523:
374:
515:
283:
33:
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542:, even though she owned land, properties, and the Black Cloister. She had been counselled by Martin Luther to move out of the old abbey and sell it after his death, and move into much more modest quarters with the children who remained at home, but she refused. Luther had named her his sole heir in his last will. His will could not be executed, however, because it did not conform with Saxon law.
667:
450:', exerted much control over his life. She might have even influenced his decisions to a degree; Luther said that his wife 'convince of whatever' she pleased', and explicitly afforded her 'complete control' over the household, as long as 'his rights' were 'preserved', since 'emale government has never done any good'. She thus assisted her husband with running their estate and directed
568:
After the war, the buildings and lands of the monastery had been torn apart and laid waste. Cattle and other farm animals had been stolen or killed. If she had sold the land and the buildings, she could have had a good financial situation. Financially, they could not remain there. Katharina was able
458:
suggests that
Katharina Luther played a wife's role as taught by her husband's movement: she depended on him financially (although she also increased their estate's profits), and respected him as a 'higher vessel', always calling him 'Herr Doktor'. He reciprocated by occasionally consulting her on
584:, where she was thrown from her cart into a watery ditch near the city gates. For three months, she went in and out of consciousness, before dying in Torgau on 20 December 1552, at the age of 53. She was buried at Torgau's Saint Mary's Church, far from her husband's grave in
217:, but there is no evidence of this in contemporary documents. Due to there being multiple branches in her family and the uncertainty of her birth name, there are diverging theories about her place of birth. One of them proposes that she was born in
622:[now Gvardeyskoye, Kaliningrad Oblast], 18 October 1611, the son of Georg von Kunheim [1480–1543] and wife Margarethe, Truchsessin von Wetzhausen [1490–1527]) but died in Mühlhausen in 1570 at the age of thirty-six.
290:
After years of being a nun, von Bora became interested in the growing reform movement and grew dissatisfied with cloistered life. Conspiring with several other sisters, she contacted Luther and begged for his assistance. On 4 April 1523,
1923:
502:. While Luther was not the first cleric to marry because of Reformation ideas, he was one of the most prominent. As he argued publicly for clerical marriage and produced much anti-Catholic
2861:
2633:
333:
Within two years, Luther was able to arrange marriages or find employment for all of the escaped nuns except von Bora. She was first housed with the family of
Philipp Reichenbach, the
795:
Fischer, Fritz; Stutterheim, Eckart von (2005). "Zur
Herkunft der Katharine v. Bora, Ehefrau Martin Luthers" [On the Origins of Katharine v. Bora, Wife of Martin Luther].
3023:
765:
1691:, 55 volumes of lectures, commentaries and sermons, translated into English and published by Concordia Publishing House and Fortress Press, 1957; released on CD-ROM, 2001.
3003:
397:, and Barbara and Lucas Cranach. A small wedding breakfast was held the next morning, and a more formal, public ceremony on 27 June, presided over by Bugenhagen.
3028:
475:
150:
326:
Luther asked the family of the nuns to admit them into their houses, but they declined, possibly because this would have made them accomplices to a crime under
2831:
1907:
225:. It is also possible that Katharina was the daughter of Jan von Bora auf Lippendorf and his wife Margarete, both of whom were only mentioned in 1505.
389:, cause the angels to laugh, and the devils to weep'. 26-year-old Von Bora and 41-year-old Luther married on 13 June 1525, before witnesses including
2826:
3013:
1024:
494:
The marriage of von Bora to Luther is very important in the history of
Protestantism, specifically in regard to the development of its views on
385:
thought that this would hurt the
Reformation by causing scandal. Luther eventually decided that his marriage would 'please his father, rile the
2570:
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1851:
1439:
2993:
1565:
2017:
1859:
1939:
773:
260:
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in 1504 to be educated, according to a letter
Laurentius Zoch sent to Martin Luther in 1531. At the age of nine, she was moved to
2988:
1793:
1454:
925:
Der langsame
Aufstieg des Morgensterns von Wittenberg: eine Studie und eine Erzählung über die Herkunft von Katharina von Bora
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643:
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570:
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1754:
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to provide for their family, the numerous students who boarded with them, and her husband's visitors. In times of
1843:
814:[On the Presumed Origins of Catherina v. Bora. Some Hitherto Unnoticed Documents on the v. Bora Family]
2780:
2704:
2383:
2378:
2213:
2050:
2027:
1985:
1891:
1705:, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990); esp. chapter 4, 'Marriage, Home, and Family (1525–30).'
