2139:
1374:
469:
390:
2097:
rules on seasonality, which intensified after the war; there had previously been rules about kimono-wearing, but these were not rigidly codified and varied by region and class. Formalisation sought perfection, with no creases or uneveness in the kimono, and an increasingly tubular figure was promoted as the ideal for women in kimono. The kimono-retail industry also promoted a sharp distinction between
Japanese and Western clothes; for instance, wearing Western shoes with Japanese clothing (while common in the Taishō period) was codified as improper; these rules on proper dressing are often described in Japanese using the English phrase "Time, Place, and Occasion" (TPO). As neither Japanese men or women commonly wore kimono, having grown up under wartime auspices, commercial
875:
899:
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656:
573:
941:
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924:
2887:"Picasso of Fashion" due to his recurring confrontation of traditional values. Miyake found interest in working with dancers to create clothing that would best suit them and their aerobic movements, eventually replacing the models he initially worked with for dancers, in hopes of producing clothing that benefits people of all classifications. His use of pleats and polyester jersey reflected a modern form of fashion due to their practical comfort and elasticity. Over 10 years of Miyake's work was featured in Paris in 1998 at the "Issey Miyake: Making Things" exhibition. His two most popular series were titled, "Pleats, Please" and "A-POC (A piece of Cloth)".
443:
1488:
320:
887:
1229:
455:
1420:
2907:
Heian period carriage wheels". These art forms have been transferred onto fabric that then mold into clothing. With traditional clothing, specific techniques are used and followed, such as metal applique, silk embroidery, and paste- resist. The type of fabric used to produce the clothing was often indicative of a person's social class, for the wealthy were able to afford clothing created with fabrics of higher quality. Stitching techniques and the fusion of colors also distinguished the wealthy from the commoner, as those of higher power had a tendency to wear ornate, brighter clothing.
626:
1583:
371:
644:
841:
1299:
359:
826:
2927:
199:, Western clothing and fashion became increasingly popular due to their increasingly-available nature and, over time, their cheaper price. It is now increasingly rare for someone to wear traditional clothing as everyday clothes, and over time, traditional clothes within Japan have garnered an association with being difficult to wear and expensive. As such, traditional garments are now mainly worn for ceremonies and special events, with the most common time for someone to wear traditional clothes being to summer festivals, when the
2038:
415:
340:
1774:
1324:
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still given, were much less extensive. It was during this time that it became acceptable and even preferred for women to wear
Western dress to ceremonial occasions like weddings and funerals. Many women had dozens or even hundreds of kimono, mostly unworn, in their homes; a secondhand kimono, even if unworn, would sell for about 500 yen (less than £3.50; about US$ 5), a few percent of the bought-new price. In the 1990s and early 2000s, many secondhand kimono shops opened as a result of this.
2594:
1399:
434:
406:
1736:
4824:
261:
2515:
20:
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1109:(710–794), through the division of upper and lower class. People of higher social status wore clothing that covered the majority of their body, or as Svitlana Rybalko states, "the higher the status, the less was open to other people's eyes". For example, the full-length robes would cover most from the collarbone to the feet, the sleeves were to be long enough to hide their fingertips, and women carried fans to protect them from speculative looks.
2898:
Miyake and several other fashion designers in their dominating use of dark colors, especially the color black. Traditional clothing often included a variety of colors in their time, and their use of "the absence of color" provoked multiple critics to voice their opinions and criticize the authenticity of their work. American Vogue of April 1983 labeled the two "avant-garde designers", eventually leading them to their success and popularity.
1444:
4476:
6416:
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188:– have taken inspiration from and at times designed clothes taking influence from traditional fashion. Their works represent a combined impact on the global fashion industry, with many pieces displayed at fashion shows all over the world, as well as having had an impact within the Japanese fashion industry itself, with many designers either drawing from or contributing to
1878:
the streets, it was not worn by everybody, and was actively considered uncomfortable and undesirable by some; one account tells of a father promising to buy his daughters new kimono as a reward for wearing
Western clothing and eating meat. By the 1890s, appetite for Western dress as a fashion statement had cooled considerably, and the kimono remained an item of fashion.
2258:(1603–1867), the symbolic meaning of the kimono shifted from a reflection of social class to a reflection of self, allowing people to incorporate their own tastes and individualize their outfit. The process of wearing a kimono requires, depending on gender and occasion, a sometimes detailed knowledge of a number of different steps and methods of tying the
2945:
Japanese street fashion emerged in the 1990s and differed from traditional fashion in the sense that it was initiated and popularized by the general public, specifically teenagers, rather than by fashion designers. Different forms of street fashion have emerged in different Tokyo locales, such as the
2096:
In the second half of the 20th century, the
Japanese economy boomed, and silk became cheaper, making it possible for the average family to afford silk kimono. The kimono retail industry had developed an elaborate codification of rules for kimono-wearing, with types of kimono, levels of formality, and
1881:
A number of different fashions from the West arrived and were also incorporated into the way that people wore kimono; numerous woodblock prints from the later Meiji period show men wearing bowler hats and carrying
Western-style umbrellas whilst wearing kimono, and Gibson girl hairstyles - typically a
1868:
The first
Japanese to adopt Western clothing were officers and men of some units of the shōgun's army and navy; sometime in the 1850s, these men adopted woolen uniforms worn by the English marines stationed at Yokohama. Wool was difficult to produce domestically, with the cloth having to be imported.
1202:
The concept of the hidden body remained, with ideologies suggesting that the clothes served as "protection from the evil spirits and outward manifestation of a social rank". This proposed the widely held belief that those of lower ranking, who were perceived to be of less clothing due to their casual
1125:
and disseminating to the upper classes, who were the main arbiters of traditional
Japanese culture at the time and the only people allowed to wear such clothing. The ensuing cultural vacuum facilitated the development of a Japanese culture independent from Chinese fashions. Elements previously lifted
1066:
was instituted, which stipulated that all robes had to be overlapped at the front with a left-to-right closure, following typical
Chinese fashions. China considered right-over-left wraps barbaric. This convention of wear is still followed today, with a right-to-left closure worn only by the deceased.
2174:
The economic collapse of the 1990s bankrupted much of the kimono industry and ended a number of expensive practices. The rules for how to wear kimono lost their previous hold over the entire industry, and formerly-expensive traditions such as bridal kimono trousseaus generally disappeared, and when
2886:
is most known for crossing boundaries in fashion and reinventing forms of clothing while simultaneously transmitting the traditional qualities of the culture into his work. He has explored various techniques in design, provoking discussion on what identifies as "dress". He has also been tagged the
1970:
It was during the Taishō period that the modern formalisation of kimono and kimono types began to emerge. The Meiji period had seen the slow introduction of kimono types that mediated between the informal and the most formal, a trend that continued throughout the Taishō period, as social occasions
1893:
By the beginning of the 20th century, Western dress had become a symbol of social dignity and progressiveness; however, the kimono was still considered to be fashion, with the two styles of dress essentially growing in parallel with one another over time. With
Western dress being considered street
1877:
ordered that
Western-style student uniforms be worn in public colleges and universities. Businessmen, teachers, doctors, bankers, and other leaders of the new society wore suits to work and at large social functions. Despite Western clothing becoming popular within the workplace, in schools and on
959:
Nara-period upper-class clothing was much simpler than some later styles, taking no more than a few minutes to don, with the clothing itself allowing for freedom of movement. Women's upper-class dress consisted of a left-over-right lap-fronted top (over a similar underrobe), and a wrapped, pleated
2652:
come in standard dimensions, and the entire bolt is used to make one kimono. The finished kimono consists of four main strips of fabric — two panels covering the body and two panels forming the sleeves — with additional smaller strips forming the narrow front panels and collar. Kimono fabrics are
2129:
By the 1970s, formal kimono formed the vast majority of kimono sales. Kimono retailers, due to the pricing structure of brand new kimono, had developed a relative monopoly on not only prices but also a perception of kimono knowledge, allowing them to dictate prices and heavily promote more formal
532:
leading to Chinese styles of dress, appearance and culture becoming extremely popular in Japanese court society. The Imperial Japanese court quickly adopted Chinese styles of dress and clothing. As early as the 4th century CE, images of priestess-queens and tribal chiefs in Japan depicted figures
2906:
The Japanese are often recognized for their traditional art and its capability of transforming simplicity into creative designs. As stated by Valerie Foley, "Fan shapes turn out to be waves, waves metamorphose into mountains; simple knots are bird wings; wobbly semicircles signify half-submerged
2897:
are Japanese fashion designers who share similar tastes in design and style, their work often considered by the public to be difficult to differentiate. They were influenced by social conflicts, as their recognizable work bloomed and was influenced by the post war era of Japan. They differ from
655:
1864:
With the opening of Japan's ports for international trade in the 1860s, clothing from a number of different cultures arrived as exports; despite Japan's historic contact with the Dutch before this time through its southerly ports, Western clothing had not caught on, despite the study of and
1839:, policemen, railroad workers and teachers moved to wearing Western clothing within their job roles, with the adoption of Western clothing by men in Japan happening at a much greater pace than by women. Initiatives such as the Tokyo Women's & Children's Wear Manufacturers' Association
2093:) - trousers constructed from old kimono - instead. Fibres such as rayon became widespread during WWII, being inexpensive to produce and cheap to buy, and typically featured printed designs. Cloth rationing persisted until 1951, so most kimono were made at home from repurposed fabrics.
