140:
3793:
36:
1960:
and so-on. Whether high or low mass, since all of the flavorless mesons’ quantum numbers are zero they can only be distinguished by their masses. Generally their quark content is invisible, especially the low-mass flavorless mesons, not only because their very similar small masses can be easily
849:
revealed surprising experimental evidence for particles inside of protons. Whether these were quarks or something else was not known at first. Many experiments were needed to fully identify the properties of the sub-protonic components. To a first approximation, they indeed were a match for the
736:. They discovered that they had found the same particle, and both announced their discoveries on 11 November 1974. The importance of this discovery is highlighted by the fact that the subsequent, rapid changes in
838:. Despite the ability of quark models to bring order to the "elementary particle zoo", they were considered something like mathematical fiction at the time, a simple artifact of deeper physical reasons.
2185:, etc. – whereas the “classical” particles have Greek designations like ρ, ω etc. This, combined with the fact that our work in the last decade had been concentrated on the electromagnetic current
2177:
We discussed the name of the new particle for some time. Someone pointed out to me that the really exciting stable particles are designated by Roman characters – like the postulated W
1508:
mesons is evaluated with respect to the baseline provided by the total production of all charm quark-containing subatomic particles, and because it is widely expected that some
1750:
charm–anticharm states are denoted similarly with ψ and the quantum state (if known) or the mass. The "J" is not used, since
Richter's group alone first found excited states.
1695:
892:
However, a naive mixture of electroweak theory and the quark model led to calculations about known decay modes that contradicted observation: In particular, it predicted
1700:
Much of the scientific community considered it unjust to give one of the two discoverers priority, so most subsequent publications have referred to the particle as the "
2219:
1739:
was called the ψ′; it is now called the ψ(2S), indicating its quantum state. The next excited state was called the ψ″; it is now called ψ(3770), indicating mass in
1961:
confused, but also because the low-mass particles themselves do actually exist as mixtures. For example the lowest mass of all mesons is the neutral
2534:
3716:
3466:
3832:
3704:
1558:
where the quark-combinant production mechanism should be dominant given the large abundance of charm quarks in the QGP. Aside of
1661:
had Roman names, as opposed to classical particles, which had Greek names. He also cited the symbol for electromagnetic current
1490:
have studied this phenomenon without a conclusive outcome as of 2009. This is due to the requirement that the disappearance of
2158:
2123:
1657:
pictures often resembled the psi shape. Ting assigned the name "J" to it, saying that the more stable particles, such as the
100:
2086:
72:
2746:
717:
3602:
2096:
119:
79:
981:. Because of this strong suppression, electromagnetic decays begin to compete with hadronic decays. This is why the
3683:
918:, showed that the flavor-changing decays would be strongly suppressed if there were a fourth quark (now called the
935:, were the first to discern a peak at 3.1 GeV in plots of production rates and named the particle the ψ
1487:
897:
1823:
1483:
932:
928:. By summer 1974 this work had led to theoretical predictions of what a charm + anticharm meson would be like.
725:
284:
86:
57:
2119:
3699:
1803:
53:
2657:
68:
17:
3827:
2150:
779:
227:
1470:
and its excitations are expected to melt. This is one of the predicted signals of the formation of the
592:
3775:
842:
2551:
Glashow, S. L.; Iliopoulos, J.; Maiani, L. (1970). "Weak
Interactions with Lepton–Hadron Symmetry".
3187:
1479:
969:. This effect strongly increases the lifetime of the particle and thereby gives it its very narrow
3743:
3378:
3005:
2739:
2625:
2588:
1664:
1649:" because its name implies insignificance, Richter chose "psi" – a name which, as
459:
214:
46:
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3015:
1527:
1471:
1442:
799:
745:
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2228:
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2705:
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2420:
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2256:
1449:
866:
93:
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pointed out, contains the original name "SP", but in reverse order. Coincidentally, later
8:
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2003:
737:
192:
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1000:
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219:
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2824:
2717:
2553:
2528:
2440:
2401:
2342:
2318:
2314:
2293:
2154:
2092:
1533:. Thus, there is uncertainty in the prevailing conditions at the initial collisions.
