228:
359:
1557:
903:
27:
1507:. This speed chime was first mandated on November 21, 1974, according to Article 1 of the "Ministerial Ordinance for Partial Revision of Safety Standards for Road Transport Vehicles". Under pressure from the United States and other foreign producers, this requirement was removed in 1986 with "Ministerial Ordinance for Partial Revision of Safety Standards for Road Transport Vehicles" (Ministry of Transport Ordinance No. 3 of 1986) as being a
165:, and "BLMVZ" which designates a set of features incorporated in the vehicle. The Emissions Code refers to the vehicle's designated emission standard at the time, usually being placed before the vehicle's model number, and with the five most commonly used designations being E, GF, GH, ABA, and CBA. These codes are only seen on JDM models and are not present on exported models of the same type. Examples would include E-EK9 or GF-EK9 from the
2639:
2629:
1492:
1741:
1565:
1549:
1832:. It is also to be noted that, even with such modifications, it is impossible to recreate the running performance of the original car, as there are many engineering aspects which cannot be replicated by means of "conversion" alone. A good example would be body strengthening methods using spot welding and extra reinforcement on strut mounting points, stress areas in joints, etc. as found in the
1376:
this law is punished by imprisonment for a period from two years, four months, and one day, up to four years and two months, plus a fine of 50,000 pesos (approx. $ 1,000). And most of the used buses from Japan in Manila, Philippines are mostly operating within the city and intercity travel which are at least 10 years of age after being phased out in Japan.
1405:. These trucks are also proven much reliable and durable since domestic trucks in Japan has no exception for the 10 to 15 year phased out due to the compliance of Japan's existing traffic & environmental regulations and also to avoid any taxes once any domestic truck unit surpassed the age limit to be phasing out.
1375:
which is in compliance with the
Philippine traffic law called Republic Act No. 8506 entitled "An act banning the registration and operation of vehicles with right-hand steering wheel in any private or public street, road or highway, providing penalties therefor and for other purposes." A violation of
245:
are also very common in New
Zealand where 59% of vehicles registered on New Zealand roads originated from overseas markets as opposed to 41% of which were delivered NZ-New. Of this, 94% originate from Japan. New Zealand imported an average of 134,834 JDM vehicles per year in the period 2015–2019, the
1367:
Like in the
Philippines, direct importers near ports in Subic, Zambales & Cagayan Valley have started their auction business to import quality vehicles preferably from Japan. And then so, most of the clients who are mostly operating bus companies based in Manila, Philippines began their interest
1334:
Outside of Japan, there are various shops which they sell various kinds of used items from Japan. Philippines is one of the known countries outside Japan to set up a retail outlet called, "Japan
Surplus Shop" which is found in most towns of the country. They used to sell used appliances, furnitures,
156:
as is common overseas. Instead, they use either a frame number, chassis number, or vehicle ID number and also a model code as well as an emissions code to identify their vehicles. The frame number identifies the vehicles model and serial number. For example, frame number SV30-0169266 breaks down as
1436:
which is about thrice as expensive as an ordinary used
Japanese domestic truck units. Auctioneers in the Philippines also started importing trucks in the 1990s and it had been a staple for every small to medium business enterprise owner particularly in the logistics industry to support and to grow
354:
to acquire used trains from Japan rather than procuring brand-new rolling stocks, there are some cases that the management from each respective railway companies in Japan such as Japan
Railways are decided to donate them to the oversea country, instead of scrapping them ahead in no time, which is
205:
Combining these factors with a virtually non-existent second-hand market made it economic to export the nearly new bikes abroad where they were eagerly bought and a number of import specialists sprung up to cater for this "grey import" market of relatively inexpensive but interesting motorcycles.
1722:
Enacted in 1967, this obligatory speed indicator light has proved a non-tariff barrier for
European and American manufacturers. Imported heavy-duty trucks had to be modified to meet this certification requirement. Additionally, most people on Japanese roads never knew how to interpret the speed
68:
Japanese domestic market vehicles may differ greatly from the cars that
Japanese manufacturers build for export and vehicles derived from the same platforms built in other countries. The Japanese car owner looks more toward innovation than long-term ownership which forces Japanese carmakers to
355:
really needed for a major upgrade and sign their agreement that the recipient of the oversea country will pay for its freight expenses and the rest will be free. Here are different categories of used rolling stocks listed which were mostly shipped and operated overseas in different countries.
198:
In the '90s the JDM power restrictions along with license restrictions that made it difficult to be licensed on larger motorcycles resulted in a number of models that were not offered anywhere else in the world, with 250cc and 400cc miniature replicas of the bigger 750cc & 900cc bikes.
