1378:
1089:.... The busts, and those they represent (those on the wall but not present are in brackets), are, from left to right: (Jakob Heine, Karl Oskar Medin, Ivar Wickman, Karl Landsteiner), Thomas Milton Rivers, Charles Armstrong, John R. Paul, Thomas Francis, Jr., Albert Sabin, Joseph L. Melnick, Isabel Morgan, Howard A. Howe, David Bodian, (
49:
1145:
This paper is an attempt to review in the light of earlier research certain recent work on measles virus with emphasis on the development of a living attenuated vaccine against the disease. It was presented as a
Cameron Prize Lecture before the Faculty of Medicine, Edinburgh University, 16 May 1961.
323:
announced the measles vaccine effective on
September 17, 1961, Enders wrote to the newspaper to acknowledge the work of various colleagues and the collaborative nature of the research. In 1963, a deactivated measles vaccine and an attenuated measles vaccine were introduced by
1207:... and the Cameron Prize for Practical Therapeutics was awarded in absentia to Professor John Frank Enders, Professor of Bacteriology and Immunology in the University of car (sic), for his work on the growing of virus of poliomyelitis and other studies in viruses.
296:
in 1952. Upon the 1954 polio vaccine field trial, whose success Salk announced on the radio, Salk became a public hero but failed to credit the many other researchers that his effort rode upon, and was somewhat shunned by
America's scientific establishment.
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from an 11-year-old boy, David
Edmonston. Disappointed by polio vaccine's development and involvement in some cases of polio and death—what Enders attributed to Salk's technique—Enders began development of
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Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC (1949). "Cultivation of the
Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues".
228:. He went into real estate in 1922, and tried several careers before choosing the biomedical field with a focus on infectious diseases, gaining a
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313:. In October 1960, an Enders team began trials on 1,500 mentally retarded children in New York City and on 4,000 children in
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In 1963, Pfizer introduced a deactivated measles vaccine, and Merck & Co introduced an attenuated measles vaccine.
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He continued to work in virology research till the late 1970s and retired from the laboratory at the age of 80.
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applied the Enders-Weller-Robbins technique to produce large quantities of poliovirus, and then developed a
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for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue.
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and left him a fortune of $ 19 million upon his death. He attended the Noah
Webster School in
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Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1987). "John
Franklin Enders. 10 February 1897-8 September 1985".
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925:"How a CT man who majored in English at Yale became the 'Father of Modern Vaccines'"
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829:"HSL Research Guides: Ernst Ludwig Wynder Autograph Collection: John Enders, Ph.D."
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169:(February 10, 1897 – September 8, 1985) was an American biomedical scientist and
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529:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 329. pp. 3–11.
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525:
Katz SL (2009). "John F. Enders and
Measles Virus Vaccine—a Reminiscence".
503:
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culturing poliovirus, isolating measlesvirus, developing measles vaccine
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1252:
The
Presidential Medal of Freedom : winners and their achievements
447:
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274:
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3978:
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3726:
2812:
2364:
1066:"Polio Hall of Fame opening ceremony, 1958 - Stock Image - C003/7443"
185:
on
February 10, 1897. His father, John Ostrom Enders, was CEO of the
614:"How a Connecticut scientist became the 'Father of Modern Vaccines'"
5117:
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Enders also held honorary doctoral degrees from 13 universities.
314:
233:
5432:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
5139:
5124:
4415:
325:
1383:
The Cultivation of the Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture
5134:
5019:
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4559:
1255:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. pp. 54–55.
405:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
156:
Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh
1359:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society Vol. 33
4434:
3806:
1288:
343:
173:. Enders has been called "The Father of Modern Vaccines."
5397:
American chief executives of financial services companies
229:
1332:
A Biographical Memoir: John Franklin Enders (1897–1985)
858:
A Biographical Memoir: John Franklin Enders (1897–1985)
633:
A Biographical Memoir: John Franklin Enders (1897–1985)
247:, aged 88, on 8 September 1985. His wife died in 2000.
953:
October 2019, Live Science Staff 07 (7 October 2019).
1289:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
1107:"Vaccination Against Measles: Francis Home Redivivus"
5467:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
5462:
United States Army Air Service pilots of World War I
475:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
388:
1955: Kyle Award from the U.S. Public Health Service
649:
1390:Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
834:. New York Medical College Health Sciences Library
5292:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
285:to grow in cultures of various types of tissue".
209:in 1918 as a flight instructor and a lieutenant.
