Lamarckism - Knowledge

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picture of Darwin's thinking. Ghiselin notes that "Darwin accepted the inheritance of acquired characteristics, just as Lamarck did, and Darwin even thought that there was some experimental evidence to support it." Gould wrote that in the late 19th century, evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it ... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics—inheritance of acquired characters—to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself." He argued that "the restriction of 'Lamarckism' to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system."

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Cutting the tails off mice does not seem to meet the qualifications of disuse, but rather falls in a category of accidental misuse... Lamarck's hypothesis has never been proven experimentally and there is no known mechanism to support the idea that somatic change, however acquired, can in some way induce a change in the germplasm. On the other hand it is difficult to disprove Lamarck's idea experimentally, and it seems that Weismann's experiment fails to provide the evidence to deny the Lamarckian hypothesis, since it lacks a key factor, namely the willful exertion of the animal in overcoming environmental obstacles.

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cumulative from generation to generation, thus producing, in time, new species. His individual contribution to biological theory consisted in his application to the problem of the origin of species of the view that acquired characters were inherited and in showing that evolution could be inferred logically from the accepted biological hypotheses. He would doubtless have been greatly astonished to learn that a belief in the inheritance of acquired characters is now labeled "Lamarckian," although he would almost certainly have felt flattered if evolution itself had been so designated.

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genetically-identical cells to acquire differentiated functions and allow facultative responses of a genotype to environmental changes (provided that 'similar' changes have occurred repeatedly in the past). However, most neo-Darwinists would claim that the ability to adaptively switch epigenetic state is a property of the DNA sequence (in the sense that alternative sequences would show different switching behavior) and that any increase of adaptedness in the system has come about by a process of natural selection.

604: 517: 1315: 308: 12283: 10933: 569:, and those of their offspring over five generations, and reporting that no mice were born in consequence without a tail or even with a shorter tail. In 1889, he stated that "901 young were produced by five generations of artificially mutilated parents, and yet there was not a single example of a rudimentary tail or of any other abnormality in this organ." The experiment, and the theory behind it, were thought at the time to be a refutation of Lamarckism. 1720:, but in addition it can vary when populations of microorganisms increase or decrease (resembling Lamarckian use and disuse), and when it gains new kinds of microorganism (resembling Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics). These changes are then passed on to offspring. The mechanism is largely uncontroversial, and natural selection does sometimes occur at whole system (hologenome) level, but it is not clear that this is always the case. 12309: 12296: 10943: 1376:(1944) claimed that experiments in heredity have failed to corroborate any Lamarckian process. Simpson noted that neo-Lamarckism "stresses a factor that Lamarck rejected: inheritance of direct effects of the environment" and neo-Lamarckism is closer to Darwin's pangenesis than Lamarck's views. Simpson wrote, "the inheritance of acquired characters, failed to meet the tests of observation and has been almost universally discarded by biologists." 3650:, p. 144: "During the 1920s, the entomologist J. W. Heslop-Harrison published experimental data supporting his claim that chemicals in soot caused widespread mutations from light winged to the dark winged form. Because these mutations were supposedly passed on to subsequent generations, Harrison claimed that he had documented a case of inheritance of acquired traits. Other biologists failed to replicate Harrison's results, and 189: 1451: 889: 693:, felt that inheritance of acquired characteristics would let organisms shape their own evolution, since organisms that acquired new habits would change the use patterns of their organs, which would kick-start Lamarckian evolution. They considered this philosophically superior to Darwin's mechanism of random variation acted on by selective pressures. Lamarckism also appealed to those, like the philosopher 4202:, p. 222: "...the recognition that DNA does not directly participate in the making of the phenotype and that the phenotype, in turn, does not control the composition of the DNA represents the ultimate invalidation of all theories involving the inheritance of acquired characters. This definitive refutation of Lamarck's theory of evolutionary causation clears the air." 256:, the theory that what is inherited derives from the whole body of the parent, whereas Aristotle thought it impossible; but that all the same, Aristotle implicitly agreed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics, giving the example of the inheritance of a scar, or of blindness, though noting that children do not always resemble their parents. Zirkle recorded that 747:

environment. Such ideas were more popular than natural selection in the late 19th century as it made it possible for biological evolution to fit into a framework of a divine or naturally willed plan, thus the neo-Lamarckian view of evolution was often advocated by proponents of orthogenesis. According to the historian of science Peter J. Bowler, writing in 2003:

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change in DNA sequence (genotype) and that such changes may be induced spontaneously or in response to environmental factors—Lamarck's "acquired traits." Determining which observed phenotypes are genetically inherited and which are environmentally induced remains an important and ongoing part of the study of genetics, developmental biology, and medicine.

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the gene-mutation theory beyond all reasonable doubt... In spite of the rapidly increasing evidence for natural selection, Lamarck has never ceased to have loyal followers.... There is indeed a strong emotional appeal in the thought that every little effort an animal puts forth is somehow transmitted to his progeny.

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In 1830, in an aside from his evolutionary framework, Lamarck briefly mentioned two traditional ideas in his discussion of heredity, in his day considered to be generally true. The first was the idea of use versus disuse; he theorized that individuals lose characteristics they do not require, or use,

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Lamarck and his ideas were ridiculed and discredited. In a strange twist of fate, Lamarck may have the last laugh. Epigenetics, an emerging field of genetics, has shown that Lamarck may have been at least partially correct all along. It seems that reversible and heritable changes can occur without a

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A host of experiments have been designed to test Lamarckianism. All that have been verified have proved negative. On the other hand, tens of thousands of experiments— reported in the journals and carefully checked and rechecked by geneticists throughout the world— have established the correctness of

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wrote regarding Lamarckism, "very few professional biologists believe that anything of the kind occurs—or can occur—but the notion persists for a variety of nonscientific reasons." Medawar stated there is no known mechanism by which an adaptation acquired in an individual's lifetime can be imprinted

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Neo-Lamarckian versions of evolution were widespread in the late 19th century. The idea that living things could to some degree choose the characteristics that would be inherited allowed them to be in charge of their own destiny as opposed to the Darwinian view, which placed them at the mercy of the

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Second Law : All the acquisitions or losses wrought by nature on individuals, through the influence of the environment in which their race has long been placed, and hence through the influence of the predominant use or permanent disuse of any organ; all these are preserved by reproduction to the new

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First Law : In every animal which has not passed the limit of its development, a more frequent and continuous use of any organ gradually strengthens, develops and enlarges that organ, and gives it a power proportional to the length of time it has been so used; while the permanent disuse of any organ

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Lamarck was neither the first nor the most distinguished biologist to believe in the inheritance of acquired characters. He merely endorsed a belief which had been generally accepted for at least 2,200 years before his time and used it to explain how evolution could have taken place. The inheritance

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contends that epigenetic inheritance should not be considered Lamarckian. According to Gregory, Lamarck did not claim that the environment directly affected living things. Instead, Lamarck "argued that the environment created needs to which organisms responded by using some features more and others

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effects that persist for some generations. The mechanism may also enable the inheritance of behavioral traits, for example in chickens, rats and human populations that have experienced starvation, DNA methylation resulting in altered gene function in both the starved population and their offspring.