1368:
to grow their transport business thru buying Japan surplus buses from all cities in Japan which are definitely cheaper than buying brand-new ones which are mostly imported from other countries and some are locally assembled coach bodies but still at an expensive price.
1335:
gadgets, accessories, and even bicycles designed for women, are still much more preferred by local buyers because of being more affordable than buying those newly locally made home furnitures, or even new gadgets which is becoming more dominating mostly coming from
325:
Ex-Japan import rolling stocks in all kinds is no exception on this list, although it can be considered as JDM but in special case since this was also intended for
Japanese market which were mostly acquired by leading private railway companies across Japan such as
298:). Due to the popularity of used imports from Japan, and their relatively poor crash-test ratings, the New Zealand Ministry of Transport is currently investigating tougher restrictions on imported vehicles, most notably on the importation of the Toyota Corolla,
209:
In the later '90s as Japan's economy fell into recession it became less profitable to export and
Japanese owners held on to their bikes for longer. The last global crash all but ended the "grey import" industry with the big specialist importers closing down.
1583:
The speed indicator light is only mandated for large trucks and is not necessary for small and medium-sized trucks and large buses, but installation on these vehicles are not prohibited. Speed indicator is installed in front of the cab, or up in the roof.
1199:
Remodeled from KiHa 28 & KiHa 58s by JR East in 1989 which were originally introduced in the 1960s to be converted as chartered trains. Also made the first Chartered Diesel Trainset to be shipped overseas other than chartered passenger coaches.
1384:
As early also in the 1990s, there is no exception that there will be a Japanese domestic market trucks to be called as "Japan Surplus Trucks" for auction & export to any of the developing cities in Asia and even including
1592:
The speed indicator device shall be of a structure that automatically turns on the following number of lights (thereinafter referred to as "speed indicator lights") when traveling at the speeds listed in the table below.
1580:) was mandated to have speed indicator installed from August 1967, according to Article 48 of the Ministerial Ordinance "Safety Standards for Road Vehicles" based on the provisions of Chapter 3 of the Road Vehicle Law.
77:. However, the 2003 Honda Accord V6, which was the same basic vehicle, primarily intended for the North American market, did not feature VCM, which had a poor reputation after Cadillac's attempt in the 1980s with the
1587:
Article 48 of the Ministerial Ordinance "Safety Standards for Road Vehicles" based on the provisions of Chapter 3 of the Road Vehicle Law for speed indicator light is as following (modified and also translated):
54:
and grey markets. JDM is also used as a term colloquially to refer to cars produced in Japan but sold in other countries. JDM does not necessarily refer to the market that the vehicle is destined for.
1467:
which is being used for daily commercial use or can be for private use who often they don't have enough budget than buying a brand-new AUVs offered in the Philippine market during those times such as
202:
At the same time, Japan had particularly tough laws regarding road licensing and sales regulations. Any motorcycle more powerful than 250cc had to take an extensively stringent test every two years.
161:
and "0169266" being the serial number of the vehicle. The model code designates the vehicle's model number and features. As an example, ST205-BLMVZ breaks down as "ST205", which means it is a
1619:
The speed display device shall be equipped with a light or other device that enables the driver to confirm its operating state from the driver's seat (usually they are located on speedometer).
1459:
since the 1980s. Popular truck engines being supplied are Isuzu & Mitsubishi Fuso Canter, sometimes, depending from the local clients, they often requested to supply diesel engines from
1607:
The speed indicator lamp shall not be equipped with a manual switch or the like that can easily turn off the speed indicator lamp, except for the power switch of the vehicle.
1452:
since they are lighter, more economical, more environmentally friendly than the conventional Philippine jeepneys which are mostly powered by used diesel engines from Japan.
1526:
Several manufacturers continued to offer speed chimes as an option until the early 2000s. The last vehicle to come with the speed chime as standard factory fitment was the
2075:
1455:
Truck engines from Japan also became a boom hit among small workshops and mostly being supplied by local manufacturers in the Philippines which they made Philippine
2545:
2525:
1848:. Hence, replicas or conversions would be similar from a visual standpoint only, as they lack the same level of structural rigidity as the original counterpart.
65:, a car in Japan travels a yearly average of over only 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi), less than half the U.S. average of 19,200 kilometres (11,900 mi).
1933:
2323:
1797:
Some car enthusiasts like to build replicas of JDM vehicles from locally available cars. For example, enthusiasts in the USA will often take a US-market
62:
1911:
2673:
88:(276 hp; 206 kW) and a top speed of 180 km/h (112 mph), limits imposed by the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (
2689:
2767:
2295:
1408:
Japanese domestic market trucks, or 'surplus trucks' after being phased-out in Japan, are extremely popular in the Philippines such as
89:
1432:
since they are popularly cheaper than buying a brand-new Japanese trucks which are locally distributed and even brand-new trucks from
2762:
1437:
their respective businesses as well aside from being cheap than buying new ones, but also really proven that they are built to last.
