Kardashev scale - Knowledge

764: 458: 801: 3477:, 3C 84) have properties close to those expected from an artificial source, especially since the emissions are powerful in the intermediate region of the spectrum (between radio and optical frequencies). Quasars are potential artificial sources, especially since their age corresponds to the technical possibilities of supercivilizations. Radio sources at the center of galaxies can also be artificial sources, according to Kardashev, even if in 2013 they were proven to be supermassive black holes. In 1971, Kardashev believed that the objects most likely to be artificial sources could be discovered in the next few years. 2418: 2140: 2645: 3504:) could be of extraterrestrial origin. James and Dominic Benford consider three scenarios in which the cost factor is taken into account. If the source is cost-optimized, it belongs to a civilization of Type 0.35 (the Earth being of Type 0.73). If it is not cost-optimized and operates with a small antenna, the Type is 0.86. With a large antenna, it would be from a Type 0.66. Using this cost/efficiency method, it can be estimated that low-intensity sources may be the most prevalent, but also the most difficult to observe. 1184: 149: 1304:, in which Kardashev participated, and this on the assumption that a fraction of the energy used by each type is intended for communication with other civilizations. To make this scale more understandable, Lemarchand compares the speed at which a volume of information equivalent to 100,000 average-sized books can be transmitted across the galaxy. A Type II civilization can send this data using a transmission beam that lasts for only 100 seconds. A similar amount of information can be sent across 3450: 1905: 4036: 3949:. The transitions between Kardashev scale levels could potentially represent similarly dramatic periods of social upheaval, as they involve exceeding the hard limits of the resources available within a civilization's existing territory. A common speculation is that the transition from Type 0 to Type I could carry a strong risk of self-destruction, since in some scenarios there would be no room for further expansion on the civilization's home planet, as in a 12751: 10441: 1954:. Beyond the first three types are civilizations that have scattered throughout the galaxy. The Type IV civilization would still be vulnerable to some cosmic threats, while the Type V civilization would be technically immortal, as no cosmic catastrophe could reach it. The Kardashev scale can be a relevant tool for preventing catastrophes, whether human or natural, according to Richard Wilson, who relates this scale to the power of destruction, in 3751:) of energy. Although antimatter is sometimes proposed as a source of energy, this does not seem feasible. Artificially producing antimatter – according to current understanding of the laws of physics – involves first converting energy into mass, which yields no net energy. Artificially created antimatter is usable only as an energy storage medium, not as an energy source, unless future technological developments (contrary to the conservation of the 2676:, both about the environment and about themselves. This information then leads to an abstract analysis, which plays an important role in the development of life forms. Thus, Kardashev defines civilization from a functional perspective as "a state of very stable matter capable of acquiring, abstractly analyzing and applying information in order to extract data about the environment and itself, in order to develop survival reactions ". However, this 12775: 994:. The Soviet astronomer reminds us that we search for these supercivilizations on the basis of our own development criteria, and that predictions are possible only for extraterrestrial worlds close to our technological level, the others being beyond our intellectual representation. Nevertheless, it seems useful to him to conceive models of supercivilizations based at the same time on imagination and on our present scientific knowledge. Since the 4008: 3231:, according to the study by Inoue and Yokoo (2011). However, such a structure would not reduce the luminosity of an observed galaxy. Calissendorff's study concludes that 11 of the sources analyzed (out of a catalog of 2,411 galaxies, or 0.46%) show possible evidence of a Type III civilization. Searching for objects that obscure 90% of the light leaves only one source remains that meets the criteria. These positive sources show a low 1220:). He then examines the conditions for the appearance of life on cosmological time scales. Assuming the rate of evolution of life on Earth and considering the age of the Universe, it is reasonable to assume that a civilization could have reached our level of technological development in 6 × 10 years. Such civilizations can be observed in nearby regions, since the farther away we observe, the younger the objects are. Recent discoveries of 893:, Kardashev put forward two explanatory hypotheses. In the first, he postulated that it would not be useful for a supercivilization to expand the space it occupies in order to maintain its activity, and in the second, it is possible that a civilization, instead of dispersing itself in space, would rather continue its activities of information analysis in order to discover new fundamental laws (such as the exploration of the microcosm, or 671: 12763: 2706:, Kardashev argues that there is no universal civilization (supercivilization) because highly developed civilizations lose interest in space exploration. In any case, and despite the problem of the end of civilizations, he concludes, in the light of his functional definition of the advanced civilization, that the latter must use mass and energy on fantastic scales. According to him, there is no reason to denounce the hypothesis that the 4022: 41: 3808: 690:(W), in about 3,200 years, then will be equal to that emitted by 10 stars similar to ours (which corresponds to the estimated number of stars in the Milky Way) in 5,800 years. Based on this observation, and considering that there is no reason to assume that the evolution of humanity's energy consumption can decrease, Kardashev comes to propose a classification of technological civilizations into three types. 1575:

supercivilization would be at the "3 Q" stage, while a federation of galaxies could be at the "4 Z" stage. The information and energy axes are not strictly interdependent, so even a level Z civilization would not have to be Kardashev Type III. Sagan believed that no civilization had yet reached level Z, speculating that so much unique information would exceed that of all the intelligent species in a

1113:, at a radiation level higher than 10 watts, in the wavelengths from 10 μm to 1 cm, as well as in the other regions of the spectrum. This is to detect megastructures or signals with a wavelength of 1.5 mm and omnidirectional emission up to 21 cm. In the event of contact, humanity would see progress in all areas of society in order to join this supercivilization; it is also expected that an 4050: 4064: 928:", is based on the principle that civilizations can only stabilize or perish at a level of development close to ours currently reached. The second, which he called the "evolutionary concept", holds that civilizations are capable of reaching higher levels of development than that of contemporary humanity. In the first case, the best search strategy using astronomical detection means (e.g., the 2723:. In the field of energy, astronomer Don Goldsmith estimated that the Earth receives about one billionth of the Sun's energy, and that humans use about one millionth of it. So we consume about one millionth of a billionth of the Sun's total energy. Since human expansion is exponential, we can determine how long it will take for humanity to go from Type II to Type III according to 2273:, could be useful for space travel. A galactic club of civilizations could transmit the energy through networks within the galaxy. Within the various central power stations that make up the network, power transmission is periodically switched between transmitter and receiver, according to the galactic rotation. To be efficient, this network should be located at the center of the galaxy. 2478:

another supercivilization of a similar level, and we will consider their changes in the universe to be the result of natural causes. Thus, there may be many Type IV civilizations in the universe, but none of them will be able to detect the others. Moreover, the dimensions of the universe make these supercivilizations like islands far from the others, which Dyson defines as a "

724:, Kardashev predicted that in the following two decades (i.e. in the 1980s) it would be possible to build antennas of 100,000 m capable of detecting Type II and III civilizations. A Type I civilization like that of earth would be able to receive the extraordinary energetic emissions of the other types of civilizations, which would supposedly be able to emit continuously. 2550:, will have been discovered and studied", the sensitivity of the listening devices having indeed reached their technical limits. According to him, the entire electromagnetic spectrum will be known and, consequently, the list of the objects that could be artificial sources could thus be extended. The search for artificial signals will then have to concentrate on objects of maximum 2320:. A Type III civilization would indeed have the means to disperse a significant number of these spheres throughout the galaxy, which would have the effect of attenuating the light emitted by the galaxy. Kaku also considers this to be the most efficient method of colonizing space. For example, a galaxy 100,000 light years in diameter would be explored in half a million years. 3235:(so they are old, about 100 million years), which is consistent with possible Type III civilizations, that could have flourished only in the early past. To have a better chance of detecting Type III artificial sources, Calissendorff suggests taking several photographs in a row, fast enough to fix the movement of turbulence in the atmosphere, applying different 2223:. First, all the energy consumed is inevitably converted into heat. Second, this energy can only be dissipated in the form of radiation scattered in space. These two findings are the pillars of Kardashev's theory that cosmic objects with strong radiation could be artificial sources. He also considered the possibility of detecting an artificial source by emphasizing the 1275:: "Where are they?". Without the discovery of artificial sources, however, Shklovsky's theory that civilizations self-destruct as a result of large-scale social conflicts would be proven. Kardashev mentions another hypothesis that, in his opinion, is capable of explaining the dynamics of the supercivilizations: the "feedback effect" (theorized by 3080:, looking for signs of a Type III civilization. CTA 102 had been discovered by Sholomitskii a year earlier, and Kardashev quickly saw it as a possible artificial source to study in order to validate his classification. The observation lasted until February 1965, and on April 12, Sholomitskii announced to the press (via the Russian 2172:

from 4 × 10 to 5 × 10 light-years per year, would result in humanity spreading throughout the galaxy in a period of 16 to 200 million years. "A Type III civilization, having thus "domesticated" its galaxy by building a large number of Dyson spheres, would be detectable over intergalactic distances of several million light-years."

1088:. He considers more likely the scenario based on contact between two civilizations highly developed technologically and culturally advanced civilizations; this scenario, which he calls the "Urbanization Hypothesis", would result in the regrouping and unification of several civilizations within a few compact regions of the 4164:" If the growth rate a = 1.04 is maintained after the critical period, the human power output will exceed the quantity of incident solar radiation after 240 years, after 800 years the total energy radiated by the Sun will be exceeded, and after 1500 years we will exceed the total radiation output of the entire Galaxy'." 832:

matter capable of acquiring, making abstract analysis of, and utilizing information to obtain qualitatively new information about its environment and about itself, to improve its capabilities of gathering new information for producing sustaining reactions." Civilization is therefore characterized by the quality of the

1236:, which is characteristic of large structures of solid matter. It would then be possible to detect structures belonging to Type II in our galaxy or in those nearby. Type III structures can also be observed at large cosmological distances. Kardashev recalls that a study was conducted on 3000 sources of the 686:, then in English in the September–October 1964 issue of the Soviet Astronomical Journal. In this article, the scientist presents a calculation of the evolution of the energy needs of humanity, and calculates that the energy consumption of the latter will be equal to that emitted by the Sun, evaluated at 4 × 10 3525:, and in particular the fact that it can be limited by the transport capacity of interplanetary means of travel. They conclude that there can be no ancient civilizations of galactic dimensions, nor galactic empires, although the possibility of networks of colonized worlds (of about 5 to 10 planets) is strong. 3335:, placed in orbital space, would allow listening to centimetric and decimetric frequencies. Once a set of unusual sources has been selected, the next step is to look for significant content in the radiations from these objects. In 1998, Nikolai Kardashev, S. F. Likhachev, and V. I. Zhuravlev proposed two 2474:. However, building an omnidirectional transmitter powerful enough to transmit over a range of 1,000 light years would take several million years. According to V.S. Troitsky, the energy required and the limitations in its production would be two obstacles to completing this project in a reasonable time. 3290:

and for the search for extraterrestrial civilizations. Despite advances in astrophysics, the available information is still insufficient to prove the absence of supercivilizations, based on the inability to observe signs of activity. However, because of the possibility that planetary systems are much

3202:

is a function of the galaxies' rotational speed. Annis suggested that 75% of the least luminous objects (i.e., those with a decrease in absolute magnitude of 1.5 compared to the diagram) could be considered as possible candidates. However, no object with this characteristic is observed in his survey.

2701:

However, he refuses to see these as inevitable ends. But the assumption that the only limit to the development of a civilization can be the existence of a finite amount of information, in all areas, is also false, since it is highly improbable that information in the Universe is infinite. Given these

2554:

or radiation belonging to a certain region of the spectrum, but also on objects of significant mass, and on those that represent the essence of matter in the Universe. As early as 1971, Kardashev considered that this observation requires the preparation of a plan of listening and analysis, which will

2102:

suggest that the foundations of a robotsphere could be reached early in the next century, beginning in 2100. Metzger sees eight benefits for humanity in building the 100 Year Starship, including zero launch costs because the spacecraft will be built in space by robots that can do so with little human

2570:

is incapable of detecting a Type I civilization (an idea also promoted by Kaplan in 1971), and that SETI should instead focus on searching for intense radio signals that could emanate from active Type II or III civilizations. To prove the effectiveness of this approach, Kardashev therefore

2477:

For Zoltan Galántai, we would not be able to distinguish between an intelligent extraterrestrial signal and a signal of natural origin. Therefore, he does not believe that Type II, III or even IV civilizations can be detected. Even if humanity reaches Type IV, it will not be able to detect

2433:

is looking for) can be divided into two types. On the one hand, there can be an exchange of information between highly developed civilizations or civilizations at similar stages of evolution. On the other hand, the transmission of information can be aimed at raising the level of other less developed

2171:

is achieved. Semay argues that there is no evidence that this will ever be possible. Based on Dyson's calculations, Semay believes that such a journey would take three centuries, with an average distance between stars of about 7 light years. Overall, the speed of the colonization front, which ranges

2130:

For Claude Semay, "a Type II civilization could be detected at great distances (by what is called "astro-technical leakage"), provided that it is not located in a region of the galaxy that is too distant from us, or that it does not occupy a location that is obscured from us by clouds of gas or

2004:

According to Per Calissendorff, energy consumption cannot be the main parameter to explain the transition from one type to another. Civilizations must have the means to maintain their growth rate despite climatic conditions and major natural disasters, even on the cosmic scale. A civilization moving

1916:

Zoltan Galántai recognizes the important role that Kardashev's classification has played in the SETI program, but he believes that another scale is possible, without using energy consumption, by resorting to miniaturization. The hypothesis of Donald Tarter, researcher at SETI, is that a civilization

1441:

discovered Kardashev's work on the classification of civilizations. He found that the differences between the types Kardashev identified were so great that they did not allow for the best possible modeling of the evolution of civilizations. Consequently, Sagan proposes a more refined classification,

863:

From this definition, Kardashev drew three conclusions. The first postulated that because of the vast and unlimited set of activities required by scientific problems, the period during which civilizations must transmit and communicate is necessarily long, even unlimited. On the other hand, since our

3281:

and, therefore, of the existing sources of information in the Universe. Thus, of the 89% of information that we lack, 42% concerns the range from 10 to 10 Hz (centimetric, millimetric, submillimetric and infrared waves) and 25% concerns the range from 10 to 10 Hz (ultraviolet radiation and X-rays).

2214:

Kardashev's classification is based on the hypothesis that an advanced civilization uses significant energy, which implies that it must be de facto detectable over long distances, as summarized by Zoltan Galántai. For Kardashev, the limit of a civilization's energy consumption is originally located

1696:

and their countries of origin, and between migrants and non-migrants. If development fails, it is likely that the world will not be able to achieve Type II. If these areas do not develop, Kaku predicts that humanity will sink into the "abyss": an advanced civilization must grow faster than the

1266:

According to Kardashev, these results, combined with those of other research on the age of certain cosmic objects, suggest that civilizations dating from 6 to 8 billion years ago may exist in our galaxy. It is likely that they have long since discovered our own civilization, a hypothesis that could

2731:

the state of civilizations older than humanity. The same is true for social values and basic needs according to Ashkenazi. Therefore, the time to double technical knowledge is about ten years, and to double energy output, available reserves, and population is about 25 years. Two scenarios are then

2291:

This parameter is one of the most undetectable in the Universe due to the fact that solid matter structures are at low temperatures and emit weak radiation. Their luminosity, which is difficult to observe, also makes it impossible to observe them with telescopes. Likewise, we cannot detect them by

2064:

cannot fully meet the world's energy needs (it represented only 6% in 2011). In addition, renewable energy cannot meet the growing demand for energy. Most of the minerals used by humans are in danger of becoming scarce; 11 minerals are already classified as having passed their peak production. For

1748:

suggests another form: his definition of a Type I civilization is described as one that has achieved full mastery of the resources of its planet (global), a Type II of its solar system (interplanetary), and a Type III would have unleashed the full potential of the galaxy (starfaring

1283:

that at a high technological level, civilizations tend to converge rather than to isolate themselves. The distance between supercivilizations could then be determined by half the time of the technological evolution of the oldest civilization, which would be about 3 to 4 billion years. On the other

831:

to define life as "a highly stable state of matter, which uses information encoded by the states of individual molecules to produce maintaining reactions", which Kardashev calls the "functional definition of civilization". He therefore suggests thinking of civilization as a "highly stable state of

2600:. Based on this principle, Kardashev proposes to define several concepts applicable to extraterrestrial civilizations. The physical laws, which are universal, can be used as a common basis for understanding other civilizations and, in particular, allow us to develop an objective research program. 2542:

with the aim of "finding rational technical and linguistic solutions to the problem of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization that is more advanced than the Earth's civilization". Kardashev presented his classification, while Troitskii announced that it was possible to detect signals

2461:

For L. M. Gindilis, there are two criteria for a signal to be called artificial: one related to the artificial nature of the source and the other related to a particular radiation, intentionally designed to ensure communication and facilitate detection. Only Type II or III civilizations can

1925:

without needing an amount of energy that would make it Type II. This scale loses its meaning beyond Type II, since it is impossible to predict the evolution of civilizations over long distances in a galactic colonization process. Finally, the Kardashev scale is the product of an era of

1207:

published in 1997, Kardashev reiterates the need to carefully observe astronomical objects with strong radiation in order to detect supercivilizations. However, the discovery of a civilization at a stage of development similar to ours is unlikely. The existence of such supercivilizations is made

872:

to a degree that we have yet to suspect. Kardashev asserted that "this last point should be taken into account in the research programs of extraterrestrial civilizations" and concluded that it is very likely that our present state is only one of the stages through which every civilization passes

3218:

is more massive and less luminous than the other. This characteristic, according to Calissendorff, could be an indication that the galaxy is home to a civilization that has placed Dyson spheres in its main part. This can be explained by the fact that the colonization starts from one side of the

932:

program) would be to observe the most powerful (and often the most distant) sources of radiation in space. The observer will then be able to determine if they are natural emission sources, and only then can the search focus on objects with weaker radiation. In the second case, he recommended to

2159:

However, such civilizations may remain beyond the reach of our understanding and instruments. Sagan believes that the nearest Type III civilization is at an average distance of 10,000 light-years from us, but that it is not interested in classical radio transmissions, being of a different

819:

is too young with its five billion years, and the first ancestors of today's man appeared only 6 million years ago at the earliest; the oldest celestial objects are between 10 and 14 billion years old; it is clear that the other civilizations are incomparably older than the human civilization.

789:

Detection and studies of extraterrestrial civilizations constitute a problem of immense significance for the progress of humanity and for its culture and philosophy. The discovery of intelligent life in the Universe would provide a guideline to the possible development of our civilization over

641:

In a second article, entitled "Strategies of Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence", published in 1980, Kardashev wonders about the ability of a civilization, which he defines by its ability to access energy, to sustain itself, and to integrate information from its environment. Two more

3495:

In 2011, James and Dominic Benford examined the possibilities that exist to distinguish pulsars from possible artificial sources emitting intelligent signals, such as: bandwidth (signals of about 100 MHz could be artificial), pulse length (to reduce costs, the pulse should be short) and

2187:

Zoltan Galántai notes that neither Kardashev nor Sagan thought to extend the scale and define a Type IV (which would use the energy of an entire Universe). They simply did not envision a civilization capable of manipulating its environment on the largest possible scale (about 14 billion

1224:

deadly to life show that life could have flourished under cover for the time necessary for its appearance and maintenance. Another argument for the possibility of a very old supercivilization is that most of the objects that could be megastructures have not yet been discovered and mapped. In

3536:

Long range omnidirectional transmitters would be very energy intensive. Using directional or intermittent devices, each pointing in a different direction, would require much less energy. Type II or III civilizations might therefore be defined by something other than exponential energy

3203:

On the other hand, Annis uses the available astronomical data to estimate the probability that a Type III civilization could exist. He shows that the average time that could allow for the emergence of such a civilization is 300 billion years, so none can exist in our present Universe.

629:

Under this scale, the sum of human civilization does not reach Type I status (though it continues to approach it). Various extensions of the scale have since been proposed, including a wider range of power levels (Types 0, IV, and V) and the use of metrics other than pure power (e.g.,

1002:

supercivilization activities cannot be interrupted or limited by intrinsic, inherent contingencies, such as large-scale social conflicts. For Kardashev, unlike other scientists, supercivilizations cannot self-destruct or retrogress. According to these principles, there must exist in space

3630:

for the entire planet. At a growth rate of 2% per year, an industrial civilization should stop growing quite early in its history (after a few centuries). In summary, the impossibility of sustainably securing energy resources may explain the absence of Type II and III civilizations.

1574:

of information (less than any recorded human culture), a Class B on 10, a Class C on 10, and so on. Humanity in 1973 would belong to the "0.7 H" class. According to Sagan, the first civilization with which humanity would come into contact could be between "1.5 J" and "1.8 K"; a galactic

2358:

It is still possible that humanity could discover traces of lost Type I, II, or III civilizations. The search for material traces of such civilizations (e.g. Dyson spheres or stellar engines), an "interesting alternative" to the conventional SETI program, lays the foundation for a

1785:

Barrow also proposes an "anti-Kardashev scale": he observes that humans have found it more cost effective to extend their ability to manipulate their environment to smaller and smaller scales rather than to larger and larger ones. He, therefore, proposes a reverse classification, from

3654:

with a finite amount of energy; intelligence is therefore the only fundamental parameter for a civilization to survive in the very long term, and energy is then no longer what defines it, a thesis he develops in his article "Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an Open Universe".

1001:

According to Kardashev, theoretical models of supercivilizations must meet two basic assumptions. The first is that the range of supercivilization activities that obey the laws of physics is limited only by natural and scientific constraints, while the second is that the evolution of

2205:

According to Kardashev, the most important parameters to define the existence of a civilization are three: the presence of very powerful energy sources, the use of non-standard technologies, and the transmission of significant amounts of information of various kinds through space.

