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179:, Stephen Potts, and George Webb, who were soon to form the core of the Junto. Franklin was an outgoing, social individual and had become acquainted with these businessmen. This gathering included prominent merchants who met informally to drink and discuss the business of the day. Franklin's congenial ways attracted many unique and learned individuals, and from these, he selected the members for the Junto.
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The Junto's Friday evening meetings were organized around a series of questions that
Franklin devised, covering a range of intellectual, personal, business, and community topics. These questions were used as a springboard for discussion and community action. Through the Junto, Franklin promoted such
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I even forbid myself, agreeably to the old laws of our Junto, the use of every word or expression in the language that imported a fix'd opinion, such as certainly, undoubtedly, etc., and I adopted, instead of them, I conceive, I apprehend, or I imagine a thing to be so or so; or it so appears to me
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I should have mentioned before, that, in the autumn of the preceding year, I had form'd most of my ingenious acquaintance into a club of mutual improvement, which we called the Junto; we met on Friday evenings. The rules that I drew up required that every member, in his turn, should produce one or
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Our debates were to be under the direction of a president, and to be conducted in the sincere spirit of inquiry after truth, without fondness for dispute or desire of victory; and to prevent warmth, all expressions of positiveness in opinions, or direct contradiction, were after some time made
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a merchant's clerk, and Robert Grace a gentleman. Grace's wealth meant he did not have to work, but apparently he brought an intellectual element to the group and a fine library. The twelfth member of the Junto remained a mystery until 2007, when
Professor George Boudreau of
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among its members during the 1690s (and was itself partially inspired by Furly's “heretics of the
Lantern” society). It met one evening a week for two hours at a time and required that its members reply affirmatively to the following questions:
315:. Cotton Mather described the neighborhood societies as being composed of a dozen married couples who would meet at one another's homes in succession for prayer and other religious exercises, and also to consider questions like the following:
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Hath any deserving stranger arrived in town since last meeting, that you heard of? and what have you heard or observed of his character or merits? and whether think you, it lies in the power of the Junto to oblige him, or encourage him as he
160:, or assembly). The members of the Junto were drawn from diverse occupations and backgrounds, but they all shared a spirit of inquiry and a desire to improve themselves, their community, and to help others. Among the original members were
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discovered a long-forgotten account of the club's refreshments and verified that shoemaker John Jones Jr. was an original member. Jones was a
Philadelphia Quaker, a neighbor of Franklin's, and later a founding member of the
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Have you met with any thing in the author you last read, remarkable, or suitable to be communicated to the Junto? particularly in history, morality, poetry, physic, travels, mechanic arts, or other parts of
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more queries on any point of Morals, Politics, or
Natural Philosophy, to be discuss'd by the company; and once in three months produce and read an essay of his own writing, on any subject he pleased.
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Franklin organized a group of friends to provide a structured form of mutual improvement. The group, initially composed of twelve members, called itself the Junto (from the
Spanish word
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Do you know of any fellow citizen, who has lately done a worthy action, deserving praise and imitation? or who has committed an error proper for us to be warned against and avoid?
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Each member of the club would take turns proposing topics for discussion and moderating these discussions. The discussions were to be held in a spirit of open-minded tolerance:
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Can any further methods be devised that ignorance and wickedness may be more chased from our people in general; and that domestic piety, in particular, may flourish among them?
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Has any person a proposal to make, for our further advantage and assistance, that we may be in a better and more regular capacity for prosecuting these intentions?
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That no Person or
Opinion be unhandsomely reflected on; but every Member behave himself with all the temper, judgement, modesty, and discretion he is master of.
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Whether he loves and seeks Truth for Truth's sake; and will endeavour impartially to find and receive it himself, and to communicate it to others?
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All members lived in
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Do we know of any person languishing under severe affliction, and is there any thing we can do for the succour of that afflicted neighbour?
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Whether he thinks no person ought to be harmed in his Body, Name, or Goods, for mere speculative
Opinions, or his external way of Worship?
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Is there any instance of oppression or fraudulence in the dealings of any sort of people, which may call for our efforts to rectify it?
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Do you think any person ought to be harmed in his body, name or goods, for mere speculative opinions, or his external way of worship?