1971:
and opportunities for leisure increased under the abolition of class distinctions. As Western clothing increased in popularity for men as everyday clothing, the kimono industry further established its own traditions of formal and informal dress for women; this saw the invention of the
1815:
Following the opening of Japan's borders in the early Meiji period to Western trade, a number of materials and techniques - such as wool and the use of synthetic dyestuffs - became popular, with casual wool kimono being relatively common in pre-1960s Japan; the use of safflower dye
2975:
Lolita fashion became popular in the mid-2000s. It is characterized by "a knee length skirt or dress in a bell shape assisted by petticoats, worn with a blouse, knee high socks or stockings and a headdress". Different sub-styles of lolita include casual, sweet, gothic, black and
2775:, which resembles a long, wide pleated skirt, is generally worn over the kimono and is considered formal wear. Although it was traditionally created to be worn by men of all occupations (craftsmen, farmers, samurai, etc.), it is now socially accepted to be worn by women as well.
1869:
Outside of the military, other early adoptions of Western dress were mostly within the public sector, and typically entirely male, with women continuing to wear kimono both inside and outside of the home, and men changing into the kimono usually within the home for comfort.
2192:
Today, the vast majority of people in Japan wear Western clothing in the everyday, and are most likely to wear kimono either to formal occasions such as wedding ceremonies and funerals, or to summer events, where the standard kimono is the easy-to-wear, single-layer cotton
1999:), an uncommon practice of the upper classes in the Edo period, also became common throughout the middle classes; traditions of kimono bridalwear for marriage ceremonies were also codified in this time, which resembled the bridalwear of samurai-class women. Standards of
2867:." Initially men used it under kimono. By 2012 new variations of it emerged. Shoji stated that in 2012 the garment still emotionally symbolized the summer, even though there was a sense of embarrassment around it; she stated that it was more common until the 1990s.
2579:(lined) kimono, made of silk, wool, or synthetic fabrics, are worn during the cooler months. During these months, kimono with more rustic colours and patterns (like russet leaves), and kimono with darker colours and multiple layers, are favoured. Lightweight cotton
2130:(and expensive) purchases, as selling a single formal kimono could support the seller comfortably for three months. The kimono industry peaked in 1975, with total sales of 2.8 trillion yen (~£18 billion). The sale of informal brand new kimono was largely neglected.
1747:
503:
In the Kofun period, the right side was wrapped over the left (unlike in China), and the overlapped edge was secured with ties on the right side. Sleeves and trousers were tubular. Female figures often wear a skirt, with male figures wearing trousers tied with
2625:). Modern kimono that are made with less-expensive easy-care fabrics such as rayon, cotton sateen, cotton, polyester and other synthetic fibers, are more widely worn today in Japan. However, silk is still considered the ideal fabric for more formal kimono.
1773:
2990:
is another Japanese street fashion based on a Shibuya club-hostess look. Women with this style tan their bodies and faces to a deep brown colour, and will frequently use light lipstick to accentuate the darkness and brownness of their complexion. The
1373:
2530:
classes. During wedding ceremonies, the bride and groom will often go through many costume changes; though the bride may start off in an entirely-white outfit before switching to a colourful one, grooms will wear black kimono made from habutae silk.
1807:
In 1869, the social class system was abolished, and with them, class-specific sumptuary laws. Kimono with formerly-restricted elements, like red and purple colours, became popular, particularly with the advent of synthetic dyestuffs such as
1856:
of Japanese clothes; both the woolen and worsted industries in Japan originated as a product of Japan's re-established contact with the West in the early Meiji period (1850s-1860s). Before the 1860s, Japanese clothing consisted entirely of
2628:
Kimono are typically 39–43 inches (990–1,090 mm) long with eight 14–15 inches (360–380 mm) wide pieces. These pieces are sewn together to create the basic T-shape. Kimono are traditionally sewn by hand, a technique known as
2243:, labelled the "national costume of Japan", is the most well-known form of traditional Japanese clothing. The kimono is worn wrapped around the body, left side over right, and is sometimes worn layered. It is always worn with an
1616:" - luxurious displays of wealth and increased patronage of the arts - led to the further development of many art forms, including those of clothing. Genroku culture was spearheaded by the growing and increasingly-powerful
1228:
234:
saw traditional clothing – some produced exclusively for export and differing in construction from the clothes worn by Japanese people everyday – exported to the West, where it soon became a popular item of clothing for
2126:, and parents felt obliged to provide kimono trousseaus that cost up to 10 million yen (~£70,000), which were displayed and inspected publicly as part of the wedding, including being transported in transparent trucks.
1872:
From this point on, Western clothing styles spread outwards of the military and upper public sectors, with courtiers and bureaucrats urged to adopt Western clothing, promoted as both modern and more practical. The
5072:
1161:
jacket, worn by both genders in the early 7th century—being abandoned by both male and female courtiers. Others, such as the wrapped-front robes, also worn by men and women, were kept. Some elements, such as the
3856:
Jackson, Anna. "Kimono: Fashioning Culture by Liza Dalby". Rev. of Kimono: Fashioning Culture. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 58 (1995): 419-20. JSTOR. Web. 6 Apr.
2264:, with formal kimono for women requiring at times the help of someone else to put on. Post-WW2, kimono schools were built to teach those interested in kimono how to wear it and tie a number of different knots.
1203:
performance of manual labor, were not protected in the way that the upper class were in that time period. This was also the period in which Japanese traditional clothing became introduced to the Western world.
1632:
classes, representative of their increasing economic power, rivalled that of the aristocracy and samurai classes, brightly coloured and utilising expensive production techniques, such as handpainted dyework.
2138:
572:
1487:
1274:
2184:
became popular with young people. Around 2010, men began wearing kimono again in situations other than their own wedding, and kimono were again promoted and worn as everyday dress by a small minority.
5258:
2540:) for both men and women are plain black with five crests, though Western clothing is also worn to funerals. Any plain black kimono with less than five crests is not considered to be mourning wear.
389:
2999:
trend is found in both Shibuya and Harajuku, and is influenced by a "schoolgirl" look, with participants often wearing short skirts, oversized knee-high socks, and sparkling accessories.
1680:, which valued and prioritised the display of wealth through almost mundane appearances, developed, a concept of kimono design and wear that continues to this day as a major influence.
2557:, often with fur stoles around the neck. Other occasions where kimono are traditionally worn in the modern day include the period surrounding the New Year, graduation ceremonies, and
1398:
1059:) had been worn under the outermost upper-body garments, but now, following the newer Chinese fashion, they transitioned to being worn on top (again, by women, but not yet by men).
2292:
of kimono exist that are worn in the modern day, with women having more varieties than men. Whereas men's kimono differ in formality typically through fabric choice, the number of
592:
898:
625:
2499:
is then tied in place. Kimono are always worn left-over-right unless being worn by the dead, in which case they are worn right-over-left. When the kimono is worn outside, either
1548:
resembled a modern kimono, though at this time the sleeves were sewn shut at the back and were smaller in width (shoulder seam to cuff) than the body of the garment. During the
874:
5251:
3602:
2674:
are generally stiffer, meaning the kimono is actually kept closed through tying a series of flat ribbons, such as kumihimo, around the body. The two most common varieties of
2880:
Multiple designers use the kimono as a foundation for their current designs, being influenced by its cultural and aesthetic aspects and including them into their garments.
