California Museum of Paleontology 8371:Gissis, Snait B.; Jablonka, Eva., eds. (2011). 8061:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution 7829:This View of Life: The World of an Evolutionist 6654: 6207:(Paperback ed.). Oxford University Press. 5154:"Is Lamarckian evolution relevant to medicine?" 4072: 4070: 3676: 2901: 2880: 2871: 2269: 2267: 1889: 1862: 1860: 1601:within the immune system and coupled it to the 1145:Pavlov retracted claim; results not replicable 130:, and the general abandonment of Lamarckism in 7886: 7578:Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute (1940). 7093:(in French) (New ed.). Germer Baillière. 5372: 5205: 4249: 4247: 4030:Pearson, Roy Douglas (March 1988). "Reviews". 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1561:'s disputed Neo-Lamarckian mechanism involves 727:tried to demonstrate Lamarckism by mutilating 377:, which have no blood, as well as in animals. 10962: 9667: 9463: 8942: 7866:(2nd ed.). Harcourt, Brace & World. 7693: 7547:Readings in Evolution, Genetics, and Eugenics 7149: 5777: 5560: 4513: 4511: 4262: 2933: 2580: 2433: 2410:. Vol. 84, no. 1175. pp. 38–40 2305: 1954: 1952: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1760: 1605:of RNA derived from body cells to the DNA of 1298: 8744:(1961). "The Human Evolutionary System". In 7887:Springer, Joseph T.; Holley, Dennis (2013). 7694:——; Harvey, Basil C. H. (1911). 7240: 7150:Linville, Henry R.; Kelly, Henry A. (1906). 7006: 6699: 6527: 5832:"The Hologenome Concept: Helpful or Hollow?" 5265: 5039: 4660: 4427: 4315: 4258:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. 4067: 3159: 2810: 2771: 2264: 2044: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1857: 1340:; this suited the ideological opposition of 10976: 7396: 6819: 6624: 6603:Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd. 6528:Cock, Alan G.; Forsdyke, Donald R. (2008). 6023: 5771: 5736: 5223:"Is evolution Darwinian or/and Lamarckian?" 4665: 4244: 3652: 2798: 2029: 1997:Diderot, Denis; Ballestero, Manuel (1992). 1813: 1370:acquired characteristics could be inherited 10969: 10955: 9674: 9660: 9470: 9456: 8949: 8935: 6593: 5996: 5986: 5927: 5826: 5217: 4719: 4508: 3891:Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute 1940 3762:Griffith, Coleman R. (December 15, 1922). 3341: 3219: 3009: 2688: 2641: 2619: 2180: 1949: 1791: 1593:In the 1970s, the Australian immunologist 1159:Reared rats on rotating table for 3 months 948:; Tower claimed all results lost in fire; 144:new experimental results in the fields of 8892: 8839: 8715: 8605: 7744:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.; 7282:Modern Materialism and Emergent Evolution 7279: 6900:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 6792:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 6403: 5997:Weber, Bruce H.; Depew, David J. (2003). 5928:Weber, Bruce H.; Depew, David J. (2003). 5857: 5847: 5719: 5678: 5668: 5586: 5540: 5457: 5447: 5406: 5396: 5300: 5248: 5238: 5179: 5169: 5128: 5075: 4991: 4942: 4883: 4761: 4751: 4637: 4588: 4563:Burkhardt, Richard W. Jr. (August 2013). 4562: 4491: 4404: 4347: 4298: 3835: 3808: 3664: 3553: 3520: 3427: 3380: 3370: 3290: 3249: 3196: 2556: 2215: 2085: 1906: 1394:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 1017:Inherited longer bodies, tails, hind feet 888:, in a case celebrated by the journalist 12133:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 10908:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 9681: 7967: 7634: 6237: 6202: 5920: 5647: 4682: 3974: 3761: 3715: 3305: 3175: 2944: 2568: 2314: 2296: 1841:(September–October 1994). Archived from 1832: 1711: 1646: 1553: 1471:has been argued by scientists including 1460:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 1438: 1435:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 1328:A form of Lamarckism was revived in the 1302: 876: 818:Not controlled from weeds; likely cause 719: 628: 591: 504: 500: 384: 295: 241:Zirkle noted that Hippocrates described 176: 158:transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 20: 9636:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 9590:Inheritance of acquired characteristics 8807:Neo-Darwinism and neo-Lamarckism (1891) 8019: 7857: 7824: 7768: 7733: 7673: 7594: 7507: 7288: 7112: 7083: 6971: 6785: 6161: 6075: 5806: 5355:"Epigenetics smackdown at the Guardian" 4919:"Epigenetic Inheritance in Rice Plants" 4550: 4517: 4462: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4076: 4029: 3940: 3403: 3264: 3231: 3144: 3094: 2998: 2922: 2834: 2595: 2532: 2466: 2454: 2427: 2341: 2273: 2246: 2137: 1900: 1804: 1037:Eye defects inherited for 8 generations 543:theory held that germline cells in the 61:inheritance of acquired characteristics 16:Scientific hypothesis about inheritance 12318: 9439:Index of evolutionary biology articles 8250:"Beyond a 'Darwin was wrong' headline" 8145:. English translation by M. H. Shank. 8141:Barthélemy-Madaule, Madeleine (1982). 7543: 7470: 7397:Moore, Randy; Decker, Mark D. (2008). 7326: 7048: 6631:Zoonomia; or, the Laws of Organic Life 6562: 6442: 6364: 6322: 6284: 6058: 5742: 5616: 5271: 5017:"A Comeback for Lamarckian Evolution?" 5014: 4835: 4253: 4215: 4200: 4093:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 3986: 3963: 3902: 3862: 3457: 2983: 2910: 2895: 2783: 2689:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (May 1895). 2642:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (May 1893). 2607: 2520: 2509: 2478: 2442: 2056: 1958: 1917: 1883: 1716:Lamarckian use and disuse compared to 1065:arguing that opposition was political 697:combined Larmarckism with ideas about 587: 285: 11625:Psychological effects of Internet use 10950: 10671:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 9655: 9451: 8930: 8097: 7933:. Helix Books; Frontiers of Science. 7508:Mumford, Frederick Blackmar (1921) . 7431: 7361: 7185: 6932: 6891: 6847: 6749: 6484: 5701: 5352: 5329:"Epigenetics: the light and the way?" 5323: 5221:; Wolf, Yuri I. (November 11, 2009). 4671: 4611: 3636: 3415: 3329: 3317: 3265:Sladden, Dorothy E. (November 1932). 3017:by Eugenio Rignano, E. W. MacBride". 3013:(December 23, 1926). "Reviewed Work: 2822: 2738: 2544: 2396: 2384: 2258: 2221: 1866: 1597:developed a neo-Lamarckian theory of 1217:and the South African paleontologist 872: 67:. The idea is named after the French 9626:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 8058: 7202: 7177:A textbook in general zoölogy (1906) 6895:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory 5522: 5480: 4965: 4188: 3952: 1208: 853:Raise butterflies at low temperature 834:Shine light on underside of flatfish 111:similarly implied soft inheritance. 11605:Digital media use and mental health 8588:"Lamarckian viral defense in worms" 8179:Lamarck, ou, Le mythe du précurseur 6404:Burkhardt, Richard W. Jr. (1995) . 5353:Coyne, Jerry (September 23, 2013). 4523:"Lamarck didn't say it, Darwin did" 3612:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3575:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3542:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3509:The Journal of Experimental Biology 2739:Moore, Eldon (September 15, 1928). 2143: 897:instance, in 1906, the philosopher 13: 11236:Automatic and controlled processes 10076:Evolutionary developmental biology 9249:Evolutionary developmental biology 8827:European Journal of Human Genetics 8133: 7794:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1945.tb00215.x 5813:Steele, Lindley & Blanden 1998 5567:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5023:(Biomedicine news). Archived from 5015:Singer, Emily (February 4, 2009). 4614:"Epigenetics, Darwin, and Lamarck" 3445:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1938.tb00882.x 3271:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3238:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2001:(First ed.). Madrid: Debate. 1573:to breach the Weismann barrier to 1312:ideological form of neo-Lamarckism 1283:with neo-Lamarckism. He held that 74:(1744–1829), who incorporated the 14: 12357: 11645:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 8918:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) 8911: 8787:. Press of Gedney & Roberts. 8586:Peng, Wayne (December 27, 2011). 8350:Fecht, Sarah (October 19, 2011). 6330:Evolution: The History of an Idea 5830:; Sloan, Daniel B. (2015-12-04). 5708:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5620:Evolution: The History of an Idea 4430:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4117:Baird, Scerri & McIntyre 2006 3989:Journal of the History of Biology 3866:Journal of Comparative Psychology 3060:(2232): 576–578. August 8, 1912. 2482:Evolution: The History of an Idea 2344:Journal of the History of Biology 2191:. Modern Library. pp. 38–41. 2103:Journal of the History of Biology 1736: 1318:agricultural policy in the 1930s. 1040:Disputed, results not replicated 965:Goldfish, embryos of frogs, newts 941:Heritable changes in size, colour 609: 28:argued, as part of his theory of 12296: 12283: 12271: 12270: 11670:Mobile phones and driving safety 10930: 10921: 10920: 9206:Evolution of sexual reproduction 8865:Yongsheng Liu (September 2007). 8784:Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism 7862:Life: An Introduction to Biology 7858:Simpson, George Gaylord (1965). 7825:Simpson, George Gaylord (1964). 7544:Newman, Horatio Hackett (1921). 6691:The theories of evolution (1912) 6052: 6017: 5948: 5906:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01995.x 5874: 5695: 5641: 5554: 5529:Philosophy and Theory in Biology 5516: 5474: 5423: 5346: 5317: 5211: 5145: 5092: 5008: 4959: 4910: 4859: 4836:Gibson, Andrea (June 16, 2013). 4829: 4778: 4676: 4654: 4605: 4556: 4544: 4456: 4421: 4364: 4194: 4182: 4170: 3232:Sladden, Dorothy E. (May 1930). 2158:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00036.x 1415:Mechanisms resembling Lamarckism 938:in extreme humidity, temperature 666:, and the American entomologist 437:Lamarck's discussion of heredity 381:Lamarck's evolutionary framework 167: 12336:History of evolutionary biology 11573:Computer-mediated communication 10733:Extended evolutionary synthesis 9922:Gene-centered view of evolution 8554:. MIT Press. pp. 165–176. 8264:The Quarterly Review of Biology 8098:Young, Robert Thompson (1922). 7550:. University of Chicago Press. 7499:Evolution and adaptation (1903) 7053:. University Of Chicago Press. 6825:The Material Basis of Evolution 6668:. Translation by André Tridon. 