1226:
534:
When Martin Luther died in 1546, Katharina was left in difficult financial straits without Luther's salary as
2556:
2332:
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1867:
1818:
631:
2388:
2058:
1636:
956:[On the History of the v. Bora Family and Some Estates in the Saxon Districts of Borna and Pegau.]
929:
The Slow Rise of the
Morning Star of Wittenberg: A Study and Narrative of the Origins of Katharina von Bora
843:"Die Beziehungen von Luthers Gemahlin, Catherina v. Bora, zur Familie v. Mergenthal. Wi(e)der eine Legende"
595:
By the time of
Katharina's death, the surviving Luther children were adults. After Katharina's death, the
2189:
2154:
1971:
1955:
1786:
1741:
1530:
1305:
1220:
812:"Zur mutmaßlichen Herkunft der Catherina v. Bora: Einige bisher unbeachtete Urkunden zur Familie v. Bora"
2924:
2342:
1993:
1915:
1813:
1674:
1314:
650:
2887:
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1457:[Noblewoman and Nun: Gardener, Brewer, Cook, and Financial Director of the Luther Household].
1171:
416:. Katharina immediately took on the task of managing the monastery's vast holdings. She bred and sold
2998:
2438:
2422:
2297:
2144:
1076:
1036:
440:', after the farm they owned, and the 'morning star of Wittenberg' for her habit of rising at 4 a.m.
1719:
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press, 2003. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 3 December 2014.
3033:
3008:
2628:
2580:
2548:
2196:
2121:
684:
169:
896:[The Relations of Luther and His Wife, Katharina von Bora, to the von Hirschfeld family].
2740:
2725:
2513:
1947:
409:
338:
242:
38:
954:"Zur Geschichte der Familie v. Bora und einiger Güter in den sächsischen Ämtern Borna und Pegau"
361:, but none of the proposals resulted in marriage. She told Luther's friend and fellow reformer,
2694:
2470:
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1779:
1127:
381:
Martin Luther, as well as many of his friends, was at first unsure of whether he should marry.
342:
210:
186:
1573:
1186:
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2149:
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1963:
894:"Die Beziehungen Luthers und seiner Gemahlin, Katharina von Bora, zur Familie von Hirschfeld"
189:. Although little is known about her, she is often considered to have been important to the
2983:
2978:
2866:
2745:
2674:
1750:
1620:. Vol. 54. edited and translated by Theodore G. Tappert. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
893:
362:
286:
Plaque on the ruins of Nimbschen Abbey, commemorating von Bora's time there and her escape.
64:
864:
8:
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2008:
2001:
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2322:
2042:
1835:
1660:
The Reformation: A Narrative History Related by Contemporary Observers and Participants
1433:
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455:
382:
218:
2851:
561:. After she returned, the approaching war forced another flight in 1547, this time to
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1005:
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198:
68:
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738:(in German). Vol. 1. Sulzbach: J. E. von Seidel'schen Buchhandlung. p. 290
400:
The couple took up residence in the former dormitory and educational institution of
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2882:
2770:
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2312:
2292:
2256:
2129:
1663:
1516:
1455:"Adlige und Nonne – Gärtnerin, Brauerin, Köchin und Finanzvorstand im Hause Luther"
1379:
1048:
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467:
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137:
132:
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and that her parents were Hans von Bora zu Hirschfeld and his wife, born Anna von
2902:
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2499:
1745:
733:
522:
373:
334:
1219:
683:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
2962:
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2623:
2167:
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2103:
1931:
1899:
688:
565:. In July 1547, at the close of the war, she was able to return to Wittenberg.
46:
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and a harvest failure forced her to leave the city once again. She fled to
577:
562:
401:
390:
354:
249:
42:
1737:
The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (USA) Concordia Historical Institute
1259:
1009:
576:
She remained in Wittenberg in poverty until 1552, when an outbreak of the
358:
2821:
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2735:
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2373:
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635:
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479:
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264:
190:
145:
1366:
514:
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32:
2800:
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2608:
2603:
2368:
2327:
1391:
1285:
Treu, Martin (2014). "Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther's Side".