2757:
are almost entirely made of cotton of an often lighter weight and brighter color than most kimono fabrics. It is worn for festivals and cherry blossom viewing ceremonies.
247:
and the ways in which clothing can be used to stereotype a culture; in 2016, the "Kimono Wednesday" event held at the Boston Museum of Arts became a key example of this.
1096:), with long, round-collared outer robes. Richer garments in silk are ornamented with figural and geometric patterns, woven and dyed; some have flaring sleeves. Aprons,
2790:
are typically long, rectangular belts that can be decorated and coloured in a variety of different ways, as well as being made of a number of different fabrics. Modern
2751:
is an informal kimono worn specifically in the spring and summer, and it is generally less expensive than the traditional kimono. Because it was made for warm weather,
1933:
kimono, woven from raw and waste silk threads unsuitable for other uses, became highly popular, following the loss of many people's possessions. By 1930, ready-to-wear
1298:
4720:
468:
319:
2434:(mourning) kimono are worn by both men and women, with differences only in construction and sometimes decoration. In previous decades, women only stopped wearing the
5244:
4066:
2585:
are worn by men and women during the spring and summer months. In the warmer weather months, vibrant colors and floral designs (like cherry blossoms) are common.
2463:) was passed from mother to daughter as simply learning how to dress, and in the modern day, this is also taught in specialist kimono schools. First, one puts on
1086:. Most of them close left-over-right, but some abut or overlap right-over-left. Collar shapes include narrow, round or v-shaped. There is craftsmen's clothing in
5149:
2806:
are a type of sandal worn with kimono that resemble flip-flops by design, with the exception that the base is sturdier and at times forms a gently sloping heel.
1835:, the opening of Japan to Western trade after the enclosure of the Edo period led to a drive towards Western dress as a sign of "modernity". After an edict by
643:
6376:
2818:) that may be embroidered and woven with gold and silver yarn. These shoes are typically worn with white socks usually mostly covered by the kimono's hem.
2454:
The word kimono literally translates as "thing to wear", and up until the 19th century it was the main form of dress worn by men and women alike in Japan.
1063:
840:
1419:
940:
1666:
issued a number of sumptuary laws `for the lower classes, prohibiting the use of purple or red fabric, gold embroidery, and the use of intricately dyed
4019:
Nakagawa, K. Rosovsky, H. (1963). The case of the dying kimono: the influence of changing fashions on the development of the Japanese woolen industry.
1121:(794-1185 CE), Japan stopped sending envoys to the Chinese dynastic courts. This prevented Chinese-imported goods—including clothing—from entering the
825:
2784:
is similar to a belt, wrapping around the outer kimono and helping to keep all of the layers together, though it does not actually tie them closed.
2103:
schools were set up to teach women how to don kimono. Men in this period rarely wore kimono, and menswear thus escaped most of the formalisation.).
1323:
923:
1780:
3902:
1894:
wear and a more formal display of fashionable clothing, most Japanese people wore the comfortable kimono at home and when out of the public eye.
1608:(1603–1867 CE), both Japan's culture and economy developed significantly. A particular factor in the development of the Edo period was the early
2251:, and may be worn with a number of traditional accessories and types of footwear. Kimono differ in construction and wear between men and women.
5167:
4713:
460:
2076:
Until the 1930s, the majority of Japanese still wore kimono, and Western clothes were still restricted to out-of-home use by certain classes.
239:
and fashion designers. Fascination for the clothing of Japanese people continued into WW2, where some stereotypes of Japanese culture such as
116:
translating literally as "something to wear" or "thing worn on the shoulders". Other types of traditional fashion include the clothing of the
4729:
1562:
developed further, with bolder designs and flashy primary colours becoming popular. By this time, separate lower-body garments such as the
910:
4244:
2308:) and the accessories worn with it, women's kimono differ in formality through fabric choice, decoration style, construction and crests.
243:
became widespread. Over time, depictions and interest in traditional and modern Japanese clothing has generated discussions surrounding
3136:
2846:
1443:
2611:
or linen, and they were made with multiple layers of materials. Today, kimono can be made of silk, silk brocade, silk crepes (such as
1695:
became much longer and wider, with various styles of knots coming into fashion, alongside stiffer weaves of material to support them.
886:
80:
Traditional Japanese fashion represents a long-standing history of traditional culture, encompassing colour palettes developed in the
5182:
4706:
4262:
2208:
1724:
3399:
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500:
have no sculpture on top. These figures likely do not represent everyday dress; they may represent riding dress. Many wear armour.
3690:
4923:
2440:
when they got married, typically in their early- to mid-twenties; however, in the modern day, a woman will usually stop wearing
3105:
4177:
3928:
3537:
6381:
4766:
3166:
3499:. Rebecca A. T. Stevens, Yoshiko Iwamoto Wada, Textile Museum (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Pomegranate. p. 132.
807:(black gauze caps stiffened with lacquer) were being worn by male courtiers, and were regulaed in the 11th regnal year of
370:
3324:
2359:
are formal kimono with a design solely along the hem, and are considered the most formal kimono for women outside of the
1683:
From this point onwards, the basic shape of both men's and women's kimono remained largely unchanged. The sleeves of the
1939:
kimono had become highly popular for their bright, seasonally changing designs, many of which took inspiration from the
4856:
3785:
3562:
1735:
1206:
During the later Heian period, various clothing edicts reduced the number of layers a woman could wear, leading to the
2469:, which are white cotton socks. Then the undergarments are put on followed by a top and a wraparound skirt. Next, the
442:
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4944:
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4896:
4891:
4886:
3813:
3665:
3504:
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with non-overlapping lapels, the front, collar, and cuffs edged with contrasting fabric, possibly an underlayer; the
414:
3072:
Assmann, Stephanie. "Between Tradition and Innovation: The Reinvention of the Kimono in Japanese Consumer Culture."
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was deemed a necessity. Bridal trousseaus containing tens of kimono of every possible subtype were also promoted as
528:
had been introduced to Japan via Chinese envoys in the Kofun period, with immigration between the two countries and
5087:
5082:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4771:
4742:
1921:
as school uniform for girls. However, kimono still remained popular as an item of everyday fashion; following the
4237:
529:
454:
85:
3300:
Valk, Julie. "The 'Kimono Wednesday' protests: identity politics and how the kimono became more than Japanese."
1082:
with great ceremony. The ceremonial clothing of attendees (probably not all made in Japan) was preserved in the
3451:
1756:
1828:; literally, "red silk") was also common in pre-1960s Japan, making kimono from this era easily identifiable.
5663:
4881:
4758:
1126:
from the Tang Dynastic courts developed independently into what is known literally as "national culture" or "
712:
579:
293:
4167:
207:
is most appropriate; outside of this, the main groups of people most likely to wear traditional clothes are
4144:
Aliyaapon, Jiratanatiteenun, et al. "The Transformation of Japanese Street Fashion between 2006 and 2011."
3805:
549:
being Chinese in origin, due to the limitations of Japan's ability to produce the fabrics at the time (see
5387:
4861:
4851:
3186:
Japanese fashion designers : the work and influence of Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo
1379:
3741:
2812:
can be made of wood, leather and vinyl, with more formal varieties featuring decorated straps (known as
2796:
are typically made of a crisp, if not stiff, weave of fabric, and may be relatively thick and unpliant.
2551:, is another occasion where kimono are worn. At these annual celebrations, women wear brightly coloured
6436:
6394:
5608:
5194:
5172:
4803:
4230:
1193:(trousers) became longer than the legs and also trailed behind the wearer. Men's formal dress included
358:
2481:. Finally, the kimono is put on, with the left side covering the right, tied in place with one or two
2051:
While kimono were no longer common wear for men, they remained everyday wear for Japanese women until
2005:
at this time began to slowly graduate to a more formalised, neatened appearance, with a flat, uniform
77:, which encompasses all else not recognised as either national dress or the dress of another country.
6366:
5220:
4873:
4788:
4747:
2052:
1645:
fabric, also became the preferred material for kimono at this time, replacing the previously popular
1214:(lit., "small sleeve") garment—previously considered underwear—becoming outerwear by the time of the
2029:
standards were still relatively informal, and would not become formalised until after World War II.
