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the
Killarney woods, the roots spread out over the rock surface and penetrate deeply into fissures in the limestone. The wood has a low canopy of 6â14 m (20â46 ft). Yew's extreme tolerance of the dense shade its canopy creates has allowed it to outcompete other species to create the pure yew woodland present today. This dense shade prevents flowering plants from establishing themselves in these woods and prevents the herb layer from developing. Bryophytes are, however, abundant and thrive in humid and cool conditions. In some parts of the wood, there are continuous dense blankets of moss that can be up to 152 centimetres (60 in) deep. The moss species present are primarily
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1742:), comprising approximately 900 individuals. an increase from less than 100 individuals in 1970. They are found in upland areas of the park, mostly on Mangerton and Torc mountains. This herd has been continuously in Ireland for 4,000 years, since the return of red deer to the island, possibly aided by humans, after the last ice age, approximately 10,500 years ago. They were protected in the past by the Kenmare and Muckross estates. The herd is not completely pure because stags were introduced to the herd to improve antler quality in the 19th century.
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2181:, the Meeting of the Waters and the Old Weir Bridge, Muckross Abbey, Muckross House, the Muckross Peninsula, the Old Kenmare Road, O'Sullivan's Cascade, Ross Castle and Ross Island, Tomies Oakwood, and Torc Waterfall. There is a network of surfaced paths in the Knockreer, Muckross, and Ross Island areas that can be used by cyclists and walkers. The Old Kenmare Road and the track around Tomies Oakwood have views over Lough Leane and Killarney. Boat trips on the lakes are available.
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1944:, which began in 2007 with the release of fifteen birds. The project will last a number of years with many more eagles being released. The species had become extinct in Ireland in the 19th century after persecution from landowners. Fifteen chicks will then be brought in annually for the following five years. Despite a poisoning incident in 2009, the program is continuing and birds introduced to the area have now been tracked to Wicklow and Donegal.
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the regeneration of native woody species. More than 6.5 square kilometres (1,600 acres) of the park are now completely infested. They have had a devastating effect in certain parts of the park. As light cannot penetrate the dense thickets of rhododendrons, very few plants can live beneath it. The park's oak woods are in long-term danger because they cannot regenerate. There is a policy of control and eradication of rhododendrons in the park.
1883:) from the world population of approximately 12,000 migrates to winter on boglands in the Killarney Valley within the park. The numbers of this bird that stay in the park are currently low, at less than twenty individuals. This population is important because it is the most southerly in Ireland and one of the few remaining populations remaining that feed entirely on bogland, and whose habitat almost entirely lies within a protected area.
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since the last Ice age. They are extremely sensitive to environmental changes when they are as far south as
Ireland, where they are at the southern edge of their species range. The greatest threats to their survival in Ireland are introduced fish species, eutrophication, acidification and climate change. The rate of extinction of entire populations in Ireland has increased in recent decades.
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781:. These activities have increased the relative abundance of oak in the park in the past 200 years. As most of the oak trees in the woods today are around 200 years old, it is likely that the majority of them were planted, and the oakwoods that have never been disturbed by humans are restricted to a few isolated pockets in remote areas such as mountain valleys.
2104:), which has infested large areas of the National Park, and sika deer, which overgraze the woodland floor and pose a potential threat to the genetic integrity of the native red deer. Both rhododendron and sika deer can have an adverse effect on the native flora by inhibiting regeneration. A more recent, accidental, introduction is the
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upland areas erosion caused by grazing is exacerbated by the exposed nature of the terrain. Pressures from native grazers like red deer and Irish hare have increased since their main natural predators, the wolf and golden eagle, became extinct. Grazing and disturbance of vegetation greatly aids the spread of rhododendron.
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limestone pavement between
Muckross Lake and Lough Leane on Muckross Peninsula. Yew woodland is the rarest habitat type in the park. Yew woodlands are one of the rarest types of woodland in Europe, mostly restricted to western Ireland and southern England. It has priority habitat status under Annex I
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community in Europe. The remote Glaism na Marbh valley has a particularly rich flora of bryophytes, some of which are scarce or absent in other parts of the woods. Mosses, ferns and liverworts frequently occur as epiphytes, attached to the trunks and branches of oak trees. Rare species growing in the
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Fires caused by human activity occur with some frequency in the park. Despite the wet climate, they can spread quite rapidly to cover large areas. These fires rarely penetrate areas covered by dense woodlands, but they do burn readily through stands of open woodland. The park was damaged extensively
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left behind in the area after the last Ice Age, and are consequently indicative of pristine environmental conditions. Although they were once widespread, they now are confined to isolated populations in inland freshwater lakes that have a suitable habitat. They are isolated in their respective lakes
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Pregnant hinds from the lowland areas frequently go to the mountains to give birth in early June. The
National Park staff tags the calves. Although red deer and sika deer are capable of interbreeding, no cases of crossbreeding have been recorded in the park. High priority is given to maintaining the
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Yew is a native evergreen tree that grows best in the high humidity of mild oceanic climates, which makes
Killarney a very suitable location. The soil in the wood is mostly thin and in many places the trees are rooted to fissures in the bare limestone. Yew has an extensive horizontal root system. In
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in 1929. In 1932, Arthur
Vincent and his parents-in-law donated Muckross Estate to the Irish state in her memory. The 43.3 square kilometres (10,700 acres) estate was renamed as the Bourn Vincent Memorial Park. The Irish government created the national park by passing the Bourn Vincent Memorial Park
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areas. Rhododendrons died out in
Ireland because of climate change thousands of years ago. It was introduced to the Killarney area during the 19th century, and rapidly took hold. It has spread through its large numbers of very small easily dispersed seeds. It shades the ground flora and so prevents
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The park has a number of conservation and management challenges. One of these is the park's proximity to
Killarney town, one of Ireland's best known tourist destinations. Killarney has hundreds of thousands of visitors every year. Most of these visitors spend time in the park. Careful management is
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Some of the trees in Re-enadinna wood are two hundred years old. There has been little regeneration of the yew trees in the wood. Overgrazing of the woodland floor by sika deer may be part of the reason for this, but small areas of the wood that have been fenced off since 1969 have experienced very
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Lough Leane, and the other lakes to a lesser extent, support wintering birds that travel south from higher latitudes. These species include redwing, fieldfare, golden plover and waterfowl such as teal, goldeneye, wigeon, pochard and whooper swan. The park's native bird populations are augmented by