902:
decays of a strange quark into a down quark, which were not observed. A 1970 idea of
874:
444:
288:
2381:
3770:
3541:
3316:
3177:
3162:
2844:
2755:
2713:
2642:
2605:
2570:
2480:
2428:
2369:
2310:
2273:
1650:
1637:; however, none of his coworkers liked that name. After consulting with Greek-born
862:
539:
488:
223:
1599:), offer a signature that indicates that quarks move freely and bind at-will when
3817:
3738:
3663:
3647:
3587:
2997:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2814:
2337:
1896:
1629:
is the only particle to have a two-letter name. Richter named it "SP", after the
1577:
907:
903:
870:
858:
438:
2678:
2647:
2620:
2610:
2583:
2510:
2291:
Matsui, T.; Satz, H. (1986). "J/ψ suppression by quark–gluon plasma formation".
1697:
which much of their previous work was concentrated on to be one of the reasons.
691:
662:
323:
3797:
3711:
3668:
3404:
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2432:
2373:
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1642:
911:
878:
721:
634:
453:
349:
304:
279:
147:
802:
charged particles, the "quarks", which come in six types or "flavors", called
3822:
3811:
3755:
3607:
3574:
3366:
3336:
3268:
3127:
2907:
2834:
2819:
2041:
1654:
1600:
1530:
925:
915:
827:
699:
139:
2574:
2088:
Quark-Gluon Plasma: Theoretical
Foundations: An Annotated Reprint Collection
3733:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3024:
2975:
2917:
2839:
2794:
1989:
1747:
1638:
1445:
854:
821:
604:
341:
262:
3748:
3516:
3419:
3414:
3331:
3256:
3210:
3167:
3132:
3091:
2983:
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2809:
2700:
2035:
1985:
1940:
1778:
970:
920:
833:
729:
608:
600:
478:
334:
716:
Its discovery was made independently by two research groups, one at the
3490:
3384:
3374:
3356:
3246:
3147:
3082:
2799:
2724:
2464:
2415:
2356:
1755:
809:
612:
2504:
2322:
1555:
881:
in 1973. Gauge theories with quarks became a viable contender for the
3632:
3622:
3592:
3485:
3451:
3444:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3278:
3046:
2829:
1918:
1874:
815:
638:
35:
3728:
3556:
3511:
3495:
3456:
3429:
3142:
3137:
3117:
3087:
3077:
3072:
2892:
2867:
2862:
2789:
2484:
1826:
first to discerned the 3.1 GeV peak in pair-production rates.
1798:
1786:
1782:
1366:
1313:
1293:
966:
803:
498:
3637:
3627:
3597:
3551:
3546:
3521:
3439:
3424:
3351:
3346:
3251:
3236:
3182:
3157:
3122:
3051:
3033:
2772:
893:
787:
713:. This lifetime was about a thousand times longer than expected.
468:
231:
1777:
and other charm–anticharm bound states. This is by analogy with
611:
of a charm quark and a charm anti-quark are generally known as "
3617:
3612:
3241:
3228:
3219:
3041:
2955:
2854:
1836:
1822:
Glenn
Everhart, Terry Rhoades, Min Chen, and Ulrich Becker, at
791:
783:
774:
was both theoretical and experimental. In the 1960s, the first
709:
416:
376:
2340:(2001). "Enhanced J/ψ production in deconfined quark matter".
570:
3642:
3582:
3434:
3293:
3172:
3112:
3067:
2960:
2938:
2781:
1992:
quarks are sufficiently distinct in mass to tell them apart:
1781:, which also consists of a particle and its antiparticle (an
1630:
1050:
939:. Ting named it the "J meson" in his simultaneous discovery.
936:
795:
775:
596:
396:
356:
207:
197:
2399:-meson production in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions".
861:
became the first fully viable contenders for explaining the
3409:
3341:
3301:
2877:
2872:
1962:
1851:
1845:
1646:
1634:
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1386:
846:
559:
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275:
576:
545:
2085:
Kapusta, J.; Müller, B.; Rafelski, J. (9 December 2003).
733:
1536:
In fact, instead of suppression, enhanced production of
2679:"Review of Particle Physics: Naming Scheme for Hadrons"
2550:
2394:
2335:
1835:
There are two different regimes of flavorless, neutral
2221:
gave us the idea to call this particle the J particle.