1922:
1586:
The overall silhouette of the kimono transformed during the Edo period due to the broadening of the
339:
6371:
6361:
5691:
5404:
5399:
5189:
5077:
5054:
5049:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4986:
4808:
3987:
Ashikari, M. (2003). The memory of the women’s white faces: Japanese and the ideal image of women.
1148:, the term used to refer to Heian-period Japanese culture, particularly that of the upper classes.
3825:
3128:
2725:
240:
5656:
4781:
3479:
Elizabeth LaCouture, Journal of Design History, Vol. 30, Issue 3, 1 September 2017, Pages 300–314
3208:
Rybalko, Svitlana. "JAPANESE TRADITIONAL RAIMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGENT CULTURAL PARADIGMS."
2938:
2921:
2851:
2832:
that are made to be worn in the snow or dirt, featured with wooden columns underneath the shoes.
1907:
719:(593–628), male and female court dress were very similar. Both wore round-necked front-fastening
236:
189:
5409:
4866:
4169:
Transglobal Fashion Narratives: Clothing Communication, Style Statements and Brand Storytelling
1553:
737:
and extending below it to about knee length, a more heavily pleated contrasting skirt called a
244:
3950:
Goldstein-Gidoni, O. (1999). Kimono and the construction of gendered and cultural identities.
2346:
775:) is a major source of information for upper-class clothing of this period. By this time, the
195:
Despite previous generations wearing traditional clothing near-entirely, following the end of
5738:
5210:
2275:
2055:(1940–1945). Though the Taishō period had seen a number of invented traditions, standards of
1874:
4099:
Foley, Valerie. "Western fashion, Eastern look: the influence of the kimono and the qipau."
3352:
2395:
is a low-formality solid-colour kimono worn for tea ceremony and other mildly-formal events.
2354:
2325:(lit., "swinging sleeve") is a type of formal kimono usually worn by young women, often for
1168:
skirt worn by women, continued on in a reduced capacity, worn only to formal occasions; the
3159:"Traditional Costume that Represents Okinawa's Culture and National Features, the "Ryusou""
2522:
Women typically wear kimono when they attend traditional arts, such as a tea ceremonies or
863:
482:
Until the 5th century CE, there is little artistic evidence of the clothing worn in Japan.
301:), there is some description of clothing worn in Japan. It describes broad cloth (possibly
3660:(first ed.). Washington DC, San Francisco: The Textile Museum, Pomegranate Artbooks.
3603:"Dress like an aristocrat from the Nara period at new costume rental shop in Nara【Photos】"
3097:
1890:- became popular amongst Japanese women as a more low-effort hairstyle for everyday life.
1079:
8:
5236:
5225:
3045:
2079:
During the war, kimono factories shut down, and the government encouraged people to wear
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collars, which overlapped like modern kimono collars, though men continued wearing round
158:
101:
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4037:
3881:
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2106:
Kimono were promoted as essential for ceremonial occasions; for instance, the expensive
112:. The most well-known form of traditional Japanese fashion is the kimono, with the term
6051:
5215:
4918:
4510:
4278:
4192:
Black, Daniel. "Wearing Out Racial Discourse: Tokyo Street Fashion and Race as Style."
2607:
Up until the 15th century the vast majority of kimono worn by most people were made of
1663:
1582:
1499:
worn as outerwear. Note wider cut, and unisex narrow obi and shorter sleeves. Matsuura
996:
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765:
705:
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just above the calf, so that they balloon over the knee, allowing freedom of movement.
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wrote that they would be "best be described as a loose, thin, crepe cotton version of
1333:
223:
wrestlers, all of whom are required to wear traditional clothing in their profession.
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for some clothing, and styles of wearing primarily fully-developed by the end of the
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4913:
4698:
4564:
3008:
1675:
1215:
1184:
525:
93:
4120:
Carpenter, John T. "Weaving Kimono Back into the Fabric of Japanese Art History."
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5718:
5649:
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4843:
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3758:
3695:
3328:
2821:
2668:
were relatively pliant and soft, so literally held the kimono closed; modern-day
2384:
are semi-formal women's kimono featuring a design on part of the sleeves and hem.
2061:(wearing kimono) were still not as formalised in this time, with creases, uneven
1961:) technique of dyeing, where either warp or both warp and weft threads (known as
1796:
1698:
In the Edo period, the kimono market was divided into craftspeople, who made the
1613:
1038:
687:
should be shorter, with a short pleated frill beneath, as in the women's costume.
226:
Traditional Japanese clothing has garnered fascination in the Western world as a
127:
117:
23:
Photograph of a man and woman wearing traditional clothing, taken in Osaka, Japan
3633:
3585:
1592:, lengthening of the sleeves, and the style of wearing multiple layered kimono (
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5935:
5723:
5684:
5273:
4793:
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1853:
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1383:
328:
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176:(Western clothes), though many well-known Japanese fashion designers – such as
164:
5621:
5458:
4217:
3321:
2037:
966:). Women also sometimes wore a lap-fronted overvest, and a narrow rectangular
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6152:
5875:
5728:
4611:
3581:
2958:
2721:
2686:, which can be worn with everything but the most casual forms of kimono, and
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2560:
1836:
1083:
967:
832:
808:
716:
583:
6113:
3712:"JAPANESE TRADITIONAL RAIMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGENT CULTURAL PARADIGMS"
3675:
3514:
1183:
grew too narrow to wrap all the way around and became a trapezoidal pleated
708:
to Japan; during this time, Chinese influence over Japan was fairly strong.
494:
offering cylinders. These were used in the 5th and 6th century, though most
305:), made into unshaped garments by being tied about the waist and shoulders.
6408:
6219:
5928:
5847:
5743:
5733:
5713:
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or as bridalwear, and is considered the most formal kimono for young women.
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1903:
1832:
1662:
In response to the increasing material wealth of the merchant classes, the
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81:
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In Japan, modern Japanese fashion history might be conceived as a gradual
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large bun on top of a relatively wide hairstyle, similar to the Japanese
1654:
1106:
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534:
227:
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5293:
2635:. However, even machine-made kimono require substantial hand-stitching.
2335:
1071:
649:
Replica of the dress of the center-right figure in the preceding picture
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5960:
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5708:
5511:
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5342:
4908:
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3776:
Fassbender, Bardo; Peters, Anne; Peter, Simone; Högger, Daniel (2012).
2864:
2514:
2390:
2371:
2255:
2246:
1990:
1605:
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260:
109:
6180:
6127:
5677:
5628:
5525:
5328:
5286:
2710:
2705:
2429:
811:(~684 CE); this fashion persists in formal use into the 21st century.
631:
Replica of the dress of the leftmost figure in the preceding picture;
19:
6347:
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6173:
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5942:
5907:
5773:
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5370:
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4501:
2401:
2151:
1885:
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began to grow in length, especially amongst unmarried women, and the
1152:
325:
Museum-reconstruction figurines (conducting religious ceremony; note
298:
231:
5974:
5840:
5335:
4475:
4222:
4071:: Hanging out in underwear is a cool way to survive the summer heat"
2638:
Kimono are traditionally made from a single bolt of fabric called a
2047:
standards for women, which promoted a smooth, streamlined appearance
1906:
for men and school uniform for boys, and between 1920 and 1930, the
1617:
904:
Nara court dress with stole, apron and overvest, 2009 reconstruction
6340:
6291:
6279:
6194:
6078:
5854:
5766:
5504:
5497:
5393:
5321:
4519:
4296:
4287:
3711:
2953:
2320:
2159:
2109:
1940:
701:
599:
284:
6333:
6312:
6027:
6013:
5557:
5356:
5300:
1574:
were almost never worn, allowing full-length patterns to be seen.
1502:
6319:
6226:
6120:
6034:
5914:
5808:
5794:
5571:
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4602:
4555:
4546:
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4400:
4368:
3492:
2963:
2641:
2525:
2414:
are informal kimono with a repeating pattern all over the kimono.
2142:
A young woman wearing very formal Japanese dress, 2010; note the
1809:
1783:, May 1912, some in European dress, some in kimono, some wearing
1609:
552:
540:
220:
150:
5614:
4685:
3976:
Phoebe Grant’s Fascinating Stories of World Cultures and Customs
3528:
Wada, Yoshiko Iwamoto; Rice, Mary Kellogg; Barton, Jane (2011).