1394:
227:
2586:
1802:
174:
2124:
600:
No specific info since there are other variations such as 300, 400 & 900 series which belong to the 500 series classification
2530:
1801:, convert it from left-hand-drive to right-hand-drive and source the required parts such as the engine and gearbox from the JDM
2793:
1511:. An additional problem was that the repetitive sound could induce sleep in drowsy drivers. Some models used electromechanical
177:. Another useful example to help differentiate between pure JDM models and export examples is the code JHMEEG6 on the European
541:
Over 100 sets in total were shipped to Indonesia from 2013 to 2020, making it the most number of units ever shipped overseas.
2849:
2161:
182:
178:
1352:
In the early 1990s, Ex-Japanese buses had been rising popular and been common in the developing cities across Asia such as
1495:
Nissan Skyline R32 series early model, the speed chime is on the back of the instrument panel (metal part near the center)
464:
The last batch of Japanese EMU rolling stock to be donated from Japan in 2010-2011 aside from donation to the Philippines
2668:
2632:
2379:
2353:
546:
2663:
2328:
2003:
1723:
indicator lights. Therefore, this requirement was abolished in 2001. Instead, truck manufacturers now have to install
762:
2 units of Preserved railcars for educational training purposes for Railway Engineering programs currently offered by
306:
185:
trims. Correct identification of the chassis code using these markers would help prove the authenticity of the model.
2808:
2520:
1784:
1503:) which rings when a driver exceeds 105 km/h (65 mph) for standard cars and 85 km/h (53 mph) for
1940:
1766:
358:
92:) for safety. The horsepower limit was lifted in 2004 but the speed limit of 180 km/h (112 mph) remains.
1810:
51:
2258:
2051:
2813:
2658:
2642:
313:
into the United States is much more difficult. To avoid regulatory problems, most private individuals wait until
242:
2142:
2706:
2288:
1841:
1798:
1751:
162:
1877:
2716:
2510:
2415:
1829:
153:
2736:
2694:
1857:
1616:
The display of the speed indicator lamp must be free of significant error when driving on flat paved roads.
1508:
1500:
1372:
990:
875:
480:
74:
2854:
2823:
2788:
2731:
2566:
2535:
2482:
2343:
1537:
1425:
748:
224:
Cars manufactured for the Japanese domestic market have been growing in popularity since the late 1990s.
100:
For many years Japan had severe restrictions on the maximum power and speed that motorcycles could have.
2384:
1903:
1164:
They are also used KiHa 58s which were shipped overseas to Russia & China by the early 1990s-2000s
1556:
78:
2772:
2711:
2571:
2515:
2505:
2487:
2440:
2338:
2318:
2281:
1809:- in order to make an 'exact' copy. Other forms of "JDM Conversions" include converting a USDM model
1301:
342:
and so forth which was in demand for modernizing railway system in most developing countries such as
2798:
2430:
2220:
562:
57:
The average age of JDM cars is 8.7 years, ranking 9th in a survey of 30 of the top 50 countries by
1990:
1758:
1184:
1180:
305:
In 2004, importing JDM cars became popular in Canada as highly sought after vehicles, such as the
103:
All motorcycles for the Japanese domestic market were restricted to 180 km/h (112 mph).
1828:
However, cars such as this would not be authentic JDM cars as they would possess a United States
1762:
704:
669:
637:
2803:
2721:
2477:
1610:
The number of speed indicator lights that are on must be visible from a distance of 100m ahead.
871:
860:
782:
651:
317:
restrictions no longer apply to the desired vehicle, which is done on a rolling 25-year cycle.
58:
2581:
2576:
2389:
771:
737:
1965:
84:
In 1988, JDM cars were limited by voluntary self-restraints among manufacturers to 280
2622:
2472:
2333:
1821:
and swap out the necessary parts, right down to the cutting of the floor pan, and create a
1499:
For a couple of decades, JDM specification model of vehicles often included a speed chime (
362:
8-car 205 series set 44 (formerly JR East Musashino Line set M3, also formerly operated in
1515:-type systems, while other models used a buzzer. Due to that, nickname for speed chime is
1448:" which are often reconditioned & converted to any public transportation vehicle like
8:
2561:
2540:
529:(before remodeling into 205–5000 series to be transferred to Musashino Line by 2002–2008)
310:
266:(Demio). Other models popular for importation in previous years include exotic vehicles (
236:
170:
2741:
2214:
1464:
69:
refine new technologies and designs first in domestic vehicles. For instance, the 2003
2591:
2497:
2394:
1845:
1818:
1472:
1421:
835:
830:
805:
800:
335:
232:
85:
50:'s home market for vehicles and vehicle parts. Japanese owners contend with a strict
2746:
2435:
2304:
2205:"大型車の速度表示灯廃止へ" [Elimination of speed indicator lights for large vehicles].