1937:

In another article, Zoltan Galántai suggests considering another scale, no longer based on energy consumption, but on a civilization's ability to survive natural and cosmic disasters. Type I would describe a civilization capable of surviving a local natural disaster, like the

3210:(SFI++ catalog compiled by Springob et al. in 2005) and 95 from that of Reyes et al. in 2011. The same procedure was followed as in Annis, but the sample of galaxies used is 80 times larger than that used in the Annis study. Some sources were classified as "lopsided": they appear 3609:

Paul Hughes and John Smart explain the absence of signals from a Type III civilization with two hypotheses: either it has self-destructed or it has not followed the trajectory described by Kardashev. The growth of energy consumption should lead to a climate crisis, which

2258:). The sustainability of a civilization must therefore involve "strict control of the exploitation of available resources"; this difficulty in exceeding energy limits may explain the fact that the vast majority of civilizations fail to engage in a space colonization project. 6857:

Braude, S. Y.; Dubinskii, B. A.; Kaidanovskii, N. L.; Kardashev, N. S.; Kobrin, M. M.; Kuzmin, A. D.; Molchanov, A. P.; Pariiskii, Yu. N.; Rzhiga, O. N.; Salomonovich, A. E.; Samanian, V. A.; Shklovskii, I. S.; Sorochenko, R. L.; Troitskii, V. S.; Kellermann, K. I. (2012).

3492:). The press of the time nicknamed this object "LGM-1" (for "little green men"), following the clumsiness of Hewish, who did not wait for the necessary verifications. Kaplan, in 1971, removed the pulsar from the list of objects that could be a source of artificial origin. 1752:

He ponders the possibility of a Type IV civilization, one that would dominate the universe, noting that there are limits to how minds can connect and interact on a galactic or intergalactic basis. As an example, he mentions that communication from the center of our

2623:

However, these universal laws are not the only parameters to consider. Zoltan Galántai explains that "it is impossible to calculate the future of the Universe over long periods of time without including the effects of life and intelligence", a position close to that of

3056:

will continue to grow exponentially for another 1,000 years. Civilization is thus defined by an exponential rate of increase. Humanity as a model for thinking about the development of extraterrestrial civilizations has its limitations, which can be truly overcome by a

1988:

has suggested that, if humans increase their energy consumption at an average rate of 3 percent per year, they could reach Type I status in 100–200 years, Type II status in a few thousand years, and Type III status in 100,000 to a million years.

3558:

Finally, research and listening programs in Harvard University and Buenos Aires (Horowitz and Sagan in 1993 or Lemarchand et al. in 1997) have not provided any scientific proof of the existence of artificial sources, neither in the Milky Way nor in nearby galaxies

2196:

of such a civilization's own design, although the latter possibility is reserved for a Type V civilization by Carrigan. The fraction of energy captured by a civilization capable of powering itself on a black hole could also be used to classify civilizations.

2265:(SMBH). The captured energy could meet the extraordinary needs of a civilization that requires about 4 × 10 erg/s. The energy would be captured in the form of radiation emitted by the matter rushing into the star, by means of collectors located within the 2718:

Kardashev poses the following question: "Is it possible to describe the development of a civilization in general terms over large cosmological periods?" Now many of the fundamental parameters that characterize the development of civilization on Earth are

2151:

A Type III civilization should be detectable because of the large amount of radiation captured on a galaxy-wide scale. Calissendorff suggests using 75% of the total light emitted by a galaxy to determine that a Type III civilization uses many

642:

articles followed: "On the Inevitability and the Possible Structure of Super Civilizations" and "Cosmology and Civilizations", published in 1985 and 1997, respectively; the Soviet astronomer proposed ways to detect super civilizations and to direct the

860:, etc. From this definition, he proposed a diagram representing the interactions between a civilization and its environment, and enumerated a number of scientific problems arising from these interactions with the information available in the Universe. 2442:. The latter would be of two types: transient and stable. Several criteria allow us to distinguish a signal of artificial origin from others. First, the optimal region of the spectrum to host artificial signals is the one where the temperature of the 1154:

has no probability of being realized according to Kardashev because if it were realizable then "they" would already be on Earth; yet this is not the case. However, in the case of a contact, the consequences on humanity are the same as in the first

3084:) that Soviet astronomers had discovered a signal that could be of extraterrestrial origin. On April 14, he gave a conference in Moscow where he repeated his announcement; but by November 1964, two American astronomers had identified CTA 102 as a 3263:

as requiring the power of a Type I or Type II civilization, if produced by extraterrestrial lifeforms. In August 2016, however, it was discovered that the origin of the signal was most likely a military satellite orbiting the Earth.

1996:

has calculated that Type I should be reached in about 200 years, while Richard Carrigan has estimated that the Earth is just four-tenths of the way to Type I on the Sagan scale. If Type I is reached soon (in the year 3000 for

2304:

could thus be detected, provided that the observation is made from space. Locally, the significant dip in luminosity that would result from a giant Dyson sphere (or "Fermi bubble") would allow the detection of a Type III civilization.

4897: 1014:, and existing for billions of years, while being compact enough to rapidly exchange large amounts of data between them. A supercivilization would thus create a technological structure of cosmic dimensions. As an example, Kardashev cites 2347:, allowing a Type II civilization to move its home solar system through space. Drake and Shklovski have also considered the possibility of "seeding" a star (Stellar salting) by artificially adding extremely rare elements such as 3790:

to harness the equivalent of the Earth's total absorbed solar energy without completely covering the surface with man-made structures, which is not feasible with current technology. However, if a civilization constructed very large

1158:

This scenario assumes that all civilizations would have destroyed themselves before any contact. Kardashev estimates the probability of this to be 10%. Humanity should be able to detect ancient megastructures in the vicinity of the

3379:

For Guillermo A. Lemarchand, extraterrestrial civilizations should not use an omnidirectional transmitter. Instead, they should look for signals of weak information, intermittent and unidirectional. They will certainly need to use

1104:

The scenario of a large unification of civilizations over an extent of one to ten billion light-years with concentration in a certain region has a probability of 60%. These civilizations are to be searched for in the most powerful

3219:

galactic disk, making it appear darker and leading a distant observer to believe that the core has moved to that same side. On the other hand, a galaxy hosting Dyson spheres should be characterized by a significant source of far-

1535:

civilization, not defined by Kardashev, would control about 1 MW of power (equivalent to having around 100 campfires burning at any given time); on Earth, the emergence of Type 0 civilizations is roughly concurrent with the

6597: 1777:

has hypothesized that there are other stages beyond Type III. These Type IV, V, or even VI civilizations would be able to manipulate cosmic structures (galaxies, galactic clusters, superclusters) and even escape the

1892:(1998), Barrow proposes a scale ranging from "BI" to "BVI", with an ultimate stage he calls "BΩ", the former characterized by the possibility of manipulating one's environment, while the latter allows for the modification of 5412: 3960:

and their food sources. Using Earth as an example, ocean temperatures above 95 °F (35 °C) would endanger marine life and make it difficult, if not impossible, for mammals to cool to temperatures suitable for their

3047:

at 10,000. Kardashev concludes that the current exponential growth is a transitional phase in the development of a civilization, and that it is inevitably limited by natural factors. In fact, he believes that the required

1315:

Kardashev's classification is based on the assumption of a growth rate of 1% per year. Kardashev believed that it would take humanity 3,200 years to reach Type II, and 5,800 years to reach Type III. However, Dr.

7787:

Hsiao, Tiger Yu-Yang; Goto, Tomotsugu; Hashimoto, Tetsuya; Santos, Daryl Joe D.; On, Alvina Y. L.; Kilerci-Eser, Ece; Wong, Yi Hang Valerie; Kim, Seong Jin; Wu, Cossas K.-W.; Ho, Simon C.-C.; Lu, Ting-Yi (2021-07-15).

1095:

Kardashev lists, in the form of investigative tools, six possible scenarios (summarized in a table at the end of his 1997 article) that explain the evolution of a civilization. Each of the scenarios corresponds to a

5573: 957:, rather than in the 21-centimeter band (which is the domain of investigation of the SETI program). According to Kardashev, in order to capture the significant radiation of an advanced civilization emitted by a 3642:

different from ours, within the reach of an ancestral civilization. He therefore proposes to classify civilizations according to their ability to carry out large-scale civilization projects over the long term.

2838: 2081:

is the only way to access so many dispersed resources, and humanity should embark on a second long-term project, which Metzger calls the "robotsphere", that would begin with the energetic exploitation of the

1376:

10 erg/sec. Lemarchand defined such civilizations as being able to harness and channel the entire radiation output of their star. The energy consumption would then be comparable to the luminosity of the

3367:

of 21 cm, privileged since 1959, according to the study of Cocconi and Morrison, is not the only listening region. Kaplan, in 1971, also mentioned the radio region of the spectrum, characterized by the

1635:

on the order of thousands to millions of times our current planetary output, about 100 trillion trillion watts. It would have enough energy to manipulate the occurrence of certain natural phenomena, such as

6531:

Tovmasyan, G. M. (1971). "Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Proceedings of the First All-Union Conference on Extraterrestrial Civilizations and Interstellar Communication". In Kaplan, Samuil Aronovich (ed.).

5528:

I would suggest Type 1.0 as a civilization using 10 watts for interstellar communication; Type 1.1, 10 watts; Type 1.2, 10 watts, and so on. Our present civilization would be classed as something like Type

1071:

Kardashev believes that it is very likely that a supercivilization has already detected and observed humanity through cosmic-sized telescopes. He discusses this in a 1997 article on the subject, entitled

10244: 3239:

and looking for dark areas (the case of a Dyson sphere being assembled by a Type II civilization), or analyzing the infrared spectrum of galaxies. A much larger sample of objects should be studied.

2595:

that contain the entirety of our current knowledge, since the technical and scientific developments of mankind can be considered as an inevitable and necessary stage in the process of the evolution of a

3759:

in favor of antimatter) allow the conversion of ordinary matter into anti-matter. Theoretically, humans may be able to cultivate and harvest a number of naturally occurring sources of antimatter in the

968:

Kardashev concluded by predicting that the search for extraterrestrial civilizations would lead to positive results in the next decade, giving humanity access to a vast amount of information about the

923:

With regard to the fate of civilizations, Kardashev saw two concepts, from which two strategies for the search for extraterrestrial civilizations can be derived. The first, which he called "terrestrial

735:

in particular, which would have characteristics close to those of a presumed artificial source. The most suitable region of the galaxy for observing Type II and III civilizations would then be the

868:, Kardashev hypothesized the high improbability that we will meet "brothers in intelligence" who are at the same stage of evolution as are we. After all, highly advanced civilizations know and use the 9395: 2684:

or end, since it is based on the principle of accumulating more and more information. Taking up von Hoerner's categories, Kardashev sees four possible scenarios for the development of civilizations:

1547:), equivalent to 0.16% of the power available on Earth. This level is characterized, according to him, by the ability to self-destruct, which he calls "technological adolescence". In 2021, the total 1320:

believes that humanity must increase its energy consumption by 3% per year to reach Type I in 100–200 years. These types are thus separated from each other by a growth rate of several billion.

6360: 4874: 3299:

Monitoring the sky at 3, 10, 30, 100 and 300 microns, especially at 1, 3, and 10 mm, in order to identify one hundred of the most powerful sources among those observed and at each frequency;

2434:

civilizations. If supercivilizations do exist, the transmissions of the first type must remain inaccessible to our observation because they must be unidirectional and not be directed toward the

2147:

GB1508. According to Russian astronomer Kardashev, a highly evolved civilization, known as "Type III" in his theoretical classification, would be able to draw its energy from such a source.

1240:

catalog from the four directions of the sky. Two temperature bands were targeted: from 110 to 120 K and from 280 to 290 K. The analysis showed that the 110–120 K sources are clustered in the

2269:. These collectors are similar to Dyson spheres. The overflow, as well as the waste of the civilization, would be redirected towards the black hole. A fraction of this energy, directed as a 1505: 823:

Kardashev believed it is probable that the present state of our civilization is only one of the stages through which civilizations pass during their evolution. It is thus possible to define

5116: 649:

A number of scientists have conducted searches for possible civilizations, but with no conclusive results. However, in part thanks to such searches, unusual objects, now known to be either

740:, due to the high density of the stellar population it harbors. He then recommended that the search programs for such artificial sources should focus on other nearby galaxies, such as the 3715:

in large quantities would provide a mechanism to produce power on a scale several orders of magnitude beyond the current level of technology. In antimatter-matter collisions, all of the

2636:", as Galántai puts it. This approach began in the 1970s with the work of Kardashev, and then physical eschatology gradually interested a number of scientists and thinkers, notes Dyson. 2466:

transmissions that allow omnidirectional reception. In a 1 MHz band (which requires about 10 watts), detection of signals from a Type II civilization is possible up to 1,000

1340:

10 watts). A Type I civilization is usually defined as one that can harness all the energy that reaches its home planet from its parent star (for Earth, this value is about 2

705:

was closest to achieving in 1964. A civilization known as "Type II" would surpass the first by a factor of 10 billion, reaching a consumption of 10 watts, this time using all the

7562: 3532:, in which energy had supreme value. According to Guillermo A. Lemarchand, a physicist at the University of Buenos Aires, there are four arguments against Kardashev's classification: 1352:

10 watts by 2020. The astronomer Guillermo A. Lemarchand defined Type I as a level close to today's terrestrial civilization, with an energy capacity equivalent to Earth's

5401: 2343:

on their star by reflecting solar radiation through a structure made of mirrors, would be observable objects. This device would break the symmetry of solar radiation and counteract

3683:, Type I implies the conversion of about 2 kg of matter to energy per second. An equivalent energy release could theoretically be achieved by fusing about 280 kg of 1232:

According to Kardashev, it is essential to focus our search tools on new objects radiating at a wavelength of a few microns to a few millimeters, and at a temperature of 3 to 300

2387:, for example) could have tried to prolong its existence through megastructures that should be detectable. The possible traces could be nuclear remnants, to be sought within the 3956:

For example, excessive energy consumption without adequate heat removal could plausibly render the planet of a Type I approaching civilization unsuitable for the biology of the

2970: 437: 1962:

of equivalent TNT per second, a Type II civilization 4 × 10 times more (4 billion hydrogen bombs per second), while a Type III civilization would use 10 times more.

8067: 3437:" would be detectable by the fact that it decreases the luminosity of a region of the galaxy. An infrared observation would make it possible to highlight it, especially in 10065: 3025: 2762: 2065:

Metzger, humanity must therefore undertake a "100-year project" aimed at building a spacecraft ("100 Year Starship") capable of accessing the vast energy resources of the

2156:. If only three or four of these spheres occupy the galaxy, it does not necessarily mean that the civilization has reached Type III; it may still be in transition. 2069:. For Metzger, it is even probable that if extraterrestrials coveted the energy resources of our Solar System, they would not look for them on Earth, but on the various 1296:

The hypothetical classification, known as the Kardashev scale, distinguishes three stages in the evolution of civilizations according to the dual criteria of access and

3540:

The assumption of exponential energy consumption is certainly wrong, because if we analyze per capita energy consumption throughout human history, it forms a series of

8265: 3426:

is less than 10. Moreover, the energy emitted by the black hole would not allow detection of the energy used by the Type III civilization. On the other hand, the

2438:. Conversely, those of the second type must be easily detectable by our listening devices. A signal of artificial origin should contain more than 10 and less than 100 1424:

In accordance with the data available at the time, Kardashev did not go beyond a Type III civilization. However, new types (0, IV, V, and VI) have been proposed.

916:

activities, which Kardashev called "cosmic miracles". In short, information about the possible existence of an extraterrestrial civilization would come in the form of

840:

required to implement these functions. By "information about its environment and about itself", Kardashev specified that it is data about organic or inorganic nature,

2990: 1942:. A Type II civilization would have the means to withstand a regional or continental disaster, and finally Type III could face a global disaster such as an 815:

According to the Soviet astronomer, our civilization would be too young to be able to contact another civilization that would certainly be more advanced than us; the

7594:

Adriani; Barbarino; Bazilevskaya; Bellotti; Boezio; Bogomolov; Bongi; Bonvicini; Borisov (2011). "The discovery of geomagnetically trapped cosmic ray antiprotons".

2907: 2583:

is characterized by its variability. Kardashev then considered that this could be an indication of an artificial emission source, albeit of rather short life span.

1057:

range from a few microns to a few millimeters. Large intelligent structures can also be detected by the fact that they screen or reflect the surrounding radiation.

3820:

Type II civilizations could use the same techniques as a Type I civilization, but applied to a large number of planets in a large number of star systems.

1308:

distances of about ten million light years, with a transmission time of several weeks. A Type III civilization can send the same amount of data to the entire

3909:

Type III civilizations might use the same techniques as a Type II civilization, but applied individually to all possible stars in one or more galaxies.

2103:

assistance (drastically reducing manufacturing costs), the creation of a Solar System-wide economy, and the use of resources from celestial objects and possibly

1908:

For Zoltan Galántai, a scale classifying civilizations should be based on their ability to survive catastrophes, particularly those of cosmic origin, such as an

2927: 2880: 2860: 1921:

would not need an ever-increasing amount of energy. A Type I civilization that masters local space travel could colonize its planetary system and even the

2446:

is the lowest. Second, artificial sources must have a minimum angular size. Finally, the presence of suspicious data in other regions of the spectrum (such as

10113: 9250: 1085: 1066: 727:

Kardashev then examined the characteristics of a transmission from an artificial source. He mentioned the two cosmic radio sources discovered in 1963 by the

4323: 2328:. This thesis is realistic, he explains, because it is obvious that the technology is becoming increasingly miniaturized and proportionally less expensive. 3295:

could be products of supercivilization activity, a detailed program of listening and searching for intelligent signs remains valid. This program includes:

3282:

Kardashev distinguishes two categories of listening areas: objects emitting in a broad frequency spectrum and objects emitting on the contrary in a narrow

1612:. Kaku uses the Kardashev scale, but develops it by adding an additional stage: a Type IV civilization would be able to draw the energy it needs from 1045:. According to him, the search for intelligent signals should be directed to the detection of such megastructures at the characteristic radiation (20 μm). 912:. This would be a possible way to search for extraterrestrial civilizations. Such energy consumption would also require a large amount of solid matter for 5108: 7993: 2769: 2732:

possible: spatial expansion or energy stagnation, the latter being possible only for 125 years, according to Kardashev, using the following relationship

2501:. Therefore, our galaxy may have communications from Type II and III civilizations, but our listening devices can only detect Type 0 messages. 548:" ("Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations"). Starting from a functional definition of civilization, based on the immutability of 2579:. Subsequently, Gennadii Borisovich Sholomitskii then used the Russian astronomical research station to study the data from CTA-102. He found that this 2115:

Viorel Badescu and Richard B. Cathcart have studied the possibility that a Type II civilization could use a 450 million kilometer device to direct

7099:

Garrett, Michael (2015). "The application of the Mid-IR radio correlation to the Ĝ sample and the search for advanced extraterrestrial civilizations".

3277:

According to Kardashev, our ignorance of the physical possibilities of communication through space is great. We know only a negligible fraction of the

1252:

range can reveal possible artificial sources of radiation. He then refers to projects that he has proposed, in particular that of putting into orbit a

1041:

Then he evokes the theoretical and mathematical possibility of the existence of a megastructure in the form of a disk rotating on itself at a constant

908:

approximately equal to that of the radiation background surrounding the source. The spectral distribution of this intensity must be close to that of a

5139: 2261:

Astrophysicist Makoto Inoue and economist Hiromitsu Yokoo have explored the possibility that a Type III civilization could extract energy from a

12847: 9716: 8630: 8620: 10133: 8917: 8301: 5075: 4685: 1135:

The scenario of a unification on the scale of galaxies has only a 10% probability. To confirm it, we must study the galactic centers, both of the

10426: 8329: 5791: 3223:

radiation. The fact remains that a Type III civilization can consume energy through a Dyson sphere without surrounding a star. Indeed, such

3088:, and their publication definitively closed the "CTA 102 case". It was the study of this source that had led to the Byurakan conference in 1964. 6157:

Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1971). "The Astrophysical Aspect of the Search for Signals From Extraterrestrial Civilizations". In Kaplan, S. A. (ed.).

8922: 7979: 678:

Kardashev presented for the first time a classification of civilizations according to their level of energy consumption in an article entitled

8000: 10335: 8255: 8235: 7572: 7483: 3984:

The limitations of biological life forms and the evolution of computer technology may lead to the transformation of the civilization through

820:

Therefore, the knowledge of these civilizations must be greater than ours, and, he reasoned, they must surely be aware of what we are doing.

4967: 10421: 3872:

is a process by which an advanced civilization could remove a substantial portion of a star's matter in a controlled manner for other uses.

2485:

For Alexander L. Zaitsev, the radio transmission of interstellar messages (IRM) is the most likely method used by civilizations. Planetary

2454:) can confirm that it is an intelligent transmission. Two sources among those studied have parameters close to those expected: 1934-63 and 1026:

in diameter. Other phenomena may indicate highly technological activities, such as artificially exploding stars or the changing of stellar

12852: 10477: 9745: 9225: 7962: 4491: 4268: 3555:'s calculations, civilizations more important than ours must be so rare that they do not have the possibility to dominate and be visible. 1217: 881:

Kardashev then analyzed various models and hypotheses of the evolution of civilization. Answering the question of the Russian astronomer

6264: 5025: 4938: 3148:

and other nearby galaxies. The radio telescope was built in 1966 under the supervision of Gindilis to listen at centimeter wavelengths.

763: 9656: 8540: 8040: 8029:

Dordrecht, D. (1985). "Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?". In Finney, B. R.; Papagiannis, M. D. (eds.).

1147:), according to a procedure similar to that of the first scenario. The consequences for humanity are the same as in the first scenario. 7712: 3798:, Type I power levels might become achievable—these could convert sunlight to microwave power and beam it to collectors on Earth. 10108: 3521:

believe that the growth of energy consumption alone cannot describe the evolution of civilizations; it is also necessary to consider

2324:

has suggested that a civilization could colonize the galaxy by scattering miniature probes, no larger than the palm of a hand, using

1608:

examines the conditions for humanity to converge on a Type I planetary civilization. This convergence is based primarily on the

1409:

10 erg/sec. Lemarchand defined civilizations of this type as having access to energy comparable to the luminosity of the entire

990:

published in 1985, Kardashev evokes the possible scenarios and the means of investigation available to humanity for the detection of

444: 7660: 6077:

Inoue, Makoto; Yokoo, Hiromitsu (2011). "Type III Dyson Sphere of Highly Advanced Civilizations around a Super Massive Black Hole".