603:
596:
585:
546:
503:
451:
447:
405:
320:
300:
233:
214:
60:
1756:
Catherine de Bora: Or Social and Domestic Scenes in the Home of Luther
2160:
558:
535:
437:
346:
2578:
1383:
2907:
2403:
2178:
495:
429:
425:
341:
and his wife, Barbara. Von Bora had a number of suitors, including
296:
222:
1924:
The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics
842:
811:
2933:
2282:
1765:
Katharine von Bora, Dr. Martin Luther's wife. A picture from life
607:
588:. She is reported to have said on her deathbed, 'I will stick to
433:
421:
365:, that she would be willing to marry only Luther or von Amsdorf.
308:
252:
213:. According to common belief, she was born on 29 January 1499 in
1771:
1145:
649:
In addition to a statue in Wittenberg and several biographies,
615:
581:
539:
527:
483:
417:
350:
316:
304:
279:. Von Bora's presence is in the financial accounts of 1509/10.
272:
256:
86:
1703:
Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532
1555:
Lutheran Service Book, xiii. Concordia Publishing House, 2006.
994:] (in German). Vol. 4. Weimar: Hermann Böhlau. 2002.
1698:, trans. Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart (New York: Image, 1992).
1410:
1367:"Katharina von Bora Through Five Centuries: A Historiography"
1304:
Karant-Nunn, Susan C.; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E., eds. (2003).
589:
443:
Based on Luther's descriptions, his wife, whom he nicknamed '
312:
1738:
386:
766:"How a Runaway Nun Helped an Outlaw Monk Change the World"
526:
von Bora's gravestone engraving at Saint Mary's Church in
311:
to the convent. The nuns escaped by hiding in his covered
173:; 29 January 1499? – 20 December 1552), after her wedding
1729:
630:
Katharina von Bora is commemorated on 20 December in the
436:, working alongside them. Luther called her the 'boss of
276:
181:" ('the Lutheress'), was the wife of the German reformer
1303:
992:
The Works of D. Martin Luther: Complete Critical Edition
506:, his marriage became a natural target for his enemies.
852:(in German): 342–347 – via Familienarchiv Wagner.
988:
D. Martin Luthers Werke : kritische Gesamtausgabe
599:
was sold back to the university in 1564 by his heirs.
3024:
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
2922:
1266:
545:
Almost immediately after, Katharina had to leave the
1647:. Academic Renewal Press (Paperback), 2001. 279 p.
606:on 27 December 1534, married into a noble, wealthy
209:Katharina von Bora was the daughter to a family of
1908:Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
1498:
1365:
1244:(in German). Vol. 2. Weimar: Hermann Böhlau.
962:Genealogie: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Familienkunde
820:Genealogie: Deutsche Zeitschrift für Familienkunde
794:
248:Her father sent then five-year-old von Bora to a
3004:Former Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
2970:
1242:D. Martin Luthers Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe
486:children, including Katharina's nephew, Fabian.
569:to support herself thanks to the generosity of
489:
462:Katharina bore six children: Hans (1526–1575),
3029:Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism
1852:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
866:Katharina von Bora: Geschichtliches Lebensbild
2564:
1787:
1715:Karant-Nunn, Susan C., and Merry E. Wiesner.
1633:Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy
922:
404:friars studying in Wittenberg (known as the '
482:on 1 November 1539. The Luthers raised four
1165:
1163:
1094:
898:Beiträge zur sächssischen Kirchengeschichte
642:. In 2022, she was officially added to the
2571:
2557:
1794:
1780:
1505:. New York: Pearson Longman. p. 209.
1438:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
891:
31:
1860:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
1604:, New York: Penguin, 1995, c1950. 336 p.
1074:
1025:"500th Anniversary of Katharine von Bora"
1016:
707:Learn how and when to remove this message
89:, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire
1345:Peterson, Sarah Lynn (3 February 2006).
1344:
1160:
931:] (in German). Ziethen. p. 79.
521:
513:
372:
281:
232:
3014:16th-century German Roman Catholic nuns
1730:A website devoted to Katharina von Bora
1178:
1100:
509:
193:, her marriage setting a precedent for
115: 1525; died 1546)
16:Wife of Martin Luther (circa 1499–1552)
2971:
1615:
1496:
1272:
951:
850:Familienforschung in Mitteldeutschland
840:
809:
797:Archiv für Familiengeschichtsforschung
731:
377:Three depictions of Katharina von Bora
2552:
2225:Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo
1940:Confession Concerning Christ's Supper
1775:
1696:Luther: Man Between God and the Devil
1602:Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther
1423:
1125:
1103:Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther
1022:
862:
763:
553:, by herself, at the outbreak of the
368:
168:
2994:People from the Electorate of Saxony
1363:
1284:
1188:Martin Luther: The Man and the Image
1119:
1075:Kilcrease, Jack (20 December 2016).