5378:
1018:"Enders, John F. (1897-1985) | Encyclopedia.com"
697:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954"
1381:including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1954
1087:US National Archives and Records Administration
4041:
384:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
142:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
5492:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4257:
4104:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
4027:
2952:
1409:
2966:
952:
607:
605:
603:
601:
1329:Thomas H Weller & Frederick C Robbins,
977:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
855:Thomas H Weller & Frederick C Robbins,
691:
689:
630:Thomas H Weller & Frederick C Robbins,
4264:
4250:
4034:
4020:
2959:
2945:
1416:
1402:
1376:
1220:"Robert Koch Stiftung - Robert Koch Award"
805:
803:
751:"On this day: Polio vaccine declared safe"
574:
572:
570:
317:. Refusing credit for merely himself when
47:
5417:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1184:
1130:
783:
598:
5477:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
5437:St. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni
3895:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah /
1248:
1226:. Robert Koch Foundation. Archived from
1111:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
993:"Technology for cultivating polio virus"
765:
761:
759:
686:
342:
236:in 1930. He later joined the faculty at
1356:
1284:"John Enders Is Scientific Achievement"
955:"Nobel Prize in Medicine: 1901-Present"
881:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
876:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A"
800:
567:
524:
471:
281:"for their discovery of the ability of
27:American medical researcher (1897-1985)
14:
5457:United States Army Air Forces soldiers
5422:People from West Hartford, Connecticut
5379:
1388:John Franklin Enders Papers (MS 1478).
1104:
811:"First mention: Measles vaccine, 1960"
611:
4245:
4015:
2940:
1429:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1397:
1347:
756:
643:
467:
465:
463:
369:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
357:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
279:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
176:
149:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
5452:Foreign members of the Royal Society
3372:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under
868:
250:
24:
5319:Eradication of infectious diseases
5076:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
460:
243:Enders died at his summer home in
25:
5503:
4909:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
1366:
1171:(5198): 612–613. 20 August 1960.
1105:Enders, John F. (December 1961).
5298:Alternative vaccination schedule
4273:Artificial induction of immunity
1350:Encyclopedia of World Scientists
1302:10.1001/jama.1963.03060020014009
826:
1323:
1276:
1242:
1212:
1151:
1098:
1058:
1034:
1010:
985:
946:
917:
893:
849:
820:
753:, FindingDulcinea, 12 Apr 2011.
612:Ofgang, Erik (12 August 2020).
580:"John F. Enders - Biographical"
277:. The three received the 1954
5130:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
743:
740:. 2010. Retrieved 31 Jan 2010.
727:"Salk announces polio vaccine"
720:
624:
518:
393:American Philosophical Society
363:American Philosophical Society
13:
1:
5412:Harvard Medical School alumni
4666:Group B streptococcal disease
4485:Vaccines for Children Program
453:
417:Presidential Medal of Freedom
5447:American medical researchers
1348:Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007).
1337:National Academy of Sciences
931:. 2020-09-08. Archived from
863:National Academy of Sciences
638:National Academy of Sciences
427:American Medical Association
207:United States Army Air Corps
205:a short time, he joined the
7:
2521:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1224:www.robert-koch-stiftung.de
768:"The first measles vaccine"
672:10.1126/science.109.2822.85
535:10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_1
441:
347:Bust of John Enders in the
220:, where he was a member of
10:
5508:
3233:Hungarian Freedom Fighters
1357:Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1987).
1352:. New York: Facts on File.
1296:(2): 36–37. 13 July 1963.
431:1967: Foreign Member, The
238:Children's Hospital Boston
183:West Hartford, Connecticut
73:West Hartford, Connecticut
5337:
5306:
5245:
5177:
5068:
5040:
5007:
4681:
4512:
4505:
4424:
4352:
4304:
4169:
4154:Frederick Chapman Robbins
4138:
4113:
4094:
4070:
4051:
3753:
3519:
3184:
3174:The American Fighting-Man
2977:
2594:
2259:
1920:
1718:Charles Scott Sherrington
1694:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1656:
1435:
586:. Nobel Prize Outreach AB
423:Science Achievement Award
373:Frederick Chapman Robbins
338:
261:Frederick Chapman Robbins
137:
129:
115:
105:
97:
79:
58:
46:
32:
5402:American Nobel laureates
4661:Clostridioides difficile
3891:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr.
2708:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1249:Wetterau, Bruce (1996).
397:1958: inducted into the
5487:Time Person of the Year
4919:Tick-borne encephalitis
3389:The Apollo 8 Astronauts
832:guides.library.nymc.edu
5442:Yale University alumni
5329:List of vaccine topics
4329:Mathematical modelling
4175:Nobel Prize recipients
4140:Physiology or Medicine
3348:Martin Luther King Jr.