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in the early 19th century, probably because of the high prices that oak was commanding at this time. Replanting and management of the oak forests was promoted at this time. There was a large-scale felling of oak trees at Ross Island in 1803, Glena in around 1804 and Tomies in 1805. Tomies was then
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mansion, close to
Muckross Lake's eastern shore, beneath the backdrop of Mangerton and Torc mountains. The house has now been restored and attracts more than 250,000 visitors a year. Muckross Gardens are famous for their collection of rhododendrons, hybrids and azaleas, and exotic trees. Muckross
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and is also still standing, despite having been damaged and reconstructed several times when its inhabitants were raided. "Friars Glen" on
Mangerton Mountain is customarily said to have been one of the places the monks would flee to when the monastery was attacked. The central feature of Muckross
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The main land use within the site is grazing by sheep. Deer grazing is also common. The woods in the park are currently severely overgrazed by sika deer. Grazing has caused damage to many terrestrial habitats, causing heath and blanket bogs to degrade and preventing woodland regeneration. In the
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Significant amounts of plant species found in the park have unusual geographic distributions and are of localised occurrence within Ireland. These plant species are grouped within four main categories: arctic-alpine plants, Atlantic species, North American species and very rare species. Atlantic
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Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) flourish in the park, due partly to the area's mild oceanic climate. The park is internationally significant for bryophytes. Many of the bryophytes found in the park are not found anywhere else in Ireland. Mosses, ferns such as filmy ferns, and liverworts grow
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The Park boasts a wealth of bird life, and is of ornithological importance because it supports a diverse range of birds. 141 bird species have been recorded in the park, including upland, woodland and wintering waterfowl species. Several species which are otherwise rare in Ireland are present,
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Red deer and sika deer heavily use the wetland woods as cover, and bare muddy "deer wallows" are a characteristic feature. Rhododendrons are the greatest threat to these woodlands. They are invading the woodlands, using raised areas such as tussocks or tree bases where the floor is too wet for
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L.) in the UK and Ireland. It is the only significant area of yew woodland in Ireland and is one of just three pure yew woodlands in Europe. It is of considerable ecological and conservation interest, as yew is rarely a woodland dominant. The western limit of the wood lies along the geological
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Around 1970 there was public disquiet about threats to the Bourn Vincent Memorial Park. The Irish authorities looked at international practices in classifying and managing of national parks. It was decided to expand and re-designate the park as a national park that corresponded broadly to
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boundary with Devonian Old Red Sandstone. The wood is bounded to the east by parkland where the limestone no longer outcrops. Muckross bog, a raised bog 0.02 square kilometres (4.9 acres) in area, is in the southern part of the wood. There are hollows between the limestone outcrops. Deep
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is the deepest of the three lakes. It has a maximum depth of 73.5 metres (241 ft), close to where the steeply sloping side of Torc Mountain enters the lake. The lake lies on the geological boundary between the sandstone mountains to the south and west and the limestone to the north.
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Despite its poisonous properties, yew is very susceptible to browsing and bark stripping by deer, rabbits, hare, and domestic animals. It is one of the most grazing sensitive trees in the Killarney woodlands. Sika deer have killed yews by scoring the trees with their antlers.
1125:) wood in Ireland. Most of the oak woodlands are located on the lower slopes of the Shehy and Tomy mountains, adjacent to Lough Leane. They are typically dominated by sessile oak, which favours the acidic soils of the sandstone mountains. The woods have Annex I status in the
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of waterfalls and other damp places. Although it was once quite common, it was picked almost to extinction when pickers collected it to be sold to tourists. The few sites where this fern remain tend to be in isolated mountainous locations where pickers never found it.
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in the lake appears to have improved since phosphates were removed from sewage in 1985. As of August 2007, several large hotels and businesses have stated their intention to stop using phosphate detergents, in an effort to preserve the quality of the lake water.
1995:, a mostly marine species. It is unique to the Lakes of Killarney. It is rarely seen because it feeds mainly on plankton and thus is rarely caught by fishers. It is listed in the Irish "Red Data Book" of threatened species. It is listed in Annex II of the EU
1754:) were introduced to the park from Japan in 1865. Their population has increased considerably since then. It is estimated there is also up to 1000 Sika deer in Killarney National Park. Within the park they are found both on open upland areas and woodlands.
546:, with light showery rainfall being frequent throughout the year. The mean rainfall is 1,263 millimetres (49.7 in) per year, 223 days per annum typically having more than 1 millimetre (0.039 in) precipitation. The mean number of frost days is 40.
932:(the middle lake), and the Upper Lake. These lakes are interlinked and together make up almost a quarter of the park's area. Despite being interlinked, each lake has a unique ecosystem. The lakes join at the Meeting of the Waters, a popular tourist area.
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The park is perhaps most famous for its oak woodlands, which are about 12.2 square kilometres (3,000 acres) in size. They form the largest area of native woodland remaining in Ireland and are a remnant of the woodland that once covered much of Ireland.
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invasion threaten the park's woodlands. Rhododendrons affect approximately two-thirds of the oak woodlands. A rhododendron removal programme is under way in the park. The yew woodlands have been negatively affected by heavy grazing for many years.
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Act in 1932. The Act required the Commissioners of Public Works to "maintain and manage the Park as a National Park for the purpose of the recreation and enjoyment of the public." The memorial park is the core of today's enlarged national park.
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famously described Derrycunihy wood as "a great sweep of mountain, covered partly in wood, hanging in a very noble manner, but part cut down, much of it mangled, and the rest inhabited by coopers, boat-builders, carpenters and turners..."
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Lough Leane and Muckross Lake lie across the geological boundary. The presence of limestone causes both of the lakes to be slightly richer in nutrients than the Upper Lake. There are many caves in the limestone at lake level, created by
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of Glena, Ullauns, and Poulagower. The park is now more than double the size it was in 1932. As the Irish economy became wealthier and the perception of the role of national parks changed, much more money was made available to the park.
662:, a record of the early history of Ireland as it was known by the monks, was written in the monastery from the 11th to 13th centuries. It is thought that the monastery gave rise to the name Lough Leane, which means "Lake of Learning".
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From the Meeting of the Waters a narrow channel called the Long Range leads to the Upper Lake, the smallest of the three lakes. This lake is located in rugged mountain scenery in the upper Killarney/Black Valley area. The fast
1606:) is relatively common in the park, it is one of Ireland's rarest native tree species and is found in very few locations outside Killarney. In the park it is found on cliff tops and the edges of the woodlands around the lake.