759:
757:
735:Handwörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache
660:
644:Episcopal Church liturgical calendar
1566:"General Convention Virtual Binder"
1184:
1169:
1105:. Abingdon-Cokesbury. p. 223.
571:John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony
13:
1876:Against Henry, King of the English
1625:
1347:"Luther's Later Years (1538-1546)"
1293:(2): 156–178 – via Atla RDB.
1063:Codex Diplomaticus Saxoniae Regiae
976:– via Familienarchiv Wagner.
830:– via Familienarchiv Wagner.
37:Portrait of Catherine von Bora by
14:
3045:
2219:Propaganda during the Reformation
1801:
1723:
1126:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
869:(in German). Berlin: Georg Reimer
764:Curry, Andrew (20 October 2017).
754:
646:with a feast day on 20 December.
478:(1534–1570). She also suffered a
470:(1529–1542), Martin (1531–1565),
2956:
2944:
2932:
2592:Theological writers and scholars
2066:Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam
2018:Weimar edition of Luther's works
1452:
1172:"Katharina von Bora (1499–1552)"
923:Liebehenschel, Wolfgang (1999).
665:
625:
414:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
412:, brother of Luther's protector
295:, Luther sent Leonhard Köppe, a
275:, where her maternal aunt was a
1844:Sermon on Indulgences and Grace
1558:
1549:
1523:
1490:
1465:
1446:
1417:
1357:
1338:
1297:
1278:
1234:
1212:
1068:
1055:
980:
170:[kataˈʁiːnaːfɔnˈboːʁaː]
112:
2989:People from Leipzig (district)
2876:Significant for another reason
2781:Marietje Jan de Gortersdochter
2705:Anna II, Abbess of Quedlinburg
2359:All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
2051:Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
1986:On the Councils and the Church
1892:The Adoration of the Sacrament
1762:Hermann Nietschmann 1840–1929
1717:Luther On Women: A Sourcebook.
1591:
1424:Bring, Johan Theophil (1917).
1227:New International Encyclopedia
945:
916:
892:Hirschfeld, Georg von (1883).
885:
856:
834:
803:
788:
732:Rixner, Thaddä Anselm (1830).
725:
1:
2333:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1868:On the Freedom of a Christian
1819:Resources about Martin Luther
1739:website on Katherine von Bora
1372:The Sixteenth Century Journal
1307:Luther on Women: A Sourcebook
1191:. Ardent Media. p. 182.
656:
573:, and the princes of Anhalt.
228:
2847:Anna Radziwiłłówna Kiszczyna
2832:Anna Maria of the Palatinate
2389:Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)
2099:Heidelberg Disputation, 1518
2059:A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
1637:Augsburg Fortress Publishers
719:
653:now keeps her memory alive.
490:Significance of the marriage
185:and a seminal figure of the
7:
2384:Martin Luther's Death House
2379:Martin Luther's Birth House
2242:Hans and Margarethe Luther
2155:Priesthood of all believers
1426:The Wife and Home of Luther
1221:"Bora, Katharina von"
1185:Rix, Herbert David (1983).
1101:Bainton, Roland H. (1950).
1077:"Katharina von Bora Luther"
204:
10:
3050:
2343:Albrecht VII. von Mansfeld
1994:On the Jews and Their Lies
1916:On the Bondage of the Will
1675:Concordia Publishing House
1364:Smith, Jeanette C. (199).
1315:Cambridge University Press
1129:The Encyclopedia Americana
602:Margareta Luther, born in
2875:
2814:
2713:
2657:
2591:
2587:
2523:
2498:
2412:
2394:St. Augustine's Monastery
2351:
2235:
2145:Theology of Martin Luther
2135:Augsburg Confession, 1530
2079:
2026:
1827:
1809:
1658:Hans J. Hillerbrand, ed.
1497:Fisher, Mary Pat (2005).
1208:– via Google Books.