1489:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
1177:10.1136/bmj.2.5198.612
785:10.1542/peds.2011-1430
488:10.1098/rsbm.1987.0008
351:
245:Waterford, Connecticut
199:Concord, New Hampshire
187:Hartford National Bank
91:Waterford, Connecticut
5482:Vaccination advocates
5324:Vaccinate Your Family
4775:Japanese encephalitis
3805:The Good Samaritans:
3102:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3042:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3026:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1990:Dickinson W. Richards
1674:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1074:Science Photo Library
1070:Science Photo Library
997:The Lasker Foundation
346:
283:poliomyelitis viruses
212:After returning from
5407:American virologists
5207:John Franklin Enders
4160:Thomas Huckle Weller
4148:John Franklin Enders
3922:The Silence Breakers
3789:The American Soldier
3770:The Whistleblowers:
3628:The Endangered Earth
3410:The Middle Americans
3364:William Westmoreland
3257:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3126:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2413:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1774:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1361:. The Royal Society.
1046:search.amphilsoc.org
1042:"APS Member History"
1022:www.encyclopedia.com
618:Connecticut Magazine
391:1955: Member of the
377:Thomas Huckle Weller
361:1953: Member of the
355:1946: Fellow of the
300:In 1954, Enders and
263:reported successful
257:Thomas Huckle Weller
216:, he graduated from
167:John Franklin Enders
34:John Franklin Enders
4393:Virus-like particle
4317:Vaccine ingredients
3987:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
2971:Persons of the Year
2805:William C. Campbell
2716:Elizabeth Blackburn
2553:Robert F. Furchgott
2545:Stanley B. Prusiner
2537:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2437:George H. Hitchings
2401:Joseph L. Goldstein
2361:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2190:Earl Sutherland Jr.
817:, 5 Oct 2010, p D2.
664:1949Sci...109...85E
226:Delta Kappa Epsilon
201:. After attending
181:Enders was born in
5364:Never to phase III
5163:Hexavalent vaccine
4977:Epstein–Barr virus
4872:Oxford–AstraZeneca
4565:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
3552:Ayatollah Khomeini
3217:John Foster Dulles
2865:William Kaelin Jr.
2861:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2604:Leland H. Hartwell
2493:Richard J. Roberts
2373:Barbara McClintock
2317:Godfrey Hounsfield
2218:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2150:Marshall Nirenberg
2118:Charles B. Huggins
1907:Tadeusz Reichstein
1895:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1690:Christiaan Eijkman
1375:on Nobelprize.org
1335:, (Washington DC:
1230:on 1 February 2019
1159:"Vital Statistics"
861:, (Washington DC:
732:2010-02-11 at the
712:Prize motivation:
636:, (Washington DC:
399:Polio Hall of Fame
352:
349:Polio Hall of Fame
320:The New York Times
177:Life and education
124:Harvard University
5374:
5373:
5286:Vaccines and SIDS
5173:
5172:
4947:Hepatitis A and B
4923:Varicella zoster
4385:Subunit/component
4239:
4238:
4009:
4008:
3991:Spirit of Ukraine
3691:Pope John Paul II
3668:The Peacemakers:
3644:George H. W. Bush
3636:Mikhail Gorbachev
3620:Mikhail Gorbachev
3464:Susan Brownmiller
3380:Lyndon B. Johnson
3356:Lyndon B. Johnson
3265:U.S. Scientists:
3249:Charles de Gaulle
3241:Nikita Khrushchev
3193:Mohammed Mosaddeq
3166:Winston Churchill
3094:Winston Churchill
2986:Charles Lindbergh
2934:
2933:
2899:Ardem Patapoutian
2748:Ralph M. Steinman
2744:Jules A. Hoffmann
2732:Robert G. Edwards
2700:Harald zur Hausen
2624:H. Robert Horvitz
2525:Eric F. Wieschaus
2461:E. Donnall Thomas
2445:J. Michael Bishop
2433:Gertrude B. Elion
2305:Hamilton O. Smith
2230:Christian de Duve
1966:Frederick Robbins
1843:Alexander Fleming
1782:Corneille Heymans
1628:Frederick Banting
1533:Allvar Gullstrand
1262:978-1-56802-128-7
905:www.nasonline.org
766:Baker JP (2011).
620:(September 2020).