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Première Loi: Dans tout animal qui n' a point dépassé le terme de ses développemens, l' emploi plus fréquent et soutenu d' un organe quelconque, fortifie peu à peu cet organe, le développe, l' agrandit, et lui donne une puissance proportionnée à la durée de cet emploi; tandis que le défaut constant

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had seemed to render unnecessary. In particular, the effect allows animals to adapt to a new stress in the environment through behavioural changes, followed by genetic change. This somewhat resembles Lamarckism but without requiring animals to inherit characteristics acquired by their parents. The

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One of the most emotionally compelling arguments used by the neo-Lamarckians of the late nineteenth century was the claim that Darwinism was a mechanistic theory which reduced living things to puppets driven by heredity. The selection theory made life into a game of Russian roulette, where life or

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Deuxième Loi: Tout ce que la nature a fait acquérir ou perdre aux individus par l' influence des circonstances où leur race se trouve depuis long-temps exposée, et, par conséquent, par l' influence de l' emploi prédominant de tel organe, ou par celle d' un défaut constant d' usage de telle partie;

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In 2015, Khursheed Iqbal and colleagues discovered that although "endocrine disruptors exert direct epigenetic effects in the exposed fetal germ cells, these are corrected by reprogramming events in the next generation." Also in 2015, Adam Weiss argued that bringing back Lamarck in the context of

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wrote that research into epigenetic processes does allow a Lamarckian element in evolution but the processes do not challenge the main tenets of the modern evolutionary synthesis as modern Lamarckians have claimed. Haig argued for the primacy of DNA and evolution of epigenetic switches by natural

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There is no feedback of information from the proteins to the DNA, and hence no route by which characteristics acquired in the body can be passed on through the genes. The work of Ted Steele (1979) provoked a flurry of interest in the possibility that there might, after all, be ways in which this

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Modern neo-Darwinists do not deny that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role during development nor do they deny that these mechanisms enable a variety of adaptive responses to the environment. Recurrent, predictable changes of epigenetic state provide a useful set of switches that allow

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Can Weismann's experiment be considered a case of disuse? Lamarck proposed that when an organ was not used, it slowly, and very gradually atrophied. In time, over the course of many generations, it would gradually disappear as it was inherited in its modified form in each successive generation.

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by George Gaylord Simpson in 1953, proposes that the ability to learn new behaviours can improve an animal's reproductive success, and hence the course of natural selection on its genetic makeup. Simpson stated that the mechanism was "not inconsistent with the modern synthesis" of evolutionary

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A century after Lamarck, scientists and philosophers continued to seek mechanisms and evidence for the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Experiments were sometimes reported as successful, but from the beginning these were either criticised on scientific grounds or shown to be fakes. For

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The identification of Lamarckism with the inheritance of acquired characteristics is regarded by evolutionary biologists including Ghiselin as a falsified artifact of the subsequent history of evolutionary thought, repeated in textbooks without analysis, and wrongly contrasted with a falsified

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does not directly participate in the making of the phenotype and that the phenotype, in turn, does not control the composition of the DNA." Peter J. Bowler has written that although many early scientists took Lamarckism seriously, it was discredited by genetics in the early twentieth century.

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The acquired characteristics that figured in Lamarck's thinking were changes that resulted from an individual's own drives and actions, not from the actions of external agents. Lamarck was not concerned with wounds, injuries or mutilations, and nothing that Lamarck had set forth was tested or

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Thomas Dickens and Qazi Rahman (2012) have argued that epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification are genetically inherited under the control of natural selection and do not challenge the modern synthesis. They dispute the claims of Jablonka and Lamb on Lamarckian

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What Lamarck really did was to accept the hypothesis that acquired characters were heritable, a notion which had been held almost universally for well over two thousand years and which his contemporaries accepted as a matter of course, and to assume that the results of such inheritance were

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epigenetics is misleading, commenting, "We should remember for the good he contributed to science, not for things that resemble his theory only superficially. Indeed, thinking of CRISPR and other phenomena as Lamarckian only obscures the simple and elegant way evolution really works."

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of one variety of rabbit into another variety in the expectation that its offspring would show some characteristics of the first. They did not, and Galton declared that he had disproved Darwin's hypothesis of pangenesis, but Darwin objected, in a letter to the scientific journal

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proposed natural selection as the main mechanism for development of species, but (like Lamarck) gave credence to the idea of heritable effects of use and disuse as a supplementary mechanism. Darwin subsequently set out his concept of pangenesis in the final chapter of his book

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death was predetermined by the genes one inherited. The individual could do nothing to mitigate bad heredity. Lamarckism, in contrast, allowed the individual to choose a new habit when faced with an environmental challenge and shape the whole future course of evolution.

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Among the most popular alternatives were theories involving the inheritance of characteristics acquired during an organism's lifetime. Scientists who felt that such Lamarckian mechanisms were the key to evolution were called neo-Lamarckians. They included the British

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The historian of science Rasmus Winther stated that Weismann had nuanced views about the role of the environment on the germ plasm. Indeed, like Darwin, he consistently insisted that a variable environment was necessary to cause variation in the hereditary material.

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less, that this resulted in those features being accentuated or attenuated, and that this difference was then inherited by offspring." Gregory has stated that Lamarckian evolution in epigenetics is more like Darwin's point of view than Lamarck's.

