Judith of Bavaria (died 843)

1495: 556:

three – you set whom you made the sharer in your title, over the others. And then you ordered these actions to be written down and, once written, to be signed and corroborated. Then, you sent who had been made consort in your title to Rome, your deeds to be approved and confirmed by the highest pontiff. Then you ordered all to swear that they would all follow and preserve such an election and division. No one considered this oath irrelevant or worthy of scorn but rather timely and legitimate, since it seemed to pertain to peace and concord. And over the course of time, whenever and wherever imperial letters were sent, they contained the names of both emperors.

851:, in 844, named after his mother. This marriage, however, proved futile for Judith's career, power and influence. With the introduction of a new queen, Judith became of ex officio importance, resulting in her forced retirement as well as withdrawal of the lands and wealth under her control. Her health began to fail in 842, and she died on 19 April 843 in Tours, outliving her husband by three years, after more than a year of ill health, including coughing and dizziness. It is believed that she was around 46 years of age when she died, her husband had been closer to 62. She was buried at the 309: 424:

the politics of the realm and the court. It is not unreasonable to consider that she had some influence acting as a counsel woman for her husband. Judith's very position and proximity to the emperor as his wife meant she was in immediate proximity to him and consequently had the ability and opportunity to influence the decisions of her husband. Judith's role and prominence in court would see a dramatic rise after the birth of her son, as she sought to establish a political and courtly base for Charles, against the threat that Lothar posed for his succession.

487: 433: 42: 470:

Consequently, it became of the utmost importance for Judith to secure the throne for her son and protect him from the attacks and threats that his paternal brothers posed. Lothar, being the most prominent and the oldest of Ermengard's children, presented the greatest threat to Judith and Charles. Yet, realizing this, Judith selected Lothar as Charles' godfather. This strategic move meant Charles would have a political tie in the eventual disputes succession that would inevitably follow Louis' death.

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seize control of the king and consequently the Carolingian succession they had to replace the current court, controlled by Judith, with their own. Judith was accused of having an incestuous relationship with Louis the Pious's godson, Bernard of Septimania (who was the lynchpin of her court). This led to her capture and exile to Italy at the nunnery of Saint Radegund in 830. After the crisis she returned to Aachen and continued her effort to see that Charles would take control.

1726: 272:(North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). Like many of the royal marriages of the time Judith was selected, prior to the marriage through a bridal show. It is at the bride show that, at the age of forty one, Louis chose the young Judith "after inspecting noble maidens who were brought to his court from all districts". In Frankish society, only women of the nobility were eligible to compete; this specific trait is highlighted in the 844:, leaving Judith a widow. She, however, continued to support her son Charles in his military campaigns and endeavours, gathering troops from Aquentine in 841. In April of that same year, Charles received his crown and all of his royal attire, which contemporaries of the time herald as a divine act. Most likely, however, Judith was well aware of Charles's location and had sent the royal artifacts to meet up with her son. 305:. This fact would have made them desirable allies for Louis, since any military campaign in the empire's eastern frontiers would require the emperor to travel through this region. By marrying Judith, in other words, the emperor would effectively gain friends and allies, an important military and political stronghold, and the support of the nobility in that region. 213:. No surviving sources provide a record of Judith's exact date and year of birth. Judith was probably born around 797. Most girls in the Carolingian world were married in adolescence, with twelve years as the minimum age, though her marriage to the 41-year-old King Louis occurred in 819, when she was probably around 22 years old. 394:) and ensuring that the emperor was free to focus on ruling the kingdom, without distraction of minor details like the court's appearance. It is not to be inferred from this brief sketch, however, that her role was in any sense superfluous and relegated to the realm of aesthetics. She had a working relationship with the 723:, Louis' chamberlain and trusted adviser. This portrayal and image stands in contrast to poems about Judith. The poems depict her as "a second biblical Judith, a Mary sister of Aaron in her musical abilities, a Saphho, a prophetess, cultivated, chaste, intelligent, pious, strong in spirit, and sweet in conversation". 609:

and quick-striking arrows, and wishes to go in pursuit, as his father so often does. He pours prayers upon prayers, but his beautiful mother prevents him from leaving, and refuses his wishes. If his teacher and his mother do not restrain the impetuous youth (as youths are wont to do), he shall chase after on foot.