337:of Wittenberg, then with
122:
94:
75:
53:
30:
23:
2862:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
2634:Elisabeth of Brandenburg
2629:Catherine Vasa of Sweden
2581:women in the Reformation
2579:16th-century Protestant
2197:Eucharist in Lutheranism
2123:Decet Romanum Pontificem
1531:"Margaretha von Kunheim"
863:Thoma, Albrecht (1900).
408:'), a wedding gift from
307:who regularly delivered
3019:Family of Martin Luther
2888:Anna Pehrsönernas moder
2842:Inger Ottesdotter Rømer
2741:Wendelmoet Claesdochter
2399:Veste Coburg (Fortress)
1948:On War Against the Turk
1475:[Later Years].
1132:. Bora, Katharina von.
952:Wagner, Jürgen (2010).
900:(in German) (2): 83–311
841:Wagner, Jürgen (2006).
810:Wagner, Jürgen (2005).
410:John, Elector of Saxony
339:Lucas Cranach the Elder
271:('Mary's Throne') near
243:Lucas Cranach the Elder
177:, also referred to as "
39:Lucas Cranach the Elder
2695:Birgitta Botolfsdotter
2472:Martin Luther, Heretic
2364:Stadtkirche Wittenberg
2130:Marburg Colloquy, 1529
1230:. Vol. III. 1905.
531:
519:
378:
343:Hieronymus Baumgartner
287:
245:
187:Protestant Reformation
2857:Marguerite de Navarre
2796:Elisabeth Wandscherer
2680:Katharina von Zimmern
2670:Ursula of Munsterberg
2278:Bartholomaeus Arnoldi
2273:Albert of Brandenburg
2150:Theology of the Cross
2036:First Lutheran hymnal
1964:Articles of Schwabach
1351:susanlynnpeterson.com
1023:Weber, Erwin (1999).
799:(in German): 242–271.
592:as a burr to cloth.'
525:
517:
376:
285:
236:
211:Saxon lesser nobility
2867:Barbara von Wertheim
2746:Anneke Esaiasdochter
2675:Charlotte of Bourbon
2207:Words of Institution
2104:Leipzig Debate, 1519
1751:John Gottlieb Morris
1744:26 July 2010 at the
1662:, Grand Rapids, MI:
1576:on 13 September 2022
1081:Lutheran Reformation
1029:The Lutheran Journal
822:(in German): 673–703
651:an opera of her life
510:After Luther's death
363:Nicolaus von Amsdorf
129:Hans (Johannes)
65:Electorate of Saxony
2714:Reformation martyrs
2599:Argula von Grumbach
2537:Theologia Germanica
2303:Johann von Staupitz
2117:Diet of Worms, 1521
2002:Vom Schem Hamphoras
1639:(Hardcover), 1971.
1631:Roland H. Bainton,
1170:Germany, TourComm.
1039:on 16 February 2020
1035:(2). Archived from
770:National Geographic
395:Johannes Bugenhagen
2827:Elisabeth of Hesse
2806:Katarzyna Weiglowa
2726:María de Bohórquez
2665:Katharina von Bora
2644:Elisabeth Cruciger
2619:Elizabeth Melville
2338:Frederick the Wise
2323:Philip Melanchthon
2249:Katharina von Bora
2043:Erfurt Enchiridion
1836:Ninety-five Theses
1694:Heiko A. Oberman,
1537:. 17 December 1534
1287:Lutheran Quarterly
632:Calendar of Saints
532:
520:
456:Anecdotal evidence
383:Philip Melanchthon
379:
369:Marriage to Luther
288:
246:
162:Katharina von Bora
25:Katharina von Bora
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2776:Ursula van Beckum
2614:Magdalena Heymair
2546:
2545:
2510:, Washington D.C.