5738:"The transcension hypothesis: Sufficiently advanced civilizations invariably leave our universe, and implications for METI and SETI" 2546:

For Kardashev, "in the next 5 to 10 years, all the sources of radiation with the largest observable flux, in all the regions of the

1166:

The last scenario suggests that we are the first or the only ones in the Universe. Kardashev estimates its probability at 10%. Only

1132:) and other clusters in a similar way as in the first scenario. The consequences for humanity are the same as in the first scenario. 697:

known as "Type I" is able to collect and use all the available energy on its planet, that is, the theoretical equivalent of 10

10289: 10143: 9385: 8967: 8635: 8051: 6957: 5988: 3858:. A less exotic means would be to simply capture photons already escaping from the accretion disk, thereby reducing a black hole's 3336: 2515: 2494: 1676:). To achieve Type I, humanity must be able to communicate with the rest of the world and to focus on several areas: building 1301: 1284:

hand, this supercivilization may not have been present in our galaxy for a long time. Kardashev concludes by saying that since the

929: 643: 7472: 3709:, meaning that humans on Earth could sustain this rate of consumption over geological time scales, in terms of available hydrogen. 2192:). The concept of a Type IV supercivilization approaches divine possibilities, enabling the creation of, and travel through, 1084:. Based on this principle, Kardashev sees only two possible evolutionary scenarios for a supercivilization: natural evolution and 10014: 9002: 8772: 6184:

Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1960). "The Possibility of Detection of Allowed Lines of Atomic Hydrogen in the Radiofrequency Spectrum".

3384:

to inspect solar systems where life might appear. From Earth, it would be possible to pick up such signals at distances of up to

8245: 1300:

consumption. The purpose of this classification is to guide the search for extraterrestrial civilizations, particularly within

1160: 4418: 3419:

would be undetectable by the beams used to transmit the collected energy. In fact, the probability of detecting a beam of one

2339:", as well as the contribution of heavy elements. Similarly, "Shkadov thrusters", which would produce a lateral thrust of 4.4 1807:

and altering the development of living things, transplanting or replacing parts of themselves, reading and manipulating their

105: 10284: 9750: 8673: 8296: 8161: 8061: 7756: 7437: 6883: 6236: 5720: 5623: 5511: 5457: 4477: 4362: 2526:

conference on the possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations, which was held at the Byurakan astrophysical observatory in

1624:), Kaku believes that humanity is moving toward a civilization of planetary dimensions, the "starting point" of which is the 7988: 7762: 7443: 3893:

with a sufficiently large number of stars: absorbing a small but significant fraction of the output of each individual star.

77: 10444: 10148: 9731: 9616: 9390: 8625: 8610: 8370: 7018: 1364:

A civilization capable of harnessing the energy radiated by its own large star – for example, by successfully completing a

7971: 7889: 2563:. This dilemma is, according to the Soviet astronomer, is certainly connected with our lack of information and knowledge. 1570:, expressed in the amount of information available to the civilization. Thus, a Class A civilization would be based on 10 1049:

or galactic centers can be excellent candidates to testify to the existence of a supercivilization since they emit strong

889:

found it strange that the "shock wave of intelligence" of a supercivilization had not yet reached the limits of the whole

9953: 9942: 9873: 8600: 8575: 8322: 6359:

Shvartsman, V. F.; Beskin, G. M.; Mitronova, S. N.; Neizvestny, S. I.; Plakhotnichenko, V. L.; Pustil'nik, L. A. (1993).

4144: 2250:(174,000 TW). The only inexhaustible source of energy that can sustain a civilization for over several billion years, is 1971: 1548: 1100:, one or more objects to be observed, an adapted procedure, and, finally the possible consequences for our civilization: 805: 795:

Nikolai Kardashev, Strategies of Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Fundamental Approach to the Basic Problem

393: 7155: 3043:) after 1,500 years. Based on this calculation, Zuckerman estimates the number of civilizations that could exist in our 560:, Kardashev's initial model was developed. He proposed a classification of civilizations into three types, based on the 9958: 9501: 9235: 9078: 8605: 7545: 7083: 6928: 6838: 6562: 6515: 6168: 5385: 4644: 4585: 2572: 728: 535: 530:

Kardashev first outlined his scale in a paper presented at the 1964 conference that communicated findings on BS-29-76,

84: 7163: 3615: 3544:

with a saturation point for each technological innovation. Therefore, a steady state or limited growth is more likely.

713:. Finally, a civilization known as "Type III" would be able to collect and consume all the energy emitted by its 12576: 10269: 8615: 6807: 5845: 2119:

and thus be able to impart a kinetic motion to its star that deviates it from its usual trajectory by about 35 to 40

1454: 1305: 965:), a radio telescope with a diameter larger than the diameter of the Earth would have to be placed in orbital space. 124: 1795:

is capable of manipulating objects on the scale of itself: building structures, mining, joining and breaking solids;

1537: 11335: 9511: 9172: 8767: 3687: 2664:. This type of radiation was considered by Kardashev to be one of the possible signals of an advanced civilization. 2519: 1076:. For this supercivilization, the science of "cosmic ethnography" must be highly developed. However, the fact that 58: 3936:

are comparable to those from small active galaxies and could be a massive power source if they could be collected.

3178:

A small-scale search for possible Type III sources was conducted by James Annis in 1999 and published in the

1728:, Michio Kaku has discussed a Type IV civilization that could harness "extragalactic" energy sources such as 12564: 10470: 10405: 9783: 7912: 5813: 4315: 3989: 3259:

In 2016, Paul Gilster, author of the Centauri Dreams website, described a signal apparently coming from the star

1171: 674:

Projection of the Kardashev scale to 2040 based on data from the International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook

91: 5172: 4859: 12822: 12539: 10138: 9576: 9516: 9405: 9353: 9338: 9308: 8757: 8315: 7429: 5574:"Towards a Global Civilisation: An Evolutionary Perspective (14th International Schumpeter Society Conference)" 62: 6581:

Kaplan, Samuil Aronovich (1971). "Exosociology – The Search for Signals From Extraterrestrial Civilizations".

1579:, and observing that the universe is not old enough to exchange information effectively over large distances. 12857: 12827: 10199: 10194: 10034: 9827: 9726: 9496: 9022: 8890: 8699: 8590: 5978:"À la recherche des civilisations extra-terrestres : la classification des civilisations technologiques" 3599:

will destroy the social order over a period of 1000 years. Moreover, mankind will probably be destroyed with

2555:

allow the success of the search for extraterrestrial civilizations. Humanity will then be able to solve the "

2025:. For Michio Kaku, the only serious threat to a Type II civilization would be the explosion of a nearby 2010: 2001:), it would be accompanied by profound social upheavals, but also by a significant risk of self-destruction. 208: 7192: 3252:

emissions concluded that "Kardashev Type III civilizations are either very rare or do not exist in the

1648:. We can see the beginnings of a Type I civilization in the fact that a global language is developing ( 73: 9918: 9466: 9358: 9210: 9083: 8580: 7931: 6158: 5131: 4113: 3977:. Also, by the time a civilization reaches Type I, it may have colonized other planets or established 3551:, applied to the search for extraterrestrial civilizations by Sagan and Shklovskii in 1966 on the basis of 1566:

Sagan also suggests that, for completeness, an alphabetical scale should be added to indicate the level of

1529:

Moreover, the above formula could be used to extrapolate beyond Kardashev's original types. For example, a

5252:

Carrigan Jr., Richard A. (2010). "Starry Messages: Searching for Signatures of Interstellar Archaeology".

3286:, the second category posing much more theoretical problems than the first, while being central, both for 3144:

radio telescope in the North Caucasus to search for signals from Type II or III civilizations in the

12817: 12807: 12588: 10400: 10179: 10174: 10088: 10070: 9481: 9436: 9410: 9068: 8792: 8205: 7511: 7101: 6408: 5444:, World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 185–200, 4703: 4118: 3945:

There are many historical examples of human civilization undergoing large-scale transitions, such as the

3680: 2604:

also believes that the evolution of civilizations obeys the "iron laws of physics" and in particular the

2443: 2179:, in a stable periodic orbit, which would make it completely undetectable, according to V. I. Dokuchaev. 1673: 998:

are immutable, even if new laws are discovered in the future, they will not abolish those already known.

991: 954: 592: 403: 335: 310: 203: 20: 11585: 7260:

Benford, James; Benford, Dominic (2010). "How can we distinguish transient pulsars from SETI beacons?".

5070: 4670: 4399:"Strategies of Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Fundamental Approach to the Basic Problem" 2932: 2163:

However, "a Type III civilization should not be confused with what science fiction writers call a '

2090:/year). This first step would make it possible to reach Type II in 53 years. Then the robotsphere ( 756:. Kardashev concluded his paper by noting that the possible discovery of even the simplest organisms on 10463: 9893: 9843: 9838: 9778: 9760: 9721: 9646: 9591: 9317: 9142: 8860: 8782: 8281: 7748: 6830: 6799: 6554: 6507: 5503: 3634:

For Zoltan Galántai, it is not possible to imagine a civilization project that spans centuries (like a

3600: 2657: 2451: 2412: 1998: 1758: 1174:

in the distant future, and then the consequences would be similar to those of the other five scenarios.

865: 783:

Strategies of Searching for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Fundamental Approach to the Basic Problem,

587:

and store it for consumption. Hypothetically, it should also be able to control natural events such as

413: 156: 10169: 9711: 7214: 6748: 6662: 5787: 5737: 3206:

Per Calissendorff conducted a study on a sample of spiral galaxies from two databases: 4,861 from the

19:"The Kardashev Scale" and "Galactic civilization" redirect here. For the album by Greydon Square, see 12722: 12581: 12522: 11704: 10347: 10279: 9798: 9676: 9641: 9571: 9566: 8727: 8535: 7596: 6392:

Gindilis, L. M. (1971). "The Possibility of Radio Communication With Extraterrestrial Civilization".

5541: 5292:

Environmental Change and Human Impact during the Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-West Europe

3771: 3697:

10 kg/year. One cubic kilometer of water contains about 10 kg of hydrogen, and the Earth's

3497: 3306: 3195: 3182:

under the title "Placing a limit on star-fed Kardashev type III civilizations". An astrophysicist at

3073: 2707: 2620:

also makes it possible to predict the sociological characteristics at the basis of any civilization.

2580: 2392: 1285: 1192: 917: 250: 9431: 8193: 6550:

The Biological Universe The Twentieth Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate and the Limits of Science

1053:

radiation, which indicates a solid structure. The astronomer advises to look for these objects in a

12832: 12812: 12717: 12571: 12547: 12512: 12405: 10820: 10274: 9853: 9848: 9833: 9793: 9661: 9596: 9586: 8900: 8289: 8011: 7567: 5615: 5299: 4078: 3423: 3278: 2547: 2313: 2216: 2091: 1685: 1613: 1559:), equivalent to an average power consumption of 18.87 TW or a Kardashev rating of 0.73 (to 2 1035: 934: 430: 175: 8186: 7976: 6899:

Sagan, Carl; Drake, Francis (1976). "A Search of four Nearby Galaxies for Type II Civilizations".

5436:

LePoire, David J.; Chandrankunnel, Mathew (2020), Korotayev, Andrey V.; LePoire, David J. (eds.),

2998: 2735: 1543:

Sagan estimated that, according to this revised scale, 1970s humanity would be Type 0.7 (about 10

12802: 12440: 12422: 12387: 12355: 12243: 12181: 12077: 11355: 11325: 10783: 10209: 10184: 9948: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9908: 9883: 9878: 9863: 9858: 9823: 9702: 9601: 9446: 9379: 8595: 7044: 6709: 6286: 5937: 5708: 5290: 3913: 3792: 3416: 2653: 2363:" according to Richard A. Carrigan. Efforts to detect intelligence markers in the atmospheres of 2262: 2176: 2099: 2057: 2029:, while no known cosmic catastrophe would be capable of wiping out a Type III civilization. 1931: 1698: 1556: 1249: 950: 938: 495: 388: 278: 198: 51: 8179: 4959: 1328:

A civilization "close to the level currently achieved on Earth, with an energy consumption of ≈4

933:

search for new and powerful sources of radiation, especially in the poorly known regions of the

767:

Energy consumption in three types of civilization as defined by Sagan's extended Kardashev scale

12862: 12505: 12472: 12363: 11244: 9938: 9913: 9903: 9888: 9868: 9773: 9651: 9626: 9611: 9551: 9536: 9456: 9441: 9152: 9127: 9117: 8957: 8836: 8640: 8565: 5609: 4875:"Sensitivity evaluation of submillimeter interferometer Earth – space telescope Submillimetron" 4083: 4069: 3950: 3236: 2605: 2535: 2388: 2383:'s research) are one of the most promising avenues. A civilization watching its star die (as a 2041: 1791: 1724: 901: 573: 369: 215: 27: 9521: 7959: 6663:"On the applicability of human cultural models to extraterrestrial intelligence civilizations" 5493: 4446: 4245: 2470:

away, while signals from a Type III civilization are detectable virtually throughout the

1590:(with an estimated 120 zettabytes in 2023), equivalent to 0.73 R/S on Sagan's combined scale. 477:

on which extraterrestrial civilizations could be found is one of the many missions of the VLT.

12766: 12559: 12477: 12462: 12445: 12226: 11049: 10842: 10382: 9898: 9768: 9681: 9666: 9541: 9531: 9426: 9255: 9157: 8982: 8875: 8710: 8645: 8338: 7468: 6256: 5014: 4915: 4199: 4123: 3946: 3922:

could theoretically provide large amounts of energy by collecting the matter ejected outward.

3883: 3840: 3651: 3120: 2975: 2493:

would make it possible to listen to the many messages that could be sent to us. In 2007, the

2447: 2403:, due to a stellar engine, or an unusual spectral modulation in the composition of the star. 1815: 1600: 1576: 1276: 365: 293: 188: 98: 8095: 7124: 5712: 5700: 5581: 4793:"Optimal wavelength region for communication with extraterrestrial intelligence: λ = 1.5 mm" 4538: 3396:. However, there are many techniques for transmitting an interstellar message, ranging from 1038:. Kardashev even raises the possibility of a supercivilization reshaping the entire galaxy. 457: 12727: 12517: 12492: 12275: 11948: 11822: 11172: 11130: 11084: 10093: 9974: 9636: 9631: 9581: 9561: 9476: 9461: 9245: 9132: 9122: 9093: 8910: 8805: 8091: 8037: 7857: 7720: 7693: 7689: 7615: 7396: 7346: 7294: 7226: 7120: 7056: 6992: 6863: 6760: 6721: 6674: 6619: 6465: 6420: 6371: 6325: 6294: 6028: 5949: 5910: 5749: 5662: 5329: 5271: 4930: 4889: 4804: 4601: 4534: 4457: 4410: 4260: 3584: 3548: 3500:

PSR J1928+15 (observed in 2005 near the Galactic disk, at a frequency of 1.44 GHz, at

3116: 2885: 1774: 900:

However, such civilization activities require the use of abundant energy. According to the

470: 7650: 7185:"Alien signal detected by Russian astrophysicists turns out to be terrestrial disturbance" 5689: 3727:(energy released per mass) is about four orders of magnitude greater than that from using 2238:

Dutil and Dumas consider several physical limits to continuous energy production, such as

1442:

still based on Kardashev's types, but integrating intermediate levels using the following

800: 8: 12754: 12552: 12025: 11694: 11689: 11303: 11276: 9803: 9606: 9400: 9058: 8905: 8885: 8831: 8797: 8692: 8364: 8352: 7948: 6987: 6040: 4719: 3978: 3970: 3783: 3501: 3427: 3253: 3133: 3058: 2617: 2471: 2300:

between 8 and 13 microns, corresponding to surface temperatures of 300 K. A hypothetical

2282: 2168: 2018: 2014: 1939: 1847: 1799: 1560: 1309: 1213: 913: 531: 462: 418: 165: 7861: 7697: 7619: 7400: 7350: 7298: 7230: 7060: 6996: 6950: 6867: 6764: 6725: 6678: 6623: 6469: 6424: 6375: 6329: 6298: 6217:. In Meech, K. J.; Keane, J. V.; Mumma, M. J.; Siefert, J. L.; Werthimer, D. J. (eds.). 6032: 5977: 5953: 5914: 5753: 5666: 5333: 5275: 5109:"Speculations on the First Contact: Encyclopedia Galactica or the Music of the Spheres?" 4934: 4893: 4808: 4461: 4414: 4264: 3430:

system of the radiation could be detected by the shadow it casts on the accretion disk.

949:

and other exotic cosmic objects. Kardashev believed that the search should focus on the

12417: 12221: 12151: 12050: 12020: 11975: 11931: 11864: 11837: 11470: 11416: 11313: 11308: 11027: 10714: 10352: 10164: 10049: 9526: 9374: 9301: 9180: 9037: 8987: 8777: 8705: 8107: 7881: 7801: 7631: 7605: 7487: 7362: 7261: 7136: 7110: 6643: 6609: 6481: 6455: 6222: 6086: 6052: 6018: 5678: 5652: 5463: 5261: 4828: 4773: 4558: 4483: 4041: 3664: 3595:

that will allow humanity to reach more evolved stages. He estimates that man's violent

3199: 2912: 2865: 2845: 2720: 1621: 1345: 1151: 905: 828: 565: 553: 408: 398: 288: 283: 264: 245: 193: 7926: 7238: 7004: 6686: 6361:"Results of the MANIA Experiment: an Optical Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" 6313: 5317: 3027:, then humanity's energy consumption will exceed the incident solar power (1,742 × 10 1926:

insufficient scientific knowledge, which considered the possibility of stellar object

12837: 12778: 12774: 12712: 12300: 12186: 12045: 11679: 11340: 11214: 11096: 10315: 10098: 9506: 8813: 8683: 8382: 8376: 8157: 8111: 8057: 7873: 7848: 7821: 7752: 7635: 7627: 7541: 7433: 7331: 7306: 7242: 7079: 6879: 6834: 6803: 6776: 6729: 6690: 6647: 6635: 6558: 6511: 6432: 6341: 6337: 6232: 6164: 6056: 6044: 5866: 5841: 5765: 5716: 5619: 5507: 5467: 5453: 5381: 5345: 5341: 4820: 4777: 4765: 4723: 4640: 4621:

given at the Eighth Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics; first published in

4581: 4562: 4550: 4487: 4473: 4358: 4351: 4013: 3886:

processes (such as the aforementioned star lifting), and could therefore be recycled.

3541: 3522: 3438: 3323:

Searches for monochromatic signals of different frequencies, always in the same band.

3191: 3108: 3100: 2591:

The knowledge of these hypothetical supercivilizations must fit into a wide range of

2530:. This national conference was held in response to the American seminar known as the 2400: 2036:, humanity has reached Type I, but faces an energy challenge. In his 2011 paper 2033: 1718: 1609: 1443: 1199:, there may be planets older than the Earth, capable of harboring supercivilizations. 1144: 1042: 1023: 745: 683: 524: 340: 8660: 8053:

Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth

7282: 7140: 6772: 6485: 6477: 6314:"Nuclear waste spectrum as evidence of technological extraterrestrial civilizations" 6211: 6006: 5922: 5898: 5814:"The Physics of Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Official Website of Dr. Michio Kaku" 5761: 5682: 5640: 2429:

According to Kardashev, the transmissions of an extraterrestrial civilization (what

2160:

technological level. Only small, low-level civilizations could communicate with us.

2098:

automated probes) would extend to the rest of the Solar System. Current advances in

1348:

higher than the amount currently achieved on Earth, with an energy consumption of ≈2

12649: 12410: 12305: 12238: 12072: 11911: 11874: 11504: 11453: 11446: 11199: 11145: 11032: 10909: 10118: 10039: 9671: 9451: 9260: 9200: 9147: 9053: 9027: 8927: 8504: 8358: 8128: 8099: 7885: 7865: 7811: 7623: 7404: 7366: 7354: 7310: 7302: 7234: 7128: 7076:

Rejuvenating the Sun and Avoiding Other Global Catastrophes (Astronomers' Universe)

7000: 6871: 6768: 6682: 6627: 6473: 6428: 6333: 6036: 5918: 5757: 5670: 5445: 5373: 5337: 4832: 4812: 4757: 4715: 4542: 4465: 4398: 4316:"The Physics of Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Official Website of Dr Michio Kaku" 4055: 3993: 3859: 3763: 3568: 3373: 3369: 3360: 3156: 2497:

analyzed the only television frequencies sent by a Type 0 civilization, notes

2331:

Type II megastructures would be easier to detect. This would be the case of a

2317: 2247: 2116: 2095: 1749:

civilization). Metrics other than pure energy consumption have also been proposed.

1649: 1369: 1353: 1288:

is infinite, the number and lifetime of such supercivilizations are also infinite.

1140: 741: 706: 486: 466: 345: 330: 303: 255: 240: 170: 10455: 7869: 7132: 6982: 5899:"Use of Class A and Class C stellar engines to control Sun movement in the galaxy" 5701: 5611:

Parallel Worlds: The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos

3131:. The results were published as "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" in 1244:

and in its center. Kardashev explains that only more powerful observations in the

904:, an important part of this consumed energy must be converted into radiation of a 760:

would increase the likelihood that Type II civilizations exist in the galaxy.

