313:." The flat slopes and geology of the beds has resulted in creating a meandering and multi-channel flow pattern, which has resulted in the formation of inner delta of the Niger. The inner delta thus has many wide channels, which are shallow and flooded marshes; this delta extends over a length of 320 km (200 mi) with a width of 80 km (50 mi). It is inferred from the study of nearly 400 maps that it is the delta which is the origin of the lake and that the lake is the largest in the delta. It is integral to the wide river channel with its size fluctuating with variation of the water level in the lake. It also provides confirmation of the nature of blocked water and also includes the
345:, just south of the Sahara desert, has climatic conditions which are reported to be a transitional zone of humid Guinean climate in the south to a dry climate at border with the Sahara. The rainy season in the south lasts from July to October, with an average annual rainfall of 750 mm (30 in). However, the rainy season in the north lasts from July to September, with an average annual precipitation recorded at 250 mm (9.8 in). Temperatures vary with strong seasonal emphasis. The average maximum temperature recorded in May at
45:
527:
29:
186:. During high water stages of the river, the delta formed by lakes, creeks, and backwaters form part of Lake Débo. The inner delta has many wide channels, which are shallow and flooded marshes; this delta extends over a length of 320 kilometres (200 miles) with a width of 80 km (50 mi). Lake Débo during high flow season, is at a distance of 80 km (50 mi) from Mopti on its upstream, on the southern end and 240 km (150 mi) from
1410:
478:
374:
219:
321:
during
November and December. The lake has a vast expanse of water extending on all sides. The river that is formed at the outlet of the lake has a width of 10 km (6 mi) for a length of 10 km (6 mi) downstream, where after it narrows down, gets spilled into many channels; marshy islands are formed and depth of water is in the range of 2.4–3.0 m (8–10 ft). Foolahs, the
629:
263:
52:
254:. The lake has been known variously as Nigrite Palus, Lake Sigisma, Lake Guber, Lake Guarda, Bog/Morais of Guarda, Lake Maberia, Bahar Seafeena, Lake Dibbie, but it is now known as Lake Débo. The Niger River is assessed as a young river of 2000 years age and is yet to stabilize. However, the natural channels have undergone many meandering changes.
279:
before the creation of the lake is 1.5 m (5 ft) per 160 km (100 mi). The lake is divided by a barrier into two zones, the upper and the lower. The barrier extends several kilometres southwards. Beyond the barrier, the lake is narrow and long and its outreach is not visible. The Bara Lisa River joins the Niger above
278:
lake in Mali, which has diameter of 30 km (19 mi) and shallow and hence large vessels can not pass through the lake. In the upper highland reaches of these rivers, the highland terrain slopes are very gentle resulting in the retardation of flows and creation of this lake. The slope reported
320:
Below Lake Debo, the Niger valley is marked by a large number of lakes, which are lower than the river level. As part of the central delta, the lake is the largest. As it is a part of the Niger River, its size varies with the fluctuation in the water level. and maximum flood occurs in the river
328:
During the high flood stage, flood waters arriving at the lake are reported as 12,400 km/s (178,000 cu mi/min). This was absorbed in the vast lake, as storage, and the out flow from the lake is thus moderated to only 2,400 km/s (35,000 cu mi/min) when it reaches
333:, the capital city of Niger. Since 1962, even a 1,000 km/s (14,000 cu mi/min) extra flow from the lake could now cause increase of water level in the Niamey area by 2 m (6 ft 7 in), rising to the level 181.51 metres (595 ft 6 in).
464:
The sloping banks of the lake have shrubs interspersed with grasses and vacant patches, and woody species, generally of acacia species. Akkagoun and
Dentaka are the forested areas surrounding the lake and the delta, which are home for many water birds.
353:
is 40 °C (104 °F). The cooler climatic season is from
December to January with temperatures dropping to a mean minimum of 3 °C (37 °F) to 6 °C (43 °F) in the northern part of the delta.
357:
Lake Débo during high flow season when it has the maximum dimensions of water spread, is 80 km (50 mi) from Mopti on its upstream, on the southern end, and 240 km (150 mi) from
1028:
Michele L. Thieme; Robin Abell; Neil
Burgess; Bernhard Lehner; Eric Dinerstein; David Olson; Guy Teugels; Andre Kamdem-Toham; Melanie L. J. S. Stiassny; Paul Skelton (5 April 2005).