459:, who was born on 13 June 823. More commonly known as "Charles the Bald", he would eventually become emperor, following in the footsteps of his father Louis. The birth of Charles had a significant effect on Judith's life, because Charles was the only male heir of Louis' second marriage. His birth put the 763:

Judith was left alone in 830 in Aachen, as Louis decided to undertake a campaign into Brittany. The campaign itself, however, was greatly opposed, because of its difficulties. Some of the magnates attempted to alter the attitudes of the people and turn them against Louis. The plot was to depose Louis

673:

Several marriages in 839 sought to solidify a future for Charles and an entente with Lothar. The first was the marriage of Gisele, the daughter of Louis and Judith, to Eberhard, the duke of Friuli, who was a leading supporter of Lothar. A second such marriage was that between Judith's brother Conrad

832:

to rise up against Lothar. Hearing of the vast armies approaching him, Lothar fled, leaving his father behind. Louis thus regained control and offered to forgive Lothar for his actions. Lothar, however, scorned the offer. It was during this turbulent political to-and-fro that followers of Louis the

555:

And thus you carried out everything that should have been done in such a situation, with such faith, with such hope, that no one would doubt that this was infused and inspired in you by God. You assigned parts of your kingdom to the rest of your sons but – that the kingdom might be one and not

533:

did not specify Bernard as the immediate successor and continued ruler of Italy. Consequently, Bernard, alarmed by the fact that his future inheritance was at stake, rose up against Louis. The rebellion was swiftly quelled by Louis' forces. Bernard was blinded and would eventually die on 17 April

292:

attributed Judith's selection to her extraordinary beauty, intelligence, and musical ability. It is just as likely, however, that Louis was attracted to the geographical and political advantages offered by Judith's family. While scholars differ as to whether the Welfs were of Frankish or Alemannian

778:

In 831, around 1 February Judith stood trial at the assembly arranged by the Emperor. At the assembly she "declared her willingness to purge herself on all the charges levelled against her". No one was found in the general assembly who wanted to charge her for any crime. She purged herself, by the

730:

wrote a dedicatory letter to Judith, exalting her "praiseworthy intellect" and for her "good works". The letter commends her in the turbulent times amidst battles, wishing that she may see victory amidst the struggles she is facing. It also implores her "to follow through with a good deed once you

608:

Judith, who has with her the young Charles; in a twinkling she passes by, placing her faith in her feet-- if flight does not give her aid, surely she will perish. Seeing this, the young Charles begs for a horse, for he desires to do as his father does; earnestly he pleads for weapons, for a quiver

423:

or a similar campaign in the same region in 830, Judith would not only have to take care of the running of the courtly society, but also step in as a representative of the King. In this capacity she would come to be involved in the politics of the realm. But she also had other avenues to influence

681:

After Louis's death Judith helped and assisted Charles in his campaigns against Lothar. She sent troops to assist Charles in his endeavour to secure Aquitaine and the majority of Francia in order to reduce the number of competitors. She also exercised influence over him. When archbishop George of

638:

The three eldest sons of Louis the Pious revolted against their father in order to control the ordering of the Carolingian succession. It was Judith's dominance and control of the court, thereby being able to dictate who saw Louis and influence him, that was the focus of their revolt. In order to

775:, between the Emperor, the Saxons and East Franks, it was adjudged, by "all the bishops, abbots, counts and other Franks" that Judith, even though she was taken unjustly, should be brought back and made to stand trial for any crime she may have committed and "undergo the judgment of the Franks". 767:

Prior to Easter Week in 830 (17–24 April) Pippin, with Lothar's consent, and with a large proportion of the people "took away from the Emperor his royal power, and also his wife". Judith was veiled ("the female equivalent of tonsuring rival claimants to the throne") and sent to the convent of St

385:

define the role and consequently the realm of influence of the empress to that of the court. If these documents are indicative of the empress's role in the court and palace in general, then it may be reasonably inferred what roles Judith would have acted in. Sources tell us that Judith's and the

335:

in northern Italy). The monastery of San Salvatore and all the assets that fall under its jurisdiction, would fall under the protection of the King. Although, according to modern sources, the dowry was indicative that the marriage was in fact a "Vollehe" (full marriage), it did not mean that the

710:

in 833. These tracts were meant as propaganda against Judith from the court of Lothar in order to undermine her court and influence. The tracts themselves attack her character, claiming her to be of a cunning and underhanded nature and of corrupting her husband. These attacks were predominantly

677:

Judith also collaborated with the magnates that worked on the will of Louis in order to promote Charles. Fearing that Louis would die before the matter was settled, Judith advised that Louis take to his aid one of his three sons (Pippin, Lothar or Louis) in order to unite Charles and one of the

576:

Most information on Judith surrounds the activities for her son and her attempts to ensure his succession to the throne. Their political futures depended on each other; if Judith were widowed, her future as an empress could potentially be threatened by stepsons that no longer had familial or

469:

outlined that only a full heir could rule, but since there were several viable candidates that met the requirements, (mainly Lothar, Peppin and Louis the German from the marriage to Ermengard and Charles from the marriage to Judith) an eventual strain on rightful succession was inevitable.