6068: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4023: 3980: 3968: 3957: 3946: 3934: 3896: 3884: 3856: 3829: 3802: 3755: 3709: 3683:Journal of Experimental Zoology 3670: 3658: 3646: 3630: 3599: 3562: 3529: 3489: 3451: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3258: 3225: 3213: 3169: 3153: 3138: 3088: 3045: 3003: 2992: 2977: 2951:International Journal of Ethics 2938: 2927: 2916: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2777: 2765: 2732: 2682: 2635: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2503: 2460: 2448: 2421: 2390: 2378: 2335: 2290: 2252: 2240: 2094: 2050: 2038: 1291:. His views were criticized by 837:Inherited production of pigment 715: 641:history of evolutionary thought 11850:Empathising–systemising theory 11153:female intrasexual competition 11090:Evolutionarily stable strategy 10861:Hologenome theory of evolution 10728:History of molecular evolution 9954:Evolutionarily stable strategy 9843:Last universal common ancestor 9477: 8977:Genotype–phenotype distinction 8194:Johns Hopkins University Press 7780:. Columbia Biological Series. 7535:The breeding of animals (1921) 7512:. The Rural Text-Book Series. 7432:Moore, James R., ed. (2002) . 7186:Mason, Stephen Finney (1956). 7152:A Text-Book in General Zoölogy 6252:University of California Press 6003:. MIT Press. pp. 69–106. 5958:(1953). "The Baldwin effect". 4972:Plant Signaling & Behavior 4340:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5057-08.2009 4291:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028 4058:The Evolution of Individuality 2023: 1990: 1687:hologenome theory of evolution 1681:hologenome theory of evolution 1675:Hologenome theory of evolution 1651:Neo-Lamarckian inheritance of 524:. Somatic cells (of the body) 1: 12210:Standard social science model 11263:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis 10655:Renaissance and Enlightenment 9234:Regulation of gene expression 8642:10.1126/science.341.6150.1055 7893:Jones & Bartlett Learning 7774:"Tempo and Mode in Evolution" 7746:Harcourt, Brace & Company 7702:Open Court Publishing Company 7104:Philosophie zoologique (1830) 5523:Haig, David (November 2011). 3433:British Journal of Psychology 3345:; Smith, E. A. (March 1920). 2276:An examination of Weismannism 2274:Romanes, George John (1893). 2226:. Vintage. pp. 119–121. 1833:Ghiselin, Michael T. (1994). 1784: 1142:Offspring easier to condition 774:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard 725:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard 354:, carried out experiments on 138: 12058:Missing heritability problem 11650:Social aspects of television 11273:Evolution of nervous systems 11241:Computational theory of mind 10866:Missing heritability problem 10493:Gamete differentiation/sexes 9404:Endless Forms Most Beautiful 9184:Evolution of genetic systems 8992:Gene–environment correlation 8987:Gene–environment interaction 8063:(First paperback ed.). 7635:Raitiere, Martin N. (2012). 7139:Zoological philosophy (1914) 6499:National Academy of Sciences 6076:Aminoff, Michael J. (2011). 5934:. MIT Press. pp. 3–31. 5849:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002311 5792:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001 5757:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001 5702:Weiss, Adam (October 2015). 5542:10.3998/ptb.6959004.0003.004 5436:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 4966:Sano, Hiroshi (April 2010). 4885:10.1016/0028-2243(95)02149-M 4753:10.1371/journal.pone.0006405 4618:Genome Biology and Evolution 4472:Genome Biology and Evolution 4230:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001 3850:10.1152/physrev.1925.5.2.244 2866:Maximilian Rudolph Standfuss 1096:John William Heslop-Harrison 704:With the development of the 487:transmutation of the species 7: 12304:Evolutionary biology portal 9383:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 8478:(1990). Pyke, David (ed.). 8059:Wood, Bernard, ed. (2013). 7835:Harcourt, Brace & World 7366:. Oxford University Press. 7280:McDougall, William (1934). 7018:. Oxford University Press. 6892:Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). 6448:Lamarck and Modern Genetics 6371:University of Chicago Press 6194:Problems of genetics (1913) 4581:10.1534/genetics.113.151852 4328:The Journal of Neuroscience 3788:10.1126/science.56.1459.676 3162:, "A Note on W. L. Tower's 2881:Delage & Goldsmith 1912 2762:(1928) by J. T. Cunningham. 2741:"The New View of Mendelism" 2189:A Growing sense of progress 1534:The evolutionary biologist 1491:proteins, both involved in 1362:Tempo and Mode in Evolution 1351: 1314:which adversely influenced 1235:Lamarck and Modern Genetics 1213:The British anthropologist 10: 12362: 12265:Evolutionary psychologists 12138:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 12053:Human–animal communication 11765:Ovulatory shift hypothesis 11615:Imprinted brain hypothesis 11583:Human–computer interaction 10498:Life cycles/nuclear phases 10050:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 9259:Hedgehog signaling pathway 9136:Developmental architecture 8752:. Tavistock Publications; 8464:Information Bulletin VOGiS 7889:An Introduction to Zoology 7681:(in French). Félix Alcan. 7438:Cambridge University Press 7049:Kohler, Robert E. (2002). 6972:Harwood, Jonathan (1993). 6859:W. W. Norton & Company 6203:Blumberg, Mark S. (2010). 5886:Environmental Microbiology 5721:10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.003 5617:Bowler, Peter J. (1989) . 5206:Springer & Holley 2013 5121:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.020 5068:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.042 4612:Penny, David (June 2015). 4442:10.1016/j.tree.2012.02.003 2479:Bowler, Peter J. (1989) . 2187:Larson, Edward J. (2004). 1761:In sociocultural evolution 1740: 1678: 1457: 1321: 1299:Ideological neo-Lamarckism 1162:Inherited balance disorder 866:"difficult to interpret". 785:and dorsal spinal cord of 668:Alpheus Spring Packard Jr. 618: 614: 412: 289: 172: 156:proved the possibility of 12259: 12185:Environmental determinism 12156:Cultural selection theory 12148: 12043:Evolutionary epistemology 12030: 11957:evolutionary neuroscience 11919: 11912: 11810: 11685: 11630:Rank theory of depression 11553: 11477: 11379: 11185: 11178: 11132:Parent–offspring conflict 11041: 10984: 10916: 10816: 10741: 10645: 10572: 10528: 10383: 10287: 10104: 10063: 9996:Parent–offspring conflict 9932: 9801:Earliest known life forms 9722: 9689: 9641:Politicization of science 9613: 9567: 9521: 9485: 9436: 9415: 9344: 9272: 9226: 9219: 9183: 9135: 9099: 9086:Transgressive segregation 9032: 8969: 8123:Biology in America (1922) 7786:Columbia University Press 7734:Rignano, Eugenio (1926). 7641:Bucknell University Press 6665:The Theories of Evolution 6595:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas 6365:Bowler, Peter J. (2013). 6038:10.1007/s10539-006-9037-7 5670:10.1186/s13059-015-0626-0 5498:10.1007/s10539-006-9033-y 5293:10.1007/s10539-018-9658-7 4001:10.1007/s10739-010-9240-x 3019:The Journal of Philosophy 2934:Rignano & Harvey 1911 2856:10.1126/science.4.80.52-c 2788:view=1up, seq=277 257–259 2718:10.1017/S0025315400050761 2668:10.1017/S0025315400049596 2621:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas 2581:Linville & Kelly 1906 2402:"Another Look at Lamarck" 2115:10.1007/s10739-014-9377-0 1658:The historian of biology 1058:Black foot-pads inherited 686:and the German anatomist 275:(c. 1795) suggested that 101:. However, Darwin's book 12078:Cultural group selection 11962:Biocultural anthropology 11655:Societal impacts of cars 11588:Media naturalness theory 11278:Fight-or-flight response 10849:Cultural group selection 10713:The eclipse of Darwinism 10685:On the Origin of Species 10660:Transmutation of species 8885:10.1038/sj.embor.7401060 8657:Persell, Stuart (1999). 8550:; Brown, Steven (eds.). 7477:Evolution and Adaptation 7362:Moore, David S. (2015). 6410:Harvard University Press 6026:Biology & Philosophy 5398:10.3389/fgene.2015.00305 5281:Biology & Philosophy 4661:Jablonka & Lamb 1995 2772:Cock & Forsdyke 2008 2045:Desmond & Moore 1991 1707:chromosome rearrangement 1419:Studies in the field of 1139:in mice to food and bell 827:Joseph Thomas Cunningham 649:the eclipse of Darwinism 321:On the Origin of Species 104:On the Origin of Species 51:, is the notion that an 12331:Non-Darwinian evolution 12278:Evolutionary psychology 12242:Sociocultural evolution 12083:Dual inheritance theory 11540:Personality development 11001:Theoretical foundations 10978:Evolutionary psychology 10854:Dual inheritance theory 10693:History of paleontology 9621:Bourgeois pseudoscience 9264:Notch signaling pathway 9239:Gene regulatory network 9122:Dual inheritance theory 8841:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201567 8026:Darwinism and Economics 7770:Simpson, George Gaylord 7510:The Breeding of Animals 7119:Macmillan and Co., Ltd. 7113:—— (1914). 6782:. Retrieved 2015-10-26. 6082:Oxford University Press 5956:Simpson, George Gaylord 5171:10.1186/1471-2350-11-73 4685:Nature Reviews Genetics 4397:10.1126/science.1229277 3721:The American Naturalist 3653:Moore & Decker 2008 2356:10.1023/A:1012950826540 2222:Gould, Stephen (2001). 1923:The American Naturalist 1771:dual inheritance theory 1270:philosophy of evolution 1202:Results not replicable 1188:Drosophila melanogaster 995:Inherited malformations 992:of pregnant guinea pigs 981:Charles Rupert Stockard 968:Abnormalities inherited 936:Colorado potato beetles 397:) creating a ladder of 393:towards higher levels ( 12200:Social constructionism 12195:Psychological nativism 12170:Biological determinism 12118:Recent human evolution 12113:Punctuated equilibrium 11936:Behavioral epigenetics 11931:evolutionary economics 11900:Variability hypothesis 11845:Emotional intelligence 11578:Engineering psychology 11268:Evolution of the brain 10542:Punctuated equilibrium 9863:Non-adaptive radiation 9811:Evolutionary arms race 9312:cis-regulatory element 9220:Control of development 9100:Non-genetic influences 9066:evolutionary landscape 7327:Mitman, Gregg (1992). 7090:Philosophie Zoologique 7085:Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 6486:Child, Charles Manning 6444:Cannon, Herbert Graham 6244:Dobzhansky, Theodosius 5704:"Lamarckian Illusions" 5579:10.1098/rspb.2012.0273 5486:Biology and Philosophy 5240:10.1186/1745-6150-4-42 4529:(Blog). Archived from 4254:Steele, E. J. (1981). 3703:10.1002/jez.1400330107 3499:; Drummond, Frank H.; 3475:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0017 3292:10.1098/rspb.1932.0072 3251:10.1098/rspb.1930.0031 1733: 1669: 1655: 1581: 1551:epigenetic processes. 1514: 1469:Epigenetic inheritance 1455: 1404: 1379: 1357:George Gaylord Simpson 1319: 1007:Francis Bertody Sumner 971:Disputed; possibly an 928:William Lawrence Tower 893: 795:Not Lamarckism, as no 743: 732: 636: 602: 581: 572: 533: 410: 350:Darwin's half-cousin, 312: 239: 185: 45:Lamarckian inheritance 37: 12346:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 12227:Multilineal evolution 12190:Nature versus nurture 12149:Theoretical positions 11997:Functional psychology 11992:Evolutionary medicine 11967:Biological psychiatry 11675:Texting while driving 11665:Lead–crime hypothesis 11525:Cognitive development 11510:Caregiver deprivation 11021:Gene selection theory 10834:Evolutionary medicine 10708:Mendelian inheritance 10416:Biological complexity 10404:Programmed cell death 10096:Phenotypic plasticity 9816:Evolutionary pressure 9806:Evidence of evolution 9704:Timeline of evolution 9600:Mendelian inheritance 9423:Nature versus nurture 9327:Cell surface receptor 9244:Evo-devo gene toolkit 9143:Developmental biology 9081:Polygenic inheritance 9007:Quantitative genetics 8742:Waddington, Conrad H. 8488:(1st U.S. ed.). 