443:"All that has been acquired, traced, or changed, in the physiology of individuals, during their life, is conserved through the genesis, reproduction, and transmitted to new individuals who are related to those who have undergone those changes." 611:

is often used as an example in popular explanations of Lamarckism. However, this was only a small part of his theory of evolution towards "perfection"; it was a hypothetical illustration; and he used it to discuss his theory of heredity, not

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to the B-cells and were then transported through the bloodstream where they could breach the Weismann or soma-germ barrier and reverse transcribe the newly acquired genes into the cells of the germ line, in the manner of Darwin's pangenes.

1819: 689:, who observed that the fossil record showed orderly, almost linear, patterns of development that they felt were better explained by Lamarckian mechanisms than by natural selection. Some people, including Cope and the Darwin critic 1678:

reverse flow of information could take place. ... mechanism did not, in fact, violate the principles of molecular biology, but most biologists were suspicious of Steele's claims, and attempts to reproduce his results have failed.

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selection. Haig has written that there is a "visceral attraction" to Lamarckian evolution from the public and some scientists, as it posits the world with a meaning, in which organisms can shape their own evolutionary destiny.

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theory, though he doubted that it occurred very often or could be proven to occur. He noted that the Baldwin effect provided a reconciliation between the neo-Darwinian and neo-Lamarckian approaches, something that the

437:"The production of a new organ in an animal body, results from a new requirement arising. and which continues to make itself felt, and a new movement which that requirement gives birth to, and its upkeep/maintenance;" 434:"Life by its own force, tends to increase the volume of all organs which possess the force of life, and the force of life extends the dimensions of those parts up to an extent that those parts bring to themselves;" 3874:

Dorcus, Roy M. (June 1933). "The effect of intermittent rotation on orientation and the habituation of nystagmus in the rat, and some observations on the effects of pre-natal rotation on post-natal development".

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stretch their necks to reach leaves high in trees, they would strengthen and gradually lengthen their necks. These giraffes would then have offspring with slightly longer necks. In the same way, he argued, a

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regions of parent mice were found in their germ cells and seemed to persist in the offspring for a few generations. The mechanism involved the somatic selection and clonal amplification of newly acquired

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thought much the same. Zirkle pointed out that stories involving the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics appear numerous times in ancient mythology and the Bible and persisted through to

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Many researchers from the 1860s onwards attempted to find evidence for Lamarckian inheritance, but these have all been explained away, either by other mechanisms such as genetic contamination or as

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cells. This reverse transcription process supposedly enabled characteristics or bodily changes acquired during a lifetime to be written back into the DNA and passed on to subsequent generations.

342:(1868), which gave numerous examples to demonstrate what he thought was the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Pangenesis, which he emphasised was a hypothesis, was based on the idea that 474:

elle le conserve par la génération aux nouveaux individus qui en proviennent, pourvu que les changemens acquis soient communs aux deux sexes, ou à ceux qui ont produit ces nouveaux individus.

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by some historians of science. During that time many scientists and philosophers accepted the reality of evolution but doubted whether natural selection was the main evolutionary mechanism.

354:. These pangenes were microscopic particles that supposedly contained information about the characteristics of their parent cell, and Darwin believed that they eventually accumulated in the 719:

of the theory of evolution, and a lack of evidence for a mechanism for acquiring and passing on new characteristics, or even their heritability, Lamarckism largely fell from favour. Unlike

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molecules, too, may mediate inherited resistance to infection. Handel and Ramagopalan commented that "epigenetics allows the peaceful co-existence of Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution."

412:, and 2) an adaptive force that causes animals with a given body plan to adapt to circumstances (use and disuse, inheritance of acquired characteristics), creating a diversity of 175:, consisting of the genomes of all an organism's symbiotic microbes as well as its own genome, is also somewhat Lamarckian in effect, though entirely Darwinian in its mechanisms. 558:

contain information that passes from one generation to the next, unaffected by experience, and independent of the somatic (body) cells. This implied what came to be known as the

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develop from "one living filament... with the power of acquiring new parts" in response to stimuli, with each round of "improvements" being inherited by successive generations.

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could be classified as Lamarckian, within a Darwinian framework. However, the significance of epigenetics in evolution is uncertain. Critics such as the evolutionary biologist

1240:. Neo-Lamarckism remained influential in biology until the 1940s when the role of natural selection was reasserted in evolution as part of the modern evolutionary synthesis. 1682:

Bowler commented that " work was bitterly criticized at the time by biologists who doubted his experimental results and rejected his hypothetical mechanism as implausible."

462:, through his work, strengthens the muscles in his arms, and thus his sons would have similar muscular development when they mature. Lamarck stated the following two laws: 4796:

Sheau-Fang Ng; Lin, Ruby C. Y.; Laybutt, D. Ross; et al. (October 21, 2010). "Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring".

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have highlighted the possible inheritance of traits acquired by the previous generation. However, the characterization of these findings as Lamarckism has been disputed.

2851:"Handbuch der paläarktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge für Forscher und Sammler. Zweite gänzlich umgearbeitete und durch Studien zur Descendenztheorie erweitete Auflage, etc" 2701: 8593:"Consists of papers given at a workshop on the origins of music held in Fiesole, Italy, May 1997, the first of a series called Florentine Workshops in Biomusicology." 723:, neo-Lamarckism is a loose grouping of largely heterodox theories and mechanisms that emerged after Lamarck's time, rather than a coherent body of theoretical work. 673:(1835–1925), who studied the effects of environmental stress on the growth of plants, in the belief that such environmentally-induced variation might explain much of 1396:

on the genome and Lamarckian inheritance is not valid unless it excludes the possibility of natural selection, but this has not been demonstrated in any experiment.

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and develop characteristics that are useful. The second was to argue that the acquired traits were heritable. He gave as an imagined illustration the idea that when

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for providing no solid evidence for his theory. Shapiro noted that "Matsuda himself accepts too much at face value and is prone to wish-fulfilling interpretation."

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argued for a version that he called "centro-epigenesis", but it was rejected by most scientists. Some of the experimental approaches are described in the table.

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Steele, E. J.; Pollard, J. W. (1987). "Hypothesis : Somatic Hypermutation by gene conversion via the error prone DNA-to-RNA-to-DNA information loop".

1359:. Lysenkoism influenced Soviet agricultural policy which in turn was later blamed for the numerous massive crop failures experienced within Soviet states. 758:

Scientists from the 1860s onwards conducted numerous experiments that purported to show Lamarckian inheritance. Some examples are described in the table.