585:, the archbishop of Rheims, asking him to pray for the health of Charles, but also promising that if he ever sent the ring back to her in times of trouble she would help him. Politically this move is significant given that Ebbo was one of the most powerful people in the land and a " 419:. Her command was therefore no less significant or important than that of the King. However, in time of separation, be it war, sickness or pregnancy, this single ruling couple/entity would be divided. Consequently, when Louis endeavoured on his campaign in 824 against the 356:

Historical sources show a gap in information available on Judith in the four years between her marriage in 819 and the birth of Charles in 823. The most likely cause of this gap is that Judith would only rise to historical prominence when she became involved in her son's,

415:. Having her own administration was not only instrumentally important in ensuring a smooth running of the court and the daily affairs of the palace, but also a political necessity. The King and Queen were technically seen as a single entity, as is the case in the 541:

coupled with the fact that Judith would most likely outlive her husband, meant that it became imperative for Judith to establish a political base of her own, not only for her own safety and the continuation of her queenship, but also for the safety of her son.

549:

to Louis, Agobard articulates the way in which Louis strove to establish an orderly settlement between his four sons. Here we see that Ermengarde's son Lothar is granted more power than Louis' other sons, jeopardising the future of both Judith and Charles:

715:

accused Judith by associating her with the engagement in debauchery and witchcraft, of filling the palace with "soothsayers... seers and mutes as well as dream interpreters and those who consult entrail, indeed all those skilled in malign craft".

744:

Likewise, O queen, forever keep your eyes of your heart fixed upon Queen Esther as a model of dutiful and holy behaviour so that by equalling her holiness you might be able to climb from this earthly kingdom to the heights of the heavenly

787:

In 833 Louis heard news of his sons, Pippin, Lothar and Louis the German, allying in order to orchestrate a revolt against him. Louis failed to prevent the revolt and was overthrown, resulting in Lothar seizing power. For Judith the

336:

dowry would remain solely within the possession of the Queen in perpetuity; rather it could be taken from her depending on the political climate, as would later be the case in Judith's life, after her fall from power and influence.

228:(present-day southwestern Germany and northern Switzerland) eventually rose to power through cementing familial ties with the Carolingian Imperial Aristocracy in the 770s. Nonetheless, they remained a part of the upper aristocracy ( 240:(counts) in primary sources. This noble status made Judith a suitable marriage prospect for the imperial family, and the Welf clan as a whole saw its prestige and power increase after Judith's marriage to the Carolingian emperor 634:

of Orleans. Given that both magnates had extremely close ties with Lothar, this suggests Judith was already attempting to cultivate Lothar's sympathies and place herself and her son in a politically favourable position.

339:

In later Carolingian societies the act of coronation was closely tied with the marriage. It was only upon the completion of the marriage that queenship and thus legitimacy was bestowed. When Louis married his first wife

642:

Given Judith's role in court and her rise in power, especially in the waning year of Louis's life, the political ties that Judith had built in court became the political ties of Charles. These included, amongst others,

507:

stated that Louis oldest son Lothar would become co-emperor and would receive the whole of Francia. It also stated that Lothar's younger brothers, Pippin, aged 19, and Louis the German, aged 10, would inherit

390:) duties included, among others: caring that she, her servants and the King himself, particularly his jewelry, looked presentable and of appropriate appearance, overseeing the transfer of the yearly tribute ( 185:. The birth of her son led to a major dispute over the imperial succession, and tensions between her and Charles' half-brothers from Louis' first marriage. She eventually fell from grace when Charles' wife, 398:

of the court, (the top administrator for the incomes, goods and running of the household), which means that she was in an influential position when it came to the functioning and the running of the court.

410:

It is not unlikely that, in order to complete these tasks, Judith would have had her own court personnel. This was not an uncommon phenomenon, it having existed according to sources since the time of the

623:

Not only does this highlight Judith's role as an influential force in Charles' life, but it also establishes an ambitious young Charles as a son that follows in the footsteps of his father Louis.

344:

in 794, she was crowned and called "augusta", a title that harkens back to the Roman "augustus". This bestowed on Ermengard the title of empress as it did Judith when she married Louis and was "

499:

On 9 April 817 a timber roof collapsed on Louis and his men in Aachen. The event shocked Louis and led the emperor to reconsider the distribution of his power and succession for his heirs. The

711:

anti-feminist in nature. When Louis still did not sever marital ties with Judith, Agobard claimed that Judith's extramarital affairs were carried out "first secretly and later impudently".