2191:
27:
Subatomic particle made of a charm quark and antiquark
2084:
1829:
1667:
869:
discovered in 1971 how to calculate with them beyond
579:
573:
556:
2621:"Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in ee Annihilation"
2453:
2395:
Schroedter, M.; Thews, R.L.; Rafelski, J. (2000). "B
2454:
Fulcher, L.P.; Rafelski, J.; Thews, R.L. (1999). "B
740:
at the time have become collectively known as the "
567:
564:
553:
542:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2290:
2213:
1689:
1611:Because of the nearly simultaneous discovery, the
633:is the most common form of charmonium, due to its
1448:, when the temperature is raised well beyond the
3809:
2584:"Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J"
1816:
2120:"Shared Physics prize for elementary particle"
924:) that was a complementary counterpart to the
2740:
2144:
2533:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2478:
2264:(7A). Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory: 075021.
873:. The first experimental evidence for these
2747:
2733:
751:
744:". Richter and Ting were awarded the 1976
138:
2699:
2646:
2609:
2463:
2414:
2355:
1526:are produced and/or destroyed at time of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2754:
2618:
2238:
2227:Nobel prize lecture, 11. December 1976
2172:
2170:
965:are strongly suppressed because of the
756:The background to the discovery of the
14:
3810:
3218:
2581:
2458:mesons as a signal of deconfinement".
2181:, the intermediate vector boson, the Z
1965:; it is approximately an equal mix of
2728:
2655:
2124:The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1645:were still available, and rejecting "
2167:
1844:Lighter mesons, such as the neutral
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2672:
24:
2619:Augustin, J.; et al. (1974).
877:theories was the discovery of the
718:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
25:
3844:
1871:the lightest of all mesons), the
3791:
3684:Timeline of particle discoveries
2582:Aubert, J.; et al. (1974).
1979:matching quark–antiquark pairs.
1230: ~
538:
34:
3833:Subatomic particles with spin 1
2498:
2472:
2447:
2225:The Discovery of the J Particle
1721:The first excited state of the
1488:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
1406:
1333:
1260:
1160:
1072:
782:were proposed, which said that
45:needs additional citations for
2479:Zielinski, L (8 August 2006).
2388:
2336:Thews, R. L.; Schroedter, M.;
2329:
2284:
2278:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021
2232:
2208:
2202:
2138:
2112:
2078:
1684:
1678:
1419:
942:
726:Brookhaven National Laboratory
13:
1:
2072:
1789:in the case of positronium).
1006:The primary decay modes are:
885:in 1973, when the concept of
850:previously described quarks.
3700:History of subatomic physics
2511:"Naming schemes for hadrons"
2315:10.1016/0370-2693(86)91404-8
1809:
1804:List of multiple discoveries
1556:heavy ion experiments at LHC
7:
2648:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406
2611:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404
2239:Nakamura, K.; et al. (
2151:University of Chicago Press
1792:
1690:{\displaystyle j_{\mu }(x)}
1474:. Heavy-ion experiments at
780:elementary particle physics
10:
3849:
2718:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001
2544:
2433:10.1103/PhysRevC.62.024905
2374:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.054905
1839:: Low mass and high mass.
853:On the theoretical front,
3789:
3692:
3656:
3573:
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3504:
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3474:
3465:
3397:
3365:
3292:
3227:
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3014:
2996:
2974:
2946:
2937:
2853:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2673:Yao, W.-M.; et al. (
2108:– via Google Books.
1601:combining to form hadrons
843:deep inelastic scattering
669:, just above that of the
497:
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477:
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452:
437:
348:
333:
303:
295:
271:
261:
237:
213:
203:
191:
146:
137:
3717:mathematical formulation
3312:Eta and eta prime mesons
2214:{\textstyle j_{\mu }(x)}
1480:Super Proton Synchrotron
947:Hadronic decay modes of
3379:Double-charm tetraquark
2658:"Logbook: J/ψ particle"
2626:Physical Review Letters
2589:Physical Review Letters
2575:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285
1606:
875:electroweak unification
752:Background to discovery
2215:
2145:Pickering, A. (1984).
1691:
867:Gerardus 't Hooft
746:Nobel Prize in Physics
607:. Mesons formed by a
3776:Wave–particle duality
3766:Relativistic particle
2903:Electron antineutrino
2216:
1692:
3006:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
2756:Particles in physics
2687:Journal of Physics G
2505:Roos, M; Wohl, CG; (
2257:Journal of Physics G
2189:
2153:. pp. 114–125.