12842: 12621: 12500: 12040: 12030: 11716: 11699: 11429: 11424: 11298: 11259: 11184: 11155: 11135: 11118: 11039: 10570: 10372: 10320: 10294: 10261: 10128: 10103: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9621: 9546: 9486: 9471: 9275: 9265: 8947: 8932: 8895: 8880: 8826: 8752: 8445: 8269: 8259: 8249: 8239: 8044: 7983: 7966: 7742: 7523: 7423: 7381: 6824: 6548: 4469: 4128: 3969:

speculations may not become problems, possibly through the application of future

3926: 3863: 3850:

Another means of generating usable energy would be to feed a stellar mass into a

3728: 3702: 3592: 3552: 3434: 3124: 2539: 2486: 2360: 2164: 1863: 1840: 1632: 1256: 1209: 1031: 942: 882: 737: 539: 378: 325: 220: 183: 140: 7022: 5449: 3992:

in general during the transition from Type I to Type II, leading to a

2727:. Thus, the rate of development of our own world remains the only criterion for 148: 12467: 12368: 12320: 12268: 12211: 12163: 12067: 12035: 11916: 11842: 11654: 11632: 11480: 11458: 11441: 11271: 11249: 11071: 10758: 10543: 10531: 10310: 10083: 9686: 9491: 9162: 9063: 8992: 8942: 8818: 8716: 8453: 8198: 7843: 7473:"Comparison of Fusion/Anti-matter Propulsion Systems for Interplanetary Travel" 5696: 4139: 4098: 4088: 3985: 3896: 3855: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3412: 3381: 3328: 2672:

shows that they are characterized by the tendency to store a maximum amount of

2628:. Taking into account these two phenomena, the universal physical laws and the 2592: 2380: 2336: 2325: 2266: 2255: 2239: 2232: 2220: 1959: 1918: 1852: 1831: 1770: 1677: 1657: 1241: 1188: 1110: 1081: 995: 869: 631: 383: 355: 230: 8275: 8119:

Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter

8103: 7972:

Clean Energy for Planetary Survival: International Development Research Centre

7408: 6875: 6631: 6446:

Zaitsev, Alexander (2008). "Sending and Searching for Interstellar Messages".

5870: 5437: 4761: 4546: 3731:, and about two orders of magnitude greater than the best possible yield from 3347:(for interferometric synthesis of ultraviolet, optical, and infrared images). 1709:

to deflect threatening objects. It would also have to anticipate the onset of

12796: 12527: 12482: 12397: 12141: 12126: 12104: 12087: 11926: 11882: 11815: 11674: 11666: 11637: 11607: 11565: 11521: 11499: 11475: 11404: 11044: 11004: 10965: 10933: 10815: 10521: 10222: 10044: 9989: 9979: 9294: 9108: 9073: 9032: 8555: 8545: 8418: 8388: 7839: 7825: 7816: 7789: 7681: 7246: 6780: 6733: 6694: 6639: 6345: 6048: 5769: 5674: 5499: 5370:

International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies – 43rd Session

5349: 4824: 4769: 4727: 4554: 4027: 3836: 3832: 3752: 3647: 3606: 3576: 3528:

The scale theorized by Kardashev was born in the geopolitical context of the

3489: 3485: 3356: 3310: 3283: 3224: 3215: 3187: 3168: 2728: 2625: 2556: 2523: 2479: 2396: 2309: 2286: 2224: 2061: 1993: 1839:, creating nanotechnology at the atomic level, and creating complex forms of 1824: 1745: 1587: 1567: 1446: 1272: 1125: 1077: 1060: 1015: 1003: 958: 635: 557: 350: 320: 298: 7684:(1966). Marshak, R. E. (ed.). "The Search for Extraterrestrial Technology". 7315: 6920: 6598:"The entropy principle, and the influence of sociological pressures on SETI" 5838:

International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies: 43rd Session

5368:

Wilson, Richard (2011). "Energy and the Environment in the Next Millenium".

4605: 3929:

is another theoretically possible power source for an advanced civilization.

3069:

In 1963, Nikolai Kardashev and Gennady Borissovich Sholomitskii studied the

2644: 2021:. It must also have developed a planetary communication system, such as the 1899: 1124:

has only a 20% probability of realization. Kardashev advises to observe the

12639: 12634: 12455: 12263: 12258: 12136: 11980: 11892: 11859: 11847: 11622: 11509: 11487: 11089: 11054: 10849: 10775: 10692: 10687: 10582: 10377: 10239: 10123: 10078: 10024: 9270: 9215: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9137: 9012: 8952: 8585: 8550: 7877: 7773: 7454: 5523: 5015:"A Dysonian Search for Kardashev Type III Civilisations in Spiral Galaxies" 4792: 4637:

Civilized Life in the Universe: Scientists on Intelligent Extraterrestrials

4134: 4103: 4093: 3869: 3824: 3787: 3756: 3676: 3635: 3405: 3287: 3164: 2710:

would not be an effect of the intelligent activity of a supercivilization.

2629: 2613: 2597: 2567: 2560: 2435: 2417: 2332: 2301: 2153: 2104: 2074: 2066: 1947: 1943: 1909: 1875:) to create organized complexity among populations of elementary particles; 1808: 1702: 1365: 1268: 1167: 1121: 1019: 962: 824: 816: 694: 607: 549: 518: 506: 315: 5442:

The 21st Century Singularity and Global Futures: A Big History Perspective

4745: 4522: 3343:

project (an orbiting observatory with a 10-meter diameter mirror) and the

1930:

as an artificial Type III source, whereas today we know that it is a

12644: 12380: 12315: 12310: 12231: 12206: 12119: 12094: 12060: 12012: 11953: 11595: 11516: 11399: 11387: 11012: 10825: 10670: 10516: 10330: 9984: 9788: 9740: 9556: 9205: 8870: 8678: 8496: 8488: 8394: 8210: 8137: 6862:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 382. pp. 96–97. 5783: 5605: 3966: 3919: 3890: 3828: 3812: 3596: 3572: 3152: 3104: 3092: 2724: 2673: 2633: 2601: 2498: 2321: 2045: 2006: 1985: 1729: 1706: 1605: 1317: 1226: 1114: 1097: 1011: 833: 753: 273: 8307: 8217: 7283:"Galactic civilizations: Population dynamics and interstellar diffusion" 4447:"On the Inevitability and the Possible Structures of Supercivilizations" 4035: 12689: 12674: 12156: 12131: 12000: 11936: 11904: 11852: 11810: 11738: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11580: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11286: 11254: 10977: 10970: 10955: 10921: 10793: 10763: 10736: 10719: 10665: 10594: 10486: 10427:

Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)

10234: 10029: 9220: 9098: 9017: 8461: 8285: 6583:

Extraterrestrial Civilizations – Problems of Interstellar Communication

6534:

Extraterrestrial Civilizations – Problems of Interstellar Communication

6394:

Extraterrestrial Civilizations – Problems of Interstellar Communication

6160:

Extraterrestrial Civilizations: Problems of Interstellar Communications

5489: 3974: 3962: 3875: 3851: 3779: 3767: 3748: 3712: 3611: 3518: 3420: 3364: 3331:

with a base, either of the order of or larger than the diameter of the

3228: 3163:

telescope catalog. All three were looking for evidence of hypothetical

3128: 3112: 3096: 2703: 2677: 2661: 2649: 2551: 2467: 2352: 2348: 2297: 2193: 1922: 1779: 1689: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656:), a global economic system is in the making (the establishment of the 1637: 1616:. By studying the evolution of technologies that have changed history ( 1438: 1280: 1253: 1129: 1054: 925: 909: 894: 876: 845: 749: 622: 588: 521: 510: 5657: 3981:, so that waste heat could be distributed throughout the star system. 3866:. However, this may only be possible for a Type III civilization. 3159:

to detect possible infrared sources near the galactic center from the

2139: 1552: 12707: 12702: 12679: 12659: 12099: 11995: 11990: 11941: 11827: 11798: 11793: 11783: 11766: 11684: 11627: 11463: 11382: 11350: 11236: 11177: 11017: 10992: 10960: 10950: 10869: 10615: 10325: 10229: 10189: 9240: 8977: 8972: 8787: 8762: 8469: 8229: 8222: 7358: 5372:(1st ed.). World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 51–61. 5168: 4847: 4816: 4108: 3879: 3795: 3716: 3564: 3260: 3145: 3141: 2422: 2384: 2364: 2296:. On the other hand their existence can be detected by analyzing the 2251: 2026: 1893: 1882: 1754: 1681: 1544: 1410: 1221: 1136: 988:

On the Inevitability and the Possible Structure of Supercivilizations

682:, published in 1964 first in Russian in the March–April issue of the 474: 7593: 6856: 3302:

Study in detail the properties of quasars and other unusual objects;

2355:. Such an intervention in a star's composition would be detectable. 1981:

According to Carl Sagan, Type I should be reached around 2100.

1867:

is capable of manipulating the most elementary particles of matter (

1229:

or can only be inferred by the gravitational influence it produces.

538:(which he initiated), a scientific meeting that reviewed the Soviet 40: 12664: 12654: 12629: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12253: 12173: 12114: 12109: 11788: 11758: 11711: 11546: 11533: 11492: 11394: 11291: 11204: 11162: 11113: 10938: 10904: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10810: 10702: 10680: 10599: 10538: 10526: 8962: 8937: 8849: 8842: 8737: 8668: 7806: 7655: 7332:"Implications of the Copernican Principle for our Future Prospects" 7115: 6796:

Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate

6358: 5209: 3736: 3684: 3627: 3529: 3401: 3249: 3232: 3220: 3211: 3183: 3172: 2833:{\displaystyle t={\frac {\log \left(P/P_{o}\right)}{\log \alpha }}} 2669: 2616:(probability of occurrence of natural or cosmic catastrophes). The 2490: 2463: 2430: 2399:

according to Whitmire and Wright. It could also be a change in the

2243: 2228: 2078: 2070: 2022: 1820: 1693: 1653: 1625: 1583: 1245: 1196: 1170:

can confirm or falsify such a scenario. We can imagine a potential

1089: 1050: 970: 890: 857: 517:

it is capable of harnessing and using. The measure was proposed by

235: 7610: 7266: 7184: 6614: 6460: 6227: 6091: 6023: 5266: 4007: 3807: 3766:

by converting sunlight into electricity – either directly through

3638:) or even millions of years, unless one imagines a thought and an 3376:, the regions most likely to harbor planets similar to the Earth. 776: 12375: 11832: 11748: 11743: 11644: 11617: 11575: 11553: 11281: 11123: 11061: 11022: 10982: 10914: 10899: 10743: 10587: 10550: 10217: 10114:

National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)

9328: 8747: 8722: 8426: 6710:"Stellar evolution – Motivation for mass interstellar migrations" 5788:"The Physics of Interstellar Travel: To one day, reach the stars" 5377: 4704:"Miocene Hominids and the Origins of the African Apes and Humans" 4021: 3933: 3775: 3560: 3484:

emissions was already considered an artificial source in 1968 by

3070: 2576: 2527: 2344: 2312:

like a Dyson sphere could be the result of a technology based on

2293: 2053: 1951: 1927: 1890:

In Impossibility: The Limits of Science and the Science of Limits

1856: 1710: 1641: 1183: 1086:

evolution after contact with other extraterrestrial civilizations

853: 849: 841: 732: 8082:

Kardashev, Nikolai (March 1997). "Cosmology and Civilizations".

7213:

Kardashev, N. S; Likhachev, S. F; Zhuravlev, V. I (1998-05-01).

6409:"Development of Extraterrestrial Intelligence and Physical Laws" 6219:

Bioastronomy 2007: Molecules, Microbes and Extraterrestrial Life

5132:"The Kardashev Scale – Type I, II, III, IV & V Civilization" 3465:

is cited by Kardashev as early as 1971. The study of the quasar

3449: 3291:

older than our own, and considering that cosmic objects such as

3103:

for signs of Type II civilizations in four galaxies of the

2713: 887:

Possibility of the Intelligent Life in the Universe Being Unique

12697: 12669: 12450: 12055: 11958: 11921: 11590: 11541: 11345: 11266: 11219: 11150: 11140: 10926: 10859: 10805: 10675: 10642: 10630: 10625: 10604: 10565: 10340: 9230: 8742: 8650: 4246:"Transmission of information by extraterrestrial civilizations" 3690: 3639: 3481: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3454: 3317: 3292: 3085: 3053: 3044: 2609: 2455: 2406: 2372: 2340: 2189: 2175:

A Type III civilization could theoretically live inside a

2144: 2124: 2120: 1904: 1872: 1402: 1297: 1233: 1106: 1046: 1007: 946: 837: 781:

In 1980, Nikolai Kardashev published a second article entitled

714: 654: 650: 618: 584: 580: 514: 7045:"Placing a limit on star-fed Kardashev type III civilisations" 6287:"Possibility of controlling solar system motion in the Galaxy" 5136:

The Kardashev Scale – Type I, II, III, IV & V Civilization

3496:

frequency (about 10 GHz, also for economic reasons). The

1522:

civilization would be defined by a power of 10 watts, while a

864:

present development covers only a negligible fraction of this

701:. According to Kardashev, it is the type of civilization that 617:

civilization is able to capture all the energy emitted by its

12248: 12201: 12146: 11985: 11970: 11887: 11612: 11600: 11570: 11558: 11330: 11194: 11189: 11167: 11108: 11101: 10943: 10830: 10788: 10697: 10635: 10620: 10560: 7844:"Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation" 4746:"Radioastron – a Radio Telescope Much Greater than the Earth" 4578:

The Eerie Silence: Renewing Our Search for Alien Intelligence

4173:

According to Sagan's interpolated Kardashev scale, as of 2021

4063: 3957: 3912:

They may also be able to tap into the energy released by the

3744: 3698: 3623: 3591:, 1960), man's aggressiveness does not allow us to predict a 3397: 3332: 2586: 2376: 2368: 2270: 2087: 1868: 1713:

and modify the climate long before they occur to avoid them.

1645: 1617: 1027: 827:

on the basis of this universal characteristic, which allowed

721: 702: 680:

Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations

561: 10134:

Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)

10066:

Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government

5169:"Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities" 4848:"Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities" 2571:

turned his attention to two radio sources discovered by the

1660:), and even a globalized culture is standardizing humanity ( 11963: 11899: 11771: 11649: 11434: 11362: 11318: 11226: 11209: 11079: 10987: 10854: 10800: 10748: 10731: 10707: 10611: 10575: 10555: 8512: 8125:

Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation

7716: 7382:"Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an Open Universe" 7212: 6749:"Ten thousand revolutions: conjectures about civilizations" 6291:

38th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation

3844: 3619: 3587:, author of a statistical study on mortality (published in 3462: 3305:

Search for monochromatic anomalies among the most powerful

3160: 3081: 3049: 2681: 2219:

from 10 to 10 Hz, which allows two observations related to

2083: 2049: 1836: 1804: 1705:. A Type I civilization should also be able to master 1390: 1237: 1074:

Radioastron – a Radio Telescope Much Greater than the Earth

757: 710: 698: 687: 603: 8277:

What Do Alien Civilizations Look Like? The Kardashev Scale

8230:

Detectability of Extraterrestrial Technological Activities

8049: 6221:. ASP Conference Series. Vol. 420. pp. 439–442. 5703:

Impossibility: Limits of Science and the Science of Limits

5113:

When SETI Succeeds: The Impact of High-Information Contact

2639: 1582:

In 2017, the total amount of information generated on the

1061:

Possible scenarios for the evolution of supercivilizations

973:

and its evolution over a period of several billion years.

12295: 12216: 12196: 12191: 12082: 11803: 11778: 10837: 10753: 10726: 10647: 8031:

The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments

7651:"Antimatter caught streaming from thunderstorms on Earth" 6370:. ASP Conference Series. Vol. 47. pp. 381–392. 6212:"Sustainability: A Tedious Path to Galactic Colonization" 5053:

Zoltan Galántai, Long Futures and Type IV Civilizations,

4635:

Basalla, George (2006). "Life in an Expanding Universe".

4454:

The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments

3032: 2439: 1955: 1900:

Galántai's miniaturization and resilience to catastrophes

1571: 1378: 1333: 670: 7786: 5871:"Nature's Way of Making Audacious Space Projects Viable" 3739:

of antimatter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8

3372:(OH). For Livio, the means of detection should focus on 2882:

is a parameter that increases annually as a function of

2504: 1881:

is capable of manipulating the fundamental structure of

9286: 8297:

Kardashev Scale, the big picture on space civilizations

7713:"New Energy Source "Wrings" Power from Black Hole Spin" 5318:"On the detectivity of advanced galactic civilizations" 4600: 1427: 1163:. As a result, no contact with humanity can take place. 5938:"Stellar engines for Kardashev's Type II Civilization" 5247: 5055:

Periodica Polytechnica, Social and Management Sciences

5008: 5006: 5004: 4678:

Periodica Polytechnica, Social and Management Sciences

2038:

Nature's Way of Making Audacious Space Projects Viable

1764: 646:(Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) programs. 9251:

Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact

8134:

The Radio Search For Intelligent Extraterrestral Life

5435: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 3140:

In 1976, Kardashev, Troitskii, and Gindilis used the

3039:) after 800 years, and that of the Galaxy (7,29 × 10 3001: 2978: 2935: 2915: 2888: 2868: 2848: 2772: 2738: 1457: 1067:

Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact

500: 8218:

The Kardashev scale: Classifying alien civilizations

6312:

Whitmire, Daniel P.; Wright, David P. (1980-04-01).

4003: 3650:, communication and life can continue forever in an 3469:

shows that it has a solid structure. Other quasars (

877:

Two strategies for searching for intelligent signals

10485: 8050:Korotayev, A.; Malkov, A.; Khaltourina, D. (2006). 7538:

Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization

6714:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society

6497: 6495: 5776: 5484: 5482: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 4739: 4737: 4353:

Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization

3507: 2167:'", Semay notes, knowing that it can only exist if 1742:

Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization

1401:A civilization with energy on the scale of its own 65:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 10144:Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current) 6257:"Space travel with solar power and a dyson sphere" 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 5495:Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective 5224: 5210:"After Kardashev: Farewell to Super Civilizations" 5049: 5047: 5045: 4981: 4350: 3359:, "the most reliable criterion" remains the small 3186:(US), Annis studied a sample of 31 galaxies, both 3019: 2984: 2964: 2921: 2901: 2874: 2854: 2832: 2756: 2123:, allowing it, among other things, to capture its 1652:), a global communication system is emerging (the 1518:is the amount of power it uses, in watts. Thus, a 1499: 1291: 1120:The scenario of a unification on the scale of the 621:, and every object within it, such as every star, 8631:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems 8621:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems 7794:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 4916:"Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion" 4239: 3916:believed to exist at the center of most galaxies. 3339:space projects to detect artificial sources: the 2509: 1757:to its edge would take about 50,000 years (since 1593: 981: 937:. These sources could be significant or periodic 885:, who in an article published in 1977 and titled 12794: 8918:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence 8246:After Kardashev: Farewell to Super Civilizations 6501: 6492: 6387: 6385: 5571: 5479: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5089: 4734: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 3903: 2566:Kardashev believes that a research project like 1965: 1526:civilization would be able to harness 10 watts. 992:hypothetical extraterrestrial supercivilizations 6951:"Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight" 6914: 6912: 6910: 5935: 5896: 5892: 5890: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5042: 4872: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 3802: 3392:is the observation date in years, knowing that 1500:{\displaystyle K={\frac {\log _{10}{W}-6}{10}}} 1432: 777:Towards an energetic definition of civilization 660: 542:space listening program. The paper was titled " 10422:United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022) 8001:"Environmental Change and the Human Condition" 7259: 6983:"The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence" 6860:A Brief History of Radio Astronomy in the USSR 6852: 6850: 6595: 6311: 6099: 5936:Badescu, Viorel; Cathcart, Richard B. (2006). 5897:Badescu, Viorel; Cathcart, Richard B. (2006). 5831: 5829: 5598: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5311: 5309: 4625:, vol. 302, pp. 685–689, Dec. 1977). 3669: 3267: 2680:of civilization implies that it cannot have a 1761:, according to our understanding of physics). 836:acquired by its operating program, and by the 10471: 9302: 8323: 7998: 7484:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 7049:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 6991:. Vol. 232, no. 5. pp. 80–89. 6382: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5942:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 5402:"The Statistical Review of World Energy 2022" 5186: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5012: 4923:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 4653: 4639:. Oxford University Press. pp. 148–149. 4505: 4371: 4337: 4216: 3847:and capture most or all of its energy output. 3180:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 2714:Human civilization: a model for extrapolation 1680:to facilitate communication and cooperation, 1082:ethical considerations of these civilizations 543: 527:(1932–2019) in 1964 and was named after him. 438: 7191:. St. Petersburg, Russia: TASS. 2016-08-30. 6907: 5887: 5854: 5356: 5251: 4606:"Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pulsars?" 4594: 4425: 4309: 4307: 4305: 3940: 3693:per second, a rate roughly equivalent to 8.9 3272: 2407:The interstellar transmission of information 1514:is the Kardashev type of a civilization and 1178: 771: 606:'s energy, most likely through the use of a 545:Передача информации внеземными цивилизациями 9226:History of the extraterrestrial life debate 8923:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal 7280: 7156:"An Interesting SETI Candidate in Hercules" 6949:Dick, Steven J.; Launius, Roger D. (2006). 6948: 6847: 6254: 5826: 5558: 5306: 4913: 4882:Liège International Astrophysical Colloquia 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4200:"Kardashev, Nikolai Semenovich (1932–2019)" 4193: 4191: 4189: 3320:) of interstellar origin, in the same band; 3091:In 1975 and 1976, the American astronomers 2522:in Moscow. In 1964, he organized the first 2379:, residues of biotic activity according to 976: 665: 10478: 10464: 9309: 9295: 8541:Planetary habitability in the Solar System 8330: 8316: 6980: 6974: 6898: 6892: 6368:Third Decennial US-USSR Conference on SETI 6250: 6248: 6209: 6196: 6076: 6063: 5960: 5153: 5106: 4953: 4951: 4845: 3878:is likely to be produced as an industrial 3061:according to the work of Kathryn Denning. 3031:) after 240 years, the total power of the 2538:in the United States. It brought together 1958:. A Type I civilization would use 25 1735: 1692:, as well as building strong ties between 445: 431: 8337: 8081: 8028: 7815: 7805: 7609: 7563:"Antimatter Found Orbiting Earth—A First" 7314: 7265: 7114: 6942: 6707: 6660: 6613: 6530: 6459: 6406: 6226: 6183: 6156: 6090: 6079:Journal of British Interplanetary Society 6022: 6004: 5656: 5638: 5265: 5254:Journal of British Interplanetary Society 5129: 4790: 4743: 4623:Annals of the New York Academy of Science 4520: 4444: 4396: 4243: 3854:, and collect the photons emitted by the 3512: 3243: 2632:resulting from life, defines a "physical 125:Learn how and when to remove this message 12848:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence 9396:1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund 9386:1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg 8968:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence 8636:List of potentially habitable exoplanets 7467: 7281:Newman, William I.; Sagan, Carl (1981). 6822: 6596:Bozhilov, V.; Forgan, Duncan H. (2010). 6391: 5641:"Hyperfast travel in general relativity" 5207: 4671:"Long Futures and Type IV Civilizations" 4668: 4282: 4186: 3831:and similar constructs are hypothetical 3806: 3448: 3123:. The year before, the two men had sent 2643: 2416: 2138: 2005:towards Type II must have mastered 1903: 1182: 953:, close to the maximum intensity of the 799: 762: 669: 456: 8773:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment 8151: 8142: 7999:Holdren, John P.; Kaysen, Carl (2003). 7153: 7098: 6918: 6746: 6445: 6284: 6245: 5865: 5572:Hamish, Clift; Mandeville, Tom (2012). 4948: 4634: 4617:(after-dinner speech with the title of 3214:in shape, meaning that one side of the 2640:A functional definition of civilization 2514:From 1962, Kardashev was a member of a 1786:Type I-minus to Type Omega-minus: 1312:with a transmission time of 3 seconds. 1117:conservatory would be created on Earth. 12795: 10499: 9532:Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961) 8256:Exotic Civilizations: Beyond Kardashev 7977:LBL Scientists Research Global Warming 7740: 7710: 7648: 7535: 7421: 6580: 6255:Badescu, Viorel; Cathcart, Richard B. 5835: 5695: 5367: 5166: 4575: 4348: 3488:, the discoverer of the first pulsar ( 3433:A Type III civilization using a " 3313:emission line), in the decimeter band; 1835:is capable of manipulating individual 12609: 12343: 10498: 10459: 9290: 8674:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection 8311: 7952:magazine (Special September Issue on 7838: 7680: 7425:Hydrogen properties for fusion energy 7379: 7073: 7042: 6602:International Journal of Astrobiology 6576: 6574: 6502:Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Kit (2004). 5975: 5735: 5488: 5315: 5288: 4701: 3658: 3064: 2691:Destruction of only intelligent life. 2505:Search and detection of civilizations 2200: 2044:energy sources are nearly exhausted; 1139:and of neighboring galaxies (such as 16:Measure of a civilization's evolution 12610: 9391:1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel 8626:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems 8611:Habitability of neutron star systems 8371:Viking lander biological experiments 8033:. Reidel Publ. Co. pp. 465–463. 7790:"A Dyson Sphere around a black hole" 7744:A First Course in General Relativity 7560: 7540:. TarcherPerigee. pp. 197–201. 7329: 6793: 6546: 5840:. World Scientific. pp. 56–57. 5811: 5782: 5604: 5130:Creighton, Jolene (21 August 2019). 4744:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1997-12-01). 4720:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105047 4521:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1997-03-01). 4313: 3603:within a few centuries at the most. 3411:An artificial source located in the 2450:, radio and optical frequencies, or 1759:nothing can travel faster than light 1631:A Type I civilization consumes 1428:Reassessments of the Kardashev scale 1344:10 watts), which is about four 602:civilization can directly consume a 465:, a laser beam is used to create an 63:adding citations to reliable sources 34: 8601:Habitability of binary star systems 8576:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems 6007:"Is there life inside black holes?" 5805: 5438:"Energy Flow Trends in Big History" 4957: 4197: 4145:World energy supply and consumption 2134: 1972:World energy supply and consumption 1765:Barrow's microdimensional mastering 1018:'s megastructure, in the form of a 717:, which is equivalent to 10 watts. 513:advancement based on the amount of 13: 12853:Sustainability metrics and indices 10089:Flying Saucer Working Party (1950) 9746:High-altitude object events (2023) 9375:Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC) 9236:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 9079:Hypothetical types of biochemistry 8606:Habitability of natural satellites 7906: 6981:Sagan, Carl; Drake, Frank (1975). 6571: 4873:Gromov, V.; Kardashev, N. (2001). 3904:Type III civilization methods 3843:designed to completely encircle a 3444: 3076:on the 920 MHz band from the 2965:{\displaystyle P=P_{o}\alpha ^{t}} 2668:Observation of the development of 2573:California Institute of Technology 2182: 2110: 1405:, with an energy consumption of ≈4 1372:– with an energy consumption of ≈4 729:California Institute of Technology 14: 12874: 12577:Social construction of technology 10149:NASA's UAP independent study team 8616:Habitability of red dwarf systems 8266:Search for Type III civilizations 8236:Astrobiology: The Living Universe 8206:Description of civilization types 8172: 8154:Operation TOGA: Type One Go Ahead 7005:10.1038/scientificamerican0575-80 6163:. Coronet Books. pp. 12–57. 5744:. Searching for Life Signatures. 5542:"Data growth worldwide 2010-2025" 5107:Lemarchand, Guillermo A. (2000). 5013:Calissendorff, Per (2013-05-29). 4846:Lemarchand, Guillermo A. (1995). 3803:Type II civilization methods 3719:of the particles is converted to 3707:10 cubic kilometers of water 3480:The extraordinary periodicity of 3248:In 2015, a study of galactic mid- 3227:could also extract energy from a 2276: 2209: 1976: 1006:of great size, emitting a lot of 12773: 12761: 12750: 12749: 12344: 10440: 10439: 8768:Life Investigation For Enceladus 8187:Flash Animation on Civilizations 8010:. pp. 24–31. Archived from 5994:from the original on 2023-07-27. 5119:from the original on 2023-08-07. 4944:from the original on 2023-08-07. 4903:from the original on 2023-08-07. 4862:from the original on 2023-03-07. 4691:from the original on 2023-03-07. 4421:from the original on 2023-07-27. 4062: 4048: 4034: 4020: 4006: 3670:Type I civilization methods 3508:Criticisms of the classification 3155:, Kardashev, and Slysh used the 2587:Towards a "physical eschatology" 2520:Sternberg Astronomical Institute 1644:, and could build cities on the 1356:, between 10 and 10 watts. 1279:in 1975), which is based on the 147: 39: 12762: 12565:Timeline of historic inventions 10406:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 9587:John Lennon UFO incident (1974) 9401:José Bonilla observation (1883) 8145:Energy and Culture (chapter 15) 8070:from the original on 2018-01-05 7892:from the original on 2019-07-14 7832: 7780: 7765:from the original on 2020-07-10 7734: 7704: 7674: 7663:from the original on 2011-01-12 7642: 7587: 7554: 7529: 7504: 7461: 7446:from the original on 2020-07-08 7415: 7373: 7323: 7274: 7253: 7206: 7195:from the original on 2016-09-03 7177: 7166:from the original on 2018-01-10 7147: 7092: 7067: 7036: 7011: 6963:from the original on 2023-07-27 6931:from the original on 2023-08-10 6816: 6787: 6773:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.11.019 6747:Denning, Kathryn (2011-02-01). 6740: 6701: 6654: 6589: 6540: 6524: 6478:10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.05.014 6439: 6400: 6352: 6305: 6278: 6267:from the original on 2023-04-15 6177: 6005:Dokuchaev, V. I. (2011-11-17). 5998: 5929: 5923:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.09.005 5794:from the original on 2023-07-19 5762:10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.11.006 5729: 5639:Krasnikov, S. V. (1998-04-15). 5632: 5614:. New York: Doubleday. p. 5534: 5429: 5418:from the original on 2023-08-21 5394: 5289:Kneen, Sarah Elizabeth (2014). 5282: 5175:from the original on 2019-03-18 5142:from the original on 2023-08-01 5123: 5031:from the original on 2022-01-08 4970:from the original on 2022-04-01 4914:von Hoerner, Sebastien (1975). 4907: 4866: 4839: 4784: 4695: 4669:Galántai, Zoltan (2003-09-07). 4628: 4494:from the original on 2020-12-12 4326:from the original on 2022-01-08 4271:from the original on 2022-01-12 4167: 4158: 3990:artificial general intelligence 3327:According to Kardashev, only a 2534:of 1961, which was held at the 2246:), climate (about 127 TW), and 2048:will be depleted by 2020–2030, 1851:is capable of manipulating the 1292:Categories defined by Kardashev 1078:no contact has been made so far 50:needs additional citations for 10139:Identification studies of UFOs 9617:Valentich disappearance (1978) 9602:Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977) 9482:McMinnville photographs (1950) 9354:List of reported UFO sightings 8758:Journey to Enceladus and Titan 8084:Astrophysics and Space Science 7686:Perspectives in Modern Physics 7486:. pp. 1–3. Archived from 7482:. San Diego, California, USA: 7430:University of California Press 7019:"Observation Begin date: 1987" 6041:10.1088/0264-9381/28/23/235015 4791:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1979). 4702:Begun, David R. (2010-10-21). 4569: 4527:Astrophysics and Space Science 4456:. Vol. 112. p. 497. 4445:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1985). 4397:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1980). 4244:Kardashev, Nikolai S. (1964). 3786:: There is no known way for a 3583:For the British meteorologist 3350: 2510:The Byurakan Conference (1964) 1594:Kaku and the knowledge economy 1034:also hold great potential for 982:Discovering supercivilizations 951:millimeter wavelength spectrum 945:, from other galaxies or from 1: 10099:Project Blue Book (1952–1970) 9779:Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949) 9774:Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947) 9627:Robert Taylor incident (1979) 9592:Travis Walton incident (1975) 9537:Lonnie Zamora incident (1964) 9432:Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946) 8891:Berkeley SETI Research Center 8591:Extraterrestrial liquid water 7870:10.1126/science.131.3414.1667 7561:Than, Ker (August 10, 2011). 7239:10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00011-3 6921:"SETI: Searches Through 1978" 6826:Extraterrestrial Intelligence 6687:10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00034-4 6210:Dutil, Y.; Dumas, S. (2007). 6011:Classical and Quantum Gravity 5736:Smart, John M. (2012-09-01). 5492:(2000) . Agel, Jerome (ed.). 4708:Annual Review of Anthropology 4580:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 4523:"Cosmology and Civilizations" 4180: 3589:Statistics of Deadly Quarrels 3457:, the brightest ever observed 3316:Search for periodic signals ( 3167:. The objects turn out to be 2040:, he states that the Earth's 1966:Progression through the types 1701:cosmic catastrophes, such as 1267:answer the question posed by 1218:formation of the Solar System 505:) is a method of measuring a 9642:Cash–Landrum incident (1980) 9542:Solway Firth Spaceman (1964) 9517:Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956) 9211:Extraterrestrials in fiction 9084:Interplanetary contamination 8581:Circumstellar habitable zone 8465:(unusual light fluctuations) 8457:(unusual light fluctuations) 8449:(unusual light fluctuations) 7932:Resources in other libraries 7649:Palmer, Jason (2011-01-11). 7307:10.1016/0019-1035(81)90135-4 7154:Gilster, Paul (2016-08-27). 7102:Astronomy & Astrophysics 6661:Ashkenazi, M. (1998-05-01). 6433:10.1016/0094-5765(89)90079-9 6338:10.1016/0019-1035(80)90253-5 5342:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90112-7 4470:10.1007/978-94-009-5462-5_65 4114:Orders of magnitude (energy) 3020:{\displaystyle \alpha =1,04} 2757:{\displaystyle \alpha =1,04} 2011:interplanetary communication 1433:Sagan's finer classification 1222:sources of intense radiation 808:in 2011 according to the BP 720:Assuming the development of 661:Origin of the classification 7: 12589:Technology acceptance model 10401:List of scientific skeptics 10129:Project Condign (1997–2000) 10072:The Flying Saucers Are Real 9632:Val Johnson incident (1979) 9582:Pascagoula Abduction (1973) 9069:Extraterrestrial hypothesis 8194:What's the Kardashev Scale? 7741:Schutz, Bernard F. (1985). 7711:Newman, Phil (2001-10-22). 7526:for the energy comparisons. 7524:antimatter as a fuel source 7480:Technical Memorandum 107030 7133:10.1051/0004-6361/201526687 6919:Freitas, Robert A. (2008). 6366:. In Shostak, G. S. (ed.). 5450:10.1007/978-3-030-33730-8_9 4119:Orders of magnitude (power) 3999: 3675:Large-scale application of 3601:weapons of mass destruction 3268:Possible listening criteria 2444:cosmic microwave background 1819:is capable of manipulating 1803:is capable of manipulating 1697:frequency of occurrence of 1604:(2011), American physicist 1396: 1205:Cosmology and Civilizations 1150:The scenario of a complete 955:cosmic microwave background 501: 404:Science fiction prototyping 336:Reference class forecasting 10: 12879: 10094:Project Magnet (1950–1962) 9751:David Grusch claims (2023) 9522:Antônio Villas Boas (1957) 8783:Mars sample-return mission 8272: (archived 2015-05-25) 8262: (archived 2009-02-20) 8252: (archived 2007-01-08) 8242: (archived 2013-05-14) 7946:Article in September 1971 7749:Cambridge University Press 7628:10.1088/2041-8205/736/1/L1 7380:Dyson, Freeman J. (1979). 6831:Cambridge University Press 6800:Cambridge University Press 6555:Cambridge University Press 6508:Greenwood Publishing Group 5504:Cambridge University Press 5316:Sagan, Carl (1973-07-01). 3899:can be used to move stars. 3662: 3059:multidisciplinary approach 2688:Total destruction of life. 2608:, those of stable matter ( 2413:Interstellar communication 2410: 2280: 1969: 1716:In addition, in his books 1359: 1212:is recent compared to the 1208:possible by the fact that 1064: 1030:to store mass and energy. 806:primary energy consumption 579:is able to access all the 26:. For the video game, see 18: 12744: 12723:Technological convergence 12688: 12620: 12616: 12605: 12582:Technological determinism 12538: 12523:Technological singularity 12491: 12433: 12396: 12354: 12350: 12339: 12172: 12011: 11873: 11757: 11665: 11532: 11415: 11235: 11070: 11003: 10868: 10774: 10658: 10509: 10505: 10494: 10435: 10414: 10393: 10365: 10303: 10260: 10253: 10208: 10157: 10119:Condon Report (1966–1968) 10058: 10013: 9967: 9816: 9799:Alien Autopsy (1995 film) 9759: 9695: 9612:Zanfretta incident (1978) 9512:Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955) 9419: 9367: 9346: 9337: 9324: 9171: 9107: 9046: 9001: 8859: 8659: 8564: 8536:Earliest known life forms 8528: 8481: 8438: 8411: 8404: 8345: 7927:Resources in your library 7597:The Astrophysical Journal 7409:10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447 7389:Reviews of Modern Physics 7078:. Springer. p. 240. 6876:10.1007/978-94-007-2834-9 6632:10.1017/S1473550410000133 6506:. Greenwood Biographies. 6407:Troitskij, V. S. (1989). 6186:Soviet Astromical Journal 5208:Galantai, Zoltan (2006). 5167:Lemarchand, Guillermo A. 4960:"Kardashev civilizations" 3941:Civilization implications 3772:concentrating solar power 3735:. The reaction of 1 3363:of the radio source. The 3273:Kardashev's point of view 3078:Crimea Deep Space Station 2708:expansion of the Universe 2127:and navigate the galaxy. 1827:, creating new materials; 1703:comet or asteroid impacts 1323: 1286:expansion of the Universe 1216:(8 × 10 years before the 1193:expansion of the Universe 1179:Fourth publication (1997) 918:electromagnetic radiation 772:Second publication (1980) 544: 490: 463:Cerro Paranal Observatory 12718:Research and development 12548:Diffusion of innovations 12513:Technological utopianism 12406:Environmental technology 9769:Maury Island hoax (1947) 9667:Voronezh incident (1989) 9652:Trans-en-Provence (1981) 9647:Rendlesham Forest (1980) 9577:Finnish Air Force (1969) 9507:Flatwoods monster (1952) 9359:Sightings in outer space 9316: 8901:Breakthrough Initiatives 7994:Clarke H2 energy systems 7568:National Geographic News 7215:"Space program for SETI" 6794:Dick, Steven J. (2001). 6755:. SETI Special Edition. 6547:Dick, Steven J. (1999). 5987:(in French) (7): 31–35. 5836:Wilson, Richard (2010). 5675:10.1103/PhysRevD.57.4760 5300:University of Manchester 4608:. Cosmic Search Magazine 4151: 4079:Astronomical engineering 3925:Capturing the energy of 3914:supermassive black holes 3839:as a system of orbiting 3835:originally described by 3774:, or indirectly through 3279:electromagnetic spectrum 2862:is the number of years, 2548:electromagnetic spectrum 2217:electromagnetic spectrum 1782:through holes in space. 1686:research and development 1549:world energy consumption 1227:matter remains invisible 977:Third publication (1985) 935:electromagnetic spectrum 790:astronomical time spans. 785:in which he stated that: 684:Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 666:First publication (1964) 176:Global catastrophic risk 12441:Government by algorithm 12423:Sustainable engineering 12388:Precautionary principle 12182:Artificial intelligence 10017:extraterrestrial beings 9784:Southern England (1967) 9712:Campeche, Mexico (2004) 9672:Belgian UFO wave (1990) 9502:Washington, D.C. (1952) 9497:Nash-Fortenberry (1952) 9380:Airship of Clonmacnoise 9005:extraterrestrial beings 8596:Galactic habitable zone 8180:Kardashev civilizations 8143:Freitas Jr., Robert A. 8104:10.1023/A:1000837427320 8096:1997Ap&SS.252...25K 7536:Zubrin, Robert (2000). 7512:mass–energy equivalence 7125:2015A&A...581L...5G 6823:Heidmann, Jean (1997). 6504:Carl Sagan: A Biography 6285:Shkadov, L. M. (1987). 