320:. It was not uncommon that brides were given some form of dowry upon marrying into royalty. Judith's marriage was no exception to this practice and she received, according to sources, the 719:

Characterized as a Jezebel and a Justina, Judith was accused by one of her enemies, Paschasius Radbertus, of engaging in debauchery and witchcraft with her purported lover, Count

702:

However, the rise of Judith's power, influence and activity in the court sparked resentment towards her. Agobard of Lyons, a supporter of Lothar, wrote two tracts

537:

The birth of Charles as well as Lothar's marriage in 821 meant that two imperial households were now vying for control. The strain over how to interpret the

503:

was a reconfiguration and re-imagining of in the division of Charlemagne's inheritance, which he had always envisioned but never fully implemented. The

1484: 1676: 808:

as a captive of Lothar. Pippin and Louis the German, however, condemned the treatment of their father by Lothar and in 834 summoned armies from

603:, provides insight into Judith's influence over her son Charles. The scene describes Judith and Charles interacting while Louis goes on a hunt: 1409: 589:" and friend of Louis. This marks a distinct effort on the part of Judith to bolster her influence and secure the political future of her son. 377:

can be drawn upon to provide information on roles and responsibilities that Judith would have most likely played in court. Specifically, the

1131:

Hrabanus Maurus (856), Dedicatory letter to the Expositio in librum Judith (in Migne, Patrologia latina, vol. 109; transl. Sean Gilsdorf.

177:. Marriage to Louis marked the beginning of her rise as an influential figure in the Carolingian court. She had two children with Louis, 2402: 224:) that dominated high office throughout the Carolingian empire. The Welf clan's leaders, having lost influence in their home region of 2503: 1762: 2533: 1611: 1051: 978: 626:

Other poetry by Ermoldus from 826 describes Judith following her son in procession, flanked on either side by the magnates Count

1000: 2528: 837:

and Pippin among them, heard of a plot to kill Judith. With their help Judith escaped and returned to Aachen in the same year.

2277: 2163: 2538: 2183: 2128: 1626: 1571: 1286:, Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 35 (1992): 299–312. Translations of original texts follow those made by Bührer-Thierry 2523: 2212: 2148: 441: 178: 122: 1715: 731:

have begun it" and "to improve yourself at all times". Most strikingly the letter wishes Judith to look to the biblical

2513: 1701: 1402: 2508: 2422: 2153: 1474: 1469: 17: 2498: 2247: 1921: 1681: 1651: 1636: 1591: 1556: 834: 852: 99: 2375: 1671: 2518: 2488: 2173: 1786: 1755: 1729: 1719: 1666: 1395: 2493: 2483: 2217: 1959: 1661: 1418: 2252: 1646: 656: 2395: 2370: 1964: 1561: 158: 1979: 1656: 529:

getting in the way of his eventual rise to power. Bernard had been ruling Italy since 810. Yet, the

268:, Louis was urged by his counselors to remarry. Shortly after Christmas in 819 he married Judith in 1748: 1691: 1581: 683: 460: 361:, life as an advocate for his career as successor to the throne. However, various sources like the 1994: 1379: 186: 2267: 1781: 1521: 202: 148: 2341: 2029: 1876: 1601: 324: 2014: 2103: 2063: 1984: 1434: 1339: 720: 667: 341: 253: 2441: 648: 2272: 2168: 2143: 2123: 2113: 2108: 2098: 1999: 1696: 1621: 1596: 1551: 1454: 712: 652: 363: 261: 2346: 455:

After having spent most of her second pregnancy in Frankfurt, she had another child named

407:

to her, praising her erudition, pointing to her role as a patron of culture and learning.

8: 2478: 2473: 2331: 2178: 1936: 1916: 1797: 1641: 1616: 1586: 1576: 1444: 1365: 1356: 1346: 1310: 170: 138: 49: 2413: 1203:. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1991. Print. p. 21-24 (830-831), 27 (833), 29-30 (834) 2432: 2361: 2326: 2293: 2282: 2262: 2237: 2227: 2138: 2118: 2078: 2073: 2039: 1566: 1479: 1426: 848: 445: 308: 486: 2306: 2222: 2158: 2093: 2083: 2024: 2004: 1969: 1511: 1503: 1023: 596: 369: 293:

descent, it is clear that they controlled significant territories to the east of the

281: 210: 117: 2188: 2385: 2351: 2317: 2257: 2242: 2133: 1954: 1606: 1541: 1526: 1220: 1187: 1085: 687: 526: 456: 374: 358: 285: 257: 182: 126: 1227:. London, Leicester UP, 1998. Print. p. 18, 19, 20, 93, 94 130, 145, 166, 180 2336: 2198: 2068: 1546: 1536: 1531: 1375: 1173: 578: 546: 525:

A major sticking point that concerned Lothar was Louis' nineteen-year-old nephew

241: 206: 174: 110: 432: 2232: 2054: 2034: 1052:"RI I n. 925d, Ludwig der Fromme, 833 iuni 30, Rotfelth : Regesta Imperii" 793: 727: 660: 41: 518: 2467: 2207: 2044: 1686: 1631: 1210:. Husum: Matthiesen, 2005. Print. p. 26, 27, 28, 35, 37, 39, 44, 77, 130 627: 979:"RI I n. 683a, Ludwig der Fromme, 819 febr. 00, .... : Regesta Imperii" 2088: 1911: 1740: 1197: 1152: 586: 412: 1926: 1906: 1901: 1856: 1851: 1255:. London: Longman, 1992. Print.p. 74-75 (818), 93, 98, 100, 116, 119 1225:

Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages

1217:. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan, 1972. Print. p. 105 (819), 149 (841) 934:

Queens, Concubines and Dowagers: The King's Wife in the Early Middle Ages

686:, Judith counselled Charles to be merciful towards the archbishop, which 478: 440:

Judith had two children with Louis. Her first child was a daughter named

232:) of their region, given the numerous appearances of the noble titles of 678:

brothers in mutual interest should a revolt happen after Louis's death.