1833:
1822:
1050:
968:
Myanmar Railway's latest used rolling stock from Japan based on manufacturing year
902:
763:
605:
557:
81:
engine. VCM was successfully introduced to the Accord V6 in its redesign for 2008.
2100:"JDMVIP - The Web's Unbiased Authority On The Japanese Used JDM Cars Import Scene"
2726:
2617:
1444:, they are also extremely popular in the Philippines once again to be called as "
1235:
1205:
715:
586:
309:, became eligible to import under Canada's 15-year rule. In contrast, importing
2467:
1577:
1440:
Another category for Japanese trucks are the smallest ones, or to be called as
1169:
719:
632:
It was their first Japanese EMU rolling stock to be donated from Japan in 2000
520:
417:
327:
271:
259:
31:
2843:
2410:
2076:"Government considering banning three of NZ's five favourite used car models"
1724:
1476:
1468:
1413:
1402:
525:
512:
363:
291:
275:
70:
26:
143:
over 750cc: allowed, but restricted to 100 hp (101 PS; 75 kW)
2596:
2425:
2348:
2027:
1806:
1527:
1520:
1512:
689:
680:
453:
287:
267:
255:
251:
219:
158:
20:
1552:
The three green lights on cabin of Fuso The Great is speed indicator light
1389:. Most of the Japanese domestic market trucks that have been exported are
1001:
Served as push-pull passenger cars hauled by a diesel-electric locomotive
491:
Served as push-pull passenger cars hauled by a diesel-electric locomotive
2234:
1429:
1398:
1210:
1017:
643:
610:
508:
339:
331:
1817:
model. In Southeast Asia, it is common practice to convert a base model
2462:
2420:
1417:
948:
684:
516:
496:
448:
436:
406:
1576:
JDM specification model of trucks (over 5 ton loading capacity, 8 ton
2828:
2818:
2601:
2125:"Here's Everything You Need to Know About Shipping a Car to the U.S."
1533:
1463:
and Nissan to install them not just for jeepneys, but also called as
1441:
1409:
985:
618:
343:
295:
2180:
1769:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2363:
2358:
2273:
1569:
1491:
1456:
1445:
1262:
347:
279:
1613:
The light color of the speed indicator lamp shall be yellow-green.
2454:
1814:
1564:
1548:
1504:
1449:
1371:
Used buses like in the Philippines also requires to convert from
1357:
1065:
1036:
1006:
973:
943:
907:
351:
299:
283:
263:
247:
1813:
and fitting JDM STi parts to make it seem as if it is a genuine
2162:"Is it against the law to use right-hand-drive cars in the PH?"
1386:
1361:
1353:
19:
For the subculture centered around modified Japanese cars, see
1339:
and so forth. Most of these items depending on the condition.
1460:
1433:
1390:
1336:
1230:
Remodeled from 50 series locomotive-hauled passenger coaches
47:
2450:
1840:
models. These reinforcements are not present on base model
95:
1904:"Ageing fleets: the average age of cars around the world"
1837:
855:
Still active in other private railway companies in Japan
314:
166:
2546:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
2235:"How Does the Green Light Work on the Front of Cabin?"
1572:(first generation). Note added speed indicator lights.
1727:
which activate at around 90 km/h (56 mph).
1031:
Remodeled from aging KiHa 35 railcars by JNR in 1986
981:
1961–2012 (JR), 1986–2010 (Kanto Railway)
2324:
Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
2143:"How to Import a Car from Japan: The Ultimate Guide"
2099:
1560:
Speed indicator installed on Isuzu TX (HTS12G) truck
2140:
1993:superstreetonline.com. 2007. Retrieved Nov 3, 2014
2841:
431:103–0 series still active in JR West as of 2023
140:750cc class: 77 hp (78 PS; 57 kW)
137:400cc class: 53 hp (54 PS; 40 kW)
134:250cc class: 40 hp (41 PS; 30 kW)
121:750cc class: 77 hp (78 PS; 57 kW)
118:400cc class: 60 hp (61 PS; 45 kW)
115:250cc class: 45 hp (46 PS; 34 kW)
2526:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
2259:"Wekfest LA 2012 Coverage…Part 2: The Morning…"
2183:[ Why did the speed chime disappear?].
2004:"Buyers' Guide: NZ's most popular used imports"
1878:"JDM Meaning Guide - What Does JDM Truly Mean?"