7514:The Macmillan Company 6240:Ayala, Francisco José 6173:Yale University Press 5449:10.1534/g3.115.016725 5385:Frontiers in Genetics 5359:Why Evolution is True 5333:Why Evolution Is True 5021:MIT Technology Review 4984:10.4161/psb.5.4.10803 4279:Biological Psychiatry 3838:Physiological Reviews 2625:Zoologischer Anzeiger 1779:history of technology 1741:Further information: 1715: 1679:Further information: 1664: 1650: 1603:reverse transcription 1599:somatic hypermutation 1567:reverse transcription 1563:somatic hypermutation 1557: 1509: 1458:Further information: 1442: 1429:somatic hypermutation 1399: 1374: 1306: 1231:Herbert Graham Cannon 1089:experimental controls 1020:Inconsistent results 880: 820:genetic contamination 738: 723: 632: 619:Further information: 596:The long neck of the 595: 576: 567: 508: 501:Weismann's experiment 468:English translation: 413:Further information: 388: 299: 231:Jo. Fried. Blumenbach 194: 182:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 180: 154:somatic hypermutation 72:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 24: 12180:Cultural determinism 11987:Evolutionary biology 11972:Cognitive psychology 11920:Academic disciplines 11568:Cognitive ergonomics 11535:Language acquisition 11515:Childhood attachment 11328:Wason selection task 11222:Behavioral modernity 11011:Cognitive revolution 10994:Evolutionary thought 10808:Teleology in biology 10703:Blending inheritance 10081:Genetic assimilation 9944:Artificial selection 9683:Evolutionary biology 9332:Transcription factor 9047:Genetic assimilation 9034:Genetic architecture 8552:The Origins of Music 8022:Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 6821:Goldschmidt, Richard 6450:(Reprint ed.). 6168:Problems of Genetics 5780:Molecular Immunology 5525:"Lamarck Ascending!" 5327:(October 24, 2010). 5158:BMC Medical Genetics 3717:Griffith, Coleman R. 3624:10.1242/jeb.31.3.307 3587:10.1242/jeb.25.2.103 3555:10.1242/jeb.19.2.158 3522:10.1242/jeb.12.3.191 3372:10.1073/pnas.6.3.134 3106:(Letter to editor). 2034:Vol I, section XXXIX 1765:Within the field of 1730:genetic assimilation 1703:sexual recombination 1525:Piwi-interacting RNA 1483:patterns in DNA and 1289:genetic assimilation 1194:Directed mutagenesis 1028:, Elizabeth A. Smith 990:alcohol intoxication 815:Acquired adaptations 621:Eclipse of Darwinism 192:wrote in 1935 that: 12247:Unilineal evolution 12012:Population genetics 11797:Sexy son hypothesis 11735:Hormonal motivation 11715:Concealed ovulation 11256:Dual process theory 11127:Parental investment 10871:Molecular evolution 10829:Ecological genetics 10698:Transitional fossil 10488:Sexual reproduction 10328:endomembrane system 10257:pollinator-mediated 10213:dolphins and whales 9991:Parental investment 9534:Georgii Karpechenko 9428:Morphogenetic field 9345:Influential figures 8357:Scientific American 7472:Morgan, Thomas Hunt 7401:. Greenwood Press. 7243:Provine, William B. 5898:2009EnvMi..11.2959R 5573:(1740): 2913–2921. 5027:on January 27, 2016 4807:10.1038/nature09491 4799:2010Natur.467..963N 4744:2009PLoSO...4.6405N 4464:Skinner, Michael K. 4389:2013Sci...339..448H 3780:1922Sci....56..676G 3695:1921JEZ....33..208M 3363:1920PNAS....6..134G 3283:1932RSPSB.112....1S 3185:The Eugenics Review 3116:1919Natur.103..344B 3066:1912Natur..89..576. 3011:Carmichael, Leonard 2710:1895JMBUK...4...53C 2660:1893JMBUK...3..111C 2457:, pp. 218, 220 2400:(October 4, 1979). 2078:1871Natur...3..502D 1839:The Textbook Letter 1718:Darwinian evolution 1215:Frederic Wood Jones 906: 860:Richard Goldschmidt 792:Epileptic offspring 752: 672:Edward Drinker Cope 645:population genetics 634:Edward Drinker Cope 588:Textbook Lamarckism 286:Darwin's pangenesis 269:. Erasmus Darwin's 55:can pass on to its 12205:Social determinism 12088:Fisher's principle 12048:Great ape language 12038:Cultural evolution 12007:Philosophy of mind 11840:Division of labour 11802:Westermarck effect 11750:Mating preferences 11660:Distracted driving 11394:Literary criticism 11251:Domain specificity 11231:modularity of mind 10844:Cultural evolution 9959:Fisher's principle 9888:Handicap principle 9878:Parallel evolution 9742:Adaptive radiation 9117:Genomic imprinting 8779:Ward, Lester Frank 8663:Edwin Mellen Press 8624:Pennisi, Elizabeth 8101:Biology in America 7981:Shipley, Arthur E. 7973:Poulton, Edward B. 7156:Ginn & Company 6849:Gould, Stephen Jay 6797:Dover Publications 6634:. Joseph Johnson. 5651:(March 27, 2015). 4935:10.1093/aob/mcm110 4630:10.1093/gbe/evv107 4553:, pp. 295–315 4533:on 9 February 2015 4484:10.1093/gbe/evv073 4179:, pp. 142–143 4167:, pp. 166–169 4078:Shapiro, Arthur M. 4044:10.1007/BF00050806 4032:Acta Biotheoretica 3943:, pp. 121–131 3920:10.1007/BF01984742 3459:Pantin, Carl F. A. 3429:McDougall, William 3332:, pp. 146–173 3166:Work," pp. 352–353 2898:, pp. 202–204 2801:, pp. 266–267 2774:, pp. 132–133 2445:, pp. 236–244 2398:Gould, Stephen Jay 2261:, pp. 170–191 2146:Biological Reviews 2060:(April 27, 1871). 1886:, pp. 245–246 1869:, pp. 177–178 1845:on 12 October 2000 1767:cultural evolution 1749:James Mark Baldwin 1734: 1656: 1582: 1456: 1450:marks, created by 1391:wrote in his book 1332:of the 1930s when 1320: 1258:Pierre-Paul Grassé 1185:Heat treatment in 1137:Conditioned reflex 904: 894: 873:Early 20th century 750: 733: 639:The period of the 637: 603: 534: 411: 313: 266:D'Alembert's Dream 186: 124:Mendelian genetics 82:, a drive towards 38: 12313: 12312: 12291:Psychology portal 12255: 12254: 12098:Hologenome theory 12068:Unit of selection 12063:Primate cognition 11977:Cognitive science 11908: 11907: 11779:Sexual attraction 11755:Mating strategies 11520:Cinderella effect 11450:Moral foundations 11354:Visual perception 11246:Domain generality 11215:Facial expression 11163:Sexual dimorphism 11122:Natural selection 11068:Hamiltonian spite 10944: 10943: 10560:Uniformitarianism 10513:Sex-determination 10018:Sexual dimorphism 10013:Natural selection 9917:Unit of selection 9883:Signalling theory 9649: 9648: 9631:Pavlovian session 9503:Nikita Khrushchev 9445: 9444: 9378:Eric F. Wieschaus 9340: 9339: 9158:Pattern formation 9062:Fitness landscape 8820:(February 2006). 8717:10.1002/hep.26240 8672:978-0-7734-8275-3 8561:978-0-262-23206-7 8529:The Future of Man 8499:978-0-06-039112-6 8424:978-1-921208-60-7 8382:978-0-262-01514-1 8326:978-0-226-14346-0 8248:(19 March 2010). 8230:(19 March 2010). 8203:978-0-8018-3888-0 8156:978-0-262-02179-1 8074:978-1-118-65099-8 8035:978-1-84844-072-2 7977:Schönland, Selmar 7944:978-0-7382-0014-9 7927:Steele, Edward J. 7902:978-1-4496-4891-6 7737:Biological Memory 7650:978-1-61148-418-2 7611:978-0-393-05981-6 7447:978-0-521-52478-0 7408:978-0-313-34155-7 7373:978-0-19-992234-5 7338:978-0-226-53236-3 7303:978-0-19-283043-2 7256:978-0-674-27226-2 7217:978-0-674-27105-0 7060:978-0-226-45010-0 7025:978-0-19-854062-5 6983:978-0-226-31882-0 6948:978-1-55111-393-7 6909:978-0-674-00613-3 6868:978-0-393-01380-1 6726:978-0-7181-3430-3 6578:978-1-84217-014-4 6539:978-0-387-75687-5 6461:978-0-8371-8173-8 6419:978-0-674-83318-0 6380:978-0-226-06867-1 6341:978-0-520-23693-6 6299:978-0-8018-4391-4 6261:978-0-520-02649-0 6214:978-0-19-921306-1 6138:978-1-4020-3256-1 6091:978-0-19-974263-9 6010:978-0-262-23229-6 5941:978-0-262-23229-6 5892:(12): 2959–2962. 5882:Rosenberg, Eugene 5275:(February 2019). 5273:Koonin, Eugene V. 5219:Koonin, Eugene V. 4840:(Press release). 4793:(7318): 963–966. 4521:(March 8, 2009). 4383:(6118): 448–452. 3774:(1459): 676–678. 3343:Guyer, Michael F. 3110:(2592): 344–345. 3015:Biological Memory 2949:by C.H. Harvey". 2838:(July 10, 1896). 2487:257, 264, 279–280 2233:978-0-09-928583-0 1293:Arthur M. Shapiro 1209:Late 20th century 1206: 1205: 1118:replicate results 1071:William McDougall 950:William E. Castle 870: 869: 495:Stephen Jay Gould 99:natural selection 63:or more recently 12353: 12341:Biology theories 12300: 12287: 12274: 12273: 11917: 11916: 11913:Related subjects 11700:Adult attachment 11227:Cognitive module 11183: 11182: 11170:Social selection 11144:Costly signaling 11139:Sexual selection 11026:Modern synthesis 10971: 10964: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10934: 10924: 10923: 10723:Modern synthesis 10483:Multicellularity 10478:Mosaic evolution 10363:auditory ossicle 10045:Social selection 10028:Flowering plants 10023:Sexual selection 9676: 9669: 9662: 9653: 9652: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9449: 9448: 9388:William McGinnis 9357:Richard Lewontin 9352:C. H. Waddington 9224: 9223: 9201:Neutral networks 8951: 8944: 8937: 8928: 8927: 8906: 8896: 8861: 8843: 8811:Internet Archive 8804: 8773: 8754:Quadrangle Books 8737: 8719: 8710:(4): 1663–1665. 8692: 8653: 8619: 8609: 8581: 8519: 8471: 8461: 8444: 8402: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8346: 8318: 8304: 8257: 8246:Rutherford, Adam 8241: 8228:Burkeman, Oliver 8223: 8186:Bowler, Peter J. 8176: 8127:Internet Archive 8121: 8094: 8055: 8016: 8014: 8013: 7969:Weismann, August 7964: 7922: 7891:(1st ed.). 7883: 7865: 7854: 7833:(1st ed.). 7832: 7821: 7765: 7727:Internet Archive 7721: 7690: 7675:Rignano, Eugenio 7670: 7631: 7591: 7573:Internet Archive 7567: 7539:Internet Archive 7533: 7503:Internet Archive 7497: 7467: 7428: 7393: 7358: 7323: 7285: 7276: 7237: 7199: 7181:Internet Archive 7175: 7143:Internet Archive 7137: 7108:Internet Archive 7102: 7080: 7045: 7003: 6968: 6937:(2nd ed.). 6929: 6888: 6857:(1st ed.). 6844: 6816: 6780:Internet Archive 6774: 6746: 6695:Internet Archive 6689: 6660:Goldsmith, Marie 6651: 6621: 6590: 6559: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6496: 6481: 6439: 6400: 6361: 6333: 6324:Bowler, Peter J. 6319: 6286:Bowler, Peter J. 6281: 6234: 6198:Internet Archive 6192: 6163:Bateson, William 6158: 6111: 6062: 6061:, pp. 31–60 6056: 6050: 6049: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5861: 5851: 5842:(12): e1002311. 5824: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5723: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5682: 5672: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5614: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5461: 5451: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5410: 5400: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5242: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5173: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5062:(6): 1248–1256. 