1941: 1891: 1866: 1811: 1449: 1387: 1248:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1981. Print. p. 80, 90 817: 779:

customs of the Franks, of all the things that she had been accused of.

593: 449: 1001:"RI I n. 802, Ludwig der Fromme, 819-825, .... : Regesta Imperii" 2019: 2009: 1871: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1516: 1464: 1459: 841: 813: 809: 664: 644: 509: 321: 302: 265: 225: 444:, born in 820. Gisela would eventually be married off by Judith to 1974: 1945: 1896: 1886: 1881: 1861: 1821: 1816: 1806: 772: 736: 332: 684:

a battle in which 40,000 men fell on the side of Lothar and Pippin

1831: 1215:

Carolingian Chronicles, Royal Frankish Annals Nithard’s Histories

950:

Carolingian Chronicles, Royal Frankish Annals Nithard's Histories

825: 801: 631: 513: 420: 400: 328: 298: 133: 1296: 1266: 1246:

Women in Frankish Society: Marriage and the Cloister, 500 to 900

966:

Women in Frankish Society: Marriage and the Cloister, 500 to 900

276:, where Judith is referred to as stemming from a noble lineage ( 220:

were noble, they were not part of the '"Imperial Aristocracy'" (

1826: 829: 821: 805: 732: 317: 289: 269: 577:

political concerns for her wellbeing. Outlined in a letter to

448:, a significant supporter of Lothar. Gisela was the mother of 1282:, Translated by Sean Gilsdorf from Geneviève Bührer-Thierry, 294: 217: 190: 88: 847:

Charles married Ermentrude in 842 and fathered a daughter,

789: 764:

the Pious, "to destroy their stepmother and kill Bernard".

582: 1232:

Prosopographie De L'entourage De Louis Le Pieux (781-840)

968:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1981. Print. 1494: 1239:

Caesar's Wife. The Career of the Empress Judith 819–829

1102:

Caesar's Wife. The Career of the Empress Judith 819–829

465:

and its designations for successor under question. The

252:

After the death on 3 October 818 of Louis' first wife

1094: 1213:

Rogers, Barbara, Bernhard W. Scholz, and Nithardus.

1046: 1044: 948:

Rogers, Barbara, Bernhard W. Scholz, and Nithardus.

726:

However, Judith also garnered devotion and respect.

692:

For my part I’ll let you go—as my mother tells me to

494: 1178:

Dedicatory letter to the Expositio in librum Judith

27:

Carolingian empress, second wife of Louis the Pious

1192:On the Division of the Empire (to Louis the Pious) 1127: 1125: 1123: 1041: 2465: 2452:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in 297:, and were predominant political actors in both 1120: 346:crowned as empress and acclaimed augusta by all 1241:. In: Peter Goodman, Roger Collins p. 214 1756: 1677:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1403: 581:Judith, upon Charles's birth, sent a ring to 1770: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 952:. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan, 1972. Print. 630:, who was Lothar's father-in-law, and Count 1262:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966. Print. 1208:Kaiserin Judith: Eine Politische Biographie 910:Kaiserin Judith: Eine Politische Biographie 1763: 1749: 1410: 1396: 1159:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1104:. In: Peter Goodman, Roger Collins. Print. 1024:"A letter from Freculf, bishop of Lisieux" 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 189:, rose to power. She was buried in 843 in 40: 1134: 571: 247: 1417: 1107: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 960: 958: 944: 942: 833:Pious who were in Italy, Bishop Ratold, 485: 477: 431: 307: 915: 904: 902: 900: 898: 896: 894: 892: 890: 888: 768:Radegund at Poitiers in the same year. 674:with Adelaide, Lothar's sister in law. 14: 2466: 1234:. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke, 1997. Print. 1151: 886: 884: 882: 880: 878: 876: 874: 872: 870: 868: 490:Carolingian territorial divisions, 843 1744: 1391: 1066: 955: 939: 758: 936:. London, Leicester UP, 1998. Print. 771:At an assembly held on 1 October at 1028:Epistolae: Medieval Women's Letters 1021: 865: 840:Louis died in 840 at his palace in 739:as inspiration and as a role model 280:). Contemporary witnesses such as 24: 1702:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 25: 2550: 2504:Women from the Carolingian Empire 2423:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily 1290: 1260:The Letters of Lupus of Ferrières 1184:, vol. 109; transl. Sean Gilsdorf 912:. Husum: Matthiesen, 2005. Print. 682:Ravenna was taken prisoner after 495:Imperial succession and partition 403:dedicated the second half of his 201:Judith was the daughter of Count 1725: 1724: 1592:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut 1493: 708:Against Judith the Wife of Louis 1687:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary 1258:Lupus, and Graydon W. Regenos. 1091:. London: Longman, 1992. Print. 853:Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours 804:. Louis spent the next year in 316:Judith married Louis in 819 in 100:Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours 2534:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors 1714:For Empresses after 1806, see 1672:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick 1557:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy 1015: 993: 971: 704:Two Books in Favor of the Sons 13: 1: 2529:9th-century empresses consort 2174:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy 1787:List of French royal consorts 1667:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg 1306:Judith of Bavaria (died 843) 1267:http://www.regesta-imperii.de 858: 782: 312:Location of Aachen in Germany 196: 169:(797 – 19 April 843) was the 2218:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne 1662:Claudia Felicitas of Austria 473: 351: 7: 2539:Mothers of Italian monarchs 1647:Maria Leopoldine of Austria 1582:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem 1517:Theophanu of Constantinople 697: 427: 10: 2555: 2524:9th-century queens consort 1965:Desiderata of the Lombards 1720:the corresponding template 1562:Constance, Queen of Sicily 1460:Saint Richardis of Nordgau 1278:Geneviève Bührer-Thierry, 1167: 436:Family Tree of Charlemagne 159:Hedwig, Duchess of Bavaria 2514:9th-century French people 2450: 2431: 2412: 2384: 2360: 2316: 2291: 2197: 2053: 1935: 1796: 1776: 1710: 1657:Margaret Theresa of Spain 1502: 1491: 1425: 1372: 1363: 1353: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1304: 792:resulted in her exile in 405:Twelve Books of Histories 154: 144: 132: 116: 106: 94: 75: 67: 63: 55: 48: 39: 34: 2509:9th-century French women 2396:Marie Joséphine of Savoy 2371:Joséphine de Beauharnais 1771:Royal consorts of France 1692:Maria Josepha of Bavaria 386:steward of the court's ( 288:, and Louis' biographer 2499:Frankish queens consort 1782:List of Frankish queens 1682:Maria Amalia of Austria 1522:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 1244:Wemple, Suzanne Fonay. 