250:. Study of more than 400 maps of the region created over a period from 1000 to 1900 AD found that the lake appeared on 95 percent; the only feature depicted on more maps was the
422:(the chief Joro); the "Harima" (meaning: a local convention) with the chief of village and other members responsible for its usage; and the several small holdings (within the
767:
194:, and the largest lake within Mali. Its size is largely reduced during the dry season of September to March. The existence of this lake called the "Great Lake" in the
393:(Inner Niger Delta in Mali) form the pasture lands which are collectively known as the flooded forest savannah with aquatic herbaceous and two dominant species of
1086:
Samuel
Greatheed; Daniel Parken; Theophilus Williams; Thomas Price; Josiah Conder; William Hendry Stowell; Jonathan Edwards Ryland; Edwin Paxton Hood (1830).
210:
in Mali has been established after extensive study of maps of the region extending over a period from 1000 to 1900 AD; 400 maps were studied for the period.
622:
457:
when the water stages in the lake and the delta is high. The aquatic plants sustain varying levels of water in the lake and the soil types dictates the
1237:
383:
655:
The aquatic fauna in the delta as a whole, which is reflective of the lake also, consists of 130 species mostly of the species in the families of
418:
There are three types of pasture lands, defined on the basis of its management. These are: Resident Fulani's pastures which are controlled by the
390:
1439:
818:
314:
554:
ecozones. Over one million birds have been recorded as using the lake;, including a large number of migratory and resident species, such as
1639:
325:
who live here, use these marshes as pastures in the dry season and thereafter they go back to their habitats in the interior of the basin.
284:
77:
737:
447:
602:
are dwindling. A sea side feeling is felt around the lake and the delta, as the air is filled with the sounds of water birds and
419:
1272:
1356:
1315:
1202:
1122:
1039:
1000:
966:
929:
895:
861:
771:
499:
is also reported from the flood plains. Within the basin area of the lake and the delta mammal species reported include:
667:. There are many migratory fish species which migrate along the river to this region; out of these migrating fishes the
426:) parceled to private individuals. the perennial grasses grown are edible and easily digestible with botanical names of
705:
fisherman, resident on the shores of the lake are involved in these operations. During the dry season, the many ethnic
438:, and which grow in varying depths of water (3–5 m or 10–16 ft). The crop variety, which is extensive, is of
361:
at its downstream, on the north-eastern end. It is the largest of many such seasonal wetlands and lakes which form the
242:
in Mali, was known to
Europeans from very early times. The earliest known report of it was in the first millennium BC.
190:
at its downstream, on the north-eastern end. It is the largest of many such seasonal wetlands and lakes which form the
1654:
1455:
287:, the main arm of the lake, exits from the lake in a westerly direction and turns northeast to join the Bara Lisa.
44:
1737:
365:, and the largest lake within Mali. Its size is largely reduced during the dry season of September to March.
1680:
1659:
1241:
1624:
1349:
1148:
491:
is the most prominent fauna species in the lake which is reported as its last habitat in the world.
1644:
1629:
825:
587:
452:
1742:
625:, which is part of the inner delta with 350 species of birds, including 118 migratory species.
559:
1087:
1062:
1029:
956:
919:
851:
1675:
1305:
990:
885:
495:
are also reported from the lake (the hippo population is estimated at 40 to 60 individuals).
123:
1174:
1112:
1085:
1747:
1716:
1690:
1399:
1342:
488:
469:
are also reported from the lake which could result in reduction of the water transparency.
443:
428:
399:
887:
Travels
Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo and Across the Great Desert to Morocco 1824-28
741:
8:
1711:
1706:
1379:
599:
595:
531:
520:
512:
317:
region. The maximum flood in the lake and the delta occurs during
November and December.
1394:
1389:
1027:
641:
411:
109:
1409:
1434:
1384:
1311:
1118:
1035:
996:
962:
925:
891:
857:
575:
405:
362:
346:
227:
195:
191:
179:
1276:
797:
792:
Gerald J. Rizzo (2006). "The
Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa".
583:
378:
291:
275:
1210:
1685:
1471:
652:
are two endemic species of fishes in the lake which is part of the inland delta.