1536:anime features this speed chime prominently on
889:Remodeled from Tokyo Metro 5000 series in 1995
2181:"【速度警告音】速度警告音ってなぜ無くなってしまったの？|教えてMJブロンディ【MOTA】"
1623:Patterns for speed indicator is as following:
1599:Over 40 km/h up to 60 km/h: 2 lights
2289:
2159:
2122:
2768:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
2638:
2628:
2296:
2282:
1717:
235:Star Wagon 2.5l Turbo Diesel 4WD - JDM US
73:featured the first application of Honda's
2763:Japan Association of Corporate Executives
2052:"New Zealand's most popular used imports"
1785:Learn how and when to remove this message
1481:
63:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile
2587:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1730:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1490:
901:
825:Still active in Izukyu Railway in Japan
357:
226:
25:
2531:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
1659:40 to 60 km/h (25 to 37 mph)
580:Eidan (now becomes Tokyo Metro in 2004)
188:
96:Motorcycle power and speed restrictions
2842:
2794:Government-business relations in Japan
1640:60 km/h (37 mph) and beyond
1342:
163:third generation Toyota Celica GT-FOUR
2277:
1914:from the original on 25 December 2022
1901:
16:Japanese domestic market for vehicles
2303:
2141:Christopher Weydert (24 June 2019).
1734:
1088:Served as a rescue train since 2021
910:series train in Myanmar in July 2016
106:Power restrictions were as follows
2633:List of Japan natural gas companies
2380:Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
2178:
1196:2012–2014; 2019–present
547:Nagoya Municipal Subway 5000 series
13:
2690:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
2329:Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
14:
2866:
2809:Research and development in Japan
2521:Japan External Trade Organization
2269:
1678:Below 40 km/h (25 mph)
1596:40 km/h or less (*): 1 light
1161:2005–unknown end of service
1136:1997–unknown end of service
181:models and E-EG6 on the Japanese
2637:
2627:
2123:Doug DeMuro (18 February 2015).
1739:
157:"SV30" identifying the model as
152:Japanese carmakers do not use a
2814:Science and technology in Japan
2659:International rankings of Japan
2643:List of power stations in Japan
2354:Japan–South Korea trade dispute
2251:
2227:
2198:
2172:
2160:Robby Consuji (25 March 2017).
2153:
2134:
2116:
2092:
1902:Gibbs, Jamie (10 August 2021).
1811:first generation Subaru Impreza
1329:
2068:
2044:
2020:
1996:
1983:
1958:
1926:
1895:
1870:
1799:Honda Civic (sixth generation)
1486:
1475:, Mitsubishi L300 van or even
193:
1:
2674:Prefectures by GDP per capita
2416:Banknotes of the Japanese yen
1863:
1830:vehicle identification number
1805:- which is based on the same
1632:Amount of light(s) turned on
366:from 1986 to 2003), May 2018.
167:first generation Civic Type R
154:vehicle identification number
2850:Automotive industry in Japan
1934:"The Automobile and Society"
1858:Automotive industry in Japan
1190:Philippine National Railways
1079:Philippine National Railways
991:Philippine National Railways
926:Former Railway Line in Japan
481:Philippine National Railways
389:Former Railway Line in Japan
128:
75:Variable Cylinder Management
7:
2824:Standard of living in Japan
2789:Economic relations of Japan
2567:Japanese management culture
2483:Financial services in Japan
2344:Japanese asset price bubble
1851:
1765:the claims made and adding
1602:Over 60 km/h: 3 lights
1426:Mitsubishi Fuso Super Great
749:Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line
320:
109:
10:
2873:
2385:Industrial policy of Japan
2209:. January 1999. p. 3.
1991:Top JDM Trends Of All Time
1966:"Suzuki Model information"
302:(Demio) and Suzuki Swift.
217:
183:fifth generation Civic SiR
18:
2781:
2773:Japan Business Federation
2755:
2682:
2664:List of largest companies
2651:
2610:
2572:Japanese work environment
2554:
2516:Financial Services Agency
2506:Development Bank of Japan
2496:
2488:Japanese financial system
2449:
2441:Scrip of Edo period Japan
2403:
2372:
2339:Japanese economic miracle
2319:Economic history of Japan
2311:
2028:"2019 Vehicle Statistics"
1379:
1302:State Railway of Thailand
1130:State Railway of Thailand
923:Years of Service in Japan
386:Years of Service in Japan
2799:List of exports of Japan
2431:National Printing Bureau
1347:
591:Buenos Aires Underground
563:Buenos Aires Underground
307:1989 Nissan Skyline GT-R
175:eight generation Mark II
52:motor vehicle inspection
40:Japanese domestic market
1718:Abolishment and decline
1360:, Indonesia & even
978:JNR / JR, Kanto Railway
876:Tōyō Rapid Railway Line
766:in Manila, Philippines
705:Tokyo Metro 7000 series
670:Tokyo Metro 6000 series
638:Tokyo Metro 5000 series
551:Nagoya Municipal Subway
330:, even subways such as
246:majority of which were
213:
124:over 750cc: not allowed
2804:National debt of Japan
2478:Capital flows in Japan
1573:
1561:
1553:
1523:for a clanging sound.