544:978-3-540-70522-2
411:Robert Koch Prize
302:Thomas C. Peebles
255:In 1949, Enders,
251:Biomedical career
195:St. Paul's School
164:
163:
110:St. Paul's School
83:September 8, 1985
69:February 10, 1897
16:(Redirected from
5499:
5265:MMR autism fraud
5212:Maurice Hilleman
5197:Hilary Koprowski
4510:
4509:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4177:
4085:Ernest Hemingway
4036:
4029:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3994:
3982:
3974:
3962:
3954:
3952:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3899:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3817:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3782:
3765:
3762:Rudolph Giuliani
3746:
3738:
3730:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3684:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3512:
3510:
3496:Billie Jean King
3462:American Women:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3403:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3307:William Shockley
3283:Joshua Lederberg
3279:Donald A. Glaser
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2912:
2901:
2886:
2880:Michael Houghton
2867:
2857:Gregg L. Semenza
2851:
2845:James P. Allison
2839:
2837:Michael W. Young
2823:
2821:Yoshinori Ohsumi
2815:
2799:
2783:
2781:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
2767:
2755:
2734:
2726:
2720:Carol W. Greider
2710:
2694:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2614:
2587:
2571:
2563:
2547:
2539:
2533:Peter C. Doherty
2527:
2511:
2505:Alfred G. Gilman
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2449:Harold E. Varmus
2439:
2423:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2375:
2367:
2351:
2335:
2325:Baruj Benacerraf
2319:
2307:
2291:
2275:
2252:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2192:
2184:
2168:
2152:
2142:Robert W. Holley
2136:
2120:
2108:
2092:
2080:
2064:
2048:
2046:Georg von Békésy
2040:
2028:
2016:
2014:Joshua Lederberg
2000:
1992:
1986:Werner Forssmann
1976:
1968:
1952:
1940:
1932:
1913:
1897:
1885:
1877:
1875:Bernardo Houssay
1861:
1853:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1756:
1748:
1732:
1724:
1712:
1704:
1702:Karl Landsteiner
1696:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1666:Johannes Fibiger
1649:
1648:
1642:
1640:Willem Einthoven
1634:
1622:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1505:Élie Metchnikoff
1499:
1497:Alphonse Laveran
1491:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1380:
1362:
1353:
1340:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1188:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1117:(3–4): 239–260.
1102:
1096:
1095:
1082:
1080:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
989:
983:
982:
976:
968:
966:
965:
950:
944:
943:
941:
940:
921:
915:
914:
912:
911:
901:"John F. Enders"
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
880:
872:
866:
853:
847:
846:
841:
839:
827:Webb, Nicholas.
824:
818:
807:
798:
797:
787:
763:
754:
747:
741:
724:
718:
717:
709:
707:
693:
684:
683:
647:
641:
628:
622:
621:
609:
596:
595:
593:
591:
576:
565:
564:
522:
516:
515:
469:
332:, respectively.
160:
153:
146:
86:
68:
66:
51:
41:
30:
29:
21:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5354:Clinical trials
5333:
5302:
5241:
5217:Stanley Plotkin
5179:
5169:
5081:Cancer vaccines
5064:
5058:Schistosomiasis
5036:
5030:Trypanosomiasis
5003:
4967:Cytomegalovirus
4877:Pfizer–BioNTech
4677:
4501:
4450:Vaccine wastage
4420:
4348:
4300:
4270:
4240:
4235:
4173:
4165:
4162:(United States)
4156:(United States)
4150:(United States)
4134:
4125:(Great Britain)
4109:
4090:
4087:(United States)
4066:
4063:(United States)
4047:
4040:
4010:
4005:
3997:
3985:
3977:
3965:
3957:
3932:Jamal Khashoggi
3930:The Guardians:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3856:Mark Zuckerberg
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3780:Sherron Watkins
3769:
3768:
3760:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3596:Peter Ueberroth
3594:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3515:
3468:Kathleen Byerly
3461:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3434:Henry Kissinger
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3340:Pope John XXIII
3338:
3332:John F. Kennedy
3330:
3323:Robert Woodward
3319:James Van Allen
3264:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3209:Konrad Adenauer
3207:
3199:
3191:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3158:Harry S. Truman
3156:
3150:George Marshall
3148:
3142:James F. Byrnes
3140:
3134:Harry S. Truman
3132:
3124:
3118:George Marshall
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3066:Chiang Kai-shek
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3034:Hugh S. Johnson
3032:
3024:
3016:
3010:Mohandas Gandhi
3008:
3000:
2994:Walter Chrysler
2992:
2984:
2973:
2965:
2935:
2930:
2915:
2904:
2889:
2884:Charles M. Rice
2876:Harvey J. Alter
2870:
2854:
2842:
2833:Michael Rosbash
2829:Jeffrey C. Hall
2826:
2818:
2802:
2793:May-Britt Moser
2786:
2770:
2765:Shinya Yamanaka
2758:
2737:
2729:
2724:Jack W. Szostak
2713:
2697:
2692:Oliver Smithies
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2640:Peter Mansfield
2633:
2628:John E. Sulston
2617:
2601:
2590:
2574:
2566:
2550:
2542:
2530:
2517:Edward B. Lewis
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2426:
2421:Susumu Tonegawa
2418:
2406:
2394:
2378:
2370:
2354:
2338:
2322:
2310:
2294:
2281:Roger Guillemin
2278:
2273:Daniel Gajdusek
2269:Baruch Blumberg
2266:
2255:
2246:Renato Dulbecco
2242:David Baltimore
2239:
2223:
2210:Karl von Frisch
2207:
2195:
2187:
2171:
2155:
2139:
2130:Haldan Hartline
2123:
2111:
2095:
2083:
2067:
2062:Maurice Wilkins
2051:
2043:
2031:
2026:Arthur Kornberg
2019:
2003:
1995:
1979:
1971:
1955:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1916:
1900:
1888:
1880:
1864:
1856:
1840:
1831:Joseph Erlanger
1828:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1759:
1751:
1735:
1727:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1687:
1682:Charles Nicolle
1679:
1671:
1663:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1525:Albrecht Kossel
1522:
1514:
1502:
1494:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1431:
1422:
1369:
1344:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1103:
1099:
1078:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
991:
990:
986:
970:
969:
963:
961:
959:livescience.com
951:
947:
938:
936:
923:
922:
918:
909:
907:
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
878:
874:
873:
869:
854:
850:
837:
835:
825:
821:
808:
801:
764:
757:
748:
744:
734:Wayback Machine
725:
721:
705:
703:
695:
694:
687:
658:(2822): 85–87.
648:
644:
629:
625:
610:
599:
589:
587:
578:
577:
568:
545:
523:
519:
470:
461:
456:
444:
371:(together with
341:
330:Merck & Co.
311:measles vaccine
253:
203:Yale University
179:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
122:
120:Yale University
116:Alma mater
93:
88:
84:
75:
70:
64:
62:
54:
42:
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5505:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5232:Katalin KarikĂł
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5032:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4987:Herpes simplex
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4887:Sinopharm BIBP
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4837:Bharat Biotech
4834:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4465:Vaccine injury
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4428:
4426:
4425:Administration
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4399:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4081:
4079:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3983:
3975:
3963:
3959:Greta Thunberg
3955:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3889:Ebola Fighters
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3832:Vladimir Putin
3828:
3820:
3801:
3797:George W. Bush
3793:
3785:
3772:Cynthia Cooper
3766:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:George W. Bush
3739:
3731:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3678:Nelson Mandela
3674:F. W. de Klerk
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3612:Corazon Aquino
3608:
3600:
3592:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3492:Barbara Jordan
3458:
3450:
3442:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3393:William Anders
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3315:Charles Townes
3295:Edward Purcell
3271:Charles Draper
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3225:Harlow Curtice
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3070:Soong Mei-ling
3062:
3058:Wallis Simpson
3054:
3050:Haile Selassie
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2921:Katalin KarikĂł
2913:
2902:
2887:
2868:
2852:
2840:
2824:
2816:
2800:
2784:
2777:Randy Schekman
2768:
2756:
2735:
2727:
2711:
2704:Luc Montagnier
2695:
2684:Mario Capecchi
2679:
2667:
2660:Barry Marshall
2655:
2643:
2636:Paul Lauterbur
2631:
2620:Sydney Brenner
2615:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:Paul Greengard
2577:Arvid Carlsson
2572:
2564:
2548:
2540:
2528:
2512:
2509:Martin Rodbell
2500:
2488:
2485:Edwin G. Krebs
2481:Edmond Fischer
2476:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2429:James W. Black
2424:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2389:CĂ©sar Milstein
2385:Georges Köhler
2376:
2368:
2357:Sune Bergström
2352:
2349:Torsten Wiesel
2345:David H. Hubel
2336:
2320:
2308:
2301:Daniel Nathans
2292:
2285:Andrew Schally
2276:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2237:
2221:
2205:
2198:Gerald Edelman
2193:
2185:
2182:Julius Axelrod
2169:
2166:Salvador Luria
2162:Alfred Hershey
2153:
2137:
2121:
2109:
2098:François Jacob
2093:
2081:
2065:
2049:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2001:
1993:
1982:André Cournand
1977:
1969:
1953:
1941:
1938:Selman Waksman
1933:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1903:Edward Kendall
1898:
1886:
1878:
1862:
1859:Hermann Muller
1854:
1838:
1835:Herbert Gasser
1826:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1790:Gerhard Domagk
1785:
1777:
1769:
1757:
1749:
1746:William Murphy
1738:George Whipple
1733:
1725:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1623:
1616:Archibald Hill
1611:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1549:Charles Richet
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1500:
1492:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1373:John F. Enders
1368:
1367:External links
1365:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1342:
1341:
1339:, 1991), p 62.