4479:"Environmental Epigenetics and a Unified Theory of the Molecular Aspects of Evolution: A Neo-Lamarckian Concept that Facilitates Neo-Darwinian Evolution" 5895:; Sharon, Gill; Zilber-Rosenberg, Ilana (December 2009). "The hologenome theory of evolution contains Lamarckian aspects within a Darwinian framework". 133:'s experiment, considered definitive in its time, is now considered to have failed to disprove Lamarckism, as it did not address use and disuse. Later, 11154: 11011: 380:, that he had done nothing of the sort, since he had never mentioned blood in his writings. He pointed out that he regarded pangenesis as occurring in 6768:. English adaptation from the second German edition, revised and enlarged by C. F. Marshall (Revised ed.). Physicians and Surgeons Book Company. 10979: 1792:, components of Lamarckism have been used to link cultural development to human evolution by considering technology as extensions of human anatomy. 488:

individuals which arise, provided that the acquired modifications are common to both sexes, or at least to the individuals which produce the young.

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The inheritance of acquired characteristics was proposed in ancient times and remained a current idea for many centuries. The historian of science

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Between 1800 and 1830, Lamarck proposed a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution. He saw evolution as comprising four laws:

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and contribute to the next generation via the fertilised egg. Changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as in Lamarckism.

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Steele, E. J. (2016). "Somatic hypermutation in immunity and cancer: Critical analysis of strand-biased and codon-context mutation signatures".

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Steele, E. J. (2016). "Somatic hypermutation in immunity and cancer: Critical analysis of strand-biased and codon-context mutation signatures".

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Hagen, Joel B. (2002). "Retelling Experiments: H.B.D. Kettlewell's Studies of Industrial Melanism in Peppered Moths". In Giltrow, Janet (ed.).

17: 4848: 10414: 9714: 496:), resulting in change in behaviour, causing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time—and thus the gradual 1784:. Gould viewed culture as a Lamarckian process whereby older generations transmitted adaptive information to offspring via the concept of 468:

d' usage de tel organe, l'affoiblit insensiblement, le détériore, diminue progressivement ses facultés, et finit par le faire disparoître.

681:, who studied blind animals living in caves and wrote a book in 1901 about Lamarck and his work. Also included were paleontologists like 8816:"Annual address of the president of the Biological Society of Washington. Delivered January 24, 1891. (From the Proceedings, vol. VI.)" 4879:"Timing of prenatal starvation in women and birth weight in their first and second born offspring: The Dutch famine birth cohort study" 585:

Ghiselin also considered the Weismann tail-chopping experiment to have no bearing on the Lamarckian hypothesis, writing in 1994 that:

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noted in 1989 that other scientists had been unable to reproduce his results, and described the scientific consensus at the time:

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Varona, Luis; Munilla, Sebastián; Mouresan, Elena Flavia; González-Rodríguez, Aldemar; Moreno, Carlos; Altarriba, Juan (2015).

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Neo-Lamarckism was dominant in French biology for more than a century. French scientists who supported neo-Lamarckism included

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point out that epigenetic inheritance lasts for only a few generations, so it is not a stable basis for evolutionary change.

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imperceptibly weakens and deteriorates it, and progressively diminishes its functional capacity, until it finally disappears.

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to be Lamarckian. Epigenetics is based on hereditary elements other than genes that pass into the germ cells. These include

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physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime. It is also called the

11835: 11043: 10038: 9636: 9480: 6904: 2751: 1708:, and together they have a "hologenome" consisting of all their genomes. The hologenome can vary like any other genome by 11615: 11540: 11467: 11443: 11391: 10764: 9684: 9414: 5339: 4914: 2058:, p. 617: "But Darwin was loath to let go of the notion that a well-used and strengthened organ could be inherited." 12275: 12227: 11860: 11246: 10999: 10426: 10086: 9259: 8987: 8837: 5643: 2505: 1845: 1743:. All the theories offer explanations of how organisms respond to a changed environment with adaptive inherited change. 963:

visited laboratory, found fire suspicious, doubted claim that steam leak had killed all beetles, concluded faked data.

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Gauthier, Peter (March–May 1990). "Does Weismann's Experiment Constitute a Refutation of the Lamarckian Hypothesis?".

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The Complicity of Friends: How George Eliot, G. H. Lewes, and John Hughlings-Jackson Encoded Herbert Spencer's Secret

4092: 2017: 1506:. These marks are responsive to environmental stimuli, differentially affect gene expression, and are adaptive, with 1417:

According to Ernst Mayr, any Lamarckian theory involving the inheritance of acquired characters has been refuted as "

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of traits acquired by the previous generation. These proved a limited validity of Lamarckism. The inheritance of the

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Eugenio Rignano Upon the Inheritance of Acquired Characters: A Hypothesis of Heredity, Development, and Assimilation

4335:"Transgenerational Rescue of a Genetic Defect in Long-Term Potentiation and Memory Formation by Juvenile Enrichment" 12341: 12288: 11895: 11680: 11472: 10965: 10498: 10096: 9216: 9002: 8997: 6139: 5035: 3439: 2998: 1081: 2595: 425: 11890: 11870: 11583: 11328: 11036: 11031: 11004: 10743: 10733: 10657: 9932: 8274: 8001: 6009: 5940: 4541: 1764: 716: 651: 138: 12356: 12148: 12108: 12063: 11770: 11593: 11163: 11100: 10871: 10738: 10518: 10262: 10060: 9964: 9853: 8362: 8204: 6262: 1697: 1691: 1663: 9393: 6610:

Modern Biology: A Review of the Principal Phenomena of Animal Life in Relation to Modern Concepts and Theories

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gave credence to the idea of heritable effects of use and disuse, as Lamarck had done, and his own concept of

12220: 11905: 11885: 11822: 11273: 11142: 11083: 10936: 10523: 10267: 10006: 9244: 7751:. International Library of Psychology, Philosophy, and Scientific Method. Translated with an introduction by 7712: 1973:(January 1946). "The Early History of the Idea of the Inheritance of Acquired Characters and of Pangenesis". 10468: 12068: 11840: 11660: 11283: 11251: 11159: 10876: 10378: 8467: 7903: 6509: 1106: 7612:

The Reluctant Mr. Darwin: An Intimate Portrait of Charles Darwin and the Making of His Theory of Evolution

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Rechavi, O.; Houri-Ze'evi, L.; Anava, S.; Goh, W.S.; Kerk, S.Y.; Hannon, G.J.; Hobert, O. (17 July 2014).