1665:
1633:accelerator used at
1450:Hagedorn temperature
879:weak neutral current
439:Electric charge
54:improve this article
3781:Particle chauvinism
3724:Subatomic particles
2710:2006JPhG...33....1Y
2675:Particle Data Group
2639:1974PhRvL..33.1406A
2602:1974PhRvL..33.1404A
2567:1970PhRvD...2.1285G
2507:Particle Data Group
2425:2000PhRvC..62b4905S
2366:2001PhRvC..63e4905T
2307:1986PhLB..178..416M
2270:2010JPhG...37g5021N
2252:Particle Data Group
2241:Particle Data Group
2147:Constructing Quarks
1984:However, the heavy
742:November Revolution
738:high-energy physics
659:has a rest mass of
134:
3828:History of physics
2656:Bobra, M. (2005).
2481:"Physics Folklore"
2211:
1687:
1472:quark–gluon plasma
1001:branching fraction
999:has a significant
887:asymptotic freedom
883:strong interaction
841:Starting in 1969,
615:" or psions. The
589:subatomic particle
132:
3805:
3804:
3761:Massless particle
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3530:
3529:
3393:
3392:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3153:Magnetic monopole
3101:
3100:
2992:
2991:
2933:
2932:
2913:Muon antineutrino
2898:Electron neutrino
2662:Symmetry Magazine
2633:(23): 1406–1408.
2596:(23): 1404–1406.
2554:Physical Review D
2402:Physical Review C
2343:Physical Review C
2294:Physics Letters B
2160:978-0-226-66799-7
2126:. 18 October 1976
2122:(Press release).
1417:
1416:
724:, and one at the
637:of 1 and its low
507:
506:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3840:
3795:
3771:Virtual particle
3542:Mesonic molecule
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3317:Bottom eta meson
3225:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3188:W′ and Z′ bosons
3178:Sterile neutrino
3163:Majorana fermion
3030:
3029:
3021:
3020:
2944:
2943:
2923:Tau antineutrino
2778:
2777:
2769:
2768:
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2721:
2703:
2701:astro-ph/0601168
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2561:(7): 1285–1292.
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1759:is used for the
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1651:Gerson Goldhaber
1628:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1578:charmed B mesons
1575:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1553:
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1551:
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1543:
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1524:
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978:
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962:
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889:was identified.
863:weak interaction
798:, are made from
790:, and all other
773:
772:
771:
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763:
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707:
697:
687:
686:
685:
677:
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668:
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623:
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599:consisting of a
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411:
410:
403:
402:
393:
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383:
382:
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363:
362:
350:Decays into
344:
335:Decay width
329:
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247:
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185:
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62:
38:
30:
21:
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3838:
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3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3785:
3739:Nuclear physics
3688:
3652:
3588:Davydov soliton
3561:
3526:
3500:
3461:
3389:
3361:
3288:
3197:
3097:
3056:
3010:
2988:
2970:
2929:
2849:
2758:
2753:
2681:
2547:
2542:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2477:
2473:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2334:
2330:
2289:
2285:
2247:
2237:
2233:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2091:. p. 462.
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
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1852:
1850:
1849:
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1817:
1812:
1795:
1773:
1771:
1770:
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1762:
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1760:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1727:
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1724:
1723:
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1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:is expected in
1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1514:
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1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
995:
993:
992:
991:
987:
985:
984:
983:
982:
976:
974:
961:
959:
958:
957:
953:
951:
950:
949:
948:
945:
914:, known as the
908:John Iliopoulos
904:Sheldon Glashow
899:flavor-changing
859:broken symmetry
845:experiments at
794:, and also all
770:
768:
767:
766:
762:
760:
759:
758:
757:
754:
705:
703:
689:
684:
681:
680:
679:
675:
673:
672:
671:
670:
660:
655:
653:
652:
651:
647:
645:
644:
643:
642:
629:
627:
626:
625:
621:
619:
618:
617:
616:
563:
552:
541:
537:
524:
522:
521:
520:
516:
514:
513:
512:
511:
429:
427:
426:
425:
421:
419:
418:
417:
415:
409:
407:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
397:
395:
389:
387:
386:
385:
381:
379:
378:
377:
375:
369:
367:
366:
365:
361:
359:
358:
357:
355:
339:
319:
317:
316:
311:
309:
283:
254:
252:
251:
250:
246:
244:
243:
242:
241:
228:electromagnetic
184:
182:
181:
180:
177:
174:
172:
171:
170:
169:
165:
163:
162:
161:
157:
155:
154:
153:
152:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3803:
3802:
3798:Physics portal
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3712:Standard Model
3709:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3679:Quasiparticles
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3575:Quasiparticles
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3371:
3369:
3367:Exotic hadrons
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3193:X and Y bosons
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2966:W and Z bosons
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Strange (quark
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2670:
2653:
2616:
2579:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2497:
2471:
2465:hep-ph/9905201
2455:
2446:
2416:hep-ph/0004041
2396:
2387:
2357:hep-ph/0007323
2328:
2301:(4): 416–422.