2801:
2224:
2178:
In the early years of the 21st century, the cheaper and simpler
1041:, which were associated with scholasticism, only later adopting
6247:
6240:
6159:
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5981:
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5787:
5780:
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5550:
5307:
4676:
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4492:
4463:
4418:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4341:
4314:
4305:
3035:
3015:
2662:, of which there are several varieties. In previous centuries,
2421:
2219:
1956:
1928:
1858:
1642:
1525:
1312:
1259:
1251:
1209:
1155:, with some elements—such as the round-necked and tube-sleeved
1105:
Social segregation of clothing was primarily noticeable in the
973:
970:. Men's upper-class dress had narrow, unpleated (single-panel)
517:
505:
489:
422:
396:
378:
347:
230:
of a different culture; first gaining popularity in the 1860s,
208:
202:
133:
53:
4350:
3802:
Robes of Elegance: Japanese Kimonos of the 16th-20th Centuries
2857:, a kind of underpants named after a song. Kaori Shoji of the
1672:
patterns. As a result, a school of aesthetic thought known as
6298:
6187:
6071:
5967:
5451:
5349:
4776:
4649:
4454:
4427:
4332:
4323:
4080:
3532:(3rd ed.). New York: Kodansha USA, Inc. pp. 11–13.
3025:
2994:
2968:
2932:
2729:
2692:, which are narrower at one end to make them easier to wear.
2620:
2082:
1636:
514:, wrapped skirts, were worn by men and women, sometimes over
214:
28:
6020:
6006:
3496:
The kimono inspiration : art and art-to-wear in America
993:), with elaborate hats of stiffened open-weave black cloth (
6092:
5801:
5532:
4658:
4166:
Peirson-Smith, Anne; II, Joseph H. Hancock (15 July 2018).
3775:
3530:
Shibori: The Inventive Art of Japanese Shaped Resist Dyeing
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
2608:
1950:
105:
5266:
4140:
4138:
3068:
3066:
3064:
121:
3744:
3456:(1st ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
3188:. n.p.: Oxford ; New York : Berg, 2011., 2011.
1753:
Assorted types of kimono, Western dress, a court lady in
831:
Women's dress, with overvest, overskirt, waist sash, and
731:
skirt, above knee-length, had a matching edge. Below the
3432:
3074:
Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture
1761:, and a schoolgirl in a high-collared shirt, kimono and
781:
lapels overlapped (still right side over left), and the
755:
with a contrasting lower edge, and women wore a pleated
4135:
3778:
The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law
3588:'s reign; the usual date for the transition is 686 CE).
3353:"The Costume Museum - The Rebirth of The Tale of Genji"
3092:
3090:
3061:
2565:, which is a celebration for children aged 3, 5 and 7.
1713:
1004:
Nara-period women's clothing was heavily influenced by
880:
Children's dress, late 8th century, 2005 reconstruction
255:
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4609:
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4407:
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4366:
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4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4276:
3657:
The kimono inspiration: art and art-to-wear in America
3654:
Stevens, Rebecca A. T.; Wada, Yoshiko Iwamoto (1996).
3013:
2992:
2977:
2930:
2836:
2827:
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2813:
2807:
2799:
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2500:
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2435:
2427:
2419:
2407:
2399:
2388:
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2360:
2352:
2344:
2340:
is also worn as bridalwear as an unbelted outer layer.
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2318:
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2229:
2194:
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2018:
2012:
2006:
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1994:
1984:
1978:
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1962:
1954:
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1934:
1926:
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began to be held closed with a small belt known as an
1531:
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1456:
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1408:
1387:
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1235:
1207:
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1102:, leggings, socks and shoes have also been preserved.
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148:
6392:
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3944:
3942:
3940:
3866:
Dalby, Liza. (Mar 1995) "Kimono: Fashioning Culture".
3649:
3647:
3023:
1475:
1309:
collars on husband and wife, in their home. Note red
1156:
273:
4728:
3923:(1st ed.). Milano, Italy: Skira Editore S.p.A.
3087:
3033:
1967:) were dyed using a stencil pattern before weaving.
147:, most notably including the traditional fabrics of
92:
clothing and cultural traditions, motifs taken from
3419:
2457:Traditionally, the art of wearing kimono (known as
2272:
Japanese Woman in Traditional Dress Posing Outdoors
681:cap. This reconstruction is probably outdated; the
3937:
3717:Cogito (2066-7094, Humanities Source, EBSCO (Host)
3710:
3644:
2475:(under-kimono) is put on, which is then tied by a
1902:Western clothing quickly became standard issue as
1865:fascination with Dutch technologies and writings.
1470:
1280:The courtiers in the foreground are wearing their
978:(trousers) under a loose, mandarin-collared coat (
537:China. There is evidence of the oldest samples of
27:There are typically two types of clothing worn in
1407:and son, 13th century illustration. Pale pleated
486:clothing is known from clay sculptures used atop
6428:
3914:
3912:
3780:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 477.
3180:
3178:
3176:
3043:
2446:around this time whether she is married or not.
2202:
1651:plain-weave silk, which had been used to create
4165:
4005:Yamaka, Norio. (Nov 9 2012) The Book of Kimono.
3974:Grant, P. (2005). Kimonos: the robes of Japan.
3369:See "Explanation" button for relevant costumes.
2737:
1169:
1141:
1024:
1009:
979:
131:
68:
43:
4150:Airiti Library eBooks & Journals - 華藝線上圖書館
3527:
2910:
2744:
2238:
2187:
1842:
1361:
1331:
1176:
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1016:
986:
793:were edged with pleated frills, replacing the
281:
140:
62:
37:
5252:
4714:
4238:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3909:
3173:
1849:promoted Western dress as everyday clothing.
1070:In 752 CE, a massive bronze Buddha statue at
52:, including the national dress of Japan, the
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3415:
3413:
3331:, Chinese texts and its Japanese translation
2518:A couple wearing kimono on their wedding day
2133:
1897:
560:
308:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3921:Taisho Kimono: Speaking of Past and Present
3901:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3875:
3653:
3627:
3625:
3623:
2032:
1925:of 1923, cheap, informal and ready-to-wear
1718:
1001:). Clothing was belted with narrow sashes.
951:outer collar, with upper garments outermost
170:Modern Japanese fashion mostly encompasses
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4721:
4707:
4245:
4231:
4008:
3970:
3968:
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3964:
3962:
3960:
3493:Textile Museum (Washington, D.C.) (1996).
3400:"Japanese Traditional Dress and Adornment"
1112:
4263:List of items traditionally worn in Japan
3831:
3750:
3410:
2254:After the four-class system ended in the
2209:List of items traditionally worn in Japan
1741:Part of the Ootuki family in kimono, 1874
1725:Japanese clothing during the Meiji period
1577:
16:Japanese clothing, traditional and modern
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18:
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2915:
2656:Kimono are worn with sash-belts called
602:influence, with overlapping collar and
268:Little is known of the clothing of the
6429:
5267:Japanese weapons, armour and equipment
4103:24, no. 1 (September 1, 1999): 23-29.
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3226:
3126:
1983:(short-sleeved) kimono for women, and
5240:
4702:
4252:
4226:
4218:Video about Traditional Japanese Wear
4064:
4055:
4031:
4029:
3769:
3571:
3449:
3129:"Okinawa Traditional Costume – Ryuso"
3076:12, no. 3 (September 2008): 359-376.
2844:Beginning in 1881, Japanese men wore
2653:frequently hand-made and -decorated.
2449:
2156:wig with attached locks and numerous
1822:) for silk linings fabrics (known as
1767:. All wear both purple and red. 1890.
661:Contemporary men's dress, with green
4767:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
3918:
3591:
3546:
3521:
3334:
3204:
3202:
3139:from the original on 18 October 2016
2760:
2041:A 1957 clothing ad, showing postwar
2017:, which also resembled the "proper"
1714:Modern period (1869–), by regnal era
934:collar, and lower garments outermost
256:Yayoi period (Neolithic to Iron Age)
3756:
3631:
3601:Rogers, Krista (14 December 2015).
3397:
3372:
3223:
2418:Other types of kimono, such as the
1949:kimono were usually dyed using the
13:
4038:"16 Traditional Japanese Fashions"
4026:
3169:from the original on 14 July 2016.