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4923:Annals of Botany 4914: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4887: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4844:. Archived from 4833: 4827: 4826: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4755: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4680: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4641: 4624:(6): 1758–1760. 4609: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4519:Gregory, T. Ryan 4515: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4478:(5): 1296–1302. 4460: 4454: 4453: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4408: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4351: 4334:(5): 1496–1502. 4319: 4313: 4312: 4302: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4213: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4143:, pp. 14–60 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4090: 4074: 4065: 4048:Book reviews of 4047: 4027: 4021: 4020: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3914:(5–6): 476–494. 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3878:10.1037/h0074715 3860: 3854: 3853: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3727:(635): 524–534. 3713: 3707: 3706: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3497:Agar, Wilfred E. 3493: 3487: 3486: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3384: 3374: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3308:, pp. 69–70 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3244:(744): 318–325. 3229: 3223: 3222:, pp. 84–97 3217: 3211: 3210: 3200: 3179:(January 1924). 3177:MacBride, Ernest 3173: 3167: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3124:10.1038/103344b0 3098:(July 3, 1919). 3096:Bateson, William 3092: 3086: 3085: 3074:10.1038/089576a0 3049: 3043: 3042: 3007: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2899: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2869: 2859: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2799:Goldschmidt 1940 2796: 2790: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2695: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2415: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2271: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2192: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087:10.1038/003502a0 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030:Darwin 1794–1796 2027: 2021: 2020: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1956: 1947: 1946: 1929:(724): 417–445. 1915: 1904: 1898: 1887: 1881: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1830: 1811: 1802: 1754:modern synthesis 1595:Edward J. Steele 1559:Edward J. Steele 1256:(1853–1922) and 1223:Hermann Klaatsch 1179: 1153:, John Detlefson 1151:Coleman Griffith 1026:Michael F. Guyer 907: 903: 831:1891, 1893, 1895 753: 749: 706:modern synthesis 549:Weismann barrier 530:Weismann barrier 491:Michael Ghiselin 143: 140: 128:modern synthesis 65:soft inheritance 43:, also known as 12361: 12360: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12351: 12350: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12251: 12237:Neoevolutionism 12144: 12128:Species complex 12093:Group selection 12031:Research topics 12026: 12002:Neuropsychology 11904: 11890:Substance abuse 11812:Sex differences 11806: 11720:Coolidge effect 11681: 11593:Neuroergonomics 11558: 11549: 11473: 11375: 11309:Folk psychology 11190: 11174: 11044: 11037: 10980: 10975: 10945: 10940: 10912: 10839:Group selection 10812: 10737: 10641: 10568: 10530:Tempo and modes 10524: 10379: 10283: 10100: 10059: 9935: 9928: 9905:Species complex 9718: 9709:History of life 9685: 9680: 9650: 9645: 9614:Soviet policies 9609: 9563: 9559:Nikolai Vavilov 9539:Zhores Medvedev 9529:Wacław Gajewski 9517: 9481: 9476: 9446: 9441: 9432: 9411: 9398:Sean B. Carroll 9336: 9268: 9215: 9179: 9131: 9112:Maternal effect 9095: 9028: 8965: 8955: 8914: 8909: 8864: 8816: 8777: 8746:Banton, Michael 8740: 8695: 8673: 8656: 8622: 8607:10.1038/ng.1062 8593:Nature Genetics 8585: 8562: 8544:Wallin, Nils L. 8534: 8500: 8474: 8470:(1/2): 242–254. 8459: 8453:Lamb, Marion J. 8447: 8425: 8407:Honeywill, Ross 8405: 8383: 8370: 8362: 8360: 8349: 8327: 8309:Desmond, Adrian 8307: 8260: 8244: 8226: 8204: 8184: 8177:Translation of 8157: 8140: 8136: 8134:Further reading 8131: 8104:. R.G. Badger. 8075: 8065:Wiley-Blackwell 8036: 8011: 8009: 7991:Clarendon Press 7945: 7903: 7742:Ernest MacBride 7651: 7612: 7448: 7409: 7374: 7339: 7304: 7257: 7245:, eds. (1998). 7218: 7061: 7026: 7012:Lamb, Marion J. 6984: 6949: 6939:Broadview Press 6910: 6869: 6787:Gardner, Martin 6727: 6705:Moore, James R. 6701:Desmond, Adrian 6626:Darwin, Erasmus 6579: 6540: 6519: 6517: 6494: 6462: 6452:Greenwood Press 6420: 6381: 6342: 6300: 6262: 6215: 6139: 6123:, eds. (2006). 6092: 6071: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6022: 6018: 6011: 5993:Dennett, Daniel 5991: 5987: 5972:10.2307/2405746 5953: 5949: 5942: 5925: 5921: 5879: 5875: 5828:Moran, Nancy A. 5825: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5776: 5772: 5741: 5737: 5714:(10): 566–568. 5700: 5696: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5615: 5604: 5559: 5555: 5521: 5517: 5479: 5475: 5428: 5424: 5377: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5336: 5322: 5318: 5270: 5266: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5197: 5150: 5146: 5097: 5093: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5013: 5009: 4964: 4960: 4915: 4911: 4900: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4849: 4842:Ohio University 4834: 4830: 4783: 4779: 4724: 4720: 4697:10.1038/nrg1834 4681: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4655: 4610: 4606: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4536: 4534: 4516: 4509: 4461: 4457: 4426: 4422: 4369: 4365: 4320: 4316: 4267: 4263: 4252: 4245: 4224:(2016): 1–2 4. 4214: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4095:(Book review). 4088: 4075: 4068: 4054:Ryuichi Matsuda 4034:(Book review). 4028: 4024: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3861: 3857: 3834: 3830: 3807: 3803: 3760: 3756: 3714: 3710: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3635: 3631: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3567: 3563: 3534: 3530: 3501:Tiegs, Oscar W. 3494: 3490: 3456: 3452: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3263: 3259: 3230: 3226: 3220:Cunningham 1928 3218: 3214: 3174: 3170: 3158: 3154: 3143: 3139: 3093: 3089: 3056:(Book review). 3051: 3050: 3046: 3031:10.2307/2014451 3025:(26): 718–720. 3008: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2982: 2978: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2902: 2894: 2887: 2879: 2872: 2846:(Book review). 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2752: 2750: 2737: 2733: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2640: 2636: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2411: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2340: 2336: 2313: 2306: 2295: 2291: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2220: 2216: 2204: 2203: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2142: 2138: 2099: 2095: 2072:(78): 502–503. 2058:Darwin, Charles 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2028: 2024: 2009: 1995: 1991: 1976:10.2307/1005592 1957: 1950: 1916: 1907: 1899: 1890: 1882: 1873: 1865: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1831: 1814: 1803: 1792: 1787: 1763: 1745: 1739: 1683: 1677: 1660:Peter J. Bowler 1591: 1536:T. Ryan Gregory 1493:gene regulation 1466: 1437: 1417: 1354: 1326: 1301: 1277:Ryuichi Matsuda 1239:Paul Wintrebert 1211: 1173: 1106:exposed to soot 1063:Arthur Koestler 946:William Bateson 899:Eugenio Rignano 890:Arthur Koestler 875: 840:Disputed cause 718: 684:Herbert Spencer 664:plant evolution 627: 617: 612: 590: 537:August Weismann 510:August Weismann 503: 439: 417: 383: 294: 288: 256:Just So Stories 251:Rudyard Kipling 247:Pliny the Elder 227:Michael Adanson 219:Levinus Lemnius 175: 170: 141: 120:August Weismann 17: 12: 11: 5: 12359: 12349: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12307: 12294: 12281: 12268: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12158: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12034: 12032: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11942: 11933: 11923: 11921: 11914: 11910: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11816: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11781: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11691: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11620:Mind-blindness 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11564: 11562: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11494: 11489: 11483: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11471: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11420: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11385: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11315: 11313:theory of mind 11306: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11224: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11196: 11194: 11180: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11146: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11080:Baldwin effect 11077: 11076: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11055: 11049: 11047: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11035: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10974: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10951: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10928: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10889: 10888: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10804: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10751: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10689: 10688: 10679:Charles Darwin 10676: 10675: 10674: 10662: 10657: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10617:Non-ecological 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10578: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10566: 10557: 10548: 10534: 10532: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10401: 10390: 10388: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10370: 10368:nervous system 10365: 10360: 10355: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10294: 10292: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10188: 10178: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10134: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10117: 10111: 10109: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10067: 10065: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9940: 9938: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9868:Origin of life 9865: 9860: 9855: 9853:Microevolution 9850: 9848:Macroevolution 9845: 9840: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9786:Common descent 9783: 9782: 9781: 9771: 9766: 9764:Baldwin effect 9761: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9728: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9679: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9656: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9617: 9615: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9544:Georgii Nadson 9541: 9536: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9493:Trofim Lysenko 9489: 9487: 9483: 9482: 9475: 9474: 9467: 9460: 9452: 9443: 9442: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9374: 9373: 9362:François Jacob 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9287: 9282: 9276: 9274: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9145: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9091:Sequence space 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9038: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8954: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8913: 8912:External links 8910: 8908: 8907: 8879:(9): 798–803. 