1496:
1482:JDM-related components
911:
880:KRL Commuter Indonesia
872:Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
861:Toyo Rapid 1000 series
783:Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
656:KRL Commuter Indonesia
652:Tokyo Metro Tozai Line
372:Electric Multiple Unit
367:
239:
147:
59:gross domestic product
35:
2511:Fair Trade Commission
2390:Trade policy of Japan
1939:. FIA. Archived from
1731:JDM-inspired vehicles
1568:JDM specification of
1567:
1559:
1551:
1544:Speed indicator light
1494:
1373:RHD to LHD conversion
984:Various lines in JR,
905:
772:Tokyo Metro 05 series
738:Tokyo Metro 02 series
361:
230:
29:
2623:Solar power in Japan
2473:Tokyo Stock Exchange
2334:Income Doubling Plan
2219:: CS1 maint: year (
2207:交通新聞 (Kotsu Shimbun)
1578:gross vehicle weight
1473:Mitsubishi Adventure
1014:1986–2012 (JR)
906:A former JR Central
897:Diesel Multiple Unit
311:grey market vehicles
189:Worldwide popularity
173:, E-JZX100 from the
2737:Public corporations
2562:Japanese labour law
2541:National Tax Agency
2536:Ministry of Finance
2498:Government agencies
1343:Commercial vehicles
1298:Various lines in JR
1273:Various lines in JR
1246:Various lines in JR
1218:Various lines in JR
1152:Various lines in JR
1127:Various lines in JR
1102:Various lines in JR
1076:Various lines in JR
1047:Various lines in JR
956:Various lines in JR
932:Country in Overseas
776:Eidan / Tokyo Metro
742:Eidan / Tokyo Metro
709:Eidan / Tokyo Metro
674:Eidan / Tokyo Metro
395:Country in Overseas
237:Grey import vehicle
169:, E-BNR32 from the
61:. According to the
2855:Retailing in Japan
2732:Private enterprise
2669:Prefectures by GDP
1946:on 26 October 2010
1846:Mitsubishi Lancers
1750:possibly contains
1574:
1562:
1554:
1528:Honda City GA1/GA2
1509:non-tariff barrier
1497:
1309:2021–present
1295:1980–present
1270:1980–present
1255:2013–present
1227:2012–present
1215:1990–present
1111:2007–present
1085:2012–present
1058:2016–present
1044:1977–present
1028:2014–present
998:2015–present
965:2015–present
953:1989–present
912:
865:Toyo Rapid Railway
852:2006–present
822:2005–present
793:2011–present
779:1988–present
745:1988–present
730:2010–present
697:2011–present
597:1996–present
570:2015–present
538:2013–present
488:2012–present
461:2011–present
368:
240:
159:Toyota Camry/Vista
36:
2837:
2836:
2179:Shimizu, Sōichi.
1989:Tsuneishi, Scott
1819:Mitsubishi Lancer
1795:
1794:
1787:
1752:original research
1715:
1714:
1538:Takumi Fujiwara's
1422:Mitsubishi Canter
1315:
1314:
893:
892:
836:Tokyu Corporation
831:Tokyu 8500 series
806:Tokyu Corporation
801:Tokyu 8000 series
499:, 205–5000 series
336:Tokyu Corporation
233:Mitsubishi Delica
30:Fender mirror of
2862:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2436:Tokugawa coinage
2305:Economy of Japan
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1970:suzukicycles.org
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1874:
1842:sixth generation
1834:Lancer Evolution
1823:Lancer Evolution
1790:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:inline citations
1743:
1742:
1735:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1697:Vehicle stopped
1692:
1689:
1686:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1626:
1625:
1276:Myanmar Railways
1249:Myanmar Railways
1221:Myanmar Railways
1155:Myanmar Railways
1105:Myanmar Railways
1051:Myanmar Railways
1022:Myanmar Railways
959:Myanmar Railways
929:Current Operator
914:
913:
764:FEATI University
606:Toei 6000 series
577:Eidan 500 series
558:Higashiyama Line
392:Current Operator
377:
376:
243:Ex-Japan Imports
171:R32 Skyline GT-R
2872:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2777:
2751:
2700:domestic market
2678:
2647:
2618:Energy in Japan
2606:
2550:
2492:
2445:
2399:
2368:
2307:
2302:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2256:
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2199:
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2098:
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2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1854:
1844:hatchbacks and
1791:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1720:
1710: OFF
1709:
1707: OFF
1706:
1704: OFF
1703:
1690:
1688: OFF
1687:
1685: OFF
1684:
1671:
1669: OFF
1668:
1665:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1546:
1489:
1484:
1477:Isuzu Crosswind
1395:Mitsubishi Fuso
1382:
1356:, Philippines,
1350:
1345:
1332:
1282:2009–2012
1243:1968–2010
1236:KiHa 181 series
1206:KiHa 141 series
1177:1989–2010
1149:1961–2018
1124:1961–2018
1099:1958–2010
1073:1958–2010
935:Year of Service
920:Former Operator
886:2007–2019
868:1995–2007
840:1975–2023
810:1969–2008
716:Fukutoshin Line
712:1974–2022
677:1971–2018
662:2007–2020
648:1964–2007
629:2000–2016
623:KRL Jabodetabek
615:1969–1999
587:Marunouchi Line
583:1954–1996
554:1980–2015
505:1985–2020
475:1982–2011
444:1982–2011
428:2004–2016
422:KRL Jabodetabek
414:1980–2005
398:Year of Service
383:Former Operator
323:
222:
216:
196:
191:
150:
131:
112:
98:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2857:
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2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
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2806:
2801:
2796:
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2785:
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2702:
2692:
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2655:
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2599:
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2551:
2549:
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2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:Osaka Exchange
2465:
2459:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
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2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2270:External links
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:. 6 June 2012.
2250:
2226:
2197:
2185:MOTA（旧オートックワン）
2171:
2166:topgear.com.ph
2152:
2147:jdmbuysell.com
2133:
2115:
2091:
2067:
2043:
2019:
1995:
1982:
1957:
1925:
1894:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1793:
1792:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1725:speed limiters
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691: ON
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1672: ON
1666: ON
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653: ON
1650: ON
1647: ON
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1545:
1542:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1381:
1378:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1319:Passenger Cars