1915:replaced the kimono and undivided
1476:Azuchi-Momoyama period (1568–1600)
1449:Carpenters in common dress, 1309;
582:, an embroidery from the reign of
14:
6448:
4211:
3828:Mami Baba. Sen'i gakkaishi vol.64
3199:
3108:from the original on 10 July 2020
3050:– traditional Vietnamese clothing
2573:Kimono are matched with seasons.
2311:
1795:spread from the court as part of
1710:, or wholesalers, and retailers.
1600:, woodblock print, 19th century).
711:Judging by the depictions in the
533:wearing clothing similar that of
6414:
6402:
4822:
4743:History of clothing and textiles
4474:
4172:. Intellect Books. p. 179.
2511:sandals are traditionally worn.
1772:
1746:
1734:
1612:period (1688–1704 CE), wherein "
1486:
1442:
1418:
1397:
1372:
1322:
1297:
1273:
1227:
939:
922:
897:
885:
873:
839:
824:
654:
642:
624:
591:
571:
530:envoys to the Tang dynasty court
467:
453:
441:
432:
413:
404:
388:
369:
357:
338:
318:
31:: traditional clothing known as
6045:Projectile and throwing weapons
5150:impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
4196:42, no. 2 (April 2009): p.241.
4186:
4159:
4114:
4093:
3981:
3869:
3860:
3819:
3794:
3735:
3709:Rybalko, Svitlana (June 2012).
3689:Bamforth, Chris (26 May 2006),
3486:
3470:
3212:4, no. 2 (June 2012): 112-123.
3020:– traditional Okinawan clothing
2937:girls, identified by shortened
2164:, paired with a formal brocade
2023:of upper-class women. However,
1556:(1568–1600), decoration of the
1471:Muromachi period (1336–1573 CE)
1199:collars and very wide sleeves.
700:began with the introduction of
4036:Spacey, John (July 11, 2015).
3691:"The capital delights of Nara"
3584:'s reign and the beginning of
3315:
3190:Ignacio: USF Libraries Catalog
3151:
3120:
3030:– traditional Chinese clothing
2543:The "coming of age" ceremony,
1425:Simple unisex everyday dress,
1386:, detail. Note red and purple
1286:off-the-shoulder, showing the
1234:In the late Heian period, the
545:tie-dyed fabric stored at the
395:Figure (reconstruction?) from
1:
4204:(accessed November 16, 2016).
4146:Advances In Applied Sociology
4126:Art & Architecture Source
4105:Bibliography of Asian Studies
3127:Boivin, Mai (22 April 2013).
3078:Art & Architecture Source
3054:
3040:– traditional Korean clothing
2901:
2279:
2228:Gion geisha Sayaka wearing a
2203:Types of traditional clothing
1508:
769:
613:
294:Records of the Three Kingdoms
6145:Improvised and other weapons
5177:
4156:(accessed October 29, 2016).
4132:(accessed November 9, 2016).
4111:(accessed November 3, 2016).
3806:North Carolina Museum of Art
3422:"Kofun Period (ca. 300–710)"
3312:(accessed October 31, 2016).
3196:(accessed November 2, 2016).
3014:
2875:
2617:) and satin weaves (such as
2588:
704:, and the writing system of
526:Traditional Chinese clothing
399:, decorated with red pigment
297:compiled by Chinese scholar
264:Reconstructed Yayoi clothing
122:
7:
6382:Military equipment of Japan
5066:1920s–1950s Western fashion
4996:1830s–1910s Western fashion
4933:1500s–1820s Western fashion
4684:
4675:
4666:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4462:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4408:
4399:
4390:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4340:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4065:Shoji, Kaori (2012-07-17).
4021:The Business History Review
3880:. Ndl.go.jp. Archived from
3557:. E.P. Dutton. p. 28.
3359:. The Costume Museum, Kyoto
3220:(accessed October 29, 2016)
3133:insideokinawa.wordpress.com
3084:(accessed November 1, 2016)
3034:
3024:
3002:
2993:
2978:
2931:
2911:Influence on modern fashion
2837:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2738:
2716:
2697:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2619:
2613:
2599:
2581:
2575:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2536:
2524:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2408:
2400:
2389:
2378:
2370:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2334:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2260:
2245:
2230:
2195:
2188:Reiwa period (2019–present)
2180:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2116:
2108:
2099:
2089:
2081:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2043:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1963:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1927:
1917:
1909:
1884:
1824:
1818:
1791:
1785:
1763:
1755:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1588:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1501:
1495:
1457:
1451:
1433:
1427:
1409:
1388:
1362:Kamakura period (1185–1333)
1352:collar in men's court dress
1348:
1342:
1311:
1305:
1288:
1282:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1208:
1195:
1189:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1142:
1128:
1098:
1088:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1025:
1010:
995:
980:
972:
962:
947:
930:
862:
856:
848:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
683:
675:
669:
663:
633:
604:
551:
539:
516:
510:
496:
488:
421:
377:
346:
327:
274:
213:
201:
172:
157:
149:
132:
69:
44:
10:
6453:
4194:Journal of Popular Culture
3453:Kimono: Fashioning Culture
3306:Literature Resource Center
3098:"Ryukyu and Ainu Textiles"
2972:subculture fashion style.
2919:
2703:
2568:
2217:
2206:
1861:of a number of varieties.
1722:
1242:consisted of many layers (
427:figure with reconstruction
383:figure with reconstruction
250:
6357:
6271:
6204:
6144:
6102:
6044:
5998:
5952:
5899:
5825:
5756:
5701:
5604:
5595:
5542:
5468:
5429:
5380:
5281:
5272:
5203:
5160:
5127:
5096:
5065:
4995:
4932:
4831:
4820:
4757:
4748:History of fashion design
4737:
4622:
4584:
4483:
4472:
4269:
4260:
3420:Department of Asian Art.
3104:. Kyoto National Museum.
2870:
2745:
2695:
2487:and smoothed over with a
2296:on the garment (known as
2239:
2213:
2134:Heisei period (1989–2019)
2073:still deemed acceptable.
1898:Taishō period (1912–1926)
1843:
1392:with trailing waist ties.
1332:
1177:
1136:
1032:
1017:
987:
561:Asuka period (538–710 CE)
309:Kofun period (300–538 CE)
141:
126:) and the clothes of the
63:
38:
6377:National Treasure swords
5073:Suffrage Movement period
2114:worn by young women for
2033:Shōwa period (1926–1989)
2011:and a smooth, uncreased
1719:Meiji period (1868–1912)
713:Tenjukoku Shūchō Mandala
580:Tenjukoku Shūchō Mandala
4732:of clothing and fashion
3607:SoraNews24 -Japan News-
3555:The Story of the Kimono
2939:Japanese school uniform
2922:Japanese street fashion
2826:are sandals similar to
1113:Heian period (794–1185)
1047:. Lower-body garments (
190:Japanese street fashion
5900:Chain and rope weapons
4101:Surface Design Journal
3800:Ishimura Hayao et al.
3553:Liddell, Jill (1989).
3044:
2942:
2733:
2604:
2519:
2285:
2234:
2171:
2048:
1923:Great Kantō Earthquake
1601:
1598:Plum Blossoms at Night
1578:Edo period (1603–1867)
1554:Azuchi-Momoyama period
761:long enough to trail.
715:, during the reign of
637:with stripes and frill
282:
265:
245:cultural appropriation
104:, the use of types of
102:traditional literature
24:
5826:Samurai accoutrements
5739:Mail and plate armour
5161:By country and region
4124:(October 2014): 1-5.
3826:町人のきもの 1 寛文~江戸中期までの着物
3163:okinawatravelinfo.com
2929:
2713:
2596:
2517:
2270:
2227:
2141:
2040:
1875:Ministry of Education
1797:Japanese reform dress
1585:
1522:Originally worn with
1153:increasingly stylised
1008:China. Women adopted
815:Nara period (710–794)
474:Figure in a loincloth
272:. In the 3rd-century
263:
22:
5953:Clubs and truncheons
5128:2000–present fashion
4585:Belt / sash
3450:Dalby, Liza (1993).
2916:Tokyo street fashion
2706:Kimono § yukata
1989:. The bridal kimono
1248:) worn over a plain
743:was worn. Below the
598:Women's dress under
5469:Polearms and spears
5168:Indian subcontinent
5097:1960s-1990s fashion
4148:no. 4 (2012): 292.