8862: 8834:(2): 131–132. 8818:Whitelaw, Emma 8814: 8775: 8738: 8693: 8671: 8654: 8636:(6150): 1055. 8620: 8583: 8560: 8532: 8525:Reith Lectures 8498: 8484:. Foreword by 8476:Medawar, Peter 8472: 8445: 8423: 8403: 8381: 8368: 8347: 8325: 8305: 8277:10.1086/394112 8271:(4): 417–437. 8258: 8242: 8224: 8202: 8182: 8155: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8095: 8073: 8056: 8034: 8017: 7965: 7943: 7923: 7901: 7884: 7855: 7822: 7766: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7671: 7649: 7632: 7610: 7596:Quammen, David 7592: 7575: 7541: 7505: 7468: 7446: 7429: 7407: 7394: 7372: 7359: 7337: 7324: 7302: 7290:Medawar, Peter 7286: 7277: 7255: 7238: 7216: 7200: 7183: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7081: 7059: 7046: 7024: 7004: 6982: 6969: 6947: 6930: 6908: 6889: 6867: 6845: 6817: 6783: 6751:Forel, Auguste 6747: 6725: 6717:Viking Penguin 6713:Michael Joseph 6697: 6652: 6622: 6591: 6577: 6560: 6538: 6525: 6482: 6460: 6440: 6418: 6401: 6379: 6362: 6340: 6320: 6298: 6282: 6260: 6235: 6213: 6200: 6159: 6137: 6115:Baird, Davis; 6112: 6090: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6051: 6032:(4): 493–512. 6016: 6009: 5985: 5966:(2): 110–117. 5947: 5940: 5919: 5873: 5816: 5805: 5786:(6): 667–673. 5770: 5735: 5694: 5657:Genome Biology 5649:Whitelaw, Emma 5640: 5634:978-0520063860 5633: 5602: 5553: 5531:(Book essay). 5515: 5492:(3): 415–428. 5473: 5442:(4): 477–485. 5422: 5371: 5345: 5316: 5264: 5227:Biology Direct 5210: 5195: 5144: 5115:(2): 277–287. 5091: 5038: 5007: 4978:(4): 346–348. 4958: 4929:(2): 205–217. 4909: 4858: 4828: 4777: 4718: 4691:(5): 395–401. 4675: 4664: 4653: 4604: 4575:(4): 793–805. 4555: 4543: 4507: 4455: 4436:(6): 330–336. 4420: 4363: 4314: 4285:(9): 760–769. 4261: 4243: 4205: 4193: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4082:"Book Review: 4066: 4022: 3995:(4): 713–744. 3979: 3967: 3956: 3945: 3933: 3904:Jollos, Victor 3895: 3883: 3872:(3): 469–475. 3855: 3844:(2): 224–278. 3828: 3817:(5): 292–300. 3801: 3754: 3733:10.1086/279783 3708: 3689:(1): 208–291. 3669: 3665:McDougall 1934 3657: 3645: 3629: 3618:(3): 308–321. 3598: 3581:(2): 103–122. 3561: 3548:(2): 158–167. 3528: 3515:(3): 191–211. 3488: 3450: 3439:(4): 365–395. 3420: 3408: 3396: 3357:(3): 134–136. 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3257: 3224: 3212: 3191:(4): 545–555. 3168: 3160:Weinstein 1998 3152: 3137: 3087: 3044: 3002: 2991: 2976: 2963:10.1086/206715 2957:(1): 117–118. 2937: 2926: 2915: 2900: 2885: 2870: 2836:Packard, A. S. 2827: 2815: 2811:Burkhardt 1998 2803: 2791: 2776: 2764: 2760:Modern Biology 2731: 2681: 2654:(1): 111–118. 2634: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2573: 2561: 2557:Burkhardt 1995 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2502: 2496:978-0520063860 2495: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2432: 2420: 2389: 2377: 2350:(3): 517–555. 2334: 2304: 2289: 2278:. Open Court. 2263: 2251: 2239: 2232: 2214: 2179: 2152:(2): 141–149. 2136: 2109:(4): 661–695. 2093: 2049: 2037: 2022: 2007: 1989: 1960:Zirkle, Conway 1948: 1935:10.1086/280617 1919:Zirkle, Conway 1905: 1888: 1871: 1856: 1812: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1762: 1759: 1743:Baldwin effect 1738: 1737:Baldwin effect 1735: 1722:Baldwin effect 1695:microorganisms 1676: 1673: 1590: 1587: 1477:Marion J. Lamb 1446:molecule with 1436: 1433: 1416: 1413: 1389:Martin Gardner 1353: 1350: 1334:Trofim Lysenko 1322:Main article: 1308:Trofim Lysenko 1300: 1297: 1254:Gaston Bonnier 1246:Edmond Perrier 1210: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1191: 1183: 1180: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1120:; implausible 1114: 1113:caused by soot 1107: 1104:Peppered moths 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1002: 996: 993: 986: 983: 977: 976: 969: 966: 963: 960: 958:Gustav Tornier 954: 953: 944:Criticised by 942: 939: 933: 930: 924: 923: 920: 919:Claimed result 917: 914: 911: 874: 871: 868: 867: 857: 854: 851: 848: 842: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 823: 822: 816: 813: 810: 807: 805:Gaston Bonnier 801: 800: 797:use and disuse 793: 790: 779: 776: 770: 769: 766: 765:Claimed result 763: 760: 757: 717: 714: 660:George Henslow 616: 613: 611: 610:Neo-Lamarckism 608: 589: 586: 563:use and disuse 502: 499: 479: 478: 474: 466: 465: 459: 438: 435: 434: 433: 430: 427: 424: 382: 379: 352:Francis Galton 316:Charles Darwin 301:Charles Darwin 290:Main article: 287: 284: 235:Erasmus Darwin 174: 171: 169: 166: 91:Charles Darwin 49:neo-Lamarckism 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12358: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12306: 12305: 12299: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12286: 12282: 12280: 12279: 12269: 12267: 12266: 12262: 12261: 12258: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12232:Neo-Darwinism 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12217:Functionalism 12215: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12175:Connectionism 12173: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12166: 12165:indeterminism 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12147: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12029: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11915: 11911: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11885:Schizophrenia 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11870:Mental health 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11809: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11745:Mate guarding 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11705:Age disparity 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11635:Schizophrenia 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11560:Mental health 11556: 11555:Human factors 11552: 11546: 11545:Socialization 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11505:paternal bond 11502: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11467: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11455: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11370: 11369:Naïve physics 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11336: 11335:Motor control 11333: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11294: 11293:Ophidiophobia 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11283:Arachnophobia 11281: 11280: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11210:Display rules 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11168: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11112:Kin selection 11110: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11006:Adaptationism 11004: 11003: 11002: 10999: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10983: 10979: 10972: 10967: 10965: 10960: 10958: 10953: 10952: 10949: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10927: 10919: 10918: 10915: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10882: 10881:Phylogenetics 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10784:Structuralism 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10759:Catastrophism 10757: 10756: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10740: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10718:Neo-Darwinism 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10644: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10632:Reinforcement 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10571: 10565: 10564:Catastrophism 10561: 10558: 10556: 10555:Macromutation 10552: 10551:Micromutation 10549: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10518: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10458:Immune system 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10382: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10318:symbiogenesis 10316: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10286: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10103: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9987: 9986:Kin selection 9984: 9982: 9981:Genetic drift 9979: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9931: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9721: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9677: 9672: 9670: 9665: 9663: 9658: 9657: 9654: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9605:Vernalization 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9585:Hybridization 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9508:Joseph Stalin 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9468: 9466: 9461: 9459: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9440: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9366:Jacques Monod 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9280:Homeotic gene 9278: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9148:Morphogenesis 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9134: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9031: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8982:Reaction norm 8980: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8952: 8947: 8945: 8940: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8923: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8904: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8809: at the 8808: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8776: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8548:Merker, Björn 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8520:Contains the 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8491: 8490:HarperCollins 8487: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8449:Jablonka, Eva 8446: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8317: 8316: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8128: 8125: at the 8124: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7935:Perseus Books 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7863: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7831: 7830: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7732: 7728: 7725: at the 7724: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7571: at the 7570: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7542: 7540: 7537: at the 7536: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7504: 7501: at the 7500: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7241:Mayr, Ernst; 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7179: at the 7178: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7141: at the 7140: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: at the 7105: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7008:Jablonka, Eva 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6778: at the 6777: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6696: 6693: at the 6692: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6670:B. W. Huebsch 6667: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6628:(1794–1796). 