1313:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
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1247:
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1241:
1238:
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1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:KiHa 59 series
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
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1086:
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1080:
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1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1015:
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1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
988:
982:
979:
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969:
966:
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890:
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878:
869:
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844:
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827:
826:
823:
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811:
808:
803:
797:
796:
794:
791:
788:
785:
780:
777:
774:
768:
767:
760:
757:
754:
751:
746:
743:
740:
734:
733:
731:
728:
725:
722:
720:Yurakucho Line
713:
710:
707:
701:
700:
698:
695:
692:
687:
678:
675:
672:
666:
665:
663:
660:
657:
654:
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640:
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633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
616:
613:
608:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
584:
581:
578:
574:
573:
571:
568:
565:
560:
555:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
521:Musashino Line
506:
503:
500:
493:
492:
489:
486:
483:
478:
476:
473:
470:
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
451:
447:Chiyoda Line,
445:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
418:Musashino Line
415:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
375:
374:
328:Japan Railways
322:
319:
280:Toyota Altezza
272:Nissan Skyline
260:Toyota Corolla
215:
212:
195:
192:
190:
187:
149:
146:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
111:
108:
97:
94:
32:Toyota Celsior
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2830:
2827:
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2822:
2820:
2817:
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2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
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2790:
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2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Manufacturing
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
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2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
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2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
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2479:
2476:
2474:
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2469:
2466:
2464:
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2456:
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2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Bank of Japan
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
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2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
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2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2260:
2254:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2187:(in Japanese)
2186:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2119:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1883:
1882:Garage Dreams
1879:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1789:
1786:
1778:
1775:December 2021
1768:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1748:This section
1746:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:Toyota Kijang
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Isuzu Forward
1411:
1406:
1404:
1403:Nissan Diesel
1401:and some are
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1340:
1338:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
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1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
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1171:
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1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
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1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
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1110:
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1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
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1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
917:Rolling Stock
916:
915:
909:
904:
898:
895:
894:
888:
885:
882:
879:
877:
873:
870:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
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750:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
721:
717:
714:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
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2782:Other topics
2756:Associations
2707:Construction
2699:
2597:Nenko System
2592:Shūshin koyō
2582:Labor unions
2577:Labor market
2555:Labor market
2426:Japanese yen
2349:Lost Decades
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2239:yamada-co.jp
2238:
2229:
2206:
2200:
2189:. Retrieved
2184:
2174:
2165:
2155:
2146:
2136:
2128:jalopnik.com
2127:
2118:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:
2094:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:
2022:
2011:. Retrieved
2008:driven.co.nz
2007:
1998:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1941:the original
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1908:Confused.com
1907:
1897:
1886:. Retrieved
1884:. 2020-03-14
1881:
1872:
1827:
1796:
1781:
1772:
1749:
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1622:
1586:
1582:
1575:
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1525:
1521:onomatopoeia
1516:
1513:glockenspiel
1498:
1454:
1439:
1407:
1383:
1370:
1366:
1351:
1333:
1330:Retail Shops
1323:
1318:
896:
846:KAI Commuter
816:KAI Commuter
787:KAI Commuter
724:KAI Commuter
690:KAI Commuter
681:Chiyoda Line
532:KAI Commuter
524:
454:KAI Commuter
371:
324:
304:
288:Suzuki Carry
268:Honda Torneo
256:Nissan Tiida
252:Suzuki Swift
241:
223:
220:Import scene
208:
204:
201:
197:
151:
105:
102:
99:
83:
67:
56:
43:
39:
37:
21:Import scene
2717:Electronics
1918:25 December
1519:(キンコン), an
1487:Speed chime
1430:Hino Profia
1364:, Myanmar.