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The other important predecessors were the "neighborhood benefit societies” and “reforming societies” proposed in
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What unhappy effects of intemperance have you lately observed or heard? of imprudence? of passion? or of any other vice or folly?
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Have you or any of your acquaintance been lately sick or wounded? If so, what remedies were used, and what were their effects?
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Is there any difficulty in matters of opinion, of justice, and injustice, which you would gladly have discussed at this time?
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Do you love truth’s sake, and will you endeavour impartially to find and receive it yourself and communicate it to others?
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Benjamin Franklin, Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces, ed. Benjamin Vaughan, (London, 1779), pp. 533-6
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which it would be proper to move the legislature for an amendment? Or do you know of any beneficial law that is wanting
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Do you know of any deserving young beginner lately set up, whom it lies in the power of the Junto any way to encourage?
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Is there any matter to be humbly recommended to the legislative power, to be enacted into a law for the public benefit?
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The questions are included in Franklin's papers, dated 1728, and some editions of his autobiography. As printed in
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Any person to be qualified, to stand up, and lay his hand on his breast, and be asked these questions; viz.
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Who do you know that are shortly going voyages or journies, if one should have occasion to send by them?
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In what open transgressions do any live? and who shall be desired to carry faithful admonitions to them?
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Hath any citizen in your knowledge failed in his business lately, and what have you heard of the cause?
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Do you see any thing amiss in the present customs or proceedings of the Junto, which might be amended?
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concepts as volunteer fire-fighting clubs, improved security (night watchmen), and a public hospital.
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Is there any man whose friendship you want, and which the Junto or any of them, can procure for you?
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What contention or variance may there be among our neighbours; and what may be done for healing it?
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Do you sincerely declare that you love mankind in general; of what profession or religion soever?
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Have you any weighty affair in hand, in which you think the advice of the Junto may be of service?
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Hath any body attacked your reputation lately? and what can the Junto do towards securing it?
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In what manner can the Junto, or any of them, assist you in any of your honourable designs?
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Hath any man injured you, from whom it is in the power of the Junto to procure redress?
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What happy effects of temperance? of prudence? of moderation? or of any other virtue?
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144:. The Leather Apron Club's purpose was to debate questions of morals, politics, and
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Have you lately heard any member’s character attacked, and how have you defended it?
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Have you lately heard how any present rich man, here or elsewhere, got his estate?
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Do you think of any thing at present, in which the Junto may be serviceable to
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Have you lately observed any encroachment on the just liberties of the people?
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Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
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What new story have you lately heard agreeable for telling in conversation?
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Have you lately heard of any citizen’s thriving well, and by what means?
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Who are in any peculiar adversity; and what may be done to comfort them?
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Franklin was influenced by two predecessor organizations in particular.
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The similar reforming societies would entertain questions like these:
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One was an English group called the “Dry Club,” which had philosopher
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This article is about Philadelphia club, c. 1730. For other uses, see
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Franklin describes the formation and purpose of the Junto in his
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What benefits have you lately received from any man not present?
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Whether he loves all Men, of what Profession or Religion soever?
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http://franklinpapers.org/framedVolumes.jsp?vol=1&page=255a
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Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
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Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One
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History of the American Philosophical Society and the Junto
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Have you any particular disrespect to any present members?
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contraband, and prohibited under small pecuniary penalties.
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and William Parsons were both surveyors. Scull was also a
136:, was a club for mutual improvement established in 1727 by
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A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
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Benjamin Franklin: A Documentary History -- J.A. Leo Lemay
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Have you lately observed any defect in the laws of your
411:? to their country, to their friends, or to themselves?
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A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks
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Studies on Locke: Sources, Contemporaries, and Legacy
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1267:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky
1054:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
369:Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces
148:, and to exchange knowledge of business affairs.
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1123:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
16:Philadelphia club started by Benjamin Franklin
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190:, who also loved poetry and natural history.
1718:Philosophical societies in the United States
1356:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
307:Neighborhood benefit and reforming societies
1073:Experiments and Observations on Electricity
175:At just 21, he oversaw five men, including
1109:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
875:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
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1203:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
974:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
214:. William Maugridge was a cabinetmaker,
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
822:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
715:Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
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1152:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
1036:Early American publishers and printers
705:President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)
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584:Hutton, S. & Schuurman, P., eds.