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1535:, and a range of rare or scarce plant species. Several of the animal and plant species in the park have a hiberno-lusitanean distribution, meaning that they only occur in southwest Ireland, northern Spain, and
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Lough Leane is approximately 19 square kilometres (4,700 acres) in size and is by far the largest of the three lakes. It is also the largest body of fresh water in the region. It is also the lake richest in
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Perrin, Philip M.; Daniel L. Kelly; Fraser J.G. Mitchell (1 December 2006). "Long-term deer exclusion in yew-wood and oakwood habitats in southwest Ireland: Natural regeneration and stand dynamics".
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on low-lying swampy limestone soils on the lake edges. The woods in the park fall naturally into two sectors, along the geologic divide. The oak and yew woodlands are of international importance.
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in recent years. The blooms have not yet had a severe effect on the lake's ecosystem. To prevent further pollution causing a permanent change in the lake's ecosystem, a review of land use in the
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The park is open for tourism year-round. There is a visitor and education centre at Killarney House. Visitor attractions in the park include Dinis Cottage, Knockreer Demesne, Inisfallen Island,
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on the shore of Lough Leane. It was once the residence of the chieftain O'Donoghue MĂłr. The castle was extended in the 17th century. It has been restored and is open to the public. A 1580s
752:. Pressure on the woods intensified in the later part of the 18th century. The biggest cause of oakwood destruction in Killarney in the 18th century was the production of charcoal to fire
1539:. The main reason for this is the effect of the Gulf Stream on southwest Ireland's climate. The park has been designated a biosphere reserve because of the presence of such rare species.
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to the park is an additional human influence on the area. These species have damaged the natural ecosystems of Killarney. The most notable of these species are the common rhododendron (
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The introduced common rhododendron is a large threat to certain areas of the oak woods. For example, it is widespread throughout Camillan Wood despite ongoing attempts to control it.
861:
was unable to provide much financial support to the park, so it operated primarily as a working farm that was open to the public. Muckross House was closed to the public until 1964.
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from its stem was used to cure warts. Fishermen used it to capture fish, utilising compounds in the sap that prevent fish gills from functioning properly and so suffocate the fish.
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daily temperatures range from a low of 5.88 °C (42.58 °F) in January to a high of 15.28 °C (59.50 °F) in July. The park experiences high rainfall and changeable
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systems, with water that is slightly acidic and low in nutrients. This is caused by run-off from the upland sandstones and blanket bogs in their catchment areas. They have diverse
869:. A decision was also made to establish other national parks in Ireland. Almost 60 square kilometres (15,000 acres) has been added to the original park, including the three lakes,
3594:
Erfmeier, Alexandra; Helge Bruelheide (2004). "Comparison of native and invasive "Rhododendron ponticum" populations: Growth, reproduction and morphology under field conditions".
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Traditional Farms is a working farm project that recreates Irish rural life in the 1930s, prior to electrification. Knockreer House is used as the National Park Education Centre.
1952:
The Lakes of Killarney contain many brown trout and an annual run of salmon. Rare species found in the lakes are Arctic char and Killarney shad. The lakes have natural stocks of
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spp.). The areas that are periodically covered by water are rich in species including grasses, rushes, sedges, and flowers such as marsh bedstraw, meadow sweet, and water mint.
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area during this period, which suggests that the area was of considerable importance to Bronze Age people. The park has many archaeological features, including a well preserved
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found in bogs. It digests insects to supplement the poor supply of nutrients (especially nitrogen) available from the bog. Its purple flowers bloom in late May and early June.
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The geological boundary, the park's wide range of altitudes, and the climatic influence of the Gulf Stream combine to give the park a varied ecology. These ecosystems include
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little yew regeneration. The dense canopy created by the yew trees that lets very little sunlight through to the woodland floor may also prevent the growth of yew seedlings.
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A large number of plant and animal species of interest occur within the site, including most of the native Irish mammal species, several important fish species including
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is about 1.7 square kilometres (420 acres) in size. This is one of the most extensive areas of this woodland type in Ireland. The dominant canopy species here are
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remaining in Ireland. The park is of high ecological value because of the quality, diversity, and extensiveness of many of its habitats and the wide variety of
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The remoteness of some of the upland areas aids the survival of Ireland's only remaining wild herd of native red deer. The bogs are threatened by grazing,
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Killarney possesses the most extensive area (approximately 120 square kilometres (30,000 acres)) of semi-natural native woodland (woodland dominated by
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1937:. Some species are vagrants that appear sporadically, for example when there is stormy weather or an unusually cold spell on the European continent.
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Killarney National Park is one of the very few places in Ireland that has been continuously covered by woodland since the end of the most recent
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A Recent History of Sessile Oak (Quercus Petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.)-Dominated Woodland in Killarney, S.W. Ireland, Based on Tree-Ring Analysis
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of species of high conservation concern (1â2 pairs each). The Greenland white-fronted goose, merlin, and peregrine are listed on Annex I of the
2135:
The common rhododendron is perhaps the greatest threat to the ecology of the park. It is an evergreen shrub with a natural distribution in the
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on rocks and tree trunks. It is reputedly the only slug capable of rolling itself into a ball. It is on both Annex II and Annex IV of the EU
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in 1932. The park has since been substantially expanded and encompasses over 102.89 km (25,425 acres) of diverse ecology, including the
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are in the park. Altitudes in the park range from 22 metres (72 ft) to 842 metres (2,762 ft). A major geological boundary between
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The Herbert family owned the land on the Muckross Peninsula from 1770 onwards. They became very wealthy from copper mines on this land.
1062:) remaining in Ireland. Most of this woodland is encompassed by the national park. There are three main types of woodland in the park:
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1617:) is a shrub or small tree that grows on rocks close to lakeshores. It is found only in Killarney. The more common Irish whitebeam (
1312:
woodland in the park is known as Reenadinna Wood. It is about 0.25 square kilometres (62 acres) in size and is located on low-lying
561:, cliffs and crags are features of the park. Above 200 metres (660 ft), the mountainous sandstone areas support large areas of
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in their natural state are highly valued. The park is known for its scenery, and recreation and tourism amenities are provided for.
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From the 18th century the land in today's park were divided between two great estates, the Herberts of Muckross and the Brownes (
538:. It experiences mild winters (6 °C (43 °F) February average) and cool summers (15 °C (59 °F) July average).
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in 1843. The Herbert's financial situation became precarious in the late 19th century, and the Muckross estate was purchased by
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entering Lough Leane Reedbed, an important habitat on the edge of Lough Leane. This nutrient enrichment has caused several
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Killarney National Park is in southwest Ireland close to the island's most westerly point. The Lakes of Killarney and the
800:
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2499:
Kelly, Daniel L. (July 1981). "The Native Forest Vegetation of Killarney, South-West Ireland: An Ecological Account".