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6196: at the 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6121:McIntyre, Lee 6118: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6074: 6073: 6060: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6012: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5636: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5547:"A Review of 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5042: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4848:on 2018-06-12 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4257: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4155:, p. 451 4154: 4149: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4119:, p. 166 4118: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3975:Boesiger 1974 3971: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3893:, p. 162 3892: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3667:, p. 180 3666: 3661: 3655:, p. 203 3654: 3649: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3503:(July 1935). 3502: 3498: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3418:, p. 330 3417: 3412: 3406:, p. 169 3405: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3320:, p. 249 3319: 3314: 3307: 3306:Blumberg 2010 3302: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3277:(774): 1–12. 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2919: 2913:, p. 219 2912: 2907: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2883:, p. 210 2882: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2850:(80): 52–54. 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2746:The Spectator 2742: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2610:, p. 167 2609: 2604: 2598:, p. 192 2597: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2571:, p. 299 2570: 2569:Raitiere 2012 2565: 2559:, p. 166 2558: 2553: 2547:, p. 343 2546: 2541: 2535:, p. 209 2534: 2529: 2523:, p. 367 2522: 2517: 2511: 2506: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2469:, p. 221 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2430:, p. 216 2429: 2424: 2409: 2408: 2407:New Scientist 2403: 2399: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2302: 2298: 2297:Weismann 1889 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2260: 2255: 2249:, p. 113 2248: 2243: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2210: 2198: 2190: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2008:84-7444-583-3 2004: 2000: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970:(2): 91–151. 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1903:, p. 168 1902: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1634:messenger RNA 1631: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1614:DNA sequences 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1412: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1382:Peter Medawar 1378: 1373: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1342:Joseph Stalin 1339: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1266:Henri Bergson 1263: 1259: 1255: 1252:(1846–1908), 1251: 1248:(1844–1921), 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1171:Victor Jollos 1169: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122:mutation rate 1119: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078:Rats solving 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1046:Paul Kammerer 1044: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1000: 999:Raymond Pearl 997: 994: 991: 987: 984: 982: 979: 978: 974: 970: 967: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 951: 947: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 921: 918: 915: 912: 909: 908: 902: 900: 891: 887: 886:midwife toads 883: 882:Paul Kammerer 879: 865: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 847: 846:Max Standfuss 844: 843: 839: 836: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 821: 817: 814: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 798: 794: 791: 788: 784: 783:sciatic nerve 780: 777: 775: 772: 771: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 754: 748: 745: 742: 737: 730: 726: 722: 713: 711: 710:neo-Darwinism 707: 702: 700: 696: 695:Theodor Eimer 693: 689: 688:Ernst Haeckel 685: 681: 680:Samuel Butler 677: 676:Alpheus Hyatt 673: 669: 665: 661: 658: 652: 650: 646: 642: 635: 631: 626: 622: 607: 599: 594: 585: 580: 575: 571: 566: 564: 559: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 475: 471: 470: 469: 464: 460: 458: 454: 453: 452: 450: 445: 431: 428: 425: 422: 421: 420: 416: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 378: 376: 372: 368: 367: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333:somatic cells 330: 329: 323: 322: 317: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 283: 281: 278: 274: 273: 268: 267: 262: 258: 257: 252: 248: 244: 238: 237:among others. 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 215:Jerome Cardan 212: 208: 204: 200: 193: 191: 190:Conway Zirkle 183: 179: 168:Early history 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 112: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 93:'s theory of 92: 87: 85: 81: 77: 76:classical era 73: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 12302: 12289: 12276: 12263: 12102: 12022:Sociobiology 11880:Neuroscience 11860:Intelligence 11406:Anthropology 11359:Color vision 11344:Multitasking 11323:Flynn effect 11318:Intelligence 11300:Folk biology 11043:Evolutionary 10893:Polymorphism 10876:Astrobiology 10824:Biogeography 10779:Saltationism 10769:Orthogenesis 10763: 10754:Alternatives 10683: 10669: 10602:Cospeciation 10597:Cladogenesis 10546:Saltationism 10503:Mating types 10426:Color vision 10411:Avian flight 10333:mitochondria 10071:Canalisation 9949:Biodiversity 9694:Introduction 9594: 9580:Heritability 9498:J. D. Bernal 9402: 9295:eyeless gene 9191:Evolvability 9165:Segmentation 9042:Canalisation 9012:Heterochrony 9002:Heritability 8970:Key concepts 8876: 8872:EMBO Reports 8870: 8831: 8825: 8783: 8749: 8707: 8701: 8658: 8633: 8627: 8597: 8591: 8551: 8536:Molino, Jean 8486:Lewis Thomas 8480: 8467: 8463: 8410: 8372: 8361:. Retrieved 8355: 8314: 8268: 8262: 8254:The Guardian 8253: 8237:The Guardian 8235: 8189: 8178: 8142: 8100: 8060: 8025: 8010:. Retrieved 7985: 7930: 7888: 7861: 7828: 7781: 7777: 7736: 7696: 7678: 7636: 7600: 7579: 7546: 7509: 7476: 7433: 7398: 7363: 7328: 7293: 7281: 7246: 7207: 7187: 7151: 7114: 7089: 7050: 7015: 6973: 6934: 6894: 6853: 6824: 6791: 6754: 6708: 6664: 6656:Delage, Yves 6630: 6598: 6564: 6532:. Springer. 6529: 6518:. Retrieved 6490: 6447: 6405: 6366: 6329: 6289: 6247: 6204: 6167: 6124: 6117:Scerri, Eric 6077: 6069:Bibliography 6054: 6029: 6025: 6019: 5999: 5988: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5930: 5922: 5889: 5885: 5876: 5839: 5836:PLOS Biology 5835: 5808: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5660: 5656: 5643: 5619: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5548: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5509: 5489: 5485: 5476: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5363:. Retrieved 5358: 5348: 5337:. Retrieved 5332: 5325:Coyne, Jerry 5319: 5284: 5280: 5267: 5230: 5226: 5213: 5208:, p. 94 5161: 5157: 5147: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5094: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5041: 5029:. Retrieved 5025:the original 5020: 5010: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4878:(1): 23–30. 4875: 4871: 4861: 4850:. Retrieved 4846:the original 4831: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4738:(7): e6405. 4735: 4731: 4721: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4667: 4656: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4551:Wilkins 2009 4546: 4535:. Retrieved 4531:the original 4526: 4475: 4471: 4466:(May 2015). 4458: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4255: 4221: 4217: 4203:, p. 21 4196: 4184: 4177:Gardner 1957 4172: 4165:Medawar 1985 4160: 4153:Simpson 1965 4148: 4141:Simpson 1964 4136: 4131:, p. 75 4129:Simpson 1944 4124: 4112: 4101:. Retrieved 4099:(2): 146–147 4096: 4092: 4083: 4057: 4049: 4038:(1): 31–36. 4035: 4031: 4025: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3977:, p. 29 3970: 3959: 3948: 3941:Harwood 1993 3936: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3886: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3641:R. A. Fisher 3632: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3590:. Retrieved 3578: 3574: 3564: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3512: 3508: 3491: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3411: 3404:Medawar 1985 3399: 3354: 3350: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3215: 3188: 3184: 3171: 3163: 3155: 3145:Bateson 1913 3140: 3107: 3103: 3090: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3005: 2999:Rignano 1926 2994: 2979: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2929: 2923:Rignano 1906 2918: 2861: 2847: 2843: 2830: 2825:, p. 36 2818: 2806: 2794: 2779: 2767: 2759: 2751:. Retrieved 2744: 2734: 2704:(1): 53–59. 2701: 2697: 2684: 2651: 2647: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2603: 2596:Aminoff 2011 2591: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2533:Mumford 1921 2528: 2516: 2505: 2481: 2474: 2467:Quammen 2006 2462: 2455:Quammen 2006 2450: 2428:Quammen 2006 2423: 2412:. Retrieved 2405: 2392: 2387:, p. 66 2380: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2323:(1/2): 6–8. 