3690:"Alcoholism and the behavior of white rats. I. The influence of alcoholic grandparents upon maze-behavior" 12314: 11880: 11115: 10946: 10540: 9211: 7784: 6863: 6381: 4474: 3654:

pointed out that Harrison's hypothesis required a mutation rate far higher than any previously reported."

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Cook, George M. (December 1999). "Neo-Lamarckian Experimentalism in America: Origins and Consequences".

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Nätt, Daniel; Lindqvist, Niclas; Stranneheim, Henrik; et al. (July 28, 2009). Pizzari, Tom (ed.).

4088: 2702:"Additional Evidence on the Influence of Light in producing Pigments on the Lower Sides of Flat Fishes" 1303: 572:

The experiment's effectiveness in refuting Lamarck's hypothesis is doubtful, as it did not address the

440:"The development of the organs, and their ability, are constantly a result of the use of those organs." 3159: 2044: 137:

supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the

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of characteristics in response to the environment. The biologist Peter Gauthier noted in 1990 that:

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More Than Darwin: An Encyclopedia of the People and Places of the Evolution-creationism Controversy

6910: 6715: 6605: 6420: 5288:"CRISPR: a new principle of genome engineering linked to conceptual shifts in evolutionary biology" 2631: 2112:

Holterhoff, Kate (2014). "The History and Reception of Charles Darwin's Hypothesis of Pangenesis".

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in response to environment; results could not be replicated; cause possibly a transmitted disease.

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where they could pass on to the next generation the newly acquired characteristics of the parents.

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Biographical Memoir of Francis Bertody Sumner, 1874–1945

5664:"Disputing Lamarckian Epigenetic Inheritance in Mammals" 5614: 3775:"Are Permanent Disturbances of Equilibration Inherited?" 2760:(Book review). Vol. 141, no. 5229. p. 337 800:, causing abnormal nervous condition resembling epilepsy 369:, with Darwin's cooperation, in which he transfused the 270:. The idea is mentioned in 18th century sources such as 7593:. Vol. 25. Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute. 7260:. New preface by Ernst Mayr. Harvard University Press. 6011:

Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered

5965: 5942:

Evolution and learning: The Baldwin effect reconsidered

3616: 2956:

Eastwood, M. Lightfoot (October 1912). "Reviewed Work:

2824:, "Lamarckism in Britain and the United States", p. 348 339:

The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication

208:

of acquired characters had been accepted previously by

6865:

The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History

6136:

Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline

5389: 5212: 5210: 3688:

Macdowell, E. Carleton; Vicari, Emilia M. (May 1921).

2902: 2900: 1347:

promoted the ideologically driven research programme,

712:, the idea that evolution is directed towards a goal. 145:. Despite this, interest in Lamarckism has continued. 8833:"Epigenetics: Sins of the fathers, and their fathers" 8551:"Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Music and Language" 6419:(First Harvard University Press paperback ed.). 5056: 2310:, "The Supposed Transmission of Mutilations" (1888), 1890: 1888: 1886: 1475:

Contribution of epigenetic modifications to evolution

590:"disproven" by the Weismann tail-chopping experiment. 7997:

Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems

7936: 7580:

Readings in evolution, genetics, and eugenics (1921)

7219:

Evolution and the Diversity of Life: Selected Essays

7128:. Translated, with an introduction, by Hugh Elliot. 5833: 5831: 5823: 4222: 4220: 3474:

Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society

867:

Variations in offspring even without low temperature

6125: 5572:Dickins, Thomas E.; Rahman, Qazi (August 7, 2012). 5207: 4279: 4127: 3310: 2897: 1425: 1383:, so it is incorrect to refer to it as Lamarckism: 1176:Results not replicable; likely cause ear infection 447: 391: 8323: 7870: 7837: 6338: 5390:González-Recio, O.; Toro, M. A.; Bach, A. (2015). 3472:(November 1957). "Oscar Werner Tiegs. 1897-1956". 2917: 2915: 2887: 2885: 1975:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1907: 1905: 1903: 1883: 1768:Baldwin effect is broadly accepted by Darwinists. 1623:The mechanism was meant to explain why homologous 7491:. The Macmillan Company; Macmillan and Co., Ltd. 5828: 5162: 4876: 4217: 3822:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 3579: 3546: 3506: 2197: 2007: 1780:, Lamarckism has been applied as a mechanism for 1758:The Baldwin effect, named after the psychologist 1685: 1639:sequences generated via somatic hypermutation in 1095:Offspring learnt mazes quicker (20 vs 165 trials) 1025:Reared mice at different temperatures, humidities 426:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck § Lamarckian evolution 12328: 8967: 8672:. Studies in French Civilization. Vol. 14. 7940:; Lindley, Robyn A.; Blanden, Robert V. (1998). 7789:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 6378:Darwin Deleted: Imagining a World Without Darwin 6345:(3rd ed.). University of California Press. 2483: 2449: 2447: 2321: 2319: 2111: 100:Introductory textbooks contrast Lamarckism with 8933:University of California Museum of Paleontology 8382:Gissis, Snait B.; Jablonka, Eva., eds. (2011). 8072:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution 7840:This View of Life: The World of an Evolutionist 6665: 6218:(Paperback ed.). Oxford University Press. 5165:"Is Lamarckian evolution relevant to medicine?" 4083: 4081: 3687: 2912: 2891: 2882: 2280: 2278: 1900: 1873: 1871: 1612:within the immune system and coupled it to the 1156:Pavlov retracted claim; results not replicable 141:, and the general abandonment of Lamarckism in 7897: 7589:Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute (1940). 7104:(in French) (New ed.). Germer Baillière. 5383: 5216: 4260: 4258: 4041:Pearson, Roy Douglas (March 1988). "Reviews". 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1572:'s disputed Neo-Lamarckian mechanism involves 738:tried to demonstrate Lamarckism by mutilating 388:, which have no blood, as well as in animals. 10973: 9678: 9474: 8953: 7877:(2nd ed.). Harcourt, Brace & World. 7704: 7558:Readings in Evolution, Genetics, and Eugenics 7160: 5788: 5571: 4524: 4522: 4273: 2944: 2591: 2444: 2421:. Vol. 84, no. 1175. pp. 38–40 2316: 1965: 1963: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1771: 1616:of RNA derived from body cells to the DNA of 1309: 8755:(1961). "The Human Evolutionary System". In 7898:Springer, Joseph T.; Holley, Dennis (2013). 7705:——; Harvey, Basil C. H. (1911). 7251: 7161:Linville, Henry R.; Kelly, Henry A. (1906). 7017: 6710: 6538: 5843:"The Hologenome Concept: Helpful or Hollow?" 5276: 5050: 4671: 4438: 4326: 4269:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. 4078: 3170: 2821: 2782: 2275: 2055: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1868: 1351:; this suited the ideological opposition of 10987: 7407: 6830: 6635: 6614:Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd. 6539:Cock, Alan G.; Forsdyke, Donald R. (2008). 6034: 5782: 5747: 5234:"Is evolution Darwinian or/and Lamarckian?" 4676: 4255: 3663: 2809: 2040: 2008:Diderot, Denis; Ballestero, Manuel (1992). 1824: 1381:acquired characteristics could be inherited 10980: 10966: 9685: 9671: 9481: 9467: 8960: 8946: 6604: 6007: 5997: 5938: 5837: 5228: 4730: 4519: 3902:Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute 1940 3773:Griffith, Coleman R. (December 15, 1922). 3352: 3230: 3020: 2699: 2652: 2630: 2191: 1960: 1802: 1604:In the 1970s, the Australian immunologist 1170:Reared rats on rotating table for 3 months 959:; Tower claimed all results lost in fire; 155:new experimental results in the fields of 8903: 8850: 8726: 8616: 7755:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.; 7293:Modern Materialism and Emergent Evolution 7290: 6911:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 6803:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 6414: 6008:Weber, Bruce H.; Depew, David J. (2003). 5939:Weber, Bruce H.; Depew, David J. (2003). 5868: 5858: 5730: 5689: 5679: 5597: 5551: 5468: 5458: 5417: 5407: 5311: 5259: 5249: 5190: 5180: 5139: 5086: 5002: 4953: 4894: 4772: 4762: 4648: 4599: 4574:Burkhardt, Richard W. Jr. (August 2013). 4573: 4502: 4415: 4358: 4309: 3846: 3819: 3675: 3564: 3531: 3438: 3391: 3381: 3301: 3260: 3207: 2567: 2226: 2096: 1917: 1405:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 1028:Inherited longer bodies, tails, hind feet 899:, in a case celebrated by the journalist 12144:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 10919:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 9692: 7978: 7645: 6248: 6213: 5931: 5658: 4693: 3985: 3772: 3726: 3316: 3186: 2955: 2579: 2325: 2307: 1852:(September–October 1994). Archived from 1843: 1722: 1657: 1564: 1482:has been argued by scientists including 1471:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 1449: 1446:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 1339:A form of Lamarckism was revived in the 1313: 887: 829:Not controlled from weeds; likely cause 730: 639: 602: 515: 511: 395: 306: 252:Zirkle noted that Hippocrates described 187: 169:transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 31: 9647:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 9601:Inheritance of acquired characteristics 8818:Neo-Darwinism and neo-Lamarckism (1891) 8030: 7868: 7835: 7779: 7744: 7684: 7605: 7518: 7299: 7123: 7094: 6982: 6796: 6172: 6086: 5817: 5366:"Epigenetics smackdown at the Guardian" 4930:"Epigenetic Inheritance in Rice Plants" 4561: 4528: 4473: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4087: 4040: 3951: 3414: 3275: 3242: 3155: 3105: 3009: 2933: 2845: 2606: 2543: 2477: 2465: 2438: 2352: 2284: 2257: 2148: 1911: 1815: 1048:Eye defects inherited for 8 generations 554:theory held that germline cells in the 72:inheritance of acquired characteristics 27:Scientific hypothesis about inheritance 14: 12329: 9450:Index of evolutionary biology articles 8261:"Beyond a 'Darwin was wrong' headline" 8156:. English translation by M. H. Shank. 8152:Barthélemy-Madaule, Madeleine (1982). 7554: 7481: 7408:Moore, Randy; Decker, Mark D. (2008). 7337: 7059: 6642:Zoonomia; or, the Laws of Organic Life 6573: 6453: 6375: 6333: 6295: 6069: 5753: 5627: 5282: 5028:"A Comeback for Lamarckian Evolution?" 5025: 4846: 4264: 4226: 4211: 4104:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 3997: 3974: 3913: 3873: 3468: 2994: 2921: 2906: 2794: 2700:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (May 1895). 2653:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas (May 1893). 