677:. It is traditionally said that this tree is as old as Muckross Abbey itself. The abbey was the burial place of local
2682:
Cross, J. R. (November 1981). "The Establishment of Rhododendron Ponticum in the Killarney Oakwoods, S. W. Ireland".
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genetic purity of the native red deer herd. Red deer are fully protected by law, and their hunting is not permitted.
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once nested in the park, but were extirpated around 1900 as a result of disturbance, nest robbing, and persecution.
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2108:, which is now firmly established in the park alongside the native otter. Extinctions caused by humans include the
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of the EU Habitats Directive. Reenadinna Wood is also one of the largest woods that are dominated by common yew (
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in its catchment area can cause the level of the lake to rise by up to a meter in a few hours during heavy rain.
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Several unusual invertebrate species can be found in the Killarney valley. Some of these species, including the
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The Arctic Char Salvelinus Alpinus (L.) Species Complex in Ireland: A Secretive And Threatened Ice Age Relict
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Chaffinches and robins are the most common species in the woodlands. Other species that breed there include
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soils have developed in some of the hollows. It is estimated that the wood developed 3,000â5,000 years ago.
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110,000 improving the estate between 1911 and 1932, building the Sunken Garden, the Stream Garden, and a
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740:). During the 17th and 18th centuries the woods were extensively utilised for local industries including
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military record describes the Killarney area as a meagrely inhabited wilderness of forest and mountains.
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is the largest of the Killarney lakes and contains over 30 islands. Some visitors avail of boat trips to
1845:. The rare redstart and wood warbler are thought to have a few breeding pairs in the park's woodlands.
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was first identified in 1964 in northwest Kerry. Its range has now expanded and now includes the park.
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species are species which are otherwise found mostly in southern and south-western Europe, for example
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at Lissivigeen. The woods in the park have been disturbed and cleared at different periods since the
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that were left behind in Killarney after the last retreat of ice. The northern or moorland emerald
894:. Ladies' View provides a good view of the Lakes including the Gap of Dunloe, the Black Valley and
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Dietary Analysis of Sympatric Arctic Char And Brown Trout in Lough Muckross, South-Western Ireland
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Most mammals native to Ireland and long established introduced species are found in the park. The
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1647:) is an Atlantic species that in Ireland is only found in the southwest. In the past the milky
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Wet woodland (also called carr) on the low-lying swampy limestone areas within Lough Leane's
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1807:. Historical accounts and place names suggest that the osprey bred in the area in the past.
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seedlings to become established. Although some clearance has occurred reinvasion continues.
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2031:, the rarest Irish dragonfly, is confined to the park. It breeds in shallow pools in bogs.
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water on the exposed rock. These caves are largest on the northern shore of Muckross Lake.
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1803:. The osprey sometimes passes through the park as it migrates between northern Africa and
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luxuriantly. Many of them live as epiphytes, growing on the branches and trunks of trees.
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2571:"Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment Site Synopsis"
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grow in the woods. The bryophytes in these woods are perhaps the best-developed Atlantic
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3188:"The history and vegetation dynamics of a yew wood ("Taxus baccata" L.) in S.W. Ireland"
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A number of rare species of myxomycete fungus have been recorded in the park. These are
1078:) on Carboniferous limestone outcrops; and wet woodland (also called carr) dominated by
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on the lakes has been a pastime in the area for some time, in particular of the lakes'
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and wet heath. The bogs in the park mostly have a characteristic flora that includes
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bought Muckross Estate as a wedding present for his daughter Maud on her marriage to
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Abbey is a central courtyard that contains a huge yew tree surrounded by a vaulted
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The Role of the State in Protecting Natural Areas in Ireland: 30 Years Of Progress
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also occur in the park. The mixed woodland on Ross Island has one of the richest
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2097:
2024:
2023:
species are usually found much further north in Europe. They are thought to be
1899:
1842:
1772:
1735:
1250:
1085:
1005:
969:
953:
842:
824:
796:
773:
665:
587:
543:
409:
385:
3743:
3113:"Living with Nature: The Designation of Nature Conservation Sites in Ireland"
2577:
2399:
2248:
2136:
2105:
1926:
1887:
1827:
1784:
1599:
1441:
1309:
1254:
1165:
1157:
1047:
1016:
980:
973:
929:
718:
487:
425:
401:
133:
120:
48:
3607:
2045:
species that is rare both in the Killarney woods and in Ireland as a whole.
1960:
that can be fished, subject only to usual Irish salmon license regulations.
636:
Some of the most impressive archaeological remains in the park are from the
3213:
2117:
2084:
1971:
L.), which is usually found much further north in sub-Arctic lakes. It's a
1934:
1930:
1915:
1852:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1768:
1433:
1278:
1100:
1063:
678:
614:
441:
428:
woodlands of international importance, and mountain peaks. It has the only
397:
3389:
190:
2332:
2208:
2178:
1992:
1964:
1953:
1907:
1903:
1804:
1591:
1532:
1421:
1413:
1385:
1195:), thrive in the humid oceanic climate. Species with restricted Atlantic
1169:
1118:
989:
965:
937:
925:
895:
891:
828:
726:
722:
703:
641:
632:
A 19th-century map of the Lakes of Killarney, produced for early tourists
602:
582:
562:
535:
524:
520:
106:
3625:
2034:
The oak woods in the remote Glaism na Marbh valley are a stronghold for
509:
lies in the park. The underlying geology of the majority of the park is
2703:
2520:
2093:
needed to ensure minimal conflict between conservation and recreation.
2049:
1988:
1860:
1848:
1780:
1776:
1587:
1457:
1365:
1300:
1145:
1093:
1012:
669:
649:
648:
on Inisfallen Island in Lough Leane. It was founded in the 7th century
598:
1020:
3694:
3007:
Tourism in the New Europe: perspectives on SME policies and practices
2218:
2140:
2028:
2016:
1919:
1711:
1610:
1425:
1282:
1274:
1246:
1200:
1130:
1028:
993:
957:
886:
850:
778:
761:
510:
471:
393:
288:
95:
3564:
3544:
3415:
3355:
3320:
3153:
3078:
2975:
2911:
2864:
2753:
2695:
2611:
2512:
2280:
2060:
species. It emerges in Killarney's frequent wet weather to graze on
1046:
All three lakes are very acid sensitive and therefore vulnerable to
2568:
2390:
2042:
2020:
1838:
1560:
1536:
1449:
1323:
1289:
butterfly, whose caterpillar is entirely dependent upon oak trees.