1322:
1275:
1261:
1241:
1211:
1150:
1097:
1091:John F. Enders
1057:
1033:
1009:
984:
945:
916:
892:
867:
865:, 1991), p 60.
848:
819:
815:New York Times
799:
755:
742:
719:
701:NobelPrize.org
685:
642:
640:, 1991), p 48.
623:
597:
584:NobelPrize.org
566:
543:
517:
458:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
443:
440:
436:
435:
429:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
386:
380:
365:
359:
340:
337:
269:culture of an
252:
249:
222:Scroll and Key
178:
175:
171:Nobel Laureate
162:
161:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:Known for
127:
126:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
89:
87:(aged 88)
81:
77:
76:
71:
60:
56:
55:
53:Enders in 1954
52:
44:
43:
36:
33:
26:
18:John F. Enders
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5504:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5237:Drew Weissman
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:H. Fred Clark
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5192:Louis Pasteur
5190:
5188:
5187:Edward Jenner
5185:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:DTwP-HepB-Hib
5156:
5154:
5153:DTaP-IPV-HepB
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:combination:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5042:Helminthiasis
5039:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5006:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:combination:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
4644:
4643:
4642:combination:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4555:Meningococcus
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:Leptospirosis
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:Vaccine court
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:GAVI Alliance
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4129:Walther Bothe
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4106:(Switzerland)
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4061:Linus Pauling
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3971:Kamala Harris
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:Angela Merkel
3903:
3898:
3897:Salome Karwah
3894:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3864:The Protester
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3815:Melinda Gates
3812:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3776:Coleen Rowley
3773:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3699:Newt Gingrich
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3682:Yitzhak Rabin
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:Yasser Arafat
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:Deng Xiaoping
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3588:Yuri Andropov
3585:
3584:Ronald Reagan
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:Ronald Reagan
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3544:Deng Xiaoping
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:Richard Nixon
3435:
3431:
3427:
3426:Richard Nixon
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:Edward Teller
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:Linus Pauling
3288:
3287:Willard Libby
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:George Beadle
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3201:Elizabeth II
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:Joseph Stalin
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3086:Joseph Stalin
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3002:Owen D. Young
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2926:
2925:Drew Weissman
2922:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2809:Satoshi ĹŚmura
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:James Rothman
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:Bruce Beutler
2736:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2652:Linda B. Buck
2649:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2569:GĂĽnter Blobel
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:Louis Ignarro
2554:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2497:Phillip Sharp
2494:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:Joseph Murray
2453:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:Stanley Cohen
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:Michael Brown
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:Allan Cormack
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2289:Rosalyn Yalow
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2234:George Palade
2231:
2227:
2226:Albert Claude
2222:
2219:
2215:
2214:Konrad Lorenz
2211:
2206:
2203:
2202:Rodney Porter