2318:Andreas Karlstadt
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2202:Sacramental union
2075:
2074:
1979:Smalcald Articles
1598:Roland H. Bainton
1501:Women in Religion
1198:978-0-8290-0554-7
879:Project Gutenberg
717:
716:
709:
612:Georg von Kunheim
474:(1533–1593), and
428:, she operated a
199:clerical marriage
159:
158:
69:Holy Roman Empire
3041:
2999:German Lutherans
2961:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2898:Catherine Tishem
2893:Catharina Herman
2883:Amalia of Cleves
2771:Maria van Beckum
2761:Guernsey Martyrs
2756:Elizabeth Pepper
2700:Elizabeth Zouche
2649:Catherine Tishem
2589:
2588:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2500:Luther Monuments
2313:Karl von Miltitz
2293:Johann Cochlaeus
2267:
2259:
2257:Magdalena Luther
2251:
2243:
2024:
2023:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1734:
1664:Baker Book House
1621:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1572:. Archived from
1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1535:geni_family_tree
1527:
1521:
1520:
1517:Internet Archive
1504:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:Internet Archive
1046:
1044:
1020:
1014:
1013:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
959:
949:
943:
942:
920:
914:
913:
907:
905:
889:
883:
882:
876:
874:
860:
854:
853:
847:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
817:
807:
801:
800:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
776:on 15 April 2021
772:. Archived from
761:
752:
751:
745:
743:
729:
712:
705:
701:
698:
692:
669:
668:
661:
638:churches in the
618:, 1 July 1523 –
555:Schmalkaldic War
518:von Bora in 1546
459:church matters.
454:when necessary.
267:community named
197:family life and
175:Katharina Luther
172:
167:
116:
114:
82:
79:20 December 1552
57:29 January 1499?
35:
21:
20:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3034:Anglican saints
3009:Cistercian nuns
2969:
2968:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2931:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2903:Idelette Calvin
2871:
2852:Renée of France
2837:Jeanne d'Albret
2810:
2751:Aefgen Listincx
2709:
2690:Cecily Bodenham
2653:
2583:
2577:
2547:
2542:
2519:
2514:Luther Monument
2508:Luther Monument
2494:
2408:
2404:Wartburg Castle
2347:
2298:Johann Reuchlin
2231:
2190:Marian theology
2081:
2071:
2022:
1972:Large Catechism
1956:Small Catechism
1823:
1805:
1800:
1746:Wayback Machine
1732:
1726:
1701:Martin Brecht,
1628:
1626:Further reading
1616:Lehman (1967).
1594:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1570:www.vbinder.net
1564:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1451:
1447:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1404:
1402:
1384:10.2307/2544815
1362:
1358:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1252:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1183:
1179:
1168:
1161:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1042:
1040:
1021:
1017:
1002:
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
957:
950:
946:
939:
921:
917:
903:
901:
890:
886:
872:
870:
861:
857:
845:
839:
835:
825:
823:
815:
808:
804:
793:
789:
779:
777:
762:
755:
741:
739:
730:
726:
722:
713:
702:
696:
693:
682:
676:has an unclear
670:
666:
659:
628:
512:
492:
406:Black Monastery
371:
335:municipal clerk
315:among the fish
261:Nimbschen Abbey
231:
207:
165:
155:
118:
110:
106:
103:
90:
84:
80:
71:
58:
49:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3047:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2966:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Marie Dentière
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Katharina Zell
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2227:(1537 edition)
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2185:Law and Gospel
2182:
2176:
2171:
2168:Sola scriptura
2164:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2140:Luther's canon
2137:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2110:Exsurge Domine
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1932:Deutsche Messe
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1900:Formula missae
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1748:
1735:
1725:
1724:External links
1722:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1689:Luther's Works
1686:
1669:E. Jane Mall,
1667:
1656:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1618:Luther's Works
1613:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1557:
1548:
1522:
1511:
1489:
1464:
1453:Kopp, Eduard.
1445:
1416:
1378:(3): 745–774.
1356:
1337:
1323:
1296:
1277:
1275:, p. 174.
1265:
1250:
1233:
1211:
1197:
1177:
1159:
1118:
1111:
1093:
1067:
1054:
1015:
1000:
979:
944:
937:
915:
884:
855:
833:
802:
787:
753:
723:
721:
718:
715:
714:
697:September 2022
678:citation style
673:
671:
664:
658:
655:
627:
624:
597:Black Cloister
547:Black Cloister
511:
508:
491:
488:
370:
367:
319:, and fled to
237:A portrait of
230:
227:
206:
203:
157:
156:
154:
153:
148:
143:
140:
135:
130:
126:
124:
120:
119:
108:
104:
99:
98:
96:
92:
91:
85:
83:(aged 53)
77:
73:
72:
59:
55:
51:
50:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3046:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Anneke Ogiers
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Emilia Lanier
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2440:Martin Luther
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2424:Martin Luther
2421:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2028:List of hymns
2025:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:Martin Luther
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:Yvonne Davy,
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:0-570-03113-3
1680:
1676:
1673:, St. Louis:
1672:
1671:Kitty, My Rib
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1653:0-7880-9909-4
1650:
1646:
1645:0-8066-1116-2
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1610:0-452-01146-9
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1512:9780321194817
1508:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1478:
1474:
1473:"Späte Jahre"
1468:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1326:
1324:0-521-65091-7
1320:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:9783740009472
1247:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1112:9780687168934
1108:
1104:
1097:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1065:II 15 Nr. 455
1064:
1058:
1050:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:9783740009496
997:
993:
989:
983:
967:
964:(in German).