1324:Locomotives
1211:JR Hokkaido
1193:Philippines
1082:Philippines
1018:Kururi Line
995:Philippines
756:Philippines
644:Tokyo Metro
611:Toei Subway
509:Saikyo Line
485:Philippines
340:Toei Subway
332:Tokyo Metro
194:Motorcycles
34:(UCF20 JDM)
2844:Categories
2695:Automotive
2463:Nikkei 225
2421:Japan Mint
2244:2022-09-27
2191:2022-08-29
2109:2016-04-12
2104:jdmvip.com
2085:2019-10-15
2061:2019-10-15
2037:2019-10-15
2013:2019-10-10
1950:7 December
1888:2022-06-21
1864:References
1838:EK9 Type R
1803:EK9 Type R
1759:improve it
1570:Volvo FH16
1418:Isuzu Giga
949:JR Central
685:Joban Line
517:Nambu Line
497:205 series
469:203 series
449:Joban Line
437:203 series
407:103 series
218:See also:
38:The term "
2829:Amakudari
2819:Nemawashi
2742:Transport
2602:Salaryman
2215:cite news
1763:verifying
1534:Initial D
1442:kei truck
1410:Isuzu Elf
986:Joso Line
883:Indonesia
849:Indonesia
819:Indonesia
790:Indonesia
727:Indonesia
694:Indonesia
659:Indonesia
626:Indonesia
619:Mita Line
594:Argentina
567:Argentina
535:Indonesia
458:Indonesia
425:Indonesia
344:Indonesia
296:Subaru R2
250:(Axela),
179:Civic VTi
129:Post-1993
2683:Industry
2652:Rankings
2404:Currency
2395:Taxation
2364:Keiretsu
2359:Zaibatsu
2056:aa.co.nz
2032:mmnz.biz
1912:Archived
1852:See also
1807:platform
1635:Pattern
1505:kei cars
1501:ja:速度警告音
1457:Jeepneys
1446:multicab
1306:Thailand
1292:JNR / JR
1289:KiHa 183
1267:JNR / JR
1263:KiHa 183
1240:JNR / JR
1187:services
1146:JNR / JR
1133:Thailand
1121:JNR / JR
1096:JNR / JR
1070:JNR / JR
1041:JNR / JR
1011:JNR / JR
938:Remarks
642:Eidan /
401:Remarks
348:Thailand
321:Railways
284:kei cars
110:Pre-1993
2747:Whaling
2712:Defense
2455:finance
2451:Banking
2312:History
2080:Newshub
1815:WRX STi
1757:Please
1450:jeepney
1358:Jakarta
1279:Myanmar
1252:Myanmar
1224:Myanmar
1174:JR East
1158:Myanmar
1143:KiHa 58
1118:KiHa 58
1108:Myanmar
1093:KiHa 52
1066:KiHa 52
1055:Myanmar
1037:KiHa 40
1025:Myanmar
1007:KiHa 38
974:KiHa 35
962:Myanmar
944:KiHa 11
908:KiHa 40
843:Various
813:Various
352:Myanmar
300:Mazda 2
282:), and
264:Mazda 2
248:Mazda 3
2727:Mining
2611:Energy
2373:Policy
1975:May 4,
1825:copy.
1629:Speed
1540:AE86.
1517:kinkon
1428:&
1387:Russia
1380:Trucks
1362:Yangon
1354:Manila
1185:Kogane
1181:Gracia
350:, and
79:V8-6-4
1944:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1700:none
1461:Mazda
1434:China
1391:Isuzu
1348:Buses
1337:China
231:1990
48:Japan
2453:and
2221:link
1977:2020
1952:2012
1920:2022
1836:and
1399:Hino
759:None
753:None
278:and
262:and
214:Cars
90:JAMA
42:" ("
1761:by
1465:AUV
315:EPA
148:VIN
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