1270:
1238:
1177:
1173:
949:
874:
804:
753:
741:
674:
618:
554:
499:
429:
466:
is responsible for the management and administration of the park.
2238:
1856:
1676:
1544:
1520:
1262:
933:
832:
594:
558:
539:
437:
405:
3637:
2464:
2061:
1957:
1800:
1640:
1586:) is probably the most rare plant species in the park. It is a
1393:
1184:
941:
445:
1164:) are a notable part of these woods. There are also scattered
699:
58:
3672:
1313:
3269:
Irish Wetland Woods: The Plant Communities And Their Ecology
1875:
migrant species in both winter and summer. A small flock of
1129:
because of their diverse and rich flora, most notably their
432:
herd on mainland Ireland and the most extensive covering of
3445:
RTĂ News â Rare eagle reintroduced to Ireland â August 2007
2109:
1980:
1134:
1071:
997:
2833:
1648:
1412:
While the lower slopes of the mountains are dominated by
757:
550:
421:
3790:
Special Areas of Conservation in the Republic of Ireland
3593:
3391:
Wild Deer Management in Ireland: Stalker Training Manual
3111:
The Department of the Environment and Local Government.
3004:
3265:
2569:
National Parks and Wildlife Service (5 December 2005).
1940:
The park is also the site for a project to reintroduce
1925:
Species that migrate from Africa in the summer include
3236:
Thomas, P.A.; A Polwart (2003). ""Taxus baccata" L".
2947:
1791:. Other noteworthy species found in the park are the
557:, mountains, waterways, woodland, parks and gardens.
2391:
National Parks and Wildlife Service (1 April 2005).
2080:
Wild rhododendrons growing beside Owengarriff river
1734:The park has Ireland's only remaining wild herd of
517:occurring on the low eastern shore of Lough Leane.
3540:"Half of Killarney park landmass damaged in fires"
1237:Bird species that reside in the oak woods include
1011:Muckross Lake and the Upper Lake are high quality
756:used in the local iron industry. Approximately 25
2793:
2199:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
1814:The most common bird species in upland areas are
772:Woodland exploitation again increased during the
3765:Forests and woodlands of the Republic of Ireland
3741:
3473:
1281:. Insects include many species of the parasitic
914:The Purple Mountains, viewed from the Upper Lake
777:replanted with three-year-old oak and Glena was
640:period. The most important of these features is
3559:
3557:
3555:
3387:
3235:
2980:"Muckross House, Gardens and Traditional Farms"
1910:. Other species that live on the lakes are the
217:
78:
1697:. The park has a highly diverse lichen flora.
3760:Biosphere reserves of the Republic of Ireland
3658:
3266:Kelly, Daniel L.; Susan F. Iremonger (1997).
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
2167:Jaunting cars bring tourists around the park.
713:, the land around the lakes was owned by the
656:and was occupied until the 14th century. The
363:
180:National Parks and Wildlife Service (Ireland)
3552:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
527:, one of the larger islands on Lough Leane.
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3315:
3313:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3181:
3179:
3005:Thomas, Rhodri; Marcjanna Augustyn (2006).
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
621:. This has caused a gradual decline in the
3665:
3651:
3630:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3137:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
370:
356:
3775:National parks of the Republic of Ireland
3674:National Parks in the Republic of Ireland
3498:
3203:
3106:
3104:
3032:"Park bosses outline aims for the future"
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2595:
2328:
2326:
1180:. The herb layer is not rich in species.
440:that they accommodate, some of which are
350:National Parks in the Republic of Ireland
329:
3587:
3456:update on white tailed eagles April 2009
3401:
3383:
3381:
3261:
3259:
3220:
3185:
3176:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
2968:
2887:
2848:
2808:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2741:
2527:
2485:
2353:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2162:
2151:
2083:
2075:
1725:
1718:is another notable species in the park.
1632:) (also known as the Kerry violet) is a
1299:
909:
901:
885:
837:
760:of oak was needed to produce one ton of
698:
627:
581:
477:
3343:
3290:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2639:
2637:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2393:"Killarney National Park Site Synopsis"
2260:
2071:
810:
470:is the main objective of the park, and
3742:
3537:
3101:
3029:
3023:
2998:
2934:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
1666:(the only known location in Ireland),
1575:
890:The Lakes of Killarney as viewed from
153:102.89 km (39.73 sq mi)
25:National park in County Kerry, Ireland
3646:
3378:
3256:
3054:
2834:O'Sullivan, Aileen; Daniel L. Kelly.
2776:
2681:
2643:
2498:
2465:National Parks and Wildlife Service.
2303:
881:
845:as seen from the top of Torc Mountain
681:. In the 17th and 18th centuries the
3467:
2716:
2710:
2668:
2634:
1144:The oak woodlands typically have an
873:, Ross Island, Innisfallen, and the
249:
3785:Protected areas established in 1932
2417:
464:National Parks and Wildlife Service
233:
13:
3563:
3414:
3354:
3319:
3205:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00486.x
3152:
3077:
3030:Murphy, Mary (30 September 2004).
2974:
2910:
2863:
2752:
2610:
2279:
451:in 1981. The park forms part of a
14:
3801:
3617:
3538:Sheehy, Paschal (26 April 2021).
3474:Igoe, Fran; Johna Hammar (2004).
2723:World Database on Protected Areas
2096:The past introduction of several
1987:) is a land-locked lake-dwelling
1871:live on the park's water bodies.
1555:. North American species include
601:, approximately 4,000 years ago.
297:
281:
265:
3504:
3388:Nolan, L.M.; J.T. Walsh (2005).
3250:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00783.x
2159:â One of many sights in the park
2002:
1359:
1295:
1107:
577:
328:
312:
296:
280:
264:
248:
232:
216:
209:
77:
70:
57:
3531:
3507:"Dragonflies & Damselflies"
3449:
3438:
2794:Power, M.; F. Igoe; S. Neylon.
2285:"About Killarney National Park"
1947:
1886:Other wintering waterfowls are
1775:(possibly up to 10 pairs). The
1757:
1730:A male red deer in oak woodland
1068:Quercus petraea-Ilex aquifolium
960:from agricultural and domestic
3755:1932 establishments in Ireland
1050:within their catchment areas.
313:
1:
2335:Forest Ecology and Management
2254:
1877:Greenland white-fronted geese
1763:notably the woodland species
1621:) is also found in the park.
1566:
1523:, burning and afforestation.
625:of tree species in the park.