3757:Badgley, Joshua L.
3632:Badgley, Joshua L.
3580:(around the end of
3304:no. 2 (2015): 379.
3046:Vietnamese clothing
2087:(also romanised as
1626:); the clothing of
892:In contemporary art
291:, a section of the
5430:Knives and daggers
3954:, 38 (4), 351-370.
3919:Dees, Jan (2009).
3759:"Women's Garments"
3327:2010-10-16 at the
3210:Cogito (2066-7094)
2943:
2734:
2605:
2520:
2450:Dressing in kimono
2286:
2235:
2172:
2049:
1664:Tokugawa shogunate
1602:
1317:of standing woman.
1064:Yoro clothing code
846:Men's dress, with
766:Takamatsuzuka Tomb
749:, men wore narrow
706:Chinese characters
610:Takamatsuzuka Tomb
448:6th-century figure
266:
130:which is known as
25:
6437:Japanese clothing
6390:
6389:
6286:Edo period police
5752:
5751:
5609:Auxiliary armours
5425:
5424:
5234:
5233:
4696:
4695:
4254:Japanese clothing
4198:Humanities Source
4179:978-1-78320-845-6
4023:, 37 (1/2), 59-68
3930:978-88-572-0011-8
3876:更新日:2010年11月25日.
3634:"Women's Outfits"
3539:978-1-56836-396-7
3426:www.metmuseum.org
3214:Humanities Source
3184:English, Bonnie.
2763:Hakama, obi, zōri
2600:tateya musubi obi
2327:Coming of Age Day
1704:and accessories,
1594:Utagawa Kuniyoshi
1266:The Tale of Genji
1218:(1336-1573 CE).
1021:, "drape-necked")
275:Weizhi Worenchuan
33:Japanese clothing
6444:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6398:
6367:Weapons of Japan
5602:
5601:
5543:Practice weapons
5519:Torimono sandōgu
5279:
5278:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5238:
5237:
4980:Directoire style
4826:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4635:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4577:
4568:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4496:
4478:
4467:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4205:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4163:
4157:
4142:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4024:
4017:
4006:
4003:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3972:
3955:
3948:
3935:
3934:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3748:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3714:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3589:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3447:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3395:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3332:
3319:
3313:
3298:
3221:
3206:
3197:
3182:
3171:
3170:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3094:
3085:
3070:
3049:
3039:
3029:
3019:
3009:Culture of Japan
2998:
2981:
2936:
2855:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2719:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2651:
2645:
2634:
2624:
2616:
2602:
2584:
2578:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2539:
2534:Funeral kimono (
2529:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2425:
2413:
2405:
2394:
2383:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2339:
2324:
2307:
2301:
2284:
2281:
2276:Suzuki Shin'ichi
2263:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2198:
2183:
2169:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2121:
2113:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2046:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1920:
1912:
1889:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1827:
1821:
1794:
1788:
1776:
1766:
1760:
1750:
1738:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1671:
1658:
1650:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1618:merchant classes
1591:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1412:
1401:
1391:
1376:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1268:, 12th century).
1263:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1231:
1216:Muromachi period
1213:
1198:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1151:Clothing became
1147:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1101:
1091:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1039:mandarin collars
1037:
1036:, "high-necked")
1035:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1000:
992:
990:
989:
983:
977:
965:
950:
943:
933:
926:
901:
889:
877:
867:
859:
853:
843:
828:
806:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
771:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
686:
680:
672:
666:
658:
646:
636:
628:
618:
615:
607:
595:
575:
556:
544:
521:
513:
499:
493:
471:
457:
445:
436:
426:
417:
408:
392:
382:
373:
361:
351:
342:
333:
322:
290:
288:
277:
218:
206:
175:
163:produced on the
162:
154:
146:
144:
143:
137:
125:
94:Japanese culture
76:
74:
66:
65:
58:Western clothing
51:
49:
41:
40:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6415:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6393:
6391:
6386:
6372:Japanese swords
6362:Japanese armour
6353:
6267:
6200:
6140:
6098:
6040:
5994:
5948:
5895:
5821:
5748:
5697:
5591:
5538:
5464:
5421:
5405:Sword polishing
5400:Sword mountings
5376:
5268:
5265:
5235:
5230:
5199:
5156:
5123:
5092:
5061:
4991:
4928:
4827:
4818:
4753:
4752:
4733:
4727:
4697:
4692:
4618:
4580:
4479:
4470:
4265:
4256:
4251:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4164:
4160:
4143:
4136:
4119:
4115:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4083:
4063:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4034:
4027:
4018:
4009:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3982:
3973:
3958:
3949:
3938:
3931:
3917:
3910:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3774:
3770:
3755:
3751:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3707:
3703:
3696:The Japan Times
3687:
3683:
3668:
3652:
3645:
3630:
3621:
3611:
3609:
3599:
3592:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3526:
3522:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3448:
3433:
3418:
3411:
3398:Kennedy, Alan.
3396:
3373:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3335:
3329:Wayback Machine
3320:
3316:
3302:Asian Ethnology
3299:
3224:
3207:
3200:
3183:
3174:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3109:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3071:
3062:
3057:
3005:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2904:
2878:
2873:
2849:
2842:
2767:
2742:
2726:Asagao Festival
2722:morning glories
2708:
2702:
2591:
2571:
2452:
2314:
2290:different types
2282:
2256:Tokugawa period
2222:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2190:
2136:
2035:
1986:montsuki hakama
1977:, divisions of
1900:
1840:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1777:
1768:
1751:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1614:Genroku culture
1580:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1491:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1447:
1438:
1423:
1414:
1402:
1393:
1377:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1302:
1293:
1278:
1269:
1232:
1174:
1133:
1123:Imperial Palace
1115:
1062:In 718 CE, the
1029:
1014:
984:
957:
956:
955:
952:
944:
935:
927:
915:
914:
913:
908:
905:
902:
893:
890:
881:
878:
869:
860:, ornate sash,
844:
835:
829:
817:
772:
694:
693:
692:
691:
688:
659:
650:
647:
638:
629:
620:
616:
596:
587:
576:
563:
480:
479:
478:
475:
472:
463:
458:
449:
446:
437:
428:
418:
409:
400:
393:
384:
374:
365:
362:
353:
343:
334:
323:
311:
279:
258:
253:
138:
128:Ryukyuan people
60:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6450:
6440:
6439:
6424:
6423:
6411:
6388:
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5936:Kyoketsu-shoge
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4212:External links
4210:
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3993:
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3908:
3878:"戦時衣生活簡素化実施要綱"
3868:
3859:
3830:
3818:
3808:(1988), p. 1.
3793:
3787:978-0198725220
3786:
3768:
3763:Sengoku Daimyo
3749:
3734:
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3681:
3666:
3643:
3638:Sengoku Daimyo
3619:
3590:
3570:
3564:978-0525245742
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2982:("princess").
2920:Main article:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2891:Yohji Yamamoto
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
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2704:Main article:
2701:
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2680:for women are
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2312:Women's kimono
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2218:Main article:
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2186:
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1854:westernization
1802:
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1781:Horiai Setsuko
1778:
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1740:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:Main article:
1720:
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1550:Sengoku period
1516:
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1405:Empress Shoshi
1403:
1396:
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1384:Ten Rasetsunyo
1378:
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547:Shōsōin Temple
477:
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364:Reconstruction
363:
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344:
337:
335:
324:
317:
314:
313:
312:
310:
307:
257:
254:
252:
249:
241:"geisha girls"
228:representation
182:Yohji Yamamoto
165:Ryukyu Islands
120:(known as the
84:, silhouettes
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6449:
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5999:Staff weapons
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5410:Swordsmithing
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5195:Western world
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4022:
4016:
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4000:
3998:
3991:, 15 (1), 55.