610:
709:
nomads come to this lake area as their terminus destination during the seasonal
283:. It exits the deltas from the northern shores of Lake Debo and flows east. The
1521:
1466:
668:
563:
504:
496:
434:
137:
801:
1731:
1516:
1491:
1301:
1238:"Applied GIS for Managing Flooded Pastures of Lake Debo and Walado Debo/Mali"
526:
500:
92:
79:
954:
701:, fishing operations are carried out in the lake using trawlers. The ethnic
280:
28:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1429:
710:
579:
516:
508:
481:
306:
1603:
1531:
1511:
1444:
1424:
1365:
1031:
Freshwater
Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment
706:
702:
690:
678:
647:
618:
591:
567:
555:
542:
found within the lake area, which forms one of the major wetlands in the
466:
295:
231:
199:
183:
175:
130:
116:
1275:. Fresh Water Ecoregions of the World, FWEO Organization. Archived from
450:). Another plant species that acts as barrier to sand deposition is the
1649:
1501:
1481:
1476:
694:
664:
660:
656:
633:
551:
547:
271:
110:
290:
Geological formations recorded at the bed of the lake are "from dense
124:
1526:
677:
travels long distances up to the delta and also up to the toe of the
571:
439:
298:
266:
Inner Niger Delta, including Lake Debo, flooded savanna ecoregion map
1307:
Alive in the Writing: Crafting Ethnography in the Company of Chekhov
477:
235:
203:
1567:
672:
539:
373:
358:
310:
302:
239:
207:
187:
1557:
1634:
1587:
1547:
819:"Support Project for Wetland Management In the Inner Niger Delta"
458:
247:
243:
218:
1582:
1577:
1552:
614:
394:
330:
322:
1334:
1067:. Taylor & Francis. 1957. pp. 253–. GGKEY:XNB450PQT77
1562:
1114:
Bridge Over Niger: The True Story of the J. F. Kennedy Bridge
698:
628:
598:. However, a number of Afrotropical species such as the rare
543:
492:
350:
342:
262:
603:
270:
The lake is formed upstream of the confluence of Niger and
251:
171:
167:
143:
1572:
955:
Ralph H. Hughes; Jane S. Hughes; G. M. Bernacsek (1992).
1149:"Case of Flooded Pasture in Lake Débo and Walado Débo,
1207:
Update 019 April 24th, Debo Lake --Sunny Water World
988:
1079:
738:"The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection"
1023:
1021:
1019:
950:
948:
1110:
713:migration along with their herds from the north.
1729:
70:
1016:
945:
791:
768:"The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Beacon"
609:As the lake is an important stopping place for
1296:
1294:
415:are also reported on the fringes of the lake.
1350:
1310:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 32–.
1300:
995:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–.
33:Mud houses on the center island at Lake Débo
1291:
1055:
982:
849:
765:
1357:
1343:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1104:
989:Roderick J. McIntosh (29 September 2005).
877:
546:, is represented by species from both the
226:This lake, called the "Great Lake" in the
1273:"Ecoregion Description:Inner Niger Delta"
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
917:
911:
843:
813:
811:
174:, formed by the seasonal flooding of the
1197:
1195:
1151:Journal Computer and Information Science
761:
759:
627:
525:
476:
372:
309:and covered by a hard layer of cemented-
261:
217:
1240:. Journal of GIS Trends. Archived from
1225:
921:Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa
883:
1730:
1256:
1143:
1141:
856:. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 172–.
808:
770:. Afriterra Foundation. Archived from
732:
730:
728:
726:
397:. These pastures are known locally as
246:described it as having the shape of a
1338:
1192:
756:
1167:
1111:Remo Capra Bloise (11 August 2000).
1209:. Jinfeibao8844.com. Archived from
1138:
723:
349:is 43 °C (109 °F) and at
13:
958:Iucn Directory of African Wetlands
824:. Cmsdata.iucn.org. Archived from
14:
1759:
515:, whilst reptile species include
51:
1408:
301:compacted in the broad Taoudeni
157:160 km (62 sq mi)
50:
43:
27:
1364:
1034:. Island Press. pp. 187–.
850:Ross Velton (1 December 2004).
740:. Afriterra.org. Archived from
918:M. Shahin (30 November 2002).
785:
621:zone under the title whole of
1:
716:
368:
1681:National Park of Upper Niger
1660:River Niger Bridge (Onitsha)
389:The inundated Lake Débo and
257:
7:
1155:. Science Journal. May 2011
924:. Springer. pp. 307–.
890:. Routledge. pp. 21–.
10:
1764:
1117:. iUniverse. pp. 7–.