2320: 2316: 2292: 2275: 2254: 2247:Lamarck 1914 2242: 2223: 2217: 2188: 2182: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2106: 2102: 2096: 2069: 2065: 2062:"Pangenesis" 2052: 2040: 2025: 1998: 1992: 1967: 1963: 1926: 1922: 1901:Medawar 1985 1847:. Retrieved 1843:the original 1838: 1805:Lamarck 1830 1764: 1746: 1684: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1638:retroviruses 1611: 1592: 1583: 1549: 1541: 1533: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1473:Eva Jablonka 1467: 1418: 1405: 1400: 1392: 1387: 1380: 1375: 1367: 1360: 1359:in his book 1355: 1330:Soviet Union 1327: 1310:promoted an 1285:heterochrony 1274: 1250:Alfred Giard 1243: 1234: 1219:Robert Broom 1212: 1198:orthogenesis 1196:, a form of 1186: 1156:1920 to 1925 1054:Midwife toad 1031:1918 to 1924 962:1907 to 1918 932:1907 to 1910 895: 850:1892 to 1917 796: 778:1869 to 1891 746: 744: 739: 734: 716:19th century 703: 699:orthogenesis 653: 638: 625:Orthogenesis 604: 582: 577: 573: 568: 562: 560: 553: 535: 482: 480: 467: 461: 455: 440: 418: 395:orthogenesis 364: 349: 326: 319: 314: 277:warm-blooded 270: 264: 254: 240: 195: 187: 136: 113: 102: 88: 80:orthogenesis 64: 60: 48: 44: 40: 39: 18: 12161:Determinism 12073:Coevolution 12017:Primatology 11855:Gender role 11760:Orientation 11640:Screen time 11497:Affectional 11479:Development 11158:Mate choice 11085:By-products 11053:Adaptations 11016:Cognitivism 10903:Systematics 10774:Mutationism 10592:Catagenesis 10520:Snake venom 10453:Eusociality 10431:in primates 10421:Cooperation 10349:In animals 10169:butterflies 10142:Cephalopods 10132:Brachiopods 10064:Development 10038:Mate choice 9791:Convergence 9774:Coevolution 9732:Abiogenesis 9554:Tan Jiazhen 9549:Hans Stubbe 9486:Lysenkoists 9393:Mike Levine 9302:Distal-less 9127:Polyphenism 9107:Epigenetics 8959:development 7204:Mayr, Ernst 6569:Oxbow Books 6059:Cullen 2000 5482:Haig, David 5031:November 3, 4201:Bowler 2013 4062:Leo W. Buss 3964:Cannon 1975 3469:: 247–255. 3164:Lepinotarsa 3147:, pp. 2984:Newman 1921 2911:Mitman 1992 2896:Kohler 2002 2786:, pp. 2784:Morgan 1903 2608:Kohler 2002 2521:Bowler 2003 2510:Bowler 1992 2443:Bowler 2003 2205:|work= 1884:Bowler 2003 1849:17 February 1529:Jerry Coyne 1523:system and 1518:prokaryotic 1481:methylation 1452:methylation 1421:epigenetics 1174: [ 1129:Ivan Pavlov 1116:Failure to 787:guinea pigs 729:guinea pigs 341:bloodstream 211:Roger Bacon 199:Hippocrates 146:epigenetics 142: 2000 12326:Lamarckism 12320:Categories 12108:Population 12103:Lamarckism 11949:behavioral 11927:Behavioral 11875:Narcissism 11820:Aggression 11610:Hypophobia 11600:Depression 11487:Attachment 11469:Universals 11433:Psychology 11411:Biological 11399:Musicology 11389:Aesthetics 11288:Basophobia 11095:Exaptation 11073:Reciprocal 10764:Lamarckism 10742:Philosophy 10665:David Hume 10627:Peripatric 10622:Parapatric 10607:Ecological 10587:Anagenesis 10582:Allopatric 10574:Speciation 10538:Gradualism 10463:Metabolism 10323:chromosome 10313:Eukaryotes 10091:Modularity 10008:Population 9934:Population 9895:Speciation 9873:Panspermia 9826:Extinction 9821:Exaptation 9796:Divergence 9769:Cladistics 9757:Reciprocal 9737:Adaptation 9595:Lamarckism 9522:Dissidents 9479:Lysenkoism 9371:Lac operon 9196:Robustness 9175:Modularity 9170:Metamerism 9076:Plasticity 9071:Pleiotropy 9024:Heterotopy 8703:Hepatology 8433:2011431766 8391:2010031344 8363:2015-11-05 8083:2013012756 8044:2008939772 8012:2015-10-30 7911:2011022399 7659:2012030762 7620:2006009864 7417:2007044406 7382:2014049505 7284:. Methuen. 7069:2002023331 6957:2002514564 6918:2001043556 6548:2008931291 6520:2015-10-27 6389:2012033769 6350:2002007569 6223:2010481198 6147:2006295950 6100:2010013439 5745:DNA Repair 5663:(60): 60. 5365:2015-11-04 5339:2015-11-04 5103:C. elegans 5050:C. Elegans 4852:2015-11-02 4672:Moore 2015 4537:2015-11-04 4527:Genomicron 4218:DNA Repair 4103:2015-12-11 4060:(1987) by 4052:(1987) by 3637:Hagen 2002 3592:2015-10-28 3416:Moore 2002 3330:Child 1945 3318:Young 1922 2986:, p. 2864:(1896) by 2860:Review of 2823:Forel 1934 2758:Review of 2753:2015-10-24 2583:, p. 2545:Mason 1956 2414:2015-11-09 2385:Gould 1980 2259:Gould 2002 1867:Gould 2002 1785:References 1726:Waddington 1693:with many 1653:hologenome 1641:endogenous 1571:retrovirus 1544:David Haig 1497:phenotypic 1448:epigenetic 1338:Lysenkoism 1324:Lysenkoism 1262:vitalistic 1227:bipedalism 1109:Inherited 916:Experiment 864:Ernst Mayr 809:1884, 1886 762:Experiment 601:evolution. 556:white mice 541:germ plasm 514:germ plasm 449:blacksmith 391:body plans 345:germ cells 305:pangenesis 292:Pangenesis 243:pangenesis 162:hologenome 109:pangenesis 84:complexity 41:Lamarckism 34:blacksmith 11953:cognitive 11945:Affective 11830:Cognition 11784:Sexuality 11770:Pair bond 11530:Education 11187:Cognition 11105:Inclusive 11045:processes 11033:Criticism 10898:Protocell 10749:Darwinism 10637:Sympatric 10386:processes 10274:Tetrapods 10223:Kangaroos 10149:Dinosaurs 10086:Inversion 10055:Variation 9976:Gene flow 9969:Inclusive 9779:Mutualism 9724:Evolution 9322:Morphogen 9307:Engrailed 9290:Pax genes 9211:Tinkering 9057:Epistasis 9052:Dominance 8963:phenotype 8441:746154950 8399:662152397 8343:709606191 8147:MIT Press 8091:841039552 8052:271774708 8007:488543825 7919:646112356 7802:a45000404 7788:: 45–60. 7667:806981125 7588:605547177 7494:758217701 7425:177023758 7390:894139943 7292:(1985) . 7273:503188713 7234:247687824 7206:(1997) . 7196:732176237 7126:a15000196 7087:(1830) . 7077:690162738 6841:595767401 6789:(1957) . 6753:(1934) . 6648:670735211 6556:344846261 6446:(1975) . 6397:808010092 6316:611262030 6288:(1992) . 6231:352916350 6189:809326988 6155:209927684 6108:680002156 5960:Evolution 4189:Mayr 1997 3953:Wood 2013 2284:23380098M 2207:ignored ( 2197:cite book 2131:207150548 2017:433436276 1777:. In the 1691:symbiosis 1616:from the 1542:In 2007, 1487:marks on 1485:chromatin 1281:Darwinism 1275:In 1987, 1111:mutations 988:Repeated 922:Rebuttal 910:Scientist 768:Rebuttal 756:Scientist 692:zoologist 203:Aristotle 95:evolution 69:zoologist 57:offspring 32:, that a 12222:Memetics 11982:Ethology 11940:genetics 11775:Physical 11740:Jealousy 11695:Activity 11501:maternal 11457:Religion 11445:Morality 11423:Language 11304:taxonomy 11117:Mismatch 11063:Cheating 11058:Altruism 10926:Category 10801:Vitalism 10796:Theistic 10789:Spandrel 10473:Morality 10468:Monogamy 10343:plastids 10308:Flagella 10264:Reptiles 10245:sea cows 10228:primates 10137:Molluscs 10115:Bacteria 10003:Mutation 9936:genetics 9912:Taxonomy 9858:Mismatch 9838:Homology 9752:Cheating 9747:Altruism 9575:Heredity 9568:Concepts 9513:VASKhNIL 9285:Hox gene 9273:Elements 9254:Homeobox 8903:17767188 8858:36863159 8850:16421606 8793:07037459 8781:(1891). 8762:61007932 8726:23568276 8689:40193707 8681:98048633 8650:24009370 8616:32406225 8578:44963330 8570:98054088 8538:(2000). 8516:21977349 8508:89046107 8455:(2008). 8409:(2008). 8335:89005137 8311:(1989). 8301:12954177 8293:10672643 8220:19322402 8212:89030914 8188:(1989). 8165:82010061 8110:22019903 7999:77010494 7983:(eds.). 7971:(1889). 7961:40449772 7953:98087900 7872:65014384 7843:64014636 7818:21012247 7772:(1944). 7754:26009586 7710:11026509 7677:(1906). 7628:65400177 7598:(2006). 7556:21017204 7522:17007834 7486:03027216 7474:(1903). 7464:49784849 7456:89032583 7355:25130594 7347:91045638 7320:11030267 7312:84016529 7265:98157613 7226:75042131 7164:06023318 7099:11003671 7042:30974876 7034:94032108 7014:(1995). 7000:25746714 6992:92015321 6965:46626903 6926:47869352 6877:80015952 6851:(1980). 6833:40012233 6823:(1940). 6805:57003844 6771:29326677 6763:22016399 6743:26502431 6735:92196964 6707:(1991). 6678:12031796 6662:(1912). 6640:34036671 6610:29000027 6597:(1928). 6587:47122736 6515:11852074 6507:52004656 6488:(1945). 6470:75010211 6436:32396741 6428:95010861 6358:49824702 6326:(2003). 6308:82021170 6270:73090656 6246:(eds.). 6181:13021769 6165:(1913). 6129:Springer 6046:85411375 5914:19573132 5868:26636661 5765:27449479 5751:: 1–24. 5730:26411613 5689:25853737 5625:179, 341 5597:22593110 5535:(e204). 5506:16322990 5468:25617408 5417:26442117 5311:30930513 5287:(9): 9. 5259:19906303 5190:20465829 5139:25018105 5086:22119442 5002:20118668 4953:17576658 4815:20962845 4772:19636381 4732:PLOS ONE 4713:21961242 4705:16534512 4648:26026157 4599:23908372 4569:Genetics 4502:25917417 4450:22445060 4415:23223451 4358:19193896 4309:19150054 4238:27449479 4080:(1988). 4009:20665089 3928:34126149 3908:Genetica 3796:17778266 3749:84453628 3483:84312439 3391:16576477 3207:21259774 2726:86159587 2676:84934811 2631:: 27–32. 2372:23808208 2364:11859887 2174:39953275 2166:18429766 2123:24570302 1943:84729069 1775:learning 1699:mutation 1623:antibody 1618:VDJ gene 1607:germline 1575:germline 1425:genetics 1397:(1957): 1352:Critique 1346:genetics 862:agreed; 657:botanist 520:and the 444:giraffes 371:protozoa 337:gemmules 272:Zoonomia 223:John Ray 150:genetics 53:organism 30:heredity 12123:Species 11895:Suicide 11730:Fantasy 11710:Arousal 11492:Bonding 11381:Culture 11205:Display 11192:Emotion 11100:Fitness 10989:History 10817:Related 10647:History 10508:Meiosis 10443:Empathy 10438:Emotion 10338:nucleus 10279:Viruses 10269:Spiders 10181:Mammals 10164:Insects 9964:Fitness 9900:Species 9699:Outline 9416:Debates 9227:Systems 9153:Eyespot 9017:Neoteny 8920:at the 8894:1973965 8801:4115244 8770:1003950 8748:(ed.). 8734:5288601 8629:Science 8285:2664721 8173:8533097 8024:(ed.). 7718:1311084 7687:5967582 7530:5429719 7172:1041858 7134:1489850 6885:6331415 6478:1418716 6278:1265669 5980:2405746 5894:Bibcode 5859:4670207 5800:2443841 5680:4375926 5588:3385474 5459:4390564 5408:4585102 5391:: 305. 5302:6404382 5250:2781790 5181:2876149 5130:4377509 5077:3250924 4993:2958583 4944:2735323 4904:3596539 4894:8549843 4823:4308799 4795:Bibcode 4763:2713434 4740:Bibcode 4639:4494054 4590:3730912 4493:4453068 4406:3847602 4385:Bibcode 4377:Science 4349:3408235 4300:3056389 4017:3398698 3776:Bibcode 3768:Science 3741:2456346 3691:Bibcode 3382:1084447 3359:Bibcode 3279:Bibcode 3198:2942563 3149:219–227 3132:4146761 3112:Bibcode 3082:3984855 3062:Bibcode 3039:2014451 2971:2377122 2844:Science 2706:Bibcode 2656:Bibcode 2329:4608123 2074:Bibcode 1984:1005592 1630:B-cells 1489:histone 975:effect 973:osmotic 615:Context 598:giraffe 526:develop 522:gametes 483:besoins 403:species 356:rabbits 280:animals 261:Diderot 173:Origins 132:biology 26:Lamarck 12301: 12288: 12275: 11865:Memory 11825:Autism 11792:female 11725:Desire 11462:Origin 11438:Speech 11428:Origin 11200:Affect 10936:Portal 10612:Hybrid 10448:Ethics 10290:organs 10252:Plants 10238:lemurs 10233:humans 10218:horses 10208:hyenas 10196:wolves 10191:canids 10125:origin 9317:Ligand 8997:Operon 8901: 8891: 8856: 8848: 8799: 8791: 8768: 8760: 8732: 8724: 8687: 8679: 8669: 8648: 8614: 8600:: 15. 8576: 8568: 8558: 8514: 8506: 8496: 8439: 8431: 8421: 8415:Pier 9 8397: 8389: 8379: 8341: 8333: 8323: 8299: 8291: 8283: 8218: 8210: 8200: 8181:(1979) 8171: 8163: 8153: 8118:370597 8116: 8108: 8089: 8081: 8071: 8050: 8042: 8032: 8005: 7997: 7959: 7951: 7941: 7917: 7909: 7899: 7880:165951 7878: 7870: 7851:230986 7849: 7841: 7816: 7810:993515 7808: 7800: 7762:811731 7760: 7752: 7716: 7708: 7685: 7665: 7657: 7647: 7626: 7618: 7608: 7586: 7564:606993 7562: 7554: 7528: 7520: 7492: 7484: 7462: 7454: 7444: 7423: 7415: 7405: 7388: 7380: 7370: 7353: 7345: 7335: 7318: 7310: 7300: 7271: 7263: 7253: 7232: 7224: 7214: 7194: 7170: 7162: 7132: 7124: 7097: 7075: 7067: 7057: 7040: 7032: 7022: 6998: 6990: 6980: 6963: 6955: 6945: 6924: 6916: 6906: 6883: 6875: 6865: 6839: 6831: 6813:233892 6811: 6803: 6769: 6761: 6741: 6733: 6723: 6709:Darwin 6686:522024 6684: 6676: 6646: 6638: 6618:920415 6616: 6608: 6585: 6575: 6554: 6546: 6536: 6513: 6505: 6476: 6468: 6458: 6434: 6426: 6416: 6395: 6387: 6377: 6356: 6348: 6338: 6314: 6306: 6296: 6276: 6268: 6258: 6229: 6221: 6211: 6187: 6179: 6153: 6145: 6135: 6106: 6098: 6088: 6044: 6007: 5978: 5938: 5912: 5866: 5856: 5798: 5763: 5728: 5687: 5677: 5631: 5595: 5585: 5504: 5466: 5456: 5415: 5405: 5361:(Blog) 5335:(Blog) 5309: 5299: 5257: 5247: 5233:: 42. 