1201:The Annals of St-Bertin 1157:The Annals of St-Bertin 964:Wemple, Suzanne Fonay. 690:of Ravenna recalled as 545:In a letter written by 327:, which was located in 2388:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 2342:Maria Theresa of Spain 2030:Beatrice of Vermandois 1877:Brunhilda of Austrasia 1602:Elizabeth of Pomerania 1475:Anna of Constantinople 1465:Ageltrude of Benevento 1273:Poem in Honor of Louis 1115:Poem in Honor of Louis 756: 621: 601:Poem in Honor of Louis 572:Advocating for Charles 567: 491: 483: 482:Carolingian empire 828 437: 313: 248:Courtship and marriage 173:as the second wife of 2104:Adelaide of Maurienne 2064:Adelaide of Aquitaine 1995:Ermentrude of Orléans 1985:Ermengarde of Hesbaye 1617:Bianca Maria of Milan 1435:Ermengarde of Hesbaye 1380:Ermentrude of Orléans 1340:Ermengarde of Hesbaye 741: 721:Bernard of Septimania 651:, the palace clerics 605: 552: 489: 481: 435: 311: 256:, mother of his sons 187:Ermentrude of Orléans 86:19 April 843 (Age 46) 2519:French queen mothers 2489:Holy Roman Empresses 2278:Elisabeth of Austria 2268:Catherine de' Medici 2169:Clementia of Hungary 2164:Margaret of Burgundy 2144:Margaret of Provence 2124:Isabella of Hainault 2114:Constance of Castile 2109:Eleanor of Aquitaine 2099:Bertrade of Montfort 2000:Richilde of Provence 1716:Empresses of Austria 1622:Isabella of Portugal 1552:Richenza of Northeim 1455:Richilde of Provence 1419:Holy Roman Empresses 1280:The Adulterous Queen 713:Paschasius Radbertus 417:Capitulare de villis 379:Capitulare de villis 364:Capitulare de villis 2494:Elder House of Welf 2484:Carolingian dynasty 2184:Marie of Luxembourg 2179:Blanche of Burgundy 2129:Ingeborg of Denmark 2015:Théodrate of Troyes 1917:Balthild of Chelles 1642:Maria Anna of Spain 1612:Eleanor of Portugal 1587:Isabella of England 1577:Constance of Aragon 1450:Engelberga of Parma 1445:Ermengarde of Tours 1366:Queen of the Franks 1357:Ermengarde of Tours 1347:Carolingian empress 1311:Elder House of Welf 1297:The Regesta Imperii 1271:Ermoldus Nigellus, 1230:Depreux, Philippe. 1113:Ermoldus Nigellus, 932:Stafford, Pauline. 392:Abgabe der Vasallen 171:Carolingian empress 139:Elder House of Welf 50:Carolingian Empress 2442:Eugénie de Montijo 2433:House of Bonaparte 2362:House of Bonaparte 2327:Margaret of Valois 2294:House of Lancaster 2283:Louise of Lorraine 2263:Eleanor of Austria 2238:Charlotte of Savoy 2228:Isabeau of Bavaria 2213:Blanche of Navarre 2149:Isabella of Aragon 2139:Blanche of Castile 2119:Adela of Champagne 2079:Constance of Arles 2074:Bertha of Burgundy 2040:Gerberga of Saxony 1652:Eleonora of Mantua 1637:Eleonora of Mantua 1567:Beatrice of Swabia 1547:Matilda of England 1427:Carolingian Empire 849:Judith of Flanders 759:Disgrace and exile 649:Lupus of Ferrières 618:, Agobard of Lyons 516:respectively (the 492: 484: 446:Eberhard of Friuli 438: 401:Freculf of Lisieux 331:(in the region of 314: 222:Reichsaristokratie 2461: 2460: 2364:(1804–1814; 1815) 2347:Marie Leszczyńska 2307:Margaret of Anjou 2223:Joanna of Bourbon 2159:Joan I of Navarre 2094:Bertha of Holland 2084:Matilda of Frisia 2025:Eadgifu of Wessex 2005:Adelaide of Paris 1990:Judith of Bavaria 1738: 1737: 1697:Ludovica of Spain 1512:Adelaide of Italy 1504:Holy Roman Empire 1440:Judith of Bavaria 1386: 1385: 1373:Succeeded by 1354:Succeeded by 1284:La reine adultère 1265:Regesta Imperii: 1251:Nelson, Janet L. 1221:Stafford, Pauline 1182:Patrologia Latina 616:Ermoldus Nigellus 597:Ermoldus Nigellus 539:ordinatio imperii 531:ordinatio imperii 505:ordinatio imperii 501:ordinatio Imperii 467:ordinatio imperii 462:Ordinatio Imperii 383:De ordine palatii 370:De ordine palatii 282:Ermoldus Nigellus 167:Judith of Bavaria 164: 163: 59:819 - 20 June 840 35:Judith of Bavaria 18:Judith (died 843) 16:(Redirected from 2546: 2414:House of Orléans 2386:House of Bourbon 2352:Marie Antoinette 2332:Marie de' Medici 2318:House of Bourbon 2258:Claude of France 2243:Anne of Brittany 2208:Joan of Burgundy 2154:Marie of Brabant 2134:Agnes of Merania 1955:Bertrada of Laon 1765: 1758: 1751: 1742: 1741: 1728: 1727: 1607:Barbara of Cilli 1597:Anna of Świdnica 1572:Maria of Brabant 1542:Eupraxia of Kiev 1527:Gisela of Swabia 1497: 1496: 1485:Anna of Provence 1480:Bertila of Parma 1412: 1405: 1398: 1389: 1388: 1337:Preceded by 1327: 1320: 1302: 1301: 1253:Charles the Bald 1237:Elizabeth Ward: 1198:Nelson, Janet L. 1188:Agobard of Lyons 1161: 1160: 1149: 1132: 1129: 1118: 1117:, Sean Gilsdorf. 