5709:Oxford University Press 4762:10.1023/A:1007937203880 4602:S. Jocelyn Bell Burnell 4547:10.1023/A:1000837427320 4539:1997Ap&SS.252...25K 4349:Zubrin, Robert (1999). 3862:; this is known as the 3793:space-based solar power 3681:mass–energy equivalence 3549:principle of mediocrity 3417:supermassive black hole 3357:Samuil Aronovich Kaplan 3125:mankind's first message 2985:{\displaystyle \alpha } 2654:active galactic nucleus 2575:, nicknamed CTA-21 and 2559:", as it was stated by 2489:and those installed on 2316:, as those imagined by 2314:self-replicating probes 2263:supermassive black hole 2177:supermassive black hole 2100:artificial intelligence 2086:(estimated at 2.3 × 10 1984:Physicist and futurist 1736:Zubrin's planet mastery 1614:extragalactic radiation 1271:when he formulated his 389:Exploratory engineering 279:Causal layered analysis 12506:Technology forecasting 12473:Strategy of Technology 12364:Appropriate technology 11245:Agricultural machinery 10104:Robertson Panel (1953) 9657:Japan Air Lines (1986) 9622:Kaikoura Lights (1978) 9472:Gorman Dogfight (1948) 9406:Airship wave (1896–97) 9153:Planetarium hypothesis 9143:Hart–Tipler conjecture 9128:Dark forest hypothesis 9118:Aestivation hypothesis 8837:Venus In Situ Explorer 8641:Planetary habitability 8430:(misidentified quasar) 8422:(misidentified pulsar) 8300:, an audio podcast by 8152:Griffin, John (2010). 7944:Energy in the Universe 7817:10.1093/mnras/stab1832 7422:Souers, P. C. (1986). 7074:Beech, Martin (2007). 6708:Zuckerman, B. (1985). 6261:www.astronomytoday.com 5976:Semay, Claude (1998). 4750:Experimental Astronomy 4357:. Penguin Publishing. 4070:Science Fiction portal 3994:digitized civilization 3951:Malthusian catastrophe 3841:solar power satellites 3816: 3517:William I. Newman and 3513:Irrelevant assumptions 3458: 3345:VLBI optical telescope 3244:Observational evidence 3021: 2986: 2966: 2923: 2903: 2876: 2856: 2834: 2758: 2665: 2606:laws of thermodynamics 2536:Green Bank observatory 2518:research group at the 2426: 2148: 1913: 1501: 1200: 1080:could be explained by 1032:Giant molecular clouds 902:laws of thermodynamics 873:during its evolution. 812: 798: 768: 675: 478: 473:(VLT). The search for 216:Historical materialism 29:Galactic Civilizations 12823:Extraterrestrial life 12478:Technology assessment 12463:Persuasive technology 12446:Intellectual property 12434:Policy & politics 11050:Interchangeable parts 10124:Institute 22 (1978–?) 10109:Ruppelt report (1956) 10084:Project Grudge (1949) 9794:Gulf Breeze (1987–88) 9741:Jetpack man (2020–21) 9717:O'Hare Airport (2006) 9687:Phoenix Lights (1997) 9607:Operação Prato (1977) 9492:Lubbock Lights (1951) 9467:Chiles-Whitted (1948) 9437:Kenneth Arnold (1947) 9256:Post-detection policy 9158:Rare Earth hypothesis 8983:Voyager Golden Record 8876:Allen Telescope Array 8711:Enceladus Life Finder 8646:Superhabitable planet 8339:Extraterrestrial life 7960:Wind Powering America 7751:. pp. 304, 305. 7690:John Wiley & Sons 7043:Annis, James (1999). 5812:Kaku, Michio (2007). 4964:www.daviddarling.info 4576:Davies, Paul (2010). 4314:Kaku, Michio (2007). 4204:www.daviddarling.info 4124:Quiet and loud aliens 3979:O'Neill-type colonies 3947:Industrial Revolution 3891:multiple star systems 3884:megascale engineering 3810: 3452: 3386:35 + (t_f - 2000) / 2 3022: 2987: 2967: 2924: 2904: 2902:{\displaystyle P_{o}} 2877: 2857: 2835: 2759: 2721:growing exponentially 2678:functional definition 2656:, providing a strong 2647: 2543:from other galaxies. 2532:Green Bank conference 2448:circular polarization 2420: 2411:Further information: 2294:gravitational effects 2281:Further information: 2215:in the region of the 2142: 2060:peaked in 2006–2008. 1970:Further information: 1907: 1601:Physics of the Future 1577:galactic supercluster 1502: 1277:Sebastian von Hoerner 1225:addition, 95% of the 1186: 1152:colonization of space 803: 787: 766: 673: 460: 294:Cross impact analysis 12858:Technology timelines 12828:Fictional technology 12728:Technology lifecycle 12518:Technocracy movement 12276:Programming language 11949:Particle accelerator 11823:Laboratory glassware 10489:and related concepts 10415:Government & Law 10336:Government responses 9817:Sightings by country 9736:UFO incidents (2014) 9246:Planetary protection 9133:Firstborn hypothesis 9123:Berserker hypothesis 9094:Mediocrity principle 8911:Breakthrough Message 8529:Life in the Universe 7330:Gott, J. R. (1993). 6833:. pp. 150–151. 3585:Lewis Fry Richardson 3329:radio interferometer 3196:Tully-Fisher diagram 2999: 2976: 2933: 2913: 2886: 2866: 2846: 2770: 2736: 2345:gravitational forces 1855:and engineering the 1775:University of Sussex 1540:in a general sense. 1538:rise of civilization 1455: 906:bolometric magnitude 632:computational growth 471:Very Large Telescope 59:improve this article 12553:Technology transfer 12244:Client–server model 11695:CRISPR gene editing 11690:Genetic engineering 11277:Internal combustion 10210:Conspiracy theories 10200:Trotskyist-Posadism 10079:Project Sign (1948) 10050:Reptilian humanoids 9707:UFO incident (2004) 9677:Ariel School (1994) 9572:Jimmy Carter (1969) 9567:Shag Harbour (1967) 9059:Directed panspermia 9038:Reptilian humanoids 8906:Breakthrough Listen 8886:Arecibo Observatory 8832:Titan Mare Explorer 8405:Signals of interest 8365:Murchison meteorite 8353:Shergotty meteorite 8121:: also by Kardashev 7949:Scientific American 7862:1960Sci...131.1667D 7856:(3414): 1667–1668. 7698:1966pmp..book..641D 7620:2011ApJ...736L...1H 7575:on October 10, 2011 7401:1979RvMP...51..447D 7351:1993Natur.363..315G 7299:1981Icar...46..293N 7231:1998AcAau..42..585K 7061:1999JBIS...52...33A 6997:1975SciAm.232e..80S 6988:Scientific American 6868:2012ASSL..382.....B 6765:2011AcAau..68..381D 6726:1985QJRAS..26...56Z 6679:1998AcAau..42..739A 6624:2010IJAsB...9..175B 6470:2008AcAau..63..614Z 6425:1989AcAau..19..875T 6376:1993ASPC...47..381S 6330:1980Icar...42..149W 6299:1987brig.iafcR....S 6033:2011CQGra..28w5015D 5954:2000JBIS...53..297B 5915:2006AcAau..58..119B 5754:2012AcAau..78...55S 5667:1998PhRvD..57.4760K 5334:1973Icar...19..350S 5276:2010JBIS...63...90C 4935:1975JBIS...28..691V 4894:2001LIACo..36...99G 4809:1979Natur.278...28K 4462:1985IAUS..112..497K 4415:1980CosSe...2...36K 4265:1964SvA.....8..217K 4084:Clarke's three laws 3965:. Of course, these 3958:dominant life forms 3932:The emissions from 3784:hydroelectric power 3439:elliptical galaxies 3428:specular reflection 3237:photometric filters 3208:Spiral Field I-band 3134:Scientific American 2658:source of radiation 2618:anthropic principle 2614:planetary evolution 2472:observable Universe 2283:Stellar engineering 2194:alternate Universes 2169:interstellar travel 2015:stellar engineering 1950:'s eruption, or an 1346:orders of magnitude 1310:observable universe 1261:Millimetron Project 1214:age of the Universe 914:stellar engineering 866:communication phase 657:, were identified. 532:Byurakan Conference 419:Technology scouting 166:Accelerating change 22:The Kardashev Scale 12818:Energy development 12808:1964 introductions 12418:Sustainable design 12152:Integrated circuit 11976:Telecommunications 11932:Optical instrument 11028:Injection moulding 10715:Musical instrument 10500:Major technologies 10165:Ancient astronauts 9789:Majestic 12 (1985) 9734:Theodore Roosevelt 9662:Ilkley Moor (1987) 9562:Falcon Lake (1967) 9427:Los Angeles (1942) 9181:Ancient astronauts 8778:Mars Geyser Hopper 8706:Enceladus Explorer 8346:Events and objects 8043:2021-01-26 at the 7982:2021-01-28 at the 7965:2005-04-21 at the 7942:Dyson, Freeman J. 7469:Borowski, Steve K. 6396:. pp. 68–131. 5867:Metzger, Philip T. 5502:, David Morrison. 4042:Engineering portal 3817: 3815:surrounding a star 3788:human civilization 3665:Energy development 3659:Energy development 3575:), or even in the 3459: 3441:, Annis suggests. 3200:absolute magnitude 3065:Research conducted 3017: 2982: 2962: 2919: 2899: 2872: 2852: 2830: 2754: 2666: 2462:communicate using 2427: 2421:Screenshot of the 2361:cosmic archaeology 2201:Possible scenarios 2149: 1914: 1622:integrated circuit 1568:social development 1497: 1417:10 erg/sec (4 1385:10 erg/sec (4 1201: 1024:astronomical units 829:Aleksandr Lyapunov 813: 810:Statistical Review 769: 676: 593:volcanic eruptions 566:exponential growth 554:human civilization 479: 409:Speculative design 289:Consensus forecast 284:Chain-linked model 246:Resource depletion 12790: 12789: 12740: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12713:Mature technology 12601: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12335: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12301:Graphics software 11680:Blood transfusion 11341:Epicyclic gearing 11173:Archimedes' screw 10453: 10452: 10361: 10360: 10316:Cattle mutilation 10170:Cryptoterrestrial 9812: 9811: 9804:Morristown (2009) 9447:Flight 105 (1947) 9339:Claimed sightings 9284: 9283: 8814:SpaceX Red Dragon 8729:Rosalind Franklin 8524: 8523: 8383:Allan Hills 84001 8377:Allan Hills 77005 8288:, explaining and 8163:978-1-4502-0702-7 8063:978-5-484-00414-0 7913:Library resources 7758:978-0-521-27703-7 7682:Dyson, Freeman J. 7439:978-0-520-05500-1 7345:(6427): 315–319. 7219:Acta Astronautica 6885:978-94-007-2833-2 6753:Acta Astronautica 6667:Acta Astronautica 6448:Acta Astronautica 6413:Acta Astronautica 6238:978-1-58381-720-9 5903:Acta Astronautica 5742:Acta Astronautica 5722:978-0-19-851890-7 5645:Physical Review D 5625:978-0-7139-9728-6 5513:978-0-521-78303-3 5459:978-3-030-33730-8 5214:Contact in Contex 5083: 5078: 5073: 4479:978-90-277-2114-3 4364:978-1-58542-036-0 4014:Technology portal 3553:John Richard Gott 3547:According to the 3523:population growth 3374:globular clusters 2992:, a growth rate. 2922:{\displaystyle t} 2875:{\displaystyle P} 2855:{\displaystyle t} 2828: 2697:Loss of interest. 2540:radio astronomers 2271:high-powered beam 2143:Artist's view of 2034:Philip T. Metzger 1944:asteroid's impact 1610:knowledge economy 1495: 1187:According to the 941:signals from the 746:Magellanic Clouds 583:available on its 525:Nikolai Kardashev 502:Shkalá Kardashova 499: 455: 454: 341:Scenario planning 204:Space exploration 135: 134: 127: 109: 74:"Kardashev scale" 12870: 12777: 12765: 12764: 12753: 12752: 12618: 12617: 12611:Related concepts 12607: 12606: 12411:Clean technology 12352: 12351: 12341: 12340: 12306:Operating system 11912:Magnetic storage 11875:Electromagnetism 11505:Air conditioning 11454:Geothermal power 11200:Block and tackle 11146:Four-bar linkage 11033:Lost-wax casting 10910:Horseback riding 10507: 10506: 10496: 10495: 10480: 10473: 10466: 10457: 10456: 10443: 10442: 10262:Abduction claims 10258: 10257: 10180:Interdimensional 10175:Extraterrestrial 10040:Little green men 10015:Types of alleged 9761:Confirmed hoaxes 9552:Kecksburg (1965) 9527:Levelland (1957) 9368:Pre-20th century 9344: 9343: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9261:San Marino Scale 9201:Brookings Report 9148:Neocatastrophism 9054:Cosmic pluralism 9028:Little green men 9003:Types of alleged 8928:Astrolinguistics 8517: 8509: 8508:(unknown origin) 8505:Fast radio burst 8501: 8493: 8474: 8473:(unknown origin) 8470:HD 164595 signal 8466: 8458: 8450: 8431: 8423: 8409: 8408: 8359:Nakhla meteorite 8332: 8325: 8318: 8309: 8308: 8299: 8278: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8167: 8148: 8129:Freeman J. Dyson 8115: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8056:. Moscow: URSS. 8038:Shkadov Thruster 8034: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8016: 8005: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7819: 7809: 7800:(2): 1723–1732. 7784: 7778: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7719:. Archived from 7708: 7702: 7701: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7613: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7571:. Archived from 7558: 7552: 7551: 7533: 7527: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7492: 7477: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7386: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7359:10.1038/363315a0 7336: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316:2060/19790011801 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7118: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7021:. Archived from 7015: 7009: 7008: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6962: 6955: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6916: 6905: 6904: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6854: 6845: 6844: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6617: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6585:. pp. 1–11. 6578: 6569: 6568: 6553:(1st ed.). 6544: 6538: 6537: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6499: 6490: 6489: 6463: 6454:(5–6): 614–617. 6443: 6437: 6436: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6365: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6230: 6216: 6207: 6194: 6193: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6154: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6074: 6061: 6060: 6026: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5982: 5973: 5958: 5957: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5863: 5852: 5851: 5833: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5706: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5660: 5651:(8): 4760–4766. 5636: 5630: 5629: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5586: 5580:. Archived from 5569: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5521: 5520: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5406: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5365: 5354: 5353: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5249: 5222: 5221: 5205: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5164: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5104: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5051: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5030: 5019: 5010: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4958:Darling, David. 4955: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4879: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4817:10.1038/278028a0 4788: 4782: 4781: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4675: 4666: 4651: 4650: 4632: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4518: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4451: 4442: 4423: 4422: 4394: 4369: 4368: 4356: 4346: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4311: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4253:Soviet Astronomy 4250: 4241: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4198:Darling, David. 4195: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4056:Astronomy portal 4053: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4016: 4011: 4010: 3927:gamma-ray bursts 3860:angular momentum 3764:Renewable energy 3742: 3706: 3696: 3569:Whirlpool Galaxy 3395: 3391: 3387: 3370:hydroxyl radical 3361:angular diameter 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3018: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2800: 2780: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2670:living organisms 2487:radio telescopes 2425:computer program 2135:Towards type III 2092:self-replicating 1932:galactic nucleus 1879:Type Omega-minus 1859:that compose it; 1699:extinction-level 1674:Hollywood movies 1506: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1465: 1421:10 watts). 1420: 1416: 1408: 1388: 1384: 1375: 1370:Matrioshka brain 1354:solar irradiance 1351: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1122:galactic cluster 1043:angular velocity 1036:astroengineering 796: 742:Andromeda Galaxy 636:food consumption 547: 546: 504: 494: 492: 491:Шкала́ Кардашёва 447: 440: 433: 346:Systems analysis 331:Horizon scanning 304:Real-time Delphi 241:Population cycle 171:Cashless society 151: 137: 136: 130: 123: 119: 116: 110: 108: 67: 43: 35: 12878: 12877: 12873: 12872: 12871: 12869: 12868: 12867: 12833:Futures studies 12813:1964 in science 12793: 12792: 12791: 12786: 12785: 12732: 12684: 12622:Applied science 12612: 12593: 12534: 12501:Futures studies 12487: 12429: 12392: 12346: 12327: 12168: 12041:Electrical grid 12031:Circuit breaker 12007: 11869: 11753: 11717:Medical imaging 11700:Genetic testing 11661: 11528: 11411: 11299:Heavy equipment 11260:Washing machine 11231: 11156:Rack and pinion 11066: 11040:Mass production 10999: 10864: 10770: 10654: 10501: 10490: 10484: 10454: 10449: 10431: 10410: 10389: 10357: 10321:Close encounter 10299: 10249: 10204: 10153: 10054: 10016: 10009: 10005:Space jellyfish 10000:Mystery airship 9995:Green fireballs 9963: 9808: 9755: 9722:Alderney (2007) 9691: 9682:Varginha (1996) 9415: 9363: 9333: 9320: 9315: 9285: 9280: 9276:Xenoarchaeology 9266:Technosignature 9167: 9103: 9089:Kardashev scale 9042: 9004: 8997: 8993:Xenolinguistics 8958:Project Phoenix 8948:Project Cyclops 8933:Lincos language 8896:Bracewell probe 8881:Arecibo message 8862: 8855: 8753:Icebreaker Life 8655: 8567: 8560: 8520: 8515: 8507: 8499: 8491: 8477: 8472: 8464: 8456: 8448: 8434: 8429: 8421: 8400: 8341: 8336: 8295: 8276: 8270:Wayback Machine 8260:Wayback Machine 8250:Wayback Machine 8240:Wayback Machine 8228: 8216: 8204: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8073: 8071: 8064: 8045:Wayback Machine 8020: 8018: 8014: 8003: 7984:Wayback Machine 7967:Wayback Machine 7938: 7937: 7936: 7921: 7920: 7918:Kardashev scale 7916: 7909: 7907:Further reading 7904: 7895: 7893: 7837: 7833: 7785: 7781: 7768: 7766: 7759: 7739: 7735: 7726: 7724: 7709: 7705: 7679: 7675: 7666: 7664: 7647: 7643: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7534: 7530: 7509: 7505: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7475: 7466: 7462: 7449: 7447: 7440: 7420: 7416: 7384: 7378: 7374: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7279: 7275: 7258: 7254: 7225:(10): 585–587. 7211: 7207: 7198: 7196: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7169: 7167: 7160:Centauri Dreams 7152: 7148: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7072: 7068: 7041: 7037: 7028: 7026: 7017: 7016: 7012: 6979: 6975: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6947: 6943: 6934: 6932: 6917: 6908: 6897: 6893: 6886: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6802:. p. 304. 6792: 6788: 6745: 6741: 6706: 6702: 6673:(10): 739–743. 6659: 6655: 6594: 6590: 6579: 6572: 6565: 6545: 6541: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6500: 6493: 6444: 6440: 6419:(11): 875–887. 6405: 6401: 6390: 6383: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6310: 6306: 6283: 6279: 6270: 6268: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6214: 6208: 6197: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6155: 6100: 6075: 6064: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5980: 5974: 5961: 5948:(53): 297–306. 5934: 5930: 5895: 5888: 5879: 5877: 5864: 5855: 5848: 5834: 5827: 5818: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5797: 5795: 5781: 5777: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5694: 5690: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5603: 5599: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5570: 5559: 5550: 5548: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5470: 5460: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5366: 5357: 5314: 5307: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5260:(90): 121–126. 5250: 5225: 5206: 5187: 5178: 5176: 5165: 5154: 5145: 5143: 5128: 5124: 5105: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5022:ttt.astro.su.se 5017: 5011: 4982: 4973: 4971: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4844: 4840: 4803:(5699): 28–30. 4789: 4785: 4742: 4735: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4673: 4667: 4654: 4647: 4633: 4629: 4611: 4609: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4574: 4570: 4519: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4480: 4449: 4443: 4426: 4395: 4372: 4365: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4312: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4248: 4242: 4217: 4208: 4206: 4196: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3943: 3906: 3897:Stellar engines 3882:of a number of 3864:Penrose process 3805: 3740: 3729:nuclear fission 3704: 3694: 3672: 3667: 3661: 3542:logistic curves 3515: 3510: 3447: 3445:Unusual objects 3393: 3389: 3385: 3353: 3275: 3270: 3246: 3198:, in which the 3067: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2956: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2817: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2716: 2642: 2612:) and those of 2610:baryonic matter 2589: 2512: 2507: 2452:X-ray emissions 2415: 2409: 2289: 2279: 2231:in its use for 2212: 2203: 2185: 2183:Towards type IV 2165:galactic empire 2137: 2117:solar radiation 2113: 2111:Towards type II 2056:by 2056, while 1979: 1974: 1968: 1910:asteroid impact 1902: 1841:artificial life 1825:molecular bonds 1769:The astronomer 1767: 1738: 1725:Parallel Worlds 1596: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1435: 1430: 1418: 1414: 1413:galaxy, about 4 1406: 1399: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1362: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1326: 1294: 1257:space telescope 1203:In the article 1191:describing the 1181: 1069: 1063: 996:laws of physics 986:In the article 984: 979: 943:galactic center 883:Iosif Shklovsky 879: 870:laws of physics 804:Graph of world 797: 794: 779: 774: 738:Galactic Center 709:emitted by its 668: 663: 540:radio astronomy 483:Kardashev scale 467:artificial star 451: 379:Critical design 326:Future workshop 226:Kardashev scale 221:Kondratiev wave 141:Futures studies 131: 120: 114: 111: 68: 66: 56: 44: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12876: 12866: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12803:1964 in Russia 12788: 12787: 12784: 12783: 12771: 12759: 12746: 12745: 12742: 12741: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12694: 12692: 12686: 12685: 12683: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12626: 12624: 12614: 12613: 12603: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12579: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12544: 12542: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12497: 12495: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12468:Science policy 12465: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12453: 12443: 12437: 12435: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12402: 12400: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12385: 12384: 12383: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12369:Low technology 12360: 12358: 12348: 12347: 12337: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12323: 12321:Word processor 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12278: 12273: 12272: 12271: 12269:World Wide Web 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12236: 12235: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12184: 12178: 12176: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12166: 12164:Superconductor 12161: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12123: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12068:Electric light 12065: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12017: 12015: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12005: 12004: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11973: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11964:Motion