2283:
2231:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2166:
2159:
2137:
2111:
2097:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2025:
2019:
2011:
1983:
1982:
1952:
1944:
1930:
1922:
1908:
1900:
1886:
1878:
1863:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1828:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1772:
1764:
1734:
1726:
1713:
1705:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1659:W and Z bosons
1624:
1616:
1608:
1605:
1593:
1585:
1571:
1563:
1549:
1541:
1521:
1513:
1503:
1495:
1465:
1457:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1378:
1370:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1305:
1297:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1133:
1125:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1043:
1033:
1024:
1016:
994:
986:
960:
952:
944:
941:
912:Luciano Maiani
855:gauge theories
769:
761:
753:
750:
722:Burton Richter
682:
674:
654:
646:
628:
620:
523:
515:
505:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
471:
465:
464:
456:
450:
449:
441:
435:
434:
428:
420:
408:
400:
388:
380:
368:
360:
352:
346:
345:
337:
331:
330:
307:
301:
300:
297:
293:
292:
280:Burton Richter
273:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
253:
245:
239:
235:
234:
217:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
183:
173:
164:
156:
150:
144:
143:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3845:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Exotic matter
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3744:Eightfold way
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Antiparticles
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Atomic nuclei
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Upsilon meson
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Lambda baryon
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Dual graviton
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Superpartners
3022:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Muon neutrino
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Bottom (quark
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2536:
2530:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2466:
2461:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2409:(2): 024905.
2408:
2404:
2403:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2350:(5): 054905.
2349:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2223:Samuel Ting,
2222:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2098:9780444511102
2094:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2037:
2026:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1964:
1956:
1934:
1912:
1904:η′
1890:
1867:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1719:
1698:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1655:spark chamber
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:Greek letters
1641:to see which
1640:
1636:
1632:
1604:
1602:
1579:
1557:
1534:
1532:
1531:hadronization
1529:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1405:
1402:
1382:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1309:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1157:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
972:
968:
940:
938:
934:
931:The group at
929:
927:
926:strange quark
923:
922:
917:
916:GIM mechanism
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
848:
844:
839:
837:
836:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
818:
813:
812:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
714:
711:
701:
700:mean lifetime
696:
695:
667:
666:
640:
636:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
536:
532:
528:
502:
500:
499:C parity
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
463:
462:
457:
455:
451:
448:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
412:
392:
372:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
327:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:et al. (1974)
290:
286:
282:et al. (1974)
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
240:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
216:
212:
209:
206:
202:
199:
196:
194:
190:
151:
149:
145:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
69:"J/psi meson"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3796:
3467:Hypothetical
3415:Exotic atoms
3326:
3284:Omega baryon
3274:Sigma baryon
3264:Delta baryon
3016:Hypothetical
2998:Ghost fields
2984:Higgs boson
2918:Tau neutrino
2810:Charm (quark
2691:
2685:
2665:
2661:
2630:
2624:
2593:
2587:
2558:
2552:
2517:. Retrieved
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2474:
2449:
2406:
2400:
2390:
2347:
2341:
2338:Rafelski, J.
2331:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2261:
2255:
2234:
2224:
2176:
2146:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2114:
2104:25 September
2102:. Retrieved
2087:
2080:
2004:"charmonium"
1831:
1818:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1720:
1699:
1639:Leo Resvanis
1610:
1535:
1440:
1005:
1003:to leptons.