1111: 1105: 1100:Elizabeth Ward: 1098: 1092: 1089:Charles the Bald 1086:Nelson, Janet L. 1083: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1008: 997: 991: 990: 988: 986: 975: 969: 962: 953: 946: 937: 930: 913: 906: 754: 688:Andreas Agnellus 619: 565: 563:Agobard of Lyons 547:Agobard of Lyons 527:Bernard of Italy 375:Hincmar of Reims 359:Charles The Bald 286:Walahfrid Strabo 278:Edlen Geschlecht 258:Louis the German 183:Charles the Bald 85: 83: 44: 32: 31: 21: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2446: 2427: 2408: 2380: 2356: 2337:Anne of Austria 2312: 2287: 2199:House of Valois 2193: 2069:Rozala of Italy 2049: 1940: 1931: 1792: 1791: 1772: 1769: 1739: 1734: 1706: 1537:Bertha of Savoy 1532:Agnes of Poitou 1498: 1489: 1470:Ota of Neustria 1421: 1416: 1382: 1378: 1376:Emma of Altdorf 1369: 1359: 1350: 1342: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1293: 1275:, Sean Gilsdorf 1174:Hrabanus Maurus 1170: 1165: 1164: 1150: 1135: 1130: 1121: 1112: 1108: 1099: 1095: 1084: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1020: 1016: 1006: 1004: 999: 998: 994: 984: 982: 977: 976: 972: 963: 956: 947: 940: 931: 916: 907: 866: 861: 785: 761: 755: 752:Hrabanus Maurus 750: 728:Hrabanus Maurus 700: 620: 614: 579:Pope Nicholas I 574: 566: 561: 497: 476: 430: 354: 274:Regesta Imperii 254:Queen Ermengard 250: 242:Louis the Pious 203:Welf of Bavaria 199: 175:Louis the Pious 125: 111:Louis the Pious 102: 87: 81: 79: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2552: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2459: 2458: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2436: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2365: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2349: 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Retrieved 973: 965: 949: 933: 909: 846: 839: 797: 786: 777: 770: 766: 762: 751: 743: 742: 733:Queen Esther 725: 718: 707: 703: 701: 691: 680: 676: 672: 641: 637: 625: 622: 615: 607: 606: 600: 591: 575: 568: 562: 554: 553: 544: 538: 536: 530: 524: 517: 504: 500: 498: 466: 461: 454: 439: 416: 413:Merovingians 409: 404: 395: 391: 387: 382: 378: 368: 362: 355: 345: 338: 315: 277: 273: 251: 237: 233: 229: 221: 215: 200: 166: 165: 29: 2435:(1852–1870) 2416:(1830–1848) 2320:(1589–1792) 2298:(1422–1453) 2273:Mary Stuart 2201:(1328–1589) 1927:Chrothildis 1907:Wulfefundis 1902:Ragintrudis 1857:Austregilde 1852:Theudechild 1180:(in Migne, 1054:(in German) 1003:(in German) 981:(in German) 818:Austrasians 587:milkbrother 236:(duke) and 216:Though the 209:noblewoman 2479:843 deaths 2474:797 births 2468:Categories 2253:Mary Tudor 2057:(987–1328) 1942:Robertians 1892:Gomentrude 1867:Galswintha 1812:Ultragotha 1319:795 or 805 859:References 783:Later life 663:, and the 653:Prudentius 594:court poet 450:Berengar I 197:Early life 2020:Frederuna 2010:Richardis 1970:Hildegard 1948:(751–987) 1922:Bilichild 1872:Fredegund 1847:Marcovefa 1842:Merofleda 1837:Ingoberga 1800:(509–751) 1022:Freculf. 842:Ingelheim 814:Bavarians 810:Aquitaine 665:seneschal 645:Walahfrid 510:Aquitaine 474:Civil war 352:Queenship 342:Ermengard 322:monastery 303:Alemannia 226:Alemannia 82:843-04-19 1980:Luitgard 1975:Fastrada 1960:Gerberga 1946:Bosonids 1897:Nanthild 1887:Sichilde 1882:Bertrude 1862:Audovera 1822:Radegund 1817:Guntheuc 1807:Clotilde 1730:Category 1370:819–840 1351:819–840 1155:(1991). 828:and the 773:Nijmegen 749:— 737:Xerxes I 698:Scandals 613:— 560:— 428:Children 396:Kämmerer 388:Kämmerer 381:and the 367:and the 333:Lombardy 244:in 819. 230:Hochadel 2454:italics 1832:Aregund 1176:(856), 1168:Sources 1033:25 June 826:Alemans 802:Tortona 798:civitas 796:at the 745:kingdom 668:Adalard 632:Matfrid 514:Bavaria 457:Charles 421:Bretons 329:Brescia 299:Bavaria 238:comital 127:Charles 1827:Ingund 1322: 1194:c. 830 1058:15 May 1007:15 May 985:15 May 830:Franks 822:Saxons 806:Aachen 657:Wenilo 442:Gisela 318:Aachen 290:Thegan 270:Aachen 266:Lothar 262:Peppin 211:Hedwig 179:Gisela 155:Mother 145:Father 123:Gisela 107:Spouse 95:Burial 1324:Died: 1317:Born: 661:Berno 519:regna 295:Rhine 234:ducal 218:Welfs 207:Saxon 191:Tours 134:House 118:Issue 89:Tours 56:Reign 1944:and 1718:and 1060:2014 1035:2021 1009:2014 987:2014 790:coup 706:and 659:and 583:Ebbo 534:818 512:and 301:and 264:and 205:and 181:and 149:Welf 76:Died 68:Born 800:of 522:). 373:of 348:". 71:797 2470:: 1223:. 1190:: 1136:^ 1122:^ 1068:^ 1043:^ 1026:. 957:^ 941:^ 917:^ 867:^ 855:. 824:, 820:, 816:, 812:, 694:. 670:. 655:, 647:, 599:, 452:. 284:, 260:, 193:. 2456:. 1939:, 1764:e 1757:t 1750:v 1411:e 1404:t 1397:v 1062:. 1037:. 1011:. 989:. 84:) 80:( 20:)

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Judith of Bavaria (died 843)

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