2199:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:Ulf von Euler
2175:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:Ragnar Granit
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2106:Jacques Monod
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2078:Andrew Huxley
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:Francis Crick
2050:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2038:Peter Medawar
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:George Beadle
2002:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1974:Hugo Theorell
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:Thomas Weller
1959:
1954:
1951:
1950:Fritz Lipmann
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1851:Howard Florey
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1730:Thomas Morgan
1726:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1620:Otto Meyerhof
1617:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1557:Róbert Bárány
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1541:Alexis Carrel
1537:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:Camillo Golgi
1481:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
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19:
5314:Epidemiology
5290:
5262:
5206:
5148:DTaP-IPV/Hib
4939:Yellow fever
4852:EpiVacCorona
4609:Tuberculosis
4582:Pneumococcal
4550:Lyme disease
4378:Heterologous
4277:Immunization
4205:
4147:
3999:Taylor Swift
3947:
3914:Donald Trump
3893:Kent Brantly
3880:Pope Francis
3872:Barack Obama
3848:Ben Bernanke
3840:Barack Obama
3754:2001–present
3723:Bill Clinton
3715:Andrew Grove
3660:Bill Clinton
3576:The Computer
3528:Jimmy Carter
3504:Carol Sutton
3472:Alison Cheek
3418:Willy Brandt
3397:Frank Borman
3303:Emilio Segrè
3274:
3078:Adolf Hitler
3018:Pierre Laval
2968:
2910:Svante Pääbo
2895:David Julius
2849:Tasuku Honjo
2797:Edvard Moser
2789:John O'Keefe
2752:posthumously
2751:
2688:Martin Evans
2664:Robin Warren
2648:Richard Axel
2595:2001–present
2473:Bert Sakmann
2341:Roger Sperry
2333:George Snell
2329:Jean Dausset
2297:Werner Arber
2250:Howard Temin
2174:Bernard Katz
2158:Max DelbrĂĽck
2114:Francis Rous
2090:Feodor Lynen
2086:Konrad Bloch
2074:Alan Hodgkin
2058:James Watson
2034:Frank Burnet
2022:Severo Ochoa
2010:Edward Tatum
1998:Daniel Bovet
1957:
1911:Philip Hench
1823:Edward Doisy
1754:Hans Spemann
1742:George Minot
1722:Edgar Adrian
1710:Otto Warburg
1632:John Macleod
1601:August Krogh
1593:Jules Bordet
1509:Paul Ehrlich
1461:Niels Finsen
1445:Emil Behring
1382:
1358:
1349:
1330:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1293:
1287:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1251:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1223:
1214:
1206:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1144:
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1110:
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1090:
1084:
1077:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:
1036:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:
1012:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
987:
962:. Retrieved
958:
948:
937:. Retrieved
933:the original
928:
919:
908:. Retrieved
904:
895:
883:. Retrieved
870:
856:
851:
843:
836:. Retrieved
831:
822:
814:
778:(3): 435–7.
775:
771:
745:
737:
722:
713:
711:
704:. Retrieved
700:
655:
651:
645:
631:
626:
617:
588:. Retrieved
583:
526:
520:
479:
473:
437:
334:
318:
306:measlesvirus
299:
287:
271:animal virus
264:
254:
242:
211:
180:
166:
165:
85:(1985-09-08)
5392:1985 deaths
5387:1897 births
5350:from market
5246:Controversy
5180:researchers
5096:Hepatitis B
4982:Hepatitis C
4927:Chicken pox
4753:Hepatitis E
4748:Hepatitis B
4743:Hepatitis A
4694:Chikungunya
4671:Shigellosis
4525:Brucellosis
4411:Therapeutic
4365:Inactivated
4305:Development
4293:Inoculation
4285:Vaccination
4044:Nobel Prize
3949:The Capital
3946:/ Staff of
3944:Kyaw Soe Oo
3936:Maria Ressa
3568:Lech Wałęsa
3536:Anwar Sadat
3508:Addie Wyatt
3500:Susie Sharp
3488:Carla Hills
3484:Ella Grasso
3476:Jill Conway
3454:King Faisal
3446:John Sirica
3299:Isidor Rabi
3275:John Enders
2761:John Gurdon
2676:Craig Mello
2672:Andrew Fire
2585:Eric Kandel
2561:Ferid Murad
2469:Erwin Neher
2381:Niels Jerne
2146:Har Khorana
2134:George Wald
2102:André Lwoff
2070:John Eccles
1958:John Enders
1930:Max Theiler
1891:Walter Hess
1883:Paul MĂĽller
1847:Ernst Chain
1517:Emil Kocher
1477:Robert Koch
1469:Ivan Pavlov
1453:Ronald Ross
1315:13 February
1268:13 February
1234:14 February
1079:14 February
1002:13 February
838:13 February
809:Bakalar N,
738:History.com
706:13 February
590:14 February
482:: 212–226.