979:2.1 keV
946:
930:
919:
898:
891:
852:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
800:fractionally
755:
741:
728:, headed by
720:, headed by
715:
693:
690:2.9836
664:
661:3.0969
603:and a charm
534:
530:
510:
508:
460:
445:
325:
263:Antiparticle
215:Interactions
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3749:Quark model
3517:Theta meson
3420:Positronium
3332:Omega meson
3327:J/psi meson
3257:Antineutron
3168:Dark photon
3133:Graviphoton
3092:Stop squark
2800:Down (quark
2036:bottomonium
1779:positronium
971:decay width
943:Decay modes
921:charm quark
730:Samuel Ting
609:bound state
601:charm quark
479:Hypercharge
289:Samuel Ting
148:Composition
3812:Categories
3491:Heptaquark
3452:Superatoms
3385:Pentaquark
3375:Tetraquark
3357:Quarkonium
3247:Antiproton
3148:Leptoquark
3083:Neutralino
2845:antiquark)
2835:antiquark)
2830:Top (quark
2825:antiquark)
2815:antiquark)
2805:antiquark)
2795:antiquark)
2764:Elementary
2694:(1): 108.
2677:) (2006).
2509:) (2004).
2243:) (2022).
2073:References
1824:Brookhaven
1756:charmonium
933:Brookhaven
896:-mediated
871:tree level
778:models of
613:charmonium
340:92.9
314:10 kg
272:Discovered
193:Statistics
80:newspapers
3729:Particles
3674:Particles
3633:Polariton
3623:Plasmaron
3593:Dropleton
3486:Hexaquark
3457:Molecules
3445:Protonium
3322:Phi meson
3307:Rho meson
3279:Xi baryon
3211:Composite
3047:Gravitino
2790:Up (quark
2441:119008673
2245:"J/ψ(1S)"
2198:μ
1810:Footnotes
1753:The name
1674:μ
1441:In a hot
1257:→ hadrons
698:), and a
639:rest mass
605:antiquark
595:-neutral
110:June 2023
18:J/ψ meson
3705:timeline
3557:R-hadron
3512:Glueball
3496:Skyrmion
3430:Tauonium
3143:Inflaton
3138:Graviton
3118:Curvaton
3088:Sfermion
3078:Higgsino
3073:Chargino
3034:Gauginos
2893:Neutrino
2878:Antimuon
2868:Positron
2863:Electron
2773:Fermions
2668:(7): 34.
2529:cite web
2519:13 April
2490:13 April
2485:QuarkNet
2382:11932902
2130:23 April
2015:J/ψ
1799:OZI rule
1793:See also
1787:positron
1783:electron
1768:J/ψ
1746:. Other
1730:J/ψ
1709:J/ψ
1620:J/ψ
1567:J/ψ
1545:J/ψ
1517:J/ψ
1499:J/ψ
1461:J/ψ
1428:J/ψ
990:J/ψ
973:of just
967:OZI rule
956:J/ψ
788:neutrons
765:J/ψ
708:10
650:J/ψ
624:J/ψ
519:J/ψ
249:J/ψ
3693:Related
3664:Baryons
3638:Polaron
3628:Plasmon
3603:Fracton
3598:Exciton
3552:Diquark
3547:Pomeron
3522:T meson
3479:Baryons
3440:Pionium
3425:Muonium
3352:D meson
3347:B meson
3252:Neutron
3237:Nucleon
3229:Baryons
3220:Hadrons
3183:Tachyon
3158:Majoron
3123:Dilaton
3052:Photino
2888:Antitau
2855:Leptons
2706:Bibcode
2635:Bibcode
2598:Bibcode
2563:Bibcode
2545:Sources
2421:Bibcode
2362:Bibcode
2323:1118865
2303:Bibcode
2266:Bibcode
2027:
1995:
1482:and at
1437:melting
894:Z boson
829:strange
792:baryons
784:protons
641:. The
469:Isospin
458:1
443:0
232:gravity
198:bosonic
94:scholar
3818:Mesons
3669:Mesons
3618:Phonon
3613:Magnon
3535:Others
3505:Mesons
3398:Others
3294:Mesons
3242:Proton
3106:Others
3061:Others
3042:Gluino
2976:Scalar
2956:Photon
2939:Bosons
2782:Quarks
2439:
2380:
2321:
2157:
2095:
1948:ω
1926:ρ
1882:η
1859:π
1837:mesons
1748:vector
1452:, the
1446:medium
1412:0.033%
1408:5.961%
1394:μ
1374:μ
1355:γ
1339:0.032%
1335:5.971%
1282:γ
1248:γ
1217:γ
1129:γ
910:, and
865:after
823:bottom
796:mesons
678:η
593:flavor
489:Parity
424:γ
384:γ
322:
310:5.5208
238:Symbol
220:strong
204:Family
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3657:Lists
3648:Trion
3643:Roton
3583:Anyon
3410:Atoms
3173:Preon
3113:Axion
3068:Axino
2961:Gluon
2948:Gauge
2696:arXiv
2682:(PDF)
2514:(PDF)
2460:arXiv
2437:S2CID
2411:arXiv
2378:S2CID
2352:arXiv
2248:(PDF)
2024:meson
1631:SPEAR
1262:13.5%
1232:25.5%
1074:64.1%
937:meson
857:with
835:charm
776:quark
597:meson
587:is a
535:meson
531:J/psi
318:3.096
296:Types
208:meson
133:J/psi
101:JSTOR
87:books
3823:Onia
3608:Hole
3435:Onia
3342:Kaon
3302:Pion
2873:Muon
2535:link
2521:2009
2492:2009
2319:OSTI
2155:ISBN
2132:2012
2106:2014
2093:ISBN
2038:" =
1988:and
1972:and
1963:pion
1893:and
1846:pion
1785:and
1741:MeV/
1647:iota
1635:SLAC
1607:Name
1476:CERN
1266:0.3%
1166:1.1%
1162:8.8%
1138:+ 2
1078:1.0%
1048:→ 3
975:93.2
847:SLAC
832:and
811:down
692:GeV/
663:GeV/
635:spin
591:, a
509:The
454:Spin
324:GeV/
305:Mass
276:SLAC
267:self
224:weak
73:news
2883:Tau
2714:doi
2643:doi
2606:doi
2571:doi
2429:doi
2370:doi
2311:doi
2299:178
2274:doi
2034:= "
1718:".
1528:QGP
1486:'s
1484:BNL
1478:'s
1443:QCD
817:top
734:MIT
732:of
704:7.2
702:of
414:or
374:or
342:keV
320:916
285:BNL
56:by
3814::
2712:.
2704:.
2692:33
2690:.
2684:.
2664:.
2660:.
2641:.
2631:33
2629:.
2623:.
2604:.
2594:33
2592:.
2586:.
2569:.
2557:.
2531:}}
2527:{{
2483:.
2435:.
2427:.
2419:.
2407:62
2405:.
2376:.
2368:.
2360:.
2348:63
2346:.
2317:.
2309:.
2297:.
2272:.
2262:37
2260:.
2254:.
2250:.
2169:^
2149:.
2006:=
2002:=
1603:.
1576:,
1384:+
1364:→
1311:+
1291:→
1208:→
1120:→
906:,
826:,
820:,
814:,
808:,
805:up
786:,
748:.
571:iː
560:aɪ
549:eɪ
546:dʒ
533:)
503:−1
493:−1
394:+2
287::
278::
230:,
226:,
222:,
3381:)
3377:(
3094:)
3090:(
2748:e
2741:t
2734:v
2720:.
2716::
2708::
2698::
2666:2
2651:.
2645::
2637::
2614:.
2608::
2600::
2577:.
2573::
2565::
2559:2
2537:)
2523:.
2494:.
2468:.
2462::
2456:c
2443:.
2431::
2423::
2413::
2397:c
2384:.
2372::
2364::
2354::
2325:.
2313::
2305::
2280:.
2276::
2268::
2209:)
2206:x
2203:(
2194:j
2183:0
2179:0
2163:.
2134:.
2049:ϒ
2031:b
2029:b
1999:c
1997:c
1990:b
1986:c
1976:u
1974:u
1969:d
1967:d
1958:,
1936:,
1914:,
1869:,
1848:(
1743:c
1685:)
1682:x
1679:(
1670:j
1594:c
1589:B
1580:(
1410:±
1337:±
1321:e
1301:e
1264:±
1198:c
1180:c
1164:±
1147:g
1110:c
1092:c
1076:±
1058:g
1038:c
1020:c
977:±
710:s
706:×
694:c
688:(
683:c
665:c
583:/
580:n
577:ɒ
574:z
568:m
565:ˈ
557:s
554:ˈ
543:ˈ
540:/
529:(
483:0
473:0
461:ħ
446:e
404:g
364:g
354:3
326:c
312:×
299:1
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117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
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20:)
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