5188: 5178: 5164:: 73. 5137: 5127: 5084: 5074: 5000: 4990: 4951: 4941: 4901: 4892: 4821: 4813: 4787:Nature 4770: 4760: 4711: 4703: 4646: 4636: 4597: 4587: 4500: 4490: 4448: 4413: 4403: 4356: 4346: 4307: 4297: 4236: 4015: 4007: 3926: 3823:984462 3821: 3794: 3747: 3739: 3481: 3389: 3379: 3205: 3195: 3130: 3104:Nature 3080: 3054:Nature 3037: 2969: 2724: 2674: 2493: 2370: 2362: 2327: 2301:p. 432 2282: 2230: 2172: 2164: 2129: 2121: 2066:Nature 2015: 2005: 1982: 1941: 1809:p. 235 1724:, and 1720:, the 1705:, and 1632:. The 1521:CRISPR 1316:Soviet 1264:after 545:gonads 518:gonads 493:, and 407:genera 375:plants 366:Nature 309:gonads 152:, and 137:Since 11835:Crime 11418:Crime 11349:Sleep 11339:skill 11179:Areas 10399:Death 10394:Aging 10373:brain 10159:Fungi 10120:Birds 10033:Fungi 9831:Event 9714:Index 8854:S2CID 8730:S2CID 8612:S2CID 8542:. In 8460:(PDF) 8297:S2CID 8281:JSTOR 6495:(PDF) 6042:S2CID 5976:JSTOR 5502:S2CID 4898:INIST 4819:S2CID 4709:S2CID 4275:Gene" 4089:(PDF) 4013:S2CID 3924:S2CID 3819:JSTOR 3745:S2CID 3737:JSTOR 3479:S2CID 3128:S2CID 3078:S2CID 3035:JSTOR 2967:JSTOR 2722:S2CID 2694:(PDF) 2672:S2CID 2368:S2CID 2325:JSTOR 2170:S2CID 2127:S2CID 1980:JSTOR 1939:S2CID 1569:by a 1182:1930s 1178:] 1100:1920s 1087:Poor 1080:mazes 1075:1920s 1050:1920s 399:phyla 360:blood 207:Galen 116:fraud 11788:male 11149:Male 10886:Tree 10358:hair 10298:Cell 10201:dogs 10186:cats 10176:Life 10154:Fish 10107:taxa 8957:The 8899:PMID 8846:PMID 8797:OCLC 8789:LCCN 8766:OCLC 8758:LCCN 8722:PMID 8685:OCLC 8677:LCCN 8667:ISBN 8646:PMID 8574:OCLC 8566:LCCN 8556:ISBN 8512:OCLC 8504:LCCN 8494:ISBN 8437:OCLC 8429:LCCN 8419:ISBN 8395:OCLC 8387:LCCN 8377:ISBN 8339:OCLC 8331:LCCN 8321:ISBN 8289:PMID 8216:OCLC 8208:LCCN 8198:ISBN 8169:OCLC 8161:LCCN 8151:ISBN 8114:OCLC 8106:LCCN 8087:OCLC 8079:LCCN 8069:ISBN 8048:OCLC 8040:LCCN 8030:ISBN 8003:OCLC 7995:LCCN 7957:OCLC 7949:LCCN 7939:ISBN 7915:OCLC 7907:LCCN 7897:ISBN 7876:OCLC 7868:LCCN 7847:OCLC 7839:LCCN 7814:PMID 7806:OCLC 7798:LCCN 7758:OCLC 7750:LCCN 7714:OCLC 7706:LCCN 7683:OCLC 7663:OCLC 7655:LCCN 7645:ISBN 7624:OCLC 7616:LCCN 7606:ISBN 7584:OCLC 7560:OCLC 7552:LCCN 7526:OCLC 7518:LCCN 7490:OCLC 7482:LCCN 7460:OCLC 7452:LCCN 7442:ISBN 7421:OCLC 7413:LCCN 7403:ISBN 7386:OCLC 7378:LCCN 7368:ISBN 7351:OCLC 7343:LCCN 7333:ISBN 7316:OCLC 7308:LCCN 7298:ISBN 7269:OCLC 7261:LCCN 7251:ISBN 7230:OCLC 7222:LCCN 7212:ISBN 7192:OCLC 7168:OCLC 7160:LCCN 7130:OCLC 7122:LCCN 7095:LCCN 7073:OCLC 7065:LCCN 7055:ISBN 7038:OCLC 7030:LCCN 7020:ISBN 6996:OCLC 6988:LCCN 6978:ISBN 6961:OCLC 6953:LCCN 6943:ISBN 6922:OCLC 6914:LCCN 6904:ISBN 6881:OCLC 6873:LCCN 6863:ISBN 6837:OCLC 6829:LCCN 6809:OCLC 6801:LCCN 6767:OCLC 6759:LCCN 6739:OCLC 6731:LCCN 6721:ISBN 6682:OCLC 6674:LCCN 6644:OCLC 6636:LCCN 6614:OCLC 6606:LCCN 6583:OCLC 6573:ISBN 6552:OCLC 6544:LCCN 6534:ISBN 6511:OCLC 6503:LCCN 6474:OCLC 6466:LCCN 6456:ISBN 6432:OCLC 6424:LCCN 6414:ISBN 6393:OCLC 6385:LCCN 6375:ISBN 6354:OCLC 6346:LCCN 6336:ISBN 6312:OCLC 6304:LCCN 6294:ISBN 6274:OCLC 6266:LCCN 6256:ISBN 6227:OCLC 6219:LCCN 6209:ISBN 6185:OCLC 6177:LCCN 6151:OCLC 6143:LCCN 6133:ISBN 6104:OCLC 6096:LCCN 6086:ISBN 6005:ISBN 5936:ISBN 5910:PMID 5864:PMID 5796:PMID 5761:PMID 5726:PMID 5685:PMID 5629:ISBN 5593:PMID 5464:PMID 5413:PMID 5307:PMID 5255:PMID 5186:PMID 5135:PMID 5109:Cell 5082:PMID 5056:Cell 5033:2015 4998:PMID 4949:PMID 4890:PMID 4811:PMID 4768:PMID 4701:PMID 4644:PMID 4595:PMID 4498:PMID 4446:PMID 4411:PMID 4354:PMID 4305:PMID 4273:BDNF 4234:PMID 4056:and 4005:PMID 3792:PMID 3387:PMID 3351:PNAS 3203:PMID 2491:ISBN 2360:PMID 2317:BIOS 2228:ISBN 2209:help 2162:PMID 2119:PMID 2013:OCLC 2003:ISBN 1851:2006 1685:The 1626:gene 1565:and 1516:The 1475:and 1462:and 1427:and 1133:1926 1011:1921 985:1910 913:Date 781:Cut 759:Date 674:and 623:and 405:and 373:and 233:and 11687:Sex 11364:Eye 10384:Of 10353:eye 10303:DNA 10288:Of 10105:Of 8961:of 8889:PMC 8881:doi 8836:doi 8712:doi 8638:doi 8634:341 8602:doi 8522:BBC 8273:doi 7790:doi 6034:doi 5968:doi 5902:doi 5854:PMC 5844:doi 5788:doi 5753:doi 5716:doi 5675:PMC 5665:doi 5583:PMC 5575:doi 5571:279 5537:doi 5494:doi 5454:PMC 5444:doi 5403:PMC 5393:doi 5297:PMC 5289:doi 5245:PMC 5235:doi 5176:PMC 5166:doi 5125:PMC 5117:doi 5113:158 5072:PMC 5064:doi 5060:147 4988:PMC 4980:doi 4939:PMC 4931:doi 4927:100 4880:doi 4803:doi 4791:467 4758:PMC 4748:doi 4693:doi 4634:PMC 4626:doi 4585:PMC 4577:doi 4573:194 4488:PMC 4480:doi 4438:doi 4401:PMC 4393:doi 4381:339 4344:PMC 4336:doi 4295:PMC 4287:doi 4226:doi 4040:doi 3997:doi 3916:doi 3874:doi 3846:doi 3784:doi 3729:doi 3699:doi 3620:doi 3583:doi 3550:doi 3517:doi 3471:doi 3441:doi 3377:PMC 3367:doi 3287:doi 3275:112 3246:doi 3242:106 3193:PMC 3120:doi 3108:103 3070:doi 3027:doi 2988:335 2959:doi 2852:doi 2714:doi 2664:doi 2585:108 2352:doi 2154:doi 2111:doi 2082:doi 1972:doi 1931:doi 1728:'s 1578:DNA 1502:RNA 1444:DNA 1408:DNA 1344:to 1268:'s 539:'s 512:'s 318:'s 303:'s 263:'s 253:'s 97:by 47:or 12322:: 9364:+ 8897:. 8887:. 8875:. 8869:. 8852:. 8844:. 8832:14 8830:. 8824:. 8795:. 8764:. 8756:. 8728:. 8720:. 8708:57 8706:. 8700:. 8683:. 8675:. 8665:. 8644:. 8632:. 8610:. 8598:44 8596:. 8590:. 8572:. 8564:. 8546:; 8531:." 8510:. 8502:. 8492:. 8468:12 8466:. 8462:. 8451:; 8435:. 8427:. 8417:. 8413:. 8393:. 8385:. 8354:. 8337:. 8329:. 8295:. 8287:. 8279:. 8269:74 8267:. 8252:. 8234:. 8214:. 8206:. 8196:. 8192:. 8167:. 8159:. 8149:. 8112:. 8085:. 8077:. 8067:. 8046:. 8038:. 8001:. 7993:. 7989:. 7979:; 7975:; 7955:. 7947:. 7937:. 7913:. 7905:. 7895:. 7874:. 7845:. 7837:. 7812:. 7804:. 7796:. 7784:. 7782:15 7776:. 7756:. 7748:. 7712:. 7704:. 7661:. 7653:. 7643:. 7639:. 7622:. 7614:. 7558:. 7524:. 7516:. 7488:. 7458:. 7450:. 7440:. 7436:. 7419:. 7411:. 7384:. 7376:. 7349:. 7341:. 7314:. 7306:. 7267:. 7259:. 7228:. 7220:. 7166:. 7158:. 7154:. 7128:. 7071:. 7063:. 7036:. 7028:. 7010:; 6994:. 6986:. 6959:. 6951:. 6941:. 6920:. 6912:. 6902:. 6898:. 6879:. 6871:. 6861:. 6835:. 6807:. 6799:. 6795:. 6765:. 6737:. 6729:. 6719:. 6715:; 6711:. 6703:; 6680:. 6672:. 6658:; 6642:. 6612:. 6601:. 6581:. 6571:. 6567:. 6550:. 6542:. 6509:. 6501:. 6472:. 6464:. 6454:. 6430:. 6422:. 6412:. 6391:. 6383:. 6373:. 6369:. 6352:. 6344:. 6310:. 6302:. 6272:. 6264:. 6254:. 6250:. 6242:; 6225:. 6217:. 6183:. 6175:. 6171:. 6149:. 6141:. 6131:. 6119:; 6102:. 6094:. 6084:. 6080:. 6040:. 6030:22 6028:. 5974:. 5962:. 5908:. 5900:. 5890:11 5888:. 5862:. 5852:. 5840:13 5838:. 5834:. 5819:^ 5794:. 5784:24 5782:. 5759:. 5749:45 5747:. 5724:. 5712:30 5710:. 5706:. 5683:. 5673:. 5661:16 5659:. 5655:. 5627:. 5605:^ 5591:. 5581:. 5569:. 5565:. 5527:. 5508:. 5500:. 5490:22 5488:. 5462:. 5452:. 5438:. 5434:. 5411:. 5401:. 5387:. 5383:. 5357:. 5331:. 5305:. 5295:. 5285:34 5283:. 5279:. 5253:. 5243:. 5229:. 5225:. 5198:^ 5184:. 5174:. 5162:11 5160:. 5156:. 5133:. 5123:. 5111:. 5107:. 5080:. 5070:. 5058:. 5054:. 5019:. 4996:. 4986:. 4974:. 4970:. 4947:. 4937:. 4925:. 4921:. 4896:. 4888:. 4876:61 4874:. 4870:. 4817:. 4809:. 4801:. 4789:. 4766:. 4756:. 4746:. 4734:. 4730:. 4707:. 4699:. 4687:. 4642:. 4632:. 4620:. 4616:. 4593:. 4583:. 4571:. 4567:. 4525:. 4510:^ 4496:. 4486:. 4474:. 4470:. 4444:. 4434:27 4432:. 4409:. 4399:. 4391:. 4379:. 4375:. 4352:. 4342:. 4332:29 4330:. 4326:. 4303:. 4293:. 4283:65 4281:. 4277:. 4246:^ 4232:. 4222:45 4220:. 4208:^ 4097:42 4091:. 4069:^ 4036:37 4011:. 4003:. 3993:44 3991:. 3922:. 3912:16 3910:. 3870:15 3868:. 3840:. 3815:62 3813:. 3790:. 3782:. 3772:56 3770:. 3766:. 3743:. 3735:. 3725:54 3723:. 3697:. 3687:33 3685:. 3681:. 3616:31 3614:. 3610:. 3579:25 3577:. 3573:. 3546:19 3544:. 3540:. 3513:12 3511:. 3507:. 3477:. 3465:. 3437:28 3435:. 3385:. 3375:. 3365:. 3353:. 3349:. 3285:. 3273:. 3269:. 3240:. 3236:. 3201:. 3189:15 3187:. 3183:. 3126:. 3118:. 3102:. 3076:. 3068:. 3058:89 3033:. 3023:23 3021:. 2965:. 2955:23 2953:. 2903:^ 2888:^ 2873:^ 2842:. 2743:. 2720:. 2712:. 2700:. 2696:. 2670:. 2662:. 2650:. 2646:. 2629:14 2627:. 2489:. 2435:^ 2404:. 2366:. 2358:. 2348:34 2346:. 2321:61 2319:. 2307:^ 2280:OL 2266:^ 2201:: 2199:}} 2195:{{ 2168:. 2160:. 2150:83 2148:. 2125:. 2117:. 2107:47 2105:. 2080:. 2068:. 2064:. 2032:, 2011:. 1978:. 1968:35 1966:. 1951:^ 1937:. 1927:69 1925:. 1908:^ 1891:^ 1874:^ 1859:^ 1837:. 1815:^ 1807:, 1793:^ 1701:, 1423:, 1272:. 1241:. 1176:pl 229:, 225:, 221:, 217:, 213:, 209:, 205:, 201:, 148:, 139:c. 118:. 86:. 12163:/ 11955:/ 11951:/ 11947:/ 11938:/ 11929:/ 11790:/ 11786:/ 11777:/ 11557:/ 11503:/ 11499:/ 11337:/ 11311:/ 11302:/ 11229:/ 11189:/ 11151:/ 10970:e 10963:t 10956:v 10562:/ 10553:/ 10544:/ 10540:/ 9675:e 9668:t 9661:v 9471:e 9464:t 9457:v 9064:/ 8950:e 8943:t 8936:v 8905:. 8883:: 8877:8 8860:. 8838:: 8813:. 8803:. 8772:. 8736:. 8714:: 8691:. 8652:. 8640:: 8618:. 8604:: 8580:. 8527:" 8518:. 8443:. 8401:. 8366:. 8345:. 8303:. 8275:: 8256:. 8240:. 8222:. 8175:. 8120:. 8093:. 8054:. 8015:. 7963:. 7921:. 7882:. 7853:. 7820:. 7792:: 7764:. 7720:. 7689:. 7669:. 7630:. 7590:. 7566:. 7532:. 7496:. 7466:. 7427:. 7392:. 7357:. 7322:. 7275:. 7236:. 7198:. 7174:. 7136:. 7101:. 7079:. 7044:. 7002:. 6967:. 6928:. 6887:. 6843:. 6815:. 6773:. 6745:. 6688:. 6650:. 6620:. 6589:. 6558:. 6523:. 6480:. 6438:. 6399:. 6360:. 6318:. 6280:. 6233:. 6191:. 6157:. 6110:. 6048:. 6036:: 6013:. 5982:. 5970:: 5964:7 5944:. 5916:. 5904:: 5896:: 5870:. 5846:: 5802:. 5790:: 5767:. 5755:: 5732:. 5718:: 5691:. 5667:: 5637:. 5599:. 5577:: 5545:. 5539:: 5533:3 5496:: 5470:. 5446:: 5440:5 5419:. 5395:: 5389:6 5368:. 5342:. 5313:. 5291:: 5261:. 5237:: 5231:4 5192:. 5168:: 5141:. 5119:: 5105:" 5088:. 5066:: 5052:" 5035:. 5004:. 4982:: 4976:5 4955:. 4933:: 4906:. 4882:: 4855:. 4825:. 4805:: 4797:: 4774:. 4750:: 4742:: 4736:4 4715:. 4695:: 4689:7 4650:. 4628:: 4622:7 4601:. 4579:: 4540:. 4504:. 4482:: 4476:7 4452:. 4440:: 4417:. 4395:: 4387:: 4360:. 4338:: 4311:. 4289:: 4240:. 4228:: 4106:. 4086:" 4064:. 4046:. 4042:: 4019:. 3999:: 3930:. 3918:: 3880:. 3876:: 3852:. 3848:: 3842:5 3825:. 3798:. 3786:: 3778:: 3751:. 3731:: 3705:. 3701:: 3693:: 3626:. 3622:: 3595:. 3585:: 3558:. 3552:: 3525:. 3519:: 3485:. 3473:: 3467:3 3447:. 3443:: 3393:. 3369:: 3361:: 3355:6 3295:. 3289:: 3281:: 3254:. 3248:: 3209:. 3134:. 3122:: 3114:: 3084:. 3072:: 3064:: 3041:. 3029:: 2973:. 2961:: 2868:. 2858:. 2854:: 2848:4 2756:. 2728:. 2716:: 2708:: 2702:4 2678:. 2666:: 2658:: 2652:3 2499:. 2417:. 2374:. 2354:: 2331:. 2286:. 2236:. 2211:) 2176:. 2156:: 2133:. 2113:: 2090:. 2084:: 2076:: 2070:3 2019:. 1986:. 1974:: 1945:. 1933:: 1853:. 1580:. 731:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.