2347:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.025
1881:Anser albifrons flavirostris
1117:is perhaps the most natural
1053:
534:, heavily influenced by the
453:Special Area of Conservation
444:. The park was designated a
7:
2948:Muckross Research Library.
2192:
972:area is being carried out.
924:The Lakes of Killarney are
390:PĂĄirc NĂĄisiĂșnta Chill Airne
163:; 92 years ago
37:PĂĄirc NĂĄisiĂșnta Chill Airne
10:
3806:
3569:"Rhododendron Infestation"
2170:
2147:
1705:
1407:
917:
711:Norman invasion of Ireland
572:
15:
3723:
3680:
3638:National Parks of Ireland
3186:Mitchell, F.J.G. (1990).
3009:. Elsevier. p. 262.
2719:"Killarney National Park"
2467:"Killarney National Park"
1985:Alosa fallax killarnensis
1740:Cervus elaphus hibernicus
1070:) on Devonian sandstone;
694:Eoghan Rua Ă SĂșilleabhĂĄin
605:have found evidence that
185:
175:
157:
149:
112:
102:
91:
65:
56:
42:
35:
30:
18:Killarney Provincial Park
2950:"Former Muckross Owners"
2128:by fires in April 2021.
1700:
1526:
1207:Cyclodictyon laetevirens
906:Killarney Lake - Ireland
807:brewing family in 1899.
670:Observantine Franciscans
586:Cloistered courtyard in
16:Not to be confused with
3608:10.1078/0367-2530-00141
3420:"Bird Life in the Park"
2229:Mountains of East Kerry
1830:(up to five pairs) and
1721:
1490:Cladopodiella francisci
849:Maud Vincent died from
668:was founded in 1448 by
507:Carboniferous limestone
457:Special Protection Area
382:Killarney National Park
225:PĂĄirc NĂĄisiĂșnta na Mara
31:Killarney National Park
3770:Geography of Killarney
2684:The Journal of Ecology
2501:The Journal of Ecology
2168:
2160:
2089:
2081:
1731:
1630:Pinguicula grandiflora
1462:Pinguicula grandiflora
1305:
1231:Sematophyllum demissum
915:
907:
899:
846:
815:In 1910, the American
706:
633:
590:
389:
3780:Parks in County Kerry
3461:19 April 2009 at the
3286:on 27 September 2007.
2664:on 27 September 2007.
2616:"History of the Park"
2166:
2155:
2102:Rhododendron ponticum
2087:
2079:
1834:(at least one pair).
1729:
1583:Trichomanes speciosum
1498:Cladonia mediterranea
1486:Calliergon stramineum
1345:Thuidium tamariscinum
1303:
1213:Daltonia splachnoides
1127:EU Habitats Directive
1096:in the park's woods.
996:effect of the lakes'
913:
905:
889:
841:
702:
631:
585:
478:Climate and geography
3494:on 18 February 2005.
3325:"Noteworthy Species"
3125:on 27 September 2007
2916:"Killarney Oakwoods"
2729:on 30 September 2007
2717:UNEP (3 June 2004).
2473:on 28 September 2007
2291:on 29 September 2007
2184:Muckross House is a
2122:Aquila chrysaetos L.
2088:O'Sullivan's Cascade
2072:Conservation threats
2054:Geomalacus maculosus
2013:Somatochlora arctica
1664:Cribraria microcarpa
1656:Collaria arcyrionema
1580:The Killarney fern (
1549:St Patrick's cabbage
1339:Eurhynchium striatum
1074:-rich yew woodland (
817:William Bowers Bourn
811:Creation of the park
793:Mary Balfour Herbert
786:Henry Arthur Herbert
686:Seafraidh O'Donoghue
659:Annals of Inisfallen
654:St. Finian the Leper
392:), near the town of
346:class=notpageimage|
134:52.02099°N 9.50664°W
3519:on 16 December 2017
3485:Royal Irish Academy
3277:Royal Irish Academy
2956:on 18 February 2009
2869:"Cultural Heritage"
2758:"Visiting the Park"
2655:Royal Irish Academy
2583:on 19 November 2007
2405:on 19 November 2007
1942:white-tailed eagles
1826:. Rare species are
1824:European stonechats
1576:Other plant species
1454:Vaccinium myrtillus
1448:), with occasional
1333:Thamnium alopecurum
1304:Reenadinna yew wood
1225:Radula carringtonii
1090:conifer plantations
1033:Littorella uniflora
795:âfinished building
696:were buried there.
646:monastic settlement
515:limestone pavements
468:Nature conservation
412:was donated to the
408:, created when the
176:Governing body
130: /
3575:on 7 February 2007
3426:on 7 February 2007
3331:on 7 February 2007
3238:Journal of Ecology
3164:on 6 February 2007
2875:on 7 February 2007
2644:Craig, A. (2001).
2622:on 7 February 2007
2214:Lakes of Killarney
2169:
2161:
2090:
2082:
2066:Habitats Directive
2058:hiberno-lusitanean
1997:Habitats Directive
1969:Salvelinus alpinus
1963:The lakes contain
1869:common kingfishers
1789:EU Birds Directive
1732:
1660:Craterium muscorum
1626:greater butterwort
1590:that grows in the
1553:greater butterwort
1514:Cetraria islandica
1456:). Large-flowered
1382:Fraxinus excelsior
1306:
1257:. Mammals include
1060:indigenous species
1017:aquatic vegetation
992:combined with the
928:(the lower lake),
920:Lakes of Killarney
916:
908:
900:
882:Lakes of Killarney
847:
725:is a 15th-century
707:
634:
609:took place in the
591:
418:Lakes of Killarney
139:52.02099; -9.50664
3737:
3736:
3710:Wicklow Mountains
3016:978-0-08-044706-3
1912:black-headed gull
1832:peregrine falcons
1771:(1â2 pairs), and
1645:Euphorbia hyberna
1634:carnivorous plant
1494:Calypogeia azurea
1466:Sphagnum pulchrum
1287:purple hairstreak
1041:Lobelia dortmanna
1025:Isoetes lacustris
788:and his wifeâthe
690:AogĂĄn Ă Rathaille
644:, the ruins of a
503:Old Red Sandstone
449:Biosphere Reserve
337:Wicklow Mountains
205:
204:
103:Nearest city
3797:
3750:IUCN Category II
3667:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3626:Official website
3612:
3611:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3571:. Archived from
3561:
3550:
3549:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3512:. Archived from
3511:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3487:. Archived from
3482:
3471:
3465:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3422:. Archived from
3412:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3362:. Archived from
3352:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3327:. Archived from
3317:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3279:. Archived from
3274:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3233:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3160:. Archived from
3150:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3118:. Archived from
3117:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3085:. Archived from
3075:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3042:on 30 April 2009
3038:. Archived from
3027:
3021:
3020:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2982:. Archived from
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2952:. Archived from
2945:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2918:. Archived from
2908:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2871:. Archived from
2861:
2846:
2845:
2840:. Archived from
2831:
2806:
2805:
2800:. Archived from
2791:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2760:. Archived from
2750:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2725:. Archived from
2714:
2708:
2707:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2657:. Archived from
2652:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2618:. Archived from
2608:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2576:. Archived from
2575:
2566:
2525:
2524:
2496:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2469:. Archived from
2462:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2398:. Archived from
2397:
2388:
2351:
2350:
2341:(2â3): 356â367.