3990:
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5929:Kusari-fundo
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5381:Construction
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4574:Tsunokakushi
4253:
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4125:
4122:Orientations
4121:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4084:. Retrieved
4074:
4068:
4047:November 15,
4045:. Retrieved
4041:
4020:
3988:
3983:
3975:
3951:
3920:
3886:. Retrieved
3882:the original
3871:
3862:
3821:
3801:
3796:
3777:
3771:
3762:
3752:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3723:(2): 112–123
3720:
3716:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3656:
3637:
3610:. Retrieved
3606:
3586:Empress Jitō
3554:
3548:
3529:
3523:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3472:
3452:
3425:
3403:
3361:. Retrieved
3356:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3162:
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3132:
3122:
3110:. Retrieved
3101:
3081:
3077:
3073:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2967:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2905:
2895:Rei Kawakubo
2889:
2884:Issey Miyake
2882:
2879:
2858:
2845:
2843:
2798:
2777:
2768:
2735:
2714:A couple in
2655:
2637:
2627:
2606:
2572:
2547:Seijin no Hi
2542:
2533:
2521:
2456:
2453:
2417:
2347:kurotomesode
2288:A number of
2287:
2283: 1870s
2271:
2253:
2236:
2231:kurotomesode
2191:
2177:
2173:
2128:
2123:
2105:
2095:
2078:
2075:
2067:and crooked
2053:World War II
2050:
1969:
1964:heiyō-gasuri
1904:army uniform
1901:
1892:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1851:
1833:Meiji period
1830:
1814:
1806:
1697:
1682:
1661:
1603:
1597:
1552:(1467–1615)/
1521:
1205:
1201:
1150:
1143:kokufū-bunka
1119:Heian period
1116:
1104:
1069:
1061:
1006:Tang-dynasty
1003:
958:
763:
710:
698:Asuka period
695:
578:Part of the
524:
522:(trousers).
502:
484:Kofun period
481:
461:Tanko armour
303:double-width
292:
270:Yayoi period
267:
225:
197:World War II
194:
186:Rei Kawakubo
178:Issey Miyake
169:
113:
90:Tang dynasty
82:Heian period
79:
70:
57:
45:
32:
26:
6327:Shinsengumi
6262:Uma-jirushi
6135:Tanegashima
5883:Uchi-bukuro
5869:Kubi bukuro
5862:Kate-bukuro
5459:Yoroi-dōshi
5416:Tameshigiri
5204:By clothing
4867:Western Xia
4857:Jurchen Jin
4839:Anglo-Saxon
4832:Middle Ages
4777:Han Chinese
4270:Traditional
4076:Japan Times
3989:Japan Forum
3727:October 29,
2860:Japan Times
2850: [
2355:irotomesode
2237:The kimono
2170:overkimono.
2118:Seijinshiki
1831:During the
1655:tsujigahana
1604:During the
1512: 1650
1389:naga-bakama
1117:During the
1107:Nara period
1080:consecrated
535:Han dynasty
118:Ainu people
6306:Onna-musha
6167:Metsubushi
6114:Bajō-zutsu
5922:Kusarigama
5709:Brigandine
5512:Sodegarami
5438:Kabutowari
5343:Shikomizue
4924:Vietnamese
4882:400s–1000s
4086:2024-08-02
4042:Japan Talk
3888:2012-07-22
3747:for school
3742:平安時代の貴族の服装
3612:16 October
3404:LoveToKnow
3363:16 October
3055:References
2902:Aesthetics
2865:long johns
2689:nagoya obi
2683:fukuro obi
2493:belt. The
2207:See also:
2124:de rigueur
1943:movement.
1789:. Women's
1779:Family of
1606:Edo period
1437:, matching
1094:bast fiber
1092:(domestic
110:Edo period
6348:Yamabushi
6255:Sashimono
6234:Kabura-ya
6065:Makibishi
6052:Artillery
5961:Hachiwari
5908:Chigiriki
5774:Hachimaki
5671:Men-yoroi
5586:Tanren bō
5491:Kama-yari
5484:Hoko yari
5371:Wakizashi
5088:1945–1960
5083:1930–1945
5045:Edwardian
5003:Victorian
4975:1795–1820
4970:1775–1795
4965:1750–1775
4960:1700–1750
4955:1650–1700
4950:1600–1650
4945:1550–1600
4940:1500–1550
4919:Tocharian
4844:Byzantine
4641:Jika-tabi
4502:Hachimaki
4360:Jūnihitoe
3952:Ethnology
2876:Designers
2589:Materials
2484:koshihimo
2478:koshihimo
2472:nagajuban
2410:edo komon
2380:tsukesage
2152:nihongami
2145:katsuyama
1991:trousseau
1886:nihongami
1844:東京婦人子供服組合
1343:nu-bakama
1334:Sashinuki
1238:jūnihitoe
1187:. Formal
868:and sword
586:(593–628)
299:Chen Shou
232:Japonisme
6431:Category
6341:Yabusame
6292:Kunoichi
6280:Ashigaru
6195:Suntetsu
6106:and guns
6104:Firearms
6079:Shuriken
5855:Kaginawa
5767:Fundoshi
5758:Clothing
5719:Lamellar
5636:Haramaki
5579:Suburitō
5505:Sasumata
5498:Naginata
5394:Horimono
5388:Glossary
5322:Nagamaki
5294:Dōtanuki
5226:Swimwear
5190:Thailand
4848:Chinese
4814:Thracian
4799:Biblical
4789:Egyptian
4730:Timeline
4623:Footwear
4520:Kanzashi
4484:Headgear
4297:Furisode
4288:Fundoshi
4069:Suteteko
3897:cite web
3676:33947597
3515:33947597
3325:Archived
3167:Archived
3137:Archived
3106:Archived
3003:See also
2954:Harajuku
2847:suteteko
2838:Suteteko
2614:chirimen
2554:furisode
2490:datejime
2443:furisode
2437:furisode
2376:and the
2372:houmongi
2362:furisode
2336:uchikake
2321:furisode
2167:uchikake
2160:kanzashi
2110:furisode
2064:ohashori
2008:ohashori
1980:tomesode
1941:Art Deco
1648:nerinuki
1382:and the
1306:Tarikubi
1292:beneath.
1132:culture"
1084:Shōsō-in
1072:Tōdai-ji
1044:tarikubi
1011:tarikubi
931:Tarikubi
702:Buddhism
667:, white
600:Goguryeo
285:Wajinden
6421:Fashion
6395:Portals
6320:Samurai
6227:Horagai
6181:Ōtsuchi
6128:Ōdzutsu
6121:Bo-hiya
6035:Yubi-bo
5915:Kubotan
5809:Uwa-obi
5795:Shitagi
5724:Laminar
5678:Ō-yoroi
5629:Dō-maru
5572:Shinken
5526:Tsukubō
5477:Bisento
5364:Tsurugi
5329:Ninjatō
5315:Kodachi
5287:Chokutō
4914:Ottoman
4878:Europe
4874:English
4759:Ancient
4668:Uwabaki
4603:Uwa-obi
4556:Tenugui
4547:Shaguma
4511:Kanmuri
4446:Sokutai
4437:Shitagi
4401:Mawashi
4369:Keikogi
4279:Chihaya
4200:, EBSCO
4152:, EBSCO
4128:, EBSCO
4107:, EBSCO
3308:, EBSCO
3216:, EBSCO
3192:, EBSCO
3143:10 July
3112:10 July
3080:, EBSCO
2984:Kogyaru
2966:or the
2964:Shibuya
2724:at the
2649:Tanmono
2642:tanmono
2597:Formal
2569:Seasons
2526:ikebana
2460:kitsuke
2391:iromuji
2148:-style
2100:kitsuke
2058:kitsuke
2044:kitsuke
2026:kitsuke
2020:kitsuke
2002:kitsuke
1974:hōmongi
1810:mauvine
1701:tanmono
1669:shibori
1610:Genroku
1349:agekubi
1196:agekubi
1158:chun ju
1026:agekubi
997:kanmuri
960:skirt (
948:Agekubi
850:kanmuri
803:Kanmuri
677:kanmuri
608:skirt.
553:tanmono
541:shibori
506:garters
251:History
237:artists
159:bashōfu
151:bingata
86:adopted
6248:Saihai
6241:Nobori
6213:Gunbai
6160:Kiseru
6058:Fukiya
5989:Tessen
5982:Tekkan
5975:Kanabō
5890:Yebira
5841:Daishō
5816:Waraji
5788:Kyahan
5781:Hakama
5692:Tatami
5664:Kusari
5650:Karuta
5643:Kabuto
5597:Armour
5565:Shinai
5551:Bokken
5445:Kaiken
5336:Ōdachi
5308:Katana
5274:Swords
5216:Corset
5211:Bikini
4909:Korean
4677:Waraji
4612:Tasuki
4538:Raikan
4493:Benkan
4464:Yukata
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