684:
336:
213:
1699:
1668:
1617:
1596:
1540:
1453:
1417:
1406:
1372:
802:10.1080/03085690500362439
432:(a perennial plant) and
222:Lake Débo seen from space
153:
149:
136:
122:
108:
69:
38:
26:
21:
884:Caillie (7 March 2013).
472:
1179:Encyclopædia Britannica
961:. IUCN. pp. 394–.
617:has classified it as a
588:white-winged black tern
274:. It is the best known
170:in the central part of
796:. 58 (Part 1): 80–89.
636:
535:
484:
386:
267:
223:
1676:Niger Basin Authority
631:
529:
480:
376:
265:
221:
1738:Ramsar sites in Mali
1717:Ogbaru boat disaster
1691:Kainji National Park
1203:"Africa adventure 4"
992:Ancient Middle Niger
489:West African manatee
453:Vetiveria nigritiana
444:Oryza longistaminata
429:Echinochloa stagnina
178:basin. It is in the
93:15.31667°N 4.10000°W
1712:Kwara boat disaster
1707:Kebbi boat disaster
1425:Source of the Niger
1304:(26 January 2012).
1089:The Eclectic Review
600:black crowned crane
596:black-tailed godwit
532:black-crowned crane
521:African rock python
513:red-fronted gazelle
89: /
1279:on 29 October 2013
1244:on 16 October 2011
831:on 24 October 2012
642:Synodontis gobroni
637:
536:
485:
412:Borassus aethiopum
403:grass. Palms like
387:
268:
224:
98:15.31667; -4.10000
1725:
1724:
1435:Inner Niger Delta
1317:978-0-226-56792-1
1124:978-1-4697-7432-9
1041:978-1-59726-791-5
1002:978-0-521-81300-6
968:978-2-88032-949-5
931:978-1-4020-0866-5
897:978-0-415-42792-0
863:978-1-84162-077-0
766:Gerald J. Rizzo.
576:great white egret
406:Hyphaene thebaica
363:Inner Niger Delta
192:Inner Niger Delta
180:Inner Niger Delta
161:
160:
1755:
1625:King Fahd Bridge
1618:Dams and bridges
1412:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1298:
1289:
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1269:
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1249:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1153:, Vol. 4, No. 3"
1145:
1136:
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1108:
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1101:
1099:
1097:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
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1059:
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1050:
1048:
1025:
1014:
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1011:
1009:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
952:
943:
942:
940:
938:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
830:
823:
815:
806:
805:
789:
783:
782:
780:
779:
763:
754:
753:
751:
749:
734:
623:Lake Walado Débo
584:ferruginous duck
435:Vossia cuspidata
382:, vegetation of
379:Cynodon dactylon
341:The lake in the
292:crystalline rock
126:
125:Primary outflows
112:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
72:
54:
53:
47:
31:
19:
18:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1695:
1686:W National Park
1669:Protected Areas
1664:
1645:Kennedy Bridge
1613:
1592:
1536:
1472:Sankarani River
1459:
1449:
1413:
1404:
1368:
1363:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1299:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1213:on 24 June 2012
1201:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1092:. pp. 307–
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1026:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1003:
987:
983:
973:
971:
969:
953:
946:
936:
934:
932:
916:
912:
902:
900:
898:
882:
878:
868:
866:
864:
848:
844:
834:
832:
828:
821:
817:
816:
809:
790:
786:
777:
775:
764:
757:
747:
745:
736:
735:
724:
719:
687:
611:migratory birds
475:
461:of the region.