963:
955:
948:
940:
938:9783932090592
934:
930:
926:
919:
911:
899:
895:
888:
880:
868:
867:
859:
851:
844:
837:
821:
813:
806:
798:
791:
775:
771:
767:
760:
758:
749:
737:
736:
728:
724:
711:
708:
700:
690:
686:
680:
679:
674:This article
672:
663:
662:
654:
652:
647:
645:
641:
640:United States
637:
633:
626:Commemoration
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
566:
564:
560:
557:, fleeing to
556:
552:
549:, now called
548:
543:
541:
537:
529:
524:
516:
507:
505:
501:
497:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:(1527–1528),
465:
460:
457:
453:
449:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
375:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:Holy Saturday
284:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
244:
240:
239:Martin Luther
235:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:Martin Luther
180:
176:
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2979:1499 births
2822:Anne Boleyn
2815:Benefactors
2786:Weyn Ockers
2736:Joan Bocher
2658:Former nuns
2531:Luther rose
2490:(2017 film)
2482:(2003 film)
2474:(1983 film)
2466:(1974 film)
2458:(1964 film)
2450:(1961 play)
2442:(1953 film)
2434:(1928 film)
2426:(1923 film)
2416:and theatre
2288:Georg Rörer
2265:Paul Luther
2094:Lutheranism
2089:Reformation
1733:(in German)
1710:Frau Luther
1592:Works cited
1459:Luther 2017
1273:Lehman 1967
610:family, to
480:miscarriage
452:renovations
402:Augustinian
269:Marienthron
250:Benedictine
241:in 1526 by
191:Reformation
2973:Categories
2801:Joan Waste
2721:Anne Askew
2609:Anne Locke
2604:Anne Bacon
2369:Lutherhaus
2328:Pope Leo X
2260:(daughter)
2082:and events
2011:Table Talk
689:footnoting
657:References
620:Mühlhausen
604:Wittenberg
586:Wittenberg
551:Lutherhaus
504:propaganda
420:and ran a
321:Wittenberg
301:councillor
265:Cistercian
229:Early life
219:Hirschfeld
215:Lippendorf
195:Protestant
61:Lippendorf
2244:(parents)
2161:Sola fide
2009:Luther's
1434:cite book
1400:163721664
1138:1943-5045
720:Citations
559:Magdeburg
536:professor
530:, Germany
476:Margarete
468:Magdalena
464:Elisabeth
426:epidemics
359:Orlamünde
347:Nuremberg
328:canon law
151:Margarete
138:Magdalena
133:Elisabeth
2908:Rose Lok
2179:Beerwolf
2068:" (1543)
2061:" (1529)
1742:Archived
1677:, 1959.
1477:Lutherin
1146:34007870
685:citation
636:Lutheran
634:of some
608:Prussian
496:marriage
484:orphaned
438:Zulsdorf
430:hospital
349:, and a
297:merchant
223:Haugwitz
205:Ancestry
123:Children
2963:History
2951:Germany
2925:Portals
2524:Related
2516:, Worms
2283:Erasmus
1666:, 1979.
1580:22 July
1541:16 June
1482:16 June
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422:brewery
317:barrels
309:herring
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2125:, 1521
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2080:Topics
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2014:(1566)
2005:(1543)
1997:(1543)
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434:nurses
418:cattle
351:pastor
305:Torgau
273:Grimma
257:Brehna
142:Martin
95:Spouse
87:Torgau
2268:(son)
1828:Works
1411:JSTOR
1396:S2CID
1388:JSTOR
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1484:2018
1440:link
1407:2023
1332:2023
1319:ISBN
1256:OCLC
1246:ISBN
1206:2011
1193:ISBN
1150:OCLC
1142:LCCN
1134:ISSN
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1088:2023
1061:CDS
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910:SLUB
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