2618: 2531: 2520: 2489: 2453: 2067: 1969: 1928: 1894: 1727:Lamarckian use and disuse compared to 1076:arguing that opposition was political 708:combined Larmarckism with ideas about 598: 296: 11636:Psychological effects of Internet use 10961: 10682:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 9666: 9462: 8941: 8108: 7944:. Helix Books; Frontiers of Science. 7519:Mumford, Frederick Blackmar (1921) . 7442: 7372: 7196: 6943: 6902: 6858: 6760: 6495: 5712: 5363: 5340:"Epigenetics: the light and the way?" 5334: 5232:; Wolf, Yuri I. (November 11, 2009). 4682: 4622: 3647: 3426: 3340: 3328: 3276:Sladden, Dorothy E. (November 1932). 3028:by Eugenio Rignano, E. W. MacBride". 3024:(December 23, 1926). "Reviewed Work: 2833: 2749: 2555: 2407: 2395: 2269: 2232: 1877: 1608:developed a neo-Lamarckian theory of 1228:and the South African paleontologist 883: 78:. The idea is named after the French 9637:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 8069: 7213: 7188:A textbook in general zoölogy (1906) 6906:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory 5533: 5491: 4976: 4199: 3963: 1219: 864:Raise butterflies at low temperature 845:Shine light on underside of flatfish 122:similarly implied soft inheritance. 11616:Digital media use and mental health 8599:"Lamarckian viral defense in worms" 8190:Lamarck, ou, Le mythe du précurseur 6415:Burkhardt, Richard W. Jr. (1995) . 5364:Coyne, Jerry (September 23, 2013). 4534:"Lamarck didn't say it, Darwin did" 3623:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3586:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3553:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3520:The Journal of Experimental Biology 2750:Moore, Eldon (September 15, 1928). 2154: 908:instance, in 1906, the philosopher 24: 11247:Automatic and controlled processes 10087:Evolutionary developmental biology 9260:Evolutionary developmental biology 8838:European Journal of Human Genetics 8144: 7805:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1945.tb00215.x 5824:Steele, Lindley & Blanden 1998 5578:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5034:(Biomedicine news). Archived from 5026:Singer, Emily (February 4, 2009). 4625:"Epigenetics, Darwin, and Lamarck" 3456:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1938.tb00882.x 3282:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3249:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2012:(First ed.). Madrid: Debate. 1584:to breach the Weismann barrier to 1323:ideological form of neo-Lamarckism 1294:with neo-Lamarckism. He held that 85:(1744–1829), who incorporated the 25: 12368: 11656:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 8929:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) 8922: 8798:. Press of Gedney & Roberts. 8597:Peng, Wayne (December 27, 2011). 8361:Fecht, Sarah (October 19, 2011). 6341:Evolution: The History of an Idea 5841:; Sloan, Daniel B. (2015-12-04). 5719:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5631:Evolution: The History of an Idea 4441:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4128:Baird, Scerri & McIntyre 2006 4000:Journal of the History of Biology 3877:Journal of Comparative Psychology 3071:(2232): 576–578. August 8, 1912. 2493:Evolution: The History of an Idea 2355:Journal of the History of Biology 2202:. Modern Library. pp. 38–41. 2114:Journal of the History of Biology 1747: 1329:agricultural policy in the 1930s. 1051:Disputed, results not replicated 976:Goldfish, embryos of frogs, newts 952:Heritable changes in size, colour 620: 39:argued, as part of his theory of 12307: 12294: 12282: 12281: 11681:Mobile phones and driving safety 10941: 10932: 10931: 9217:Evolution of sexual reproduction 8876:Yongsheng Liu (September 2007). 8795:Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism 7873:Life: An Introduction to Biology 7869:Simpson, George Gaylord (1965). 7836:Simpson, George Gaylord (1964). 7555:Newman, Horatio Hackett (1921). 6702:The theories of evolution (1912) 6063: 6028: 5959: 5917:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01995.x 5885: 5706: 5652: 5565: 5540:Philosophy and Theory in Biology 5527: 5485: 5434: 5357: 5328: 5222: 5156: 5103: 5019: 4970: 4921: 4870: 4847:Gibson, Andrea (June 16, 2013). 4840: 4789: 4687: 4665: 4616: 4567: 4555: 4467: 4432: 4375: 4205: 4193: 4181: 3243:Sladden, Dorothy E. (May 1930). 2169:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00036.x 1426:Mechanisms resembling Lamarckism 949:in extreme humidity, temperature 677:, and the American entomologist 448:Lamarck's discussion of heredity 392:Lamarck's evolutionary framework 178: 12347:History of evolutionary biology 11584:Computer-mediated communication 10744:Extended evolutionary synthesis 9933:Gene-centered view of evolution 8565:. MIT Press. pp. 165–176. 8275:The Quarterly Review of Biology 8109:Young, Robert Thompson (1922). 7561:. University of Chicago Press. 7510:Evolution and adaptation (1903) 7064:. University Of Chicago Press. 6836:The Material Basis of Evolution 6679:. Translation by André Tridon. 6079: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4034: 3991: 3979: 3968: 3957: 3945: 3907: 3895: 3867: 3840: 3813: 3766: 3720: 3694:Journal of Experimental Zoology 3681: 3669: 3657: 3641: 3610: 3573: 3540: 3500: 3462: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3269: 3236: 3224: 3180: 3164: 3149: 3099: 3056: 3014: 3003: 2988: 2962:International Journal of Ethics 2949: 2938: 2927: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2788: 2776: 2743: 2693: 2646: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2514: 2471: 2459: 2432: 2401: 2389: 2346: 2301: 2263: 2251: 2105: 2061: 2049: 1302:. His views were criticized by 848:Inherited production of pigment 726: 652:history of evolutionary thought 11861:Empathising–systemising theory 11164:female intrasexual competition 11101:Evolutionarily stable strategy 10872:Hologenome theory of evolution 10739:History of molecular evolution 9965:Evolutionarily stable strategy 9854:Last universal common ancestor 9488: 8988:Genotype–phenotype distinction 8205:Johns Hopkins University Press 7791:. Columbia Biological Series. 7546:The breeding of animals (1921) 7523:. The Rural Text-Book Series. 7443:Moore, James R., ed. (2002) . 7197:Mason, Stephen Finney (1956). 7163:A Text-Book in General Zoölogy 6263:University of California Press 6014:. MIT Press. pp. 69–106. 5969:(1953). "The Baldwin effect". 4983:Plant Signaling & Behavior 4351:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5057-08.2009 4302:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.028 4069:The Evolution of Individuality 2034: 2001: 1698:hologenome theory of evolution 1692:hologenome theory of evolution 1686:Hologenome theory of evolution 1662:Neo-Lamarckian inheritance of 535:. Somatic cells (of the body) 18:Inheritance of acquired traits 13: 1: 12221:Standard social science model 11274:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis 10666:Renaissance and Enlightenment 9245:Regulation of gene expression 8653:10.1126/science.341.6150.1055 7904:Jones & Bartlett Learning 7785:"Tempo and Mode in Evolution" 7757:Harcourt, Brace & Company 7713:Open Court Publishing Company 7115:Philosophie zoologique (1830) 5534:Haig, David (November 2011). 