371:
339:
260:
216:
140: countries
111:Primary inflows
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
80:
78:
76:
75:
65:
64:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
55:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1723:
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1720:
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1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
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1693:
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1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:Martyrs Bridge
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
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1591:
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1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:Forcados River
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Tinkisso River
1463:
1461:
1460:distributaries
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1316:
1290:
1255:
1224:
1191:
1166:
1137:
1123:
1103:
1078:
1054:
1040:
1015:
1001:
981:
967:
944:
930:
910:
896:
876:
862:
842:
807:
784:
755:
744:on 9 June 2013
721:
720:
718:
715:
686:
683:
669:African tetras
564:reed cormorant
560:yellow wagtail
505:dorcas gazelle
497:Nile crocodile
474:
471:
370:
367:
338:
335:
259:
256:
215:
212:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
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134:
133:
128:
120:
119:
114:
106:
105:
73:
67:
66:
57:
56:
49:
48:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1760:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:Lakes of Mali
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
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1601:
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1579:
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1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:Anambra River
1515:
1513:
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1492:Alibori River
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1608:
1507:Kaduna River
1497:Sokoto River
1487:Mekrou River
1430:Middle Niger
1321:. Retrieved
1306:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1246:. Retrieved
1242:the original
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1211:the original
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1182:. Retrieved
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852:
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833:. Retrieved
826:the original
793:
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772:the original
746:. Retrieved
742:the original
711:transhumance
688:
671:
654:
646:
640:
638:
608:
580:purple heron
537:
517:Nile monitor
509:dama gazelle
486:
482:Hippopotamus
467:Algal blooms
463:
451:
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427:
423:
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398:
388:
377:
356:
340:
327:
319:
307:alluvial fan
289:
269:
225:
163:
162:
154:Surface area
16:Lake in Mali
1748:Niger River
1635:Markala Dam
1604:Kainji Lake
1532:Brass River
1512:Benue River
1445:Niger Delta
1440:Lower Niger
1366:Niger River
1064:West Africa
794:Imago Mundi
695:Bani Rivers
679:Markala Dam
648:Gobiocichla
568:glossy ibis
556:sand martin
391:Walado Débo
315:Erg of Bara
296:Precambrian
272:Bani Rivers
232:Niger River
228:inner delta
200:Niger River
196:inner delta
184:Niger River
176:Niger River
131:Niger River
117:Niger River
96: /
71:Coordinates
1732:Categories
1650:Kainji Dam
1640:Gao Bridge
1502:Sota River
1482:Bani River
1477:Milo River
1175:"Lac Débo"
778:2013-04-23
717:References
665:Cyprinidae
661:Mochokidae
657:Mormyridae
634:giant barb
552:Afrotropic
548:Palearctic
384:dūrvā gras
369:Vegetation
347:Tombouctou
285:Issa Baris
276:lacustrine
1700:disasters
1655:Jebba Dam
1527:Nun River
1373:Countries
689:When the
675:leuciscus
572:spoonbill
440:wild rice
299:sandstone
258:Geography
164:Lake Débo
81:15°19′0″N
58:Lake Débo
22:Lake Débo
1609:Lac Debo
1568:Timbuktu
1418:Sections
1323:10 March
1283:22 March
1248:21 March
1217:22 March
1184:21 March
1159:21 March
1130:10 March
1096:20 March
1071:20 March
1047:20 March
1008:20 March
974:20 March
937:20 March
903:20 March
869:20 March
835:22 March
748:18 March
673:Brycinus
645:and the
540:avifauna
359:Timbuktu
311:laterite
303:Syncline
240:Timbuktu
234:between
208:Timbuktu
202:between
188:Timbuktu
1588:Onitsha
1548:Siguiri
1400:Nigeria
697:are in
685:Culture
650:wonderi
459:ecology
424:bourgou
400:bourgou
337:Climate
248:barbell
244:Ptolemy
214:History
182:of the
84:4°6′0″W
1583:Lokoja
1578:Niamey
1553:Bamako
1541:Cities
1458:) and
1380:Guinea
1314:
1121:
1038:
999:
965:
928:
894:
860:
663:, and
619:Ramsar
615:UNESCO
530:Artis
493:Hippos
448:bartti
409:, and
395:acacia
331:Niamey
323:nomads
305:as an
1597:Lakes
1563:Mopti
1558:Segou
1395:Benin
1390:Niger
829:(PDF)
822:(PDF)
699:spate
691:Niger
604:gulls
544:Sahel
473:Fauna
420:Amiro
351:Mopti
343:Sahel
236:Jenne
204:Jenne
166:is a
138:Basin
1456:list
1385:Mali
1325:2013
1312:ISBN
1285:2013
1250:2013
1219:2013
1186:2013
1161:2013
1132:2013
1119:ISBN
1098:2013
1073:2013
1049:2013
1036:ISBN
1010:2013
997:ISBN
976:2013
963:ISBN
939:2013
926:ISBN
905:2013
892:ISBN
871:2013
858:ISBN
853:Mali
837:2012
750:2013
707:Fula
703:Bozo
693:and
639:The
632:The
594:and
592:ruff
558:and
550:and
538:The
519:and
487:The
446:and
281:Dire
252:Nile
238:and
206:and
172:Mali
168:lake
144:Mali
1573:Gao
798:doi
294:of
230:of
198:of
1734::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