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
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1698:1727 establishments in Pennsylvania
1213:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
927:Academy and College of Philadelphia
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1659:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
1059:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
758:Committee of Secret Correspondence
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1294:University of Pennsylvania statue
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954:Continental Currency dollar coin
855:Franklin's electrostatic machine
827:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
710:Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
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1619:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
1594:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
1049:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
1000:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
917:Library Company of Philadelphia
599:The Remains of John Locke, Esq.
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1604:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
1247:The Apotheosis of Washington
1172:Franklin's phonetic alphabet
1130:"The Morals of Chess" (1786)
1023:The Busy-Body columns (1729)
964:United States Postal Service
790:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
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1599:William Franklin (grandson)
1319:Jefferson Memorial pediment
1240:Royal Society of Arts medal
1115:A Letter to a Royal Academy
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532:Toastmasters International
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1299:Portland, Oregon, statue
1167:Franklin as a journalist
1136:An Address to the Public
1029:The Pennsylvania Gazette
785:Franco-American alliance
736:(1754 political cartoon)
597:"Rules of a Society" in
1708:History of Philadelphia
1537:The New-England Courant
1334:One-hundred-dollar bill
1235:Benjamin Franklin Medal
1198:Benjamin Franklin House
1042:Poor Richard's Almanack
949:Early American currency
900:111th Infantry Regiment
768:"...to be self-evident"
1589:Francis Franklin (son)
1584:William Franklin (son)
1531:American Enlightenment
1470:(2002 animated series)
1339:Franklin silver dollar
1314:Washington D.C. statue
1289:Columbus, Ohio, statue
1274:Revolutionary War Door
1160:Bagatelles and Satires
1154:(1771–1790, pub. 1791)
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979:Master, Les Neuf SĹ“urs
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741:Albany Plan of Union
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202:, and inventor; and
132:, also known as the
50:improve this article
1639:Jane Mecom (sister)
1579:Deborah Read (wife)
1551:American Revolution
1544:The American Museum
1423:(1964 musical play)
1394:Ben Franklin effect
1502:(2022 documentary)
1404:In popular culture
1218:Franklin Institute
944:Union Fire Company
832:Postmaster General
812:Libertas Americana
795:Treaty of Alliance
601:(1714) p. 113
146:natural philosophy
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763:Committee of Five
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625:Essays to do good
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467:. I have not.
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67: –
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61:Find sources:
55:
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39:This article
37:
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1349:other stamps
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1245:Depicted in
1188:Bibliography
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848:other events
780:Model Treaty
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569:. Retrieved
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142:Philadelphia
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1454:(1989 film)
1162:(pub. 1845)
1044:(1732–1758)
1031:(1729–1790)
895:Associators
846:Inventions,
252:at present.
208:bibliophile
106:August 2014
1692:Categories
1484:John Adams
1413:Ben and Me
959:Fugio cent
907:Junto club
571:2023-08-03
548:References
542:Wicht Club
537:Whig Junto
377:knowledge.
271:John Locke
257:Prehistory
221:Penn State
212:astrologer
76:newspapers
1436:1972 film
984:Gravesite
415:deserves?
354:Questions
188:scrivener
166:surveyors
1677:Category
1556:patriots
1546:magazine
1508:Franklin
1460:Liberty!
1388:Franklin
993:Writings
860:Bifocals
494:See also
423:country,
265:Dry Club
162:printers
1519:Related
409:mankind
196:glazier
152:History
90:scholar
1572:Family
1447:(1972)
1223:awards
1181:Legacy
1146:(1789)
1138:(1789)
1125:(1784)
1117:(1781)
1104:(1773)
1096:(1767)
1088:(1758)
1075:(1751)
1067:(1751)
1018:(1725)
465:Answer
277:, and
194:was a
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1228:medal
486:Answ.
474:I do.
472:Answ.
158:junta
130:Junto
97:JSTOR
83:books
1429:1776
488:Yes.
479:Ans.
168:, a
128:The
69:news
481:No.
140:in
52:by
1694::
564:.
273:,
235::
198:,
164:,
1438:)
686:e
679:t
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119:)
113:(
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104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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