2330:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2287:. Archived from
2277:
2224:Purple Mountains
2037:Formica lugubris
2009:northern emerald
1619:Sorbus hibernica
1430:Calluna vulgaris
1390:Betula pubescens
1243:common chaffinch
1193:Hymenophyllaceae
1158:Strawberry trees
1115:Derrycunihy Wood
952:. It has become
871:Knockreer Estate
867:IUCN Category II
859:Irish Government
738:Earls of Kenmare
642:Inisfallen Abbey
559:Outcropping rock
530:The park has an
496:Purple Mountains
414:Irish Free State
400:, was the first
372:
365:
358:
332:
331:
316:
315:
300:
299:
284:
283:
268:
267:
252:
251:
236:
235:
220:
219:
213:
201:
198:
196:
194:
192:
171:
169:
164:
145:
144:
142:
141:
140:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
81:
80:
74:
61:
28:
27:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3719:
3676:
3671:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3562:
3553:
3536:
3532:
3522:
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2792:
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2257:
2244:Killarney House
2195:
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2157:Old Weir Bridge
2150:
2074:
2005:
1950:
1843:garden warblers
1760:
1749:
1724:
1708:
1703:
1695:Licea marginata
1691:Fuligo muscorum
1600:strawberry tree
1578:
1569:
1557:blue-eyed grass
1529:
1496:) and lichens (
1488:), liverworts (
1474:S. platyphyllum
1418:Quercus petraea
1410:
1374:Alnus glutinosa
1362:
1298:
1154:Ilex aquifolium
1123:Quercus petraea
1110:
1056:
956:as a result of
922:
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813:
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638:early Christian
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2173:Muckross House
2171:Main article:
2149:
2146:
2114:Canis lupus L.
2098:exotic species
2073:
2070:
2025:relict species
2015:) and several
2004:
2001:
1983:(or goureen) (
1979:The Killarney
1973:relict species
1949:
1946:
1773:garden warbler
1759:
1756:
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1615:Sorbus anglica
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1506:C. rangiferina
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1251:European robin
1219:Lejeunea flava
1204:woods include
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1086:Mixed woodland
1066:oak woodland (
1055:
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918:Main article:
883:
880:
857:Initially the
843:Muckross House
835:of limestone.
821:Arthur Vincent
812:
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603:Archaeologists
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2003:Invertebrates
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1816:meadow pipits
1812:
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1809:Golden eagles
1806:
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1798:
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1790:
1786:
1785:IUCN Red List
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:(1â2 pairs),
1766:
1755:
1753:
1752:Cervus nippon
1747:
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1737:
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1601:
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1360:Wet woodlands
1357:
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1296:Yew woodlands
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1162:Arbutus unedo
1159:
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1128:
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1120:
1116:
1108:Oak woodlands
1105:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
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1081:
1077:
1076:Taxus baccata
1073:
1069:
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1051:
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1048:afforestation
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:water lobelia
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
985:
982:
981:Muckross Lake
978:
975:
974:Water quality
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
945:
944:populations.
943:
939:
935:
934:Sport angling
931:
930:Muckross Lake
927:
921:
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876:
872:
868:
862:
860:
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852:
844:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
823:. They spent
822:
818:
808:
806:
802:
801:Lord Ardilaun
798:
794:
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46:
45:IUCN category
41:
38:
34:
29:
23:
19:
3704:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3573:the original
3543:
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3514:the original
3500:
3489:the original
3476:
3469:
3451:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3424:the original
3390:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3333:. Retrieved
3329:the original
3281:the original
3268:
3241:
3237:
3195:
3191:
3166:. Retrieved
3162:the original
3158:"Reenadinna"
3127:. Retrieved
3120:the original
3091:. Retrieved
3087:the original
3044:. Retrieved
3040:the original
3035:
3025:
3006:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2984:the original
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:the original
2924:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2877:. Retrieved
2873:the original
2842:the original
2836:
2802:the original
2796:
2766:. Retrieved
2762:the original
2731:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2722:
2712:
2687:
2683:
2659:the original
2646:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:the original
2585:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2504:
2500:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2407:. Retrieved
2400:the original
2338:
2334:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2183:
2176:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2118:golden eagle
2113:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2053:
2047:
2035:
2033:
2012:
2006:
1984:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1948:Fish species
1939:
1924:
1916:little grebe
1885:
1880:
1873:
1847:
1836:
1813:
1769:wood warbler
1761:
1758:Bird species
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1709:
1694:
1690:
1687:D. ochraceum
1686:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1541:
1530:
1518:
1513:
1510:C. arbuscula
1509:
1505:
1502:C. macilenta
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:S. contortum
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1434:bell heather
1429:
1417:
1411:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1318:
1307:
1291:
1279:red squirrel
1236:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1192:
1183:Bryophytes,
1182:
1161:
1153:
1143:
1122:
1111:
1101:rhododendron
1099:Grazing and
1098:
1084:
1075:
1067:
1064:acidophilous
1057:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1019:, including
1013:oligotrophic
1010:
1002:
986:
979:
966:algal blooms
946:
923:
863:
856:
848:
814:
783:
771:
744:production,
735:
708:
664:
657:
635:
615:stone circle
592:
548:
529:
519:
481:
461:
398:County Kerry
381:
380:
304:
257:Boyne Valley
36:
22:
3715:Wild Nephin
3083:"The Lakes"
3046:11 February
3036:The Kingdom
2209:Ross Castle
2179:Ladies View
2011:dragonfly (
1993:twaite shad
1965:Arctic char
1954:brown trout
1908:tufted duck
1898:, mallard,
1861:water rails
1849:Grey herons
1805:Scandinavia
1783:are on the
1750:Sika deer (
1736:native deer
1716:Pine marten
1672:C. violacea
1592:splash zone
1533:Arctic char
1478:S. strictum
1446:Ulex gallii
1422:blanket bog
1414:sessile oak
1386:downy birch
1267:pine marten
1189:filmy ferns
1170:field layer
1119:sessile oak
1094:herb layers
994:dissolution
990:wave action
938:brown trout
926:Lough Leane
896:Ross Castle
892:Ladies View
829:rock garden
731:Elizabethan
727:tower house
723:Ross Castle
719:O'Donoghues
704:Ross Castle
683:Kerry poets
611:Ross Island
563:blanket bog
536:Gulf Stream
525:Innisfallen
521:Lough Leane
513:, with the
241:Wild Nephin
158:Established
137: /
113:Coordinates
3744:Categories
3700:Kerry Seas
3360:"Red Deer"
2255:References
2116:) and the
2050:Kerry Slug
1989:subspecies
1781:ring ouzel
1777:red grouse
1683:D. lucidum
1609:Killarney
1588:filmy fern
1567:Bryophytes
1458:butterwort
1366:floodplain
1146:understory
1139:liverworts
1131:bryophytes
958:phosphates
764:. In 1780
709:After the
679:chieftains
599:Bronze Age
472:ecosystems
197:/killarney
122:52°01âČ16âłN
3730:(planned)
3705:Killarney
3695:Glenveagh
3690:Connemara
2219:Killarney
2186:Victorian
2141:Black Sea
2029:dragonfly
2017:caddisfly
1920:mute swan
1896:goldeneye
1892:cormorant
1839:blackcaps
1712:bank vole
1611:whitebeam
1470:S. fuscum
1283:gall wasp
1275:sika deer
1247:goldcrest
1201:bryophyte
1172:includes
1054:Woodlands
1029:shoreweed
1021:quillwort
970:catchment
962:pollution
954:eutrophic
950:nutrients
875:townlands
851:pneumonia
762:cast iron
746:cooperage
715:McCarthys
623:diversity
553:, lakes,
511:sandstone
484:Mangerton
394:Killarney
305:Killarney
289:Glenveagh
273:Connemara
125:9°30âČ24âłW
98:, Ireland
96:Killarney
3459:Archived
3214:33874269
2193:See also
2043:wood ant
2021:stonefly
1931:swallows
1857:mallards
1797:nightjar
1765:redstart
1561:pipewort
1537:Portugal
1450:bilberry
1324:rendzina
1285:and the
1271:red deer
1239:blue tit
1178:woodrush
1174:bilberry
805:Guinness
779:coppiced
754:smelters
742:charcoal
675:cloister
619:Iron Age
555:moorland
500:Devonian
430:red deer
92:Location
2704:2259638
2521:2259678
2239:Aghadoe
2148:Tourism
2062:lichens
2056:) is a
1927:cuckoos
1900:pochard
1865:dippers
1828:merlins
1706:Mammals
1677:Diderma
1668:C. rufa
1545:arbutus
1521:turbary
1426:heather
1408:Bogland
1392:), and
1263:red fox
1185:lichens
1035:), and
1006:run-off
833:outcrop
803:of the
750:tanning
573:History
438:species
406:Ireland
186:Website
166: (
3685:Burren
3579:1 July
3565:DĂșchas
3545:RTĂ.ie
3523:1 July
3505:ENFO.
3430:1 July
3416:DĂșchas
3370:1 July
3356:DĂșchas
3335:1 July
3321:DĂșchas
3212:
3168:1 July
3154:DĂșchas
3129:1 July
3093:1 July
3079:DĂșchas
3013:
2990:1 July
2976:DĂșchas
2960:1 July
2926:1 July
2912:DĂșchas
2879:1 July
2865:DĂșchas
2768:1 July
2754:DĂșchas
2733:1 July
2702:
2626:1 July
2612:DĂșchas
2587:1 July
2519:
2477:1 July
2409:1 July
2295:1 July
2281:DĂșchas
1958:salmon
1935:swifts
1933:, and
1918:, and
1906:, and
1820:ravens
1801:osprey
1799:, and
1793:chough
1693:, and
1641:spurge
1639:Irish
1440:) and
1394:willow
1277:, and
1259:badger
1253:, and
1228:, and
1168:. The
1135:mosses
998:acidic
942:salmon
831:on an
692:, and
544:fronts
455:and a
446:UNESCO
321:Burren
3596:Flora
3517:(PDF)
3510:(PDF)
3492:(PDF)
3481:(PDF)
3395:(PDF)
3284:(PDF)
3273:(PDF)
3123:(PDF)
3116:(PDF)
2700:JSTOR
2662:(PDF)
2651:(PDF)
2581:(PDF)
2574:(PDF)
2517:JSTOR
2403:(PDF)
2396:(PDF)
2039:Zett.
1701:Fauna
1527:Flora
1398:Salix
1370:alder
1336:with
1314:karst
1150:holly
1080:alder
766:Young
567:heath
492:Shehy
386:Irish
3581:2007
3525:2007
3432:2007
3372:2007
3337:2007
3210:PMID
3170:2007
3131:2007
3095:2007
3048:2008
3011:ISBN
2992:2007
2962:2007
2928:2007
2881:2007
2770:2007
2735:2007
2628:2007
2589:2007
2479:2007
2411:2007
2297:2007
2139:and
2110:wolf
2048:The
2041:, a
2019:and
1981:shad
1956:and
1904:teal
1888:coot
1867:and
1841:and
1822:and
1779:and
1722:Deer
1624:The
1559:and
1551:and
1512:and
1492:and
1484:and
1342:and
1308:The
1255:wren
1187:and
1176:and
1166:yews
1137:and
1088:and
1072:moss
940:and
758:tons
748:and
717:and
565:and
551:bogs
540:Mean
505:and
494:and
488:Torc
462:The
442:rare
424:and
168:1932
161:1932
150:Area
107:Cork
47:II (
3604:doi
3600:119
3246:doi
3200:doi
3196:115
2692:doi
2509:doi
2343:doi
2339:236
2124:).
1991:of
1649:sap
1516:).
1432:),
1384:),
1378:ash
1376:),
1310:yew
1156:).
1148:of
1141:).
1043:).
1027:),
652:by
426:yew
422:oak
404:in
195:.ie
191:www
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2068:.
1999:.
1929:,
1922:.
1914:,
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1890:,
1863:,
1859:,
1855:,
1851:,
1818:,
1795:,
1689:,
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1674:,
1670:,
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1563:.
1547:,
1508:,
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1500:,
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