picture 11961: 11951: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11939: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11917:Microwave oven 11914: 11909: 11908: 11907: 11897: 11896: 11895: 11885: 11879: 11877: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11843:Chromatography 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11819: 11818: 11808: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11781: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11763: 11761: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11671: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11657: 11655:Spinning wheel 11652: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11538: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11497: 11496: 11495: 11485: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11459:Heat exchanger 11456: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11442:Energy storage 11439: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11421: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11402: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11365: 11360: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11301: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11272:Electric motor 11264: 11263: 11262: 11257: 11247: 11241: 11239: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11229: 11224: 11223: 11222: 11217: 11215:Potter's wheel 11212: 11207: 11202: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11165: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11128: 11127: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11106: 11105: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11082: 11076: 11074: 11072:Simple machine 11068: 11067: 11065: 11064: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11030: 11020: 11015: 11009: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10953: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10936: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10874: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10780: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10759:Printing press 10756: 10751: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10678: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10544:Sewing machine 10536: 10535: 10534: 10532:Working animal 10529: 10524: 10513: 10511: 10503: 10502: 10492: 10491: 10483: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10460: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10447: 10436: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10397: 10395: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10375: 10369: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10266: 10264: 10255: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10214: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10195:Time-traveller 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10021: 10019: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9975:Black triangle 9971: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9954:United Kingdom 9951: 9946: 9943:Canary Islands 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9874:Czech Republic 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9820: 9818: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9765: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9637:Manises (1979) 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9557:Westall (1966) 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9477:Mariana (1950) 9474: 9469: 9464: 9462:Mantell (1948) 9459: 9454: 9452:Roswell (1947) 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9377: 9371: 9369: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9350: 9348: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9314: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9291: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9177: 9175: 9173:Related topics 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9163:Zoo hypothesis 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9064:Drake equation 9061: 9056: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9009: 9007: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8943:Pioneer plaque 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8816: 8811: 8803: 8795: 8793:Northern Light 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8720: 8717:Europa Clipper 8713: 8708: 8703: 8696: 8689: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8661:Space missions 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8572: 8570: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8532: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8516:(radio signal) 8510: 8502: 8500:(inconclusive) 8494: 8492:(radio source) 8485: 8483: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8467: 8459: 8454:EPIC 204278916 8451: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8424: 8415: 8413: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8335: 8334: 8327: 8320: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8302:SciFi Thoughts 8293: 8273: 8263: 8253: 8243: 8233: 8226: 8214: 8202: 8199:Universe Today 8190: 8183: 8174: 8173:External links 8171: 8169: 8168: 8162: 8149: 8140: 8131: 8122: 8116: 8079: 8062: 8047: 8035: 8026: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7974: 7969: 7957: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7842:(1960-06-03). 7840:Dyson, Freeman 7831: 7779: 7757: 7733: 7703: 7673: 7641: 7586: 7553: 7547:978-1585420360 7546: 7528: 7503: 7471:(1987-07-29). 7460: 7438: 7414: 7395:(3): 447–460. 7372: 7322: 7293:(3): 293–327. 7273: 7252: 7205: 7176: 7146: 7091: 7085:978-0387681283 7084: 7066: 7035: 7010: 6973: 6941: 6906: 6891: 6884: 6846: 6840:978-0521453400 6839: 6815: 6808: 6786: 6759:(3): 381–388. 6739: 6700: 6653: 6608:(3): 175–181. 6588: 6570: 6564:978-0521663618 6563: 6539: 6523: 6517:978-1591026587 6516: 6510:. p. 75. 6491: 6438: 6399: 6381: 6351: 6324:(1): 149–156. 6304: 6277: 6244: 6237: 6195: 6176: 6170:978-0706510348 6169: 6098: 6062: 6017:(23): 235015. 5997: 5959: 5928: 5909:(3): 119–129. 5886: 5869:(2011-09-27). 5853: 5846: 5825: 5804: 5775: 5728: 5721: 5688: 5631: 5624: 5597: 5557: 5533: 5512: 5478: 5458: 5428: 5393: 5387:978-9814365925 5386: 5355: 5328:(3): 350–352. 5305: 5298:(PhD thesis). 5281: 5223: 5185: 5152: 5122: 5088: 5041: 4980: 4947: 4906: 4865: 4838: 4783: 4756:(4): 329–343. 4733: 4694: 4652: 4646:978-0195171815 4645: 4627: 4593: 4587:978-0547133249 4586: 4568: 4504: 4478: 4424: 4370: 4363: 4336: 4281: 4215: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4166: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4099:Gerhard Lenski 4096: 4091: 4089:Drake equation 4086: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4059: 4045: 4031: 4017: 4001: 3998: 3986:mind uploading 3942: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3873: 3867: 3856:accretion disk 3848: 3833:megastructures 3821: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3761: 3725:energy density 3721:radiant energy 3710: 3701:contain about 3679:: In terms of 3671: 3668: 3660: 3657: 3616:Stéphane Dumas 3607:Transhumanists 3581: 3580: 3556: 3545: 3538: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3446: 3443: 3413:accretion disk 3382:interferometry 3352: 3349: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3314: 3303: 3300: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3254:local Universe 3245: 3242: 3225:megastructures 3066: 3063: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 2981: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2918: 2896: 2892: 2871: 2851: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2715: 2712: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2641: 2638: 2588: 2585: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2408: 2405: 2401:isotopic ratio 2389:spectral types 2381:James Lovelock 2337:stellar engine 2326:nanotechnology 2278: 2277:The technology 2275: 2267:accretion disk 2256:nuclear fusion 2240:photosynthesis 2233:nuclear fusion 2221:thermodynamics 2211: 2210:Energy sources 2208: 2202: 2199: 2184: 2181: 2136: 2133: 2112: 2109: 2062:Nuclear energy 2058:oil production 1999:Richard Wilson 1978: 1977:Towards type I 1975: 1967: 1964: 1919:nanotechnology 1901: 1898: 1887: 1886: 1883:space and time 1876: 1860: 1853:atomic nucleus 1844: 1828: 1816:Type III-minus 1812: 1796: 1771:John D. Barrow 1766: 1763: 1737: 1734: 1678:infrastructure 1658:European Union 1595: 1592: 1555:(165,319 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1463: 1460: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1398: 1395: 1361: 1358: 1325: 1322: 1293: 1290: 1242:Galactic plane 1189:standard model 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1164: 1156: 1148: 1133: 1118: 1111:galactic bulge 1062: 1059: 1004:megastructures 983: 980: 978: 975: 897:for example). 878: 875: 792: 778: 775: 773: 770: 667: 664: 662: 659: 627: 626: 611: 596: 556:as a model of 453: 452: 450: 449: 442: 435: 427: 424: 423: 422: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 384:Design fiction 381: 373: 372: 361: 360: 359: 358: 356:Trend analysis 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 307: 306: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 268: 267: 261: 260: 259: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 178: 173: 168: 160: 159: 153: 152: 144: 143: 133: 132: 47: 45: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12875: 12864: 12863:Transhumanism 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12782: 12781: 12776: 12772: 12770: 12769: 12760: 12758: 12757: 12748: 12747: 12743: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12691: 12687: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12608: 12604: 12590: 12587: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12574: 12573: 12570: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12558: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12537: 12529: 12528:Transhumanism 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12511: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12493:Progressivism 12490: 12484: 12483:Technorealism 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12432: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12398:Ecotechnology 12395: 12389: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12374: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12359: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12342: 12338: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12240: 12237: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12162: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12143: 12142:Semiconductor 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12127:Lightning rod 12125: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12105:Circuit board 12103: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12096: 12093: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12014: 12010: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11927:Optical fiber 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11883:Electromagnet 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11872: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11817: 11816:Haber process 11814: 11813: 11812: 11809: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11675:Birth control 11673: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11667:Biotechnology 11664: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11643: 11639: 11638:Vulcanization 11636: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11608:Nanomaterials 11606: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11566:Chipped stone 11564: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11523: 11522:Photovoltaics 11520: 11519: 11518: 11515: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11500:Refrigeration 11498: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11486: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11443: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11397: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11234: 11228: 11225: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11129: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11063: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11045:Assembly line 11043: 11042: 11041: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11006: 11005:Manufacturing 11002: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10966:Space station 10964: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10945: 10942: 10941: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10934:Motor vehicle 10932: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10816:Fortification 10814: 10813: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10549: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10540: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10522:Domestication 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10481: 10476: 10474: 10469: 10467: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10446: 10438: 10437: 10434: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10392: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10348:Organizations 10346: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10245:Project Serpo 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10224: 10223:Storm Area 51 10221: 10220: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10045:Nordic aliens 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10025:Energy beings 10023: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10012: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9990:Ghost rockets 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9980:Flying saucer 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968:Types of UFOs 9966: 9960: 9959:United States 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9730: 9728: 9727:Norway (2009) 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9597:Tehran (1976) 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9547:Exeter (1965) 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9487:Sperry (1950) 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9457:Rhodes (1947) 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9411:Aurora (1897) 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9307: 9305: 9300: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9289: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9109:Fermi paradox 9106: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9074:Fermi paradox 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9033:Nordic aliens 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9013:Energy beings 9011: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8863:communication 8858: 8852: 8851: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8556:Life on Titan 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8546:Life on Venus 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8514: 8511: 8506: 8503: 8498: 8495: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8471: 8468: 8463: 8460: 8455: 8452: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8428: 8425: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412:Misidentified 8410: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8389:Yamato 000593 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8326: 8321: 8319: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8200: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8165: 8159: 8156:. iUniverse. 8155: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8017:on 2006-07-14 8013: 8009: 8008:Bulletin Fall 8002: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7783: 7775: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7737: 7723:on 2008-02-09 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7677: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7549: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7521: 7518: = 7517: 7513: 7507: 7493:on 2008-05-28 7489: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7456: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432:. p. 4. 7431: 7427: 7426: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7317: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7268: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7025:on 2013-11-14 7024: 7020: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6977: 6959: 6952: 6945: 6930: 6926: 6925:xenology.info 6922: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6902: 6901:Not Published 6895: 6887: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6851: 6842: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6809:9780521620123 6805: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6575: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6543: 6535: 6527: 6519: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6388: 6386: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6240: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5891: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5849: 5847:9789814365932 5843: 5839: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5658:gr-qc/9511068 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5587:on 2022-11-17 5583: 5579: 5578:aomevents.com 5575: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5515: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5500:Freeman Dyson 5497: 5496: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5294: 5293: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5079: 5074: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4952: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4738: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4403:Cosmic Search 4400: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4170: 4161: 4157: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131:(KIC 8462852) 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4028:Energy portal 4023: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3837:Freeman Dyson 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753:baryon number 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3700: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3656: 3653: 3652:open Universe 3649: 3648:Freeman Dyson 3646:Finally, for 3644: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3577:Virgo cluster 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3486:Antony Hewish 3483: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3451: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3406:antiparticles 3403: 3399: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3307:radio sources 3304: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3284:spectral line 3280: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3216:galactic disc 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165:Dyson spheres 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3137:in May 1975. 3136: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3034: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2993: 2979: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2929:according to 2916: 2894: 2890: 2869: 2849: 2840: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2765: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2730: 2729:extrapolating 2726: 2722: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2694:Degeneration. 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626:Freeman Dyson 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2593:physical laws 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:megastructure 2306: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2287:Megastructure 2284: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:spectral line 2222: 2218: 2207: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2154:Dyson spheres 2146: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2096:self-learning 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042:non-renewable 2039: 2035: 2032:According to 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1994:Freeman Dyson 1990: 1987: 1982: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1911: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1864:Type VI-minus 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1832:Type IV-minus 1829: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1800:Type II-minus 1797: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1746:Robert Zubrin 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1591: 1589: 1588:26 zettabytes 1585: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1450: 1448: 1447:interpolation 1445: 1440: 1425: 1422: 1412: 1404: 1394: 1392: 1380: 1371: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1347: 1335: 1321: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1306:intergalactic 1303: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250:submillimeter 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:life on Earth 1206: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1161:nearest stars 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1126:Virgo cluster 1123: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016:Freeman Dyson 1013: 1009: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 989: 974: 972: 966: 964: 960: 959:megastructure 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:monochromatic 936: 931: 927: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 874: 871: 867: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 826: 821: 818: 811: 807: 802: 791: 786: 784: 765: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 734: 731:, CTA-21 and 730: 725: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 672: 658: 656: 652: 647: 645: 639: 637: 633: 624: 620: 616: 615:Type III 612: 609: 605: 601: 597: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 576: 571: 570: 569: 567: 563: 559: 558:extrapolation 555: 551: 550:physical laws 541: 537: 533: 528: 526: 523: 520: 516: 512: 511:technological 508: 503: 497: 488: 484: 476: 472: 468: 464: 459: 448: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 428: 426: 425: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 371: 367: 363: 362: 357: 354: 352: 351:Threatcasting 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 321:Futures wheel 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 305: 302: 301: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 269: 266: 263: 262: 257: 256:Swanson's law 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 158: 155: 154: 150: 146: 145: 142: 139: 138: 129: 126: 118: 107: 104: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: – 75: 71: 70:Find sources: 64: 60: 54: 53: 48:This article 46: 42: 37: 36: 31: 30: 25: 23: 12779: 12767: 12755: 12640:Construction 12635:Architecture 12456:Trade secret 12345:Perspectives 12264:Social media 12259:Peer-to-peer 12137:Oscilloscope 12078:Incandescent 11981:Mobile phone 11893:Optical disc 11860:Spectrometer 11848:Distillation 11623:Rammed earth 11510:Refrigerator 11488:Oil drilling 11336:Differential 11090:Ball bearing 11055:Machine tool 10850:Stonemasonry 10776:Construction 10693:Lock and key 10688:Cryptography 10583:Food storage 10331:Crop circles 10290:Perspectives 10240:Men in black 10185:Psychosocial 10071: 9828:South Africa 9733: 9704: 9696:21st century 9420:20th century 9271:UFO religion 9216:Extremophile 9196:Biosignature 9191:Astroecology 9186:Astrobiology 9138:Great Filter 9088: 8953:Project Ozma 8861:Interstellar 8848: 8841: 8819: 8807:Perseverance 8806: 8798: 8728: 8715: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8586:Earth analog 8568:habitability 8551:Life on Mars 8153: 8144: 8133: 8124: 8118: 8087: 8083: 8072:. Retrieved 8052: 8030: 8019:. Retrieved 8012:the original 8007: 7953: 7947: 7943: 7917: 7894:. Retrieved 7853: 7847: 7834: 7797: 7793: 7782: 7774:Google Books 7772:– via 7767:. Retrieved 7747:. New York: 7743: 7736: 7725:. Retrieved 7721:the original 7706: 7688:. New York: 7685: 7676: 7665:. Retrieved 7654: 7644: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7577:. Retrieved 7573:the original 7566: 7556: 7537: 7531: 7519: 7515: 7506: 7495:. Retrieved 7488:the original 7479: 7463: 7455:Google Books 7453:– via 7448:. Retrieved 7424: 7417: 7392: 7388: 7375: 7342: 7338: 7325: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7255: 7222: 7218: 7208: 7197:. Retrieved 7188: 7179: 7168:. Retrieved 7159: 7149: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7075: 7069: 7055:(1): 33–36. 