3444:British Journal of Psychology 3356:; Smith, E. A. (March 1920). 2287:An examination of Weismannism 2285:Romanes, George John (1893). 2237:. Vintage. pp. 119–121. 1844:Ghiselin, Michael T. (1994). 1795: 1153:Offspring easier to condition 785:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard 736:Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard 365:, carried out experiments on 149: 12069:Missing heritability problem 11661:Social aspects of television 11284:Evolution of nervous systems 11252:Computational theory of mind 10877:Missing heritability problem 10504:Gamete differentiation/sexes 9415:Endless Forms Most Beautiful 9195:Evolution of genetic systems 9003:Gene–environment correlation 8998:Gene–environment interaction 8074:(First paperback ed.). 7646:Raitiere, Martin N. (2012). 7150:Zoological philosophy (1914) 6510:National Academy of Sciences 6087:Aminoff, Michael J. (2011). 5945:. MIT Press. pp. 3–31. 5860:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002311 5803:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001 5768:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001 5713:Weiss, Adam (October 2015). 5553:10.3998/ptb.6959004.0003.004 5447:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 4977:Sano, Hiroshi (April 2010). 4896:10.1016/0028-2243(95)02149-M 4764:10.1371/journal.pone.0006405 4629:Genome Biology and Evolution 4483:Genome Biology and Evolution 4241:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.07.001 3861:10.1152/physrev.1925.5.2.244 2877:Maximilian Rudolph Standfuss 1107:John William Heslop-Harrison 715:With the development of the 498:transmutation of the species 7: 12315:Evolutionary biology portal 9394:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard 8489:(1990). Pyke, David (ed.). 8070:Wood, Bernard, ed. (2013). 7846:Harcourt, Brace & World 7377:. Oxford University Press. 7291:McDougall, William (1934). 7029:. Oxford University Press. 6903:Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). 6459:Lamarck and Modern Genetics 6382:University of Chicago Press 6205:Problems of genetics (1913) 4592:10.1534/genetics.113.151852 4339:The Journal of Neuroscience 3799:10.1126/science.56.1459.676 3173:, "A Note on W. L. Tower's 2892:Delage & Goldsmith 1912 2773:(1928) by J. T. Cunningham. 2752:"The New View of Mendelism" 2200:A Growing sense of progress 1545:The evolutionary biologist 1502:proteins, both involved in 1373:Tempo and Mode in Evolution 1362: 1325:which adversely influenced 1246:Lamarck and Modern Genetics 1224:The British anthropologist 10: 12373: 12276:Evolutionary psychologists 12149:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 12064:Human–animal communication 11776:Ovulatory shift hypothesis 11626:Imprinted brain hypothesis 11594:Human–computer interaction 10509:Life cycles/nuclear phases 10061:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 9270:Hedgehog signaling pathway 9147:Developmental architecture 8763:. Tavistock Publications; 8475:Information Bulletin VOGiS 7900:An Introduction to Zoology 7692:(in French). Félix Alcan. 7449:Cambridge University Press 7060:Kohler, Robert E. (2002). 6983:Harwood, Jonathan (1993). 6870:W. W. Norton & Company 6214:Blumberg, Mark S. (2010). 5897:Environmental Microbiology 5732:10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.003 5628:Bowler, Peter J. (1989) . 5217:Springer & Holley 2013 5132:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.020 5079:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.042 4623:Penny, David (June 2015). 4453:10.1016/j.tree.2012.02.003 2490:Bowler, Peter J. (1989) . 2198:Larson, Edward J. (2004). 1772:In sociocultural evolution 1751: 1689: 1468: 1332: 1310:Ideological neo-Lamarckism 1173:Inherited balance disorder 877:"difficult to interpret". 796:and dorsal spinal cord of 679:Alpheus Spring Packard Jr. 629: 625: 423: 300: 183: 167:proved the possibility of 12270: 12196:Environmental determinism 12167:Cultural selection theory 12159: 12054:Evolutionary epistemology 12041: 11968:evolutionary neuroscience 11930: 11923: 11821: 11696: 11641:Rank theory of depression 11564: 11488: 11390: 11196: 11189: 11143:Parent–offspring conflict 11052: 10995: 10927: 10827: 10752: 10656: 10583: 10539: 10394: 10298: 10115: 10074: 10007:Parent–offspring conflict 9943: 9812:Earliest known life forms 9733: 9700: 9652:Politicization of science 9624: 9578: 9532: 9496: 9447: 9426: 9355: 9283: 9237: 9230: 9194: 9146: 9110: 9097:Transgressive segregation 9043: 8980: 8134:Biology in America (1922) 7797:Columbia University Press 7745:Rignano, Eugenio (1926). 7652:Bucknell University Press 6676:The Theories of Evolution 6606:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas 6376:Bowler, Peter J. (2013). 6049:10.1007/s10539-006-9037-7 5681:10.1186/s13059-015-0626-0 5509:10.1007/s10539-006-9033-y 5304:10.1007/s10539-018-9658-7 4012:10.1007/s10739-010-9240-x 3030:The Journal of Philosophy 2945:Rignano & Harvey 1911 2867:10.1126/science.4.80.52-c 2799:view=1up, seq=277 257–259 2729:10.1017/S0025315400050761 2679:10.1017/S0025315400049596 2632:Cunningham, Joseph Thomas 2592:Linville & Kelly 1906 2413:"Another Look at Lamarck" 2126:10.1007/s10739-014-9377-0 1669:The historian of biology 1069:Black foot-pads inherited 697:and the German anatomist 286:(c. 1795) suggested that 112:. However, Darwin's book 12089:Cultural group selection 11973:Biocultural anthropology 11666:Societal impacts of cars 11599:Media naturalness theory 11289:Fight-or-flight response 10860:Cultural group selection 10724:The eclipse of Darwinism 10696:On the Origin of Species 10671:Transmutation of species 8896:10.1038/sj.embor.7401060 8668:Persell, Stuart (1999). 8561:; Brown, Steven (eds.). 7488:Evolution and Adaptation 7373:Moore, David S. (2015). 6421:Harvard University Press 6037:Biology & Philosophy 5409:10.3389/fgene.2015.00305 5292:Biology & Philosophy 4672:Jablonka & Lamb 1995 2783:Cock & Forsdyke 2008 2056:Desmond & Moore 1991 1718:chromosome rearrangement 1430:Studies in the field of 1150:in mice to food and bell 838:Joseph Thomas Cunningham 660:the eclipse of Darwinism 332:On the Origin of Species 115:On the Origin of Species 62:, is the notion that an 12342:Non-Darwinian evolution 12289:Evolutionary psychology 12253:Sociocultural evolution 12094:Dual inheritance theory 11551:Personality development 11012:Theoretical foundations 10989:Evolutionary psychology 10865:Dual inheritance theory 10704:History of paleontology 9632:Bourgeois pseudoscience 9275:Notch signaling pathway 9250:Gene regulatory network 9133:Dual inheritance theory 8852:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201567 8037:Darwinism and Economics 7781:Simpson, George Gaylord 7521:The Breeding of Animals 7130:Macmillan and Co., Ltd. 7124:—— (1914). 6793:. Retrieved 2015-10-26. 6093:Oxford University Press 5967:Simpson, George Gaylord 5182:10.1186/1471-2350-11-73