288:Meanwhile,
224:as well as
214:World War I
98:Nationality
5381:Categories
5281:Thiomersal
5227:Paul Offit
5202:Jonas Salk
5178:Inventors/
5049:research:
5026:research:
4963:research:
4892:Skycovione
4882:Sanofi–GSK
4827:SARS-CoV-2
4738:Hantavirus
4704:rVSV-ZEBOV
4689:Adenovirus
4657:research:
4535:Diphtheria
4373:Attenuated
4072:Literature
3811:Bill Gates
3735:Jeff Bezos
3652:Ted Turner
3480:Betty Ford
3401:Jim Lovell
2612:Paul Nurse
1946:Hans Krebs
1871:Gerty Cori
1819:Henrik Dam
1766:Otto Loewi
1762:Henry Dale
1051:2023-01-20
1027:2020-09-19
964:2020-09-19
939:2020-09-19
910:2023-01-20
772:Pediatrics
454:References
448:Anna Mitus
290:Jonas Salk
275:poliovirus
65:1897-02-10
5360:Phase III
5348:Withdrawn
5276:Pox party
5086:ALVAC-CEA
5008:Protozoan
4897:Sputnik V
4847:CoronaVac
4817:Rotavirus
4720:Pandemrix
4572:Pertussis
4513:Bacterial
4397:Synthetic
4360:Conjugate
4312:Adjuvants
4289:Infection
4131:(Germany)
4053:Chemistry
4046:laureates
3979:Elon Musk
3967:Joe Biden
3727:Ken Starr
3520:1976–2000
3185:1951–1975
2978:1927–1950
2813:Tu Youyou
2365:John Vane
2260:1976–2000
1921:1951–1975
1867:Carl Cori
1657:1926–1950
1436:1901–1925
1425:Laureates
1310:0098-7484
1203:220186676
1123:0044-0086
749:Balik R,
425:from the
304:isolated
106:Education
5118:Prostvac
5111:Gardasil
5106:Cervarix
5053:Hookworm
4932:Shingles
4914:Smallpox
4832:Corbevax
4768:Gardasil
4763:Cervarix
4506:Vaccines
4460:Schedule
4431:Global:
4339:Timeline
4281:Vaccines
4123:Max Born
3707:David Ho
2608:Tim Hunt
1195:20788936
1141:13890171
1085:Credit:
973:cite web
794:21873696
730:Archived
680:17794160
553:19198559
512:42188390
504:11621434
442:See also
266:in vitro
191:Hartford
101:American
39:ForMemRS
5472:Measles
5307:Related
5253:General
5015:Malaria
4902:Valneva
4867:Novavax
4862:Moderna
4857:Janssen
4842:CanSino
4822:Rubella
4780:Measles
4651:Td/Tdap
4621:Typhoid
4604:Tetanus
4599:Q fever
4530:Cholera
4520:Anthrax
4389:Peptide
4353:Classes
4334:Storage
4115:Physics
3940:Wa Lone
1427:of the
1186:2097362
1164:The BMJ
1132:2605051
660:Bibcode
652:Science
561:2884917
527:Measles
421:1963:
315:Nigeria
234:Harvard
5343:WHO-EM
5263:Lancet
5140:TA-NIC
5125:NicVAX
4972:Dengue
4812:Rabies
4638:Typhus
4577:Plague
4455:Policy
4416:Toxoid
4344:Trials
4001:(2023)
3993:(2022)
3981:(2021)
3973:(2020)
3961:(2019)
3953:(2018)
3924:(2017)
3916:(2016)
3908:(2015)
3900:(2014)
3882:(2013)
3874:(2012)
3866:(2011)
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1996:1957:
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382:1954:
367:1954:
339:Honors
326:Pfizer
259:, and
193:, and
159:(1960)
152:(1954)
145:(1954)
138:Awards
5427:Polio
5271:NCVIA
5135:TA-CD
5069:Other
5020:RTS,S
4800:Sabin
4795:Polio
4790:Mumps
4699:Ebola
4682:Viral
4631:ViCPS
4626:Ty21a
4560:MeNZB
4490:VAERS
4440:NITAG
4369:Live
4206:1954
4096:Peace
4042:1954
1199:S2CID
879:(PDF)
557:S2CID
508:S2CID
492:JSTOR
4997:Zika
4957:MMRV
4805:Salk
4785:Mpox
4731:LAIV
4726:H5N1
4716:H1N1
4592:PPSV
4475:ACIP
4471:US:
4445:SAGE
4406:mRNA
4322:list
4231:1959
4226:1958
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4076:1954
3807:Bono
2969:Time
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1578:1917
1571:1916
1564:1915
1317:2021
1306:ISSN
1270:2021
1257:ISBN
1236:2021
1191:PMID
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1137:PMID
1119:ISSN
1081:2021
1004:2021
979:link
887:2011
840:2021
790:PMID
708:2021
676:PMID
592:2021
549:PMID
539:ISBN
500:PMID
375:and
328:and
218:Yale
80:Died
59:Born
5258:MMR
5101:HPV
5091:BCG
4992:HIV
4952:MMR
4758:HPV
4711:Flu
4614:BCG
4587:PCV
4540:Hib
4495:VSD
4402:DNA
4297:J07
3824:You
1298:doi
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1181:PMC
1173:doi
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780:doi
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