7052: 7048: 7038: 7027:. Retrieved 7023:the original 7013: 6986: 6976: 6965:. Retrieved 6944: 6933:. Retrieved 6924: 6900: 6894: 6859: 6825: 6818: 6795: 6789: 6756: 6752: 6742: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6582: 6549: 6542: 6533: 6526: 6503: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6393: 6367: 6354: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6290: 6280: 6269:. Retrieved 6260: 6218: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6159: 6082: 6078: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5984: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5906: 5902: 5878:. Retrieved 5874: 5837: 5817:. Retrieved 5807: 5796:. Retrieved 5784:Kaku, Michio 5778: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5702: 5697:Barrow, John 5691: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5610: 5606:Kaku, Michio 5600: 5589:. Retrieved 5582:the original 5577: 5549:. Retrieved 5545: 5536: 5527: 5524:Google Books 5522:– via 5517:. Retrieved 5494: 5471:, retrieved 5441: 5431: 5420:. Retrieved 5408: 5396: 5378:10.1142/8232 5369: 5325: 5321: 5291: 5284: 5257: 5253: 5217: 5213: 5177:. Retrieved 5144:. Retrieved 5138:. Futurism. 5135: 5125: 5112: 5054: 5033:. Retrieved 5021: 4972:. Retrieved 4963: 4926: 4922: 4909: 4885: 4881: 4868: 4855: 4851: 4841: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4753: 4749: 4714:(1): 67–84. 4711: 4707: 4697: 4684:(1): 83–89. 4681: 4677: 4636: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610:. Retrieved 4596: 4577: 4571: 4533:(1): 25–40. 4530: 4526: 4496:. Retrieved 4453: 4409:(7): 36–38. 4406: 4402: 4352: 4328:. Retrieved 4319: 4273:. Retrieved 4256: 4252: 4207:. Retrieved 4203: 4169: 4160: 4135:Terraforming 4129:Tabby's Star 4104:Great Filter 4094:Dyson sphere 3983: 3955: 3944: 3870:Star lifting 3825:Dyson sphere 3811:Figure of a 3757:CP violation 3755:, such as a 3677:fusion power 3645: 3636:Dyson sphere 3633: 3605: 3588: 3582: 3537:consumption. 3527: 3516: 3498:radio source 3494: 3479: 3460: 3435:Fermi bubble 3432: 3410: 3378: 3354: 3344: 3340: 3326: 3288:astrophysics 3276: 3258: 3247: 3207: 3205: 3194:, using the 3179: 3177: 3175:type stars. 3150: 3139: 3132: 3099:searched at 3090: 3077: 3074:radio source 3068: 3035:(3,826 × 10 2994: 2841: 2766: 2717: 2700: 2667: 2630:intelligence 2622: 2598:civilization 2590: 2581:radio source 2565: 2561:Enrico Fermi 2557:main dilemma 2545: 2531: 2513: 2495:SETI program 2484: 2476: 2460: 2436:Solar System 2428: 2357: 2333:Dyson sphere 2330: 2307: 2302:Dyson sphere 2290: 2260: 2237: 2213: 2204: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2129: 2114: 2105:terraforming 2067:Solar System 2037: 2031: 2007:space travel 2003: 1991: 1983: 1980: 1948:supervolcano 1936: 1915: 1889: 1888: 1878: 1862: 1848:Type V-minus 1846: 1830: 1814: 1809:genetic code 1798: 1792:Type I-minus 1790: 1784: 1768: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1707:space travel 1630: 1599: 1597: 1581: 1565: 1542: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1451: 1436: 1423: 1400: 1366:Dyson sphere 1363: 1327: 1314: 1295: 1269:Enrico Fermi 1265: 1260: 1231: 1204: 1202: 1128:(especially 1115:ethnographic 1094: 1073: 1070: 1040: 1000: 987: 985: 967: 963:Dyson sphere 922: 899: 886: 880: 862: 825:civilization 822: 817:solar system 814: 809: 788: 782: 780: 726: 719: 695:civilization 692: 679: 677: 648: 640: 628: 614: 608:Dyson sphere 600:Type II 599: 577:civilization 574: 536:Armenian SSR 529: 509:'s level of 507:civilization 482: 480: 469:to tune the 316:Future-proof 225: 121: 112: 102: 95: 88: 81: 69: 57:Please help 52:verification 49: 28: 21: 12645:Engineering 12381:Neo-Luddism 12316:Web browser 12311:Spreadsheet 12232:Touchscreen 12207:Motherboard 12120:Vacuum tube 12095:Electronics 12073:Fluorescent 12061:Transformer 12013:Electricity 11954:Photography 11596:Ironworking 11517:Solar power 11388:Vacuum pump 11356:Whippletree 11013:3D printing 10826:Scaffolding 10671:Calculation 10517:Agriculture 10510:Necessities 10254:Involvement 10074:(1947–1950) 10030:Grey aliens 9985:Foo fighter 9919:New Zealand 9206:Exotheology 9018:Grey aliens 8871:Active SETI 8799:Opportunity 8679:BioSentinel 8497:Wow! signal 8446:KIC 8462852 8395:CI1 fossils 8290:visualizing 8211:Michio Kaku 8138:Frank Drake 7989:E³ Handbook 5490:Sagan, Carl 5115:: 153–163. 5072:read online 4929:: 691–712. 4858:(1): 3–13. 4140:White's law 3971:engineering 3967:theoretical 3920:White holes 3829:Dyson swarm 3813:Dyson swarm 3768:solar cells 3573:Centaurus A 3461:The quasar 3351:Other leads 3341:Millimetron 3309:(such as a 3105:Local Group 3093:Frank Drake 2725:Michio Kaku 2674:information 2662:wavelengths 2634:eschatology 2602:Michio Kaku 2499:Michio Kaku 2482:Universe". 2468:light-years 2391:going from 2335:used as a " 2322:Paul Davies 2318:von Neumann 2298:wavelengths 2046:natural gas 1986:Michio Kaku 1730:dark energy 1638:earthquakes 1606:Michio Kaku 1551:was 595.15 1532:Type 0 1444:logarithmic 1318:Michio Kaku 1109:and in the 1098:probability 1022:of several 1012:information 961:(such as a 895:black holes 834:information 754:Centaurus A 589:earthquakes 575:Type I 370:forecasting 364:Technology 274:Backcasting 251:Singularity 231:Moore's law 189:Mathematics 12797:Categories 12690:Innovation 12675:Navigation 12572:Philosophy 12239:Networking 12157:Transistor 12132:Multimeter 12001:Television 11937:Microscope 11905:Eyeglasses 11853:Filtration 11838:Separation 11811:Fertilizer 11739:Prosthesis 11732:Antibiotic 11727:Anesthesia 11722:Medication 11581:Metallurgy 11378:Jackhammer 11373:Compressor 11368:Pneumatics 11304:Hydraulics 11287:Waterwheel 11255:Dishwasher 10978:Watercraft 10971:Space suit 10956:Spacecraft 10922:Jet engine 10821:Foundation 10794:Irrigation 10764:Typewriter 10737:Video game 10720:Phonograph 10666:Accounting 10595:Sanitation 10487:Technology 10394:Skepticism 10353:Ufologists 10235:Dulce Base 10158:Hypotheses 10035:Insectoids 9442:1947 craze 9241:Noogenesis 9221:Hemolithin 9099:Panspermia 9047:Hypotheses 9023:Insectoids 8988:Water hole 8489:SHGb02+14a 8462:VVV-WIT-07 8292:the topic. 8286:Kurzgesagt 8074:2006-06-22 8021:2006-08-10 7896:2008-01-30 7807:2106.15181 7769:2019-07-29 7727:2008-02-19 7667:2015-12-29 7604:(29): L1. 7579:August 25, 7497:2008-01-28 7450:2020-06-06 7199:2016-09-02 7170:2023-08-24 7116:1508.02624 7029:2023-08-27 6967:2023-08-24 6935:2023-08-08 6271:2023-08-22 6192:: 813–820. 5880:2023-08-08 5819:2023-08-07 5798:2023-08-24 5711:. p. 5707:. Oxford: 5591:2023-08-07 5551:2023-11-19 5519:2008-01-01 5473:2023-09-09 5422:2023-08-24 5179:2004-10-23 5171:. Coseti. 5146:2023-08-24 5035:2022-04-04 4974:2022-04-04 4888:: 99–102. 4619:Petit Four 4612:2008-01-30 4498:2022-04-03 4330:2022-04-04 4275:2023-08-24 4209:2023-08-09 4181:References 3975:technology 3963:metabolism 3876:Antimatter 3852:black hole 3796:satellites 3749:petajoules 3713:Antimatter 3663:See also: 3622:/m of the 3612:Yvan Dutil 3519:Carl Sagan 3424:arc-second 3394:t_f ≥ 2000 3365:wavelength 3229:black hole 3212:asymmetric 3192:elliptical 3097:Carl Sagan 2704:hypotheses 2552:luminosity 2375:, or even 2365:exoplanets 2353:promethium 2349:technetium 2248:solar flux 2242:(about 10 2075:planetoids 1992:Physicist 1923:Oort cloud 1780:Big Crunch 1719:Hyperspace 1690:innovation 1670:rock music 1666:television 1662:mass media 1439:Carl Sagan 1281:hypothesis 1195:since the 1168:exobiology 1065:See also: 1055:wavelength 926:chauvinism 910:black body 846:technology 623:black hole 552:and using 522:astronomer 475:exoplanets 399:Hype cycle 366:assessment 265:Techniques 115:April 2023 85:newspapers 12708:Invention 12703:High tech 12680:Surveying 12660:Logistics 12650:Forensics 12356:Criticism 12100:Capacitor 12051:Generator 11996:Telephone 11991:Telegraph 11942:Telescope 11865:Synthesis 11828:Pesticide 11799:Gunpowder 11794:Fireworks 11784:Explosive 11767:Detergent 11685:Dentistry 11628:Recycling 11464:Heat pump 11383:Rivet gun 11351:Gyroscope 11326:Mechanism 11250:Appliance 11237:Machinery 11178:Propeller 11018:Carpentry 10993:Submarine 10961:Satellite 10951:Scuba set 10870:Transport 10616:Equipment 10378:Religions 10326:Contactee 10295:Insurance 10285:Narrative 10280:Claimants 10230:Bob Lazar 10190:Nazi UFOs 9894:Indonesia 9844:Australia 9839:Argentina 9111:solutions 8978:setiQuest 8973:SETI@home 8788:Mars 2020 8763:Laplace-P 8700:Dragonfly 8685:Curiosity 8566:Planetary 8223:Space.com 8209:from Dr. 8112:117792321 8090:: 25–40. 7826:0035-8711 7636:250780365 7611:1107.4882 7267:1003.5938 7247:0094-5765 6781:0094-5765 6734:0035-8738 6720:: 56–59. 6695:0094-5765 6648:119197852 6640:1475-3006 6615:1004.1822 6461:0711.2368 6346:0019-1035 6228:0711.1777 6092:1112.5519 6085:: 58–62. 6057:118381689 6049:0264-9381 6024:1103.6140 5770:0094-5765 5748:: 55–68. 5468:213212248 5350:0019-1035 5267:1001.5455 5065:1, 2004, 4852:SETIQuest 4825:1476-4687 4778:118639223 4770:1572-9508 4728:0084-6570 4563:117792321 4555:1572-946X 4488:118286044 4320:mkaku.org 4109:HD 164595 3880:byproduct 3717:rest mass 3618:set at 1 3593:life span 3404:and even 3402:particles 3261:HD 164595 3151:In 1987, 3146:Milky Way 3142:RATAN-600 3082:ITAR-TASS 3003:α 2980:α 2954:α 2825:α 2822:⁡ 2786:⁡ 2740:α 2491:asteroids 2464:isotropic 2423:SETI@home 2385:red giant 2367:(such as 2254:(used in 2252:deuterium 2071:asteroids 2052:by 2035, 2027:supernova 1917:based on 1894:spacetime 1821:molecules 1694:diasporas 1682:education 1642:volcanoes 1553:exajoules 1545:terawatts 1486:− 1478:⁡ 1449:formula: 1437:In 1973, 1411:Milky Way 1381:, about 4 1254:cryogenic 1155:scenario. 1137:Milky Way 496:romanized 311:Foresight 12838:Ontology 12756:Category 12665:Medicine 12655:Forestry 12630:Agronomy 12291:Database 12286:Compiler 12281:Software 12254:Internet 12187:Hardware 12174:Computer 12115:Inductor 12110:Resistor 11789:Dynamite 11759:Chemical 11712:Hospital 11586:Aluminum 11547:Concrete 11534:Material 11493:Fracking 11430:Charcoal 11395:Robotics 11314:Manifold 11309:Cylinder 11292:Windmill 11205:Flywheel 11163:Pendulum 11114:Catapult 10939:Railroad 10905:Elevator 10893:Seaplane 10888:Airplane 10883:Aerostat 10878:Aircraft 10811:Building 10784:Aqueduct 10703:Banknote 10681:Calendar 10600:Plumbing 10539:Clothing 10527:Grafting 10445:Category 10311:Implants 10275:Entities 8963:SERENDIP 8938:NIROSETI 8850:Viking 2 8843:Viking 1 8748:Foton-M3 8738:ExoLance 8669:Beagle 2 8068:Archived 8041:Archived 7980:Archived 7963:Archived 7890:Archived 7878:17780673 7763:Archived 7661:Archived 7656:BBC News 7514:formula 7444:Archived 7193:Archived 7189:tass.com 7164:Archived 7141:67817641 6958:Archived 6956:. NASA. 6929:Archived 6486:55638129 6265:Archived 5989:Archived 5985:Galactée 5875:nasa.gov 5792:Archived 5786:(2010). 5699:(1998). 5683:55825213 5608:(2005). 5546:Statista 5413:Archived 5173:Archived 5140:Archived 5117:Archived 5026:Archived 4968:Archived 4939:Archived 4898:Archived 4860:Archived 4686:Archived 4604:(1977). 4492:Archived 4419:Archived 4324:Archived 4269:Archived 4000:See also 3776:biofuels 3743:10 3723:. Their 3685:hydrogen 3597:impulses 3530:Cold War 3490:CP 19019 3388:, where 3311:hydroxyl 3250:infrared 3233:redshift 3221:infrared 3184:Fermilab 2431:SERENDIP 2229:hydrogen 2079:Robotics 2023:Internet 1960:megatons 1857:nucleons 1711:ice ages 1654:Internet 1626:Internet 1584:internet 1524:Type 2.3 1520:Type 1.1 1397:Type III 1389:10 1336:/sec" (4 1332:10 1246:infrared 1197:Big Bang 1090:Universe 1051:infrared 971:Universe 891:Universe 793:— 236:Peak oil 209:Universe 157:Concepts 12768:Outline 12560:History 12540:Studies 12376:Luddite 12227:Storage 12021:Circuit 11833:Pigment 11749:Vaccine 11744:Surgery 11645:Textile 11618:Plastic 11576:Masonry 11554:Ceramic 11471:Nuclear 11447:Battery 11282:Turbine 11131:Linkage 11124:Shadoof 11085:Bearing 11062:Welding 11023:Casting 10983:Sailing 10915:Stirrup 10900:Compass 10843:Caisson 10744:Writing 10588:Pottery 10571:Milling 10551:Cooking 10373:Fiction 10366:Culture 10270:History 10218:Area 51 10059:Studies 9854:Belgium 9849:Belarus 9834:Albania 9347:General 9329:Ufology 8827:Tanpopo 8723:ExoMars 8427:CTA-102 8419:CP 1919 8282:YouTube 8268:at the 8258:at the 8248:at the 8238:at the 8092:Bibcode 7886:3195432 7858:Bibcode 7849:Science 7694:Bibcode 7616:Bibcode 7522:². See 7510:By the 7397:Bibcode 7367:4252750 7347:Bibcode 7295:Bibcode 7227:Bibcode 7121:Bibcode 7057:Bibcode 6993:Bibcode 6864:Bibcode 6761:Bibcode 6722:Bibcode 6675:Bibcode 6620:Bibcode 6466:Bibcode 6421:Bibcode 6372:Bibcode 6326:Bibcode 6295:Bibcode 6029:Bibcode 5950:Bibcode 5911:Bibcode 5750:Bibcode 5663:Bibcode 5330:Bibcode 5272:Bibcode 5077:archive 5069:83–89 ( 4931:Bibcode 4890:Bibcode 4833:4341965 4805:Bibcode 4535:Bibcode 4458:Bibcode 4411:Bibcode 4261:Bibcode 4259:: 217. 3934:quasars 3760:future. 3626:or 127 3502:Arecibo 3453:Quasar 3318:pulsars 3293:quasars 3101:Arecibo 3071:CTA 102 2909:and of 2660:in all 2652:has an 2648:Galaxy 2577:CTA-102 2528:Armenia 2480:Carroll 2456:3C 273B 2341:parsecs 2190:parsecs 2131:dust". 2121:parsecs 2054:uranium 2019:climate 1952:ice age 1940:Anasazi 1928:CTA-102 1873:leptons 1773:of the 1650:English 1360:Type II 1273:paradox 1172:contact 1107:quasars 1047:Quasars 947:quasars 854:culture 850:economy 842:science 733:CTA-102 655:quasars 651:pulsars 534:in the 498:: 487:Russian 461:At the 199:Climate 180:Future 99:scholar 24:(album) 12843:Scales 12780:Portal 12698:Design 12670:Mining 12451:Patent 12222:Router 12056:Switch 11959:Camera 11922:Mirror 11633:Rubber 11591:Bronze 11542:Cement 11481:Weapon 11417:Energy 11346:Gimbal 11267:Engine 11220:Pulley 11185:Spring 11151:Piston 11141:Clutch 10927:Rocket 10860:Tunnel 10806:Bridge 10676:Abacus 10659:Social 10643:Weapon 10631:Plough 10626:Hammer 10605:Toilet 10566:Cheese 10341:GEIPAN 9949:Sweden 9934:Russia 9929:Poland 9924:Norway 9909:Mexico 9884:Greece 9879:France 9864:Canada 9859:Brazil 9824:Africa 9705:Nimitz 9382:(740s) 9231:MERMOZ 8820:Spirit 8743:EXPOSE 8693:Darwin 8651:Tholin 8397:(2011) 8391:(2000) 8385:(1984) 8379:(1977) 8373:(1976) 8367:(1969) 8361:(1911) 8355:(1865) 8160: 8110: 8060: 7954:Energy 7915:about 7884: 7876: 7824: 7755: 7634: 7544: 7436: 7365: 7339:Nature 7287:Icarus 7245: 7139: 7109:: L5. 7082: 6882: 6837: 6806: 6779: 6732: 6693: 6646: 6638: 6561: 6514: 6484: 6344: 6318:Icarus 6235: 6167: 6055: 6047: 5844: 5768: 5719: 5681: 5622: 5510: 5466: 5456: 5384: 5348: 5322:Icarus 4831: 4823: 4797:Nature 4776: 4768: 4726: 4643: 4584: 4561: 4553: 4486: 4476: 4361: 3782:, and 3733:fusion 3699:oceans 3691:helium 3567:, the 3482:pulsar 3475:3C 345 3471:3C 279 3467:3C 273 3455:3C 273 3421:micron 3398:bosons 3188:spiral 3153:Tarter 3121:Leo II 3086:quasar 3054:energy 3045:galaxy 2842:where 2524:Soviet 2373:oxygen 2292:their 2145:quasar 2125:energy 2107:them. 2017:, and 1869:quarks 1755:galaxy 1688:, and 1672:, and 1646:oceans 1620:, the 1510:where 1403:galaxy 1324:Type I 1298:energy 1028:orbits 1020:sphere 1008:energy 838:energy 744:, the 715:galaxy 625:, etc. 619:galaxy 595:, etc. 585:planet 581:energy 519:Soviet 515:energy 299:Delphi 101: 94: 87: 80: 72: 12249:Email 12212:Mouse 12202:Modem 12147:Diode 11986:Radio 11971:Radar 11888:Laser 11613:Paper 11601:Steel 11571:Glass 11559:Brick 11476:Power 11331:Clock 11195:Wheel 11190:Valve 11168:Screw 11119:Crane 11109:Lever 11102:Chain 10944:Train 10831:Tower 10789:Canal 10698:Money 10636:Wedge 10621:Blade 10561:Bread 10304:Other 9939:Spain 9914:Nepal 9904:Italy 9889:India 9869:China 8822:rover 8809:rover 8801:rover 8731:rover 8687:rover 8482:Other 8439:Stars 8136:, by 8127:, by 8108:S2CID 8015:(PDF) 8004:(PDF) 7882:S2CID 7802:arXiv 7632:S2CID 7606:arXiv 7491:(PDF) 7476:(PDF) 7385:(PDF) 7363:S2CID 7335:(PDF) 7262:arXiv 7137:S2CID 7111:arXiv 6961:(PDF) 6954:(PDF) 6644:S2CID 6610:arXiv 6482:S2CID 6456:arXiv 6364:(PDF) 6223:arXiv 6215:(PDF) 6087:arXiv 6053:S2CID 6019:arXiv 5992:(PDF) 5981:(PDF) 5679:S2CID 5653:arXiv 5585:(PDF) 5464:S2CID 5416:(PDF) 5405:(PDF) 5296:(PDF) 5262:arXiv 5029:(PDF) 5018:(PDF) 4942:(PDF) 4919:(PDF) 4901:(PDF) 4878:(PDF) 4829:S2CID 4774:S2CID 4689:(PDF) 4674:(PDF) 4559:S2CID 4484:S2CID 4450:(PDF) 4249:(PDF) 4152:Notes 3747:(180 3640:ethic 3624:Earth 3415:of a 3333:Earth 3117:Leo I 2377:ozone 2369:freon 1837:atoms 1805:genes 1633:power 1618:paper 1391:watts 1259:(the 752:, or 722:radio 707:power 703:Earth 699:watts 688:watts 562:axiom 184:Earth 106:JSTOR 92:books 12088:Neon 12046:Fuse 11900:Lens 11772:Soap 11650:Loom 11435:Oven 11425:Fire 11363:MEMS 11319:Pump 11227:Wing 11210:Gear 11097:Belt 11080:Axle 10988:Ship 10855:Road 10801:Arch 10749:Book 10732:Game 10708:Coin 10612:Tool 10576:Wine 10556:Beer 10383:list 9899:Iran 9732:USS 9703:USS 9318:UFOs 8513:BLC1 8158:ISBN 8058:ISBN 7874:PMID 7822:ISSN 7753:ISBN 7717:NASA 7581:2011 7542:ISBN 7434:ISBN 7243:ISSN 7080:ISBN 6880:ISBN 6835:ISBN 6804:ISBN 6777:ISSN 6730:ISSN 6691:ISSN 6636:ISSN 6559:ISBN 6512:ISBN 6342:ISSN 6233:ISBN 6165:ISBN 6045:ISSN 5842:ISBN 5766:ISSN 5717:ISBN 5620:ISBN 5529:0.7. 5508:ISBN 5454:ISBN 5382:ISBN 5346:ISSN 5220:(2). 5061:12, 5059:vol. 4821:ISSN 4766:ISSN 4724:ISSN 4641:ISBN 4582:ISBN 4551:ISSN 4474:ISBN 4359:ISBN 3988:and 3973:and 3845:star 3780:wind 3770:and 3688:into 3614:and 3463:3C 9 3355:For 3337:SETI 3190:and 3161:IRAS 3119:and 3095:and 3052:and 3050:mass 2972:and 2702:two 2682:goal 2568:Ozma 2516:SETI 2440:bits 2285:and 2094:and 2084:Moon 2073:and 2050:coal 1946:, a 1871:and 1823:and 1722:and 1586:was 1572:bits 1561:s.f. 1302:SETI 1248:and 1238:IRAS 1010:and 930:SETI 858:arts 758:Mars 711:star 644:SETI 604:star 481:The 368:and 194:Race 78:news 12296:GUI 12217:RAM 12197:GPU 12192:CPU 12083:LED 11804:TNT 11779:Dye 11705:PCR 11405:Leg 11400:Arm 11136:Cam 10838:Dam 10754:Map 10727:Toy 10648:Gun 8284:by 8280:on 8221:by 8197:by 8100:doi 8088:252 7866:doi 7854:131 7812:doi 7798:506 7624:doi 7602:736 7405:doi 7355:doi 7343:363 7311:hdl 7303:doi 7235:doi 7129:doi 7107:581 7001:doi 6872:doi 6769:doi 6683:doi 6628:doi 6474:doi 6429:doi 6334:doi 6037:doi 5919:doi 5758:doi 5713:133 5671:doi 5616:317 5446:doi 5374:doi 5338:doi 5067:pp. 4813:doi 4801:278 4758:doi 4716:doi 4543:doi 4531:252 4466:doi 3889:In 3827:or 3703:1.3 3571:or 3565:M81 3561:M33 3400:to 3390:t_f 3256:". 3157:VLA 3129:M13 3127:to 3113:M49 3109:M33 3033:Sun 2995:If 2819:log 2783:log 2650:M87 2395:to 2351:or 2227:of 1956:TNT 1740:In 1640:or 1598:In 1563:). 1557:TWh 1469:log 1393:). 1379:Sun 1368:or 1334:erg 1263:). 1145:M33 1141:M31 1130:M87 750:M87 653:or 638:). 634:or 564:of 414:TRL 394:FTA 61:by 12799:: 12036:DC 12026:AC 10614:/ 8106:. 8098:. 8086:. 8066:. 8006:. 7888:. 7880:. 7872:. 7864:. 7852:. 7846:. 7820:. 7810:. 7796:. 7792:. 7761:. 7715:. 7692:. 7659:. 7653:. 7630:. 7622:. 7614:. 7600:. 7565:. 7520:mc 7478:. 7442:. 7428:. 7403:. 7393:51 7391:. 7387:. 7361:. 7353:. 7341:. 7337:. 7309:. 7301:. 7291:46 7289:. 7285:. 7241:. 7233:. 7223:42 7221:. 7217:. 7187:. 7162:. 7158:. 7135:. 7127:. 7119:. 7105:. 7053:52 7051:. 7047:. 6999:. 6985:. 6927:. 6923:. 6909:^ 6878:. 6870:. 6849:^ 6829:. 6798:. 6775:. 6767:. 6757:68 6751:. 6728:. 6718:26 6716:. 6712:. 6689:. 6681:. 6671:42 6669:. 6665:. 6642:. 6634:. 6626:. 6618:. 6604:. 6600:. 6573:^ 6557:. 6494:^ 6480:. 6472:. 6464:. 6452:63 6450:. 6427:. 6417:19 6415:. 6411:. 6384:^ 6340:. 6332:. 6322:42 6320:. 6316:. 6293:. 6289:. 6263:. 6259:. 6247:^ 6231:. 6198:^ 6188:. 6101:^ 6083:64 6081:. 6065:^ 6051:. 6043:. 6035:. 6027:. 6015:28 6013:. 6009:. 5983:. 5962:^ 5946:53 5944:. 5940:. 5917:. 5907:58 5905:. 5901:. 5889:^ 5873:. 5856:^ 5828:^ 5790:. 5764:. 5756:. 5746:78 5740:. 5715:. 5677:. 5669:. 5661:. 5649:57 5647:. 5643:. 5618:. 5576:. 5560:^ 5544:. 5526:. 5506:. 5498:. 5481:^ 5462:, 5452:, 5440:, 5411:. 5409:bp 5407:. 5380:. 5358:^ 5344:. 5336:. 5326:19 5324:. 5320:. 5308:^ 5270:. 5258:63 5256:. 5226:^ 5216:. 5212:. 5188:^ 5155:^ 5134:. 5111:. 5091:^ 5057:, 5044:^ 5024:. 5020:. 4983:^ 4966:. 4962:. 4950:^ 4937:. 4927:28 4925:. 4921:. 4896:. 4886:36 4884:. 4880:. 4854:. 4850:. 4827:. 4819:. 4811:. 4799:. 4795:. 4772:. 4764:. 4752:. 4748:. 4736:^ 4722:. 4712:39 4710:. 4706:. 4682:12 4680:. 4676:. 4655:^ 4557:. 4549:. 4541:. 4529:. 4525:. 4507:^ 4490:. 4482:. 4472:. 4464:. 4452:. 4427:^ 4417:. 4405:. 4401:. 4373:^ 4339:^ 4322:. 4318:. 4284:^ 4267:. 4255:. 4251:. 4218:^ 4202:. 4188:^ 3996:. 3953:. 3823:A 3778:, 3737:kg 3628:TW 3563:, 3473:, 3408:. 3173:IR 3169:OH 3115:, 3111:, 3107:: 3015:04 2764:: 2752:04 2458:. 2397:F2 2393:A5 2371:, 2308:A 2244:TW 2235:. 2077:. 2013:, 2009:, 1934:. 1896:. 1744:, 1732:. 1684:, 1668:, 1664:, 1628:. 1507:, 1493:10 1473:10 1143:, 1092:. 920:. 856:, 852:, 848:, 844:, 748:, 693:A 613:A 598:A 591:, 572:A 568:: 493:, 489:: 10479:e 10472:t 10465:v 9945:) 9941:( 9830:) 9826:( 9310:e 9303:t 9296:v 8331:e 8324:t 8317:v 8304:. 8225:. 8213:. 8201:. 8166:. 8147:. 8114:. 8102:: 8094:: 8077:. 8024:. 7956:) 7899:. 7868:: 7860:: 7828:. 7814:: 7804:: 7776:. 7730:. 7700:. 7696:: 7670:. 7638:. 7626:: 7618:: 7608:: 7583:. 7550:. 7516:E 7500:. 7457:. 7411:. 7407:: 7399:: 7369:. 7357:: 7349:: 7319:. 7313:: 7305:: 7297:: 7270:. 7264:: 7249:. 7237:: 7229:: 7202:. 7173:. 7143:. 7131:: 7123:: 7113:: 7088:. 7063:. 7059:: 7032:. 7007:. 7003:: 6995:: 6970:. 6938:. 6903:. 6888:. 6874:: 6866:: 6843:. 6812:. 6783:. 6771:: 6763:: 6736:. 6724:: 6697:. 6685:: 6677:: 6650:. 6630:: 6622:: 6612:: 6606:9 6567:. 6536:. 6520:. 6488:. 6476:: 6468:: 6458:: 6435:. 6431:: 6423:: 6378:. 6374:: 6348:. 6336:: 6328:: 6301:. 6297:: 6274:. 6241:. 6225:: 6190:3 6173:. 6095:. 6089:: 6059:. 6039:: 6031:: 6021:: 5956:. 5952:: 5925:. 5921:: 5913:: 5883:. 5850:. 5822:. 5801:. 5772:. 5760:: 5752:: 5725:. 5685:. 5673:: 5665:: 5655:: 5628:. 5594:. 5554:. 5448:: 5425:. 5390:. 5376:: 5352:. 5340:: 5332:: 5302:. 5278:. 5274:: 5264:: 5218:2 5182:. 5149:. 5085:) 5063:n 5038:. 4977:. 4933:: 4892:: 4856:1 4835:. 4815:: 4807:: 4780:. 4760:: 4754:7 4730:. 4718:: 4649:. 4615:. 4590:. 4565:. 4545:: 4537:: 4501:. 4468:: 4460:: 4413:: 4407:2 4367:. 4333:. 4278:. 4263:: 4257:8 4212:. 3745:J 3741:× 3705:× 3695:× 3620:W 3579:. 3559:( 3171:/ 3041:W 3037:W 3029:W 3012:, 3009:1 3006:= 2958:t 2948:o 2944:P 2940:= 2937:P 2917:t 2895:o 2891:P 2870:P 2850:t 2813:) 2807:o 2803:P 2798:/ 2794:P 2790:( 2777:= 2774:t 2749:, 2746:1 2743:= 2359:" 2088:J 1912:. 1885:. 1843:; 1811:; 1516:W 1512:K 1489:6 1482:W 1462:= 1459:K 1419:× 1415:× 1407:× 1387:× 1383:× 1374:× 1350:× 1342:× 1338:× 1330:× 1234:K 610:. 485:( 446:e 439:t 432:v 128:) 122:( 117:) 113:( 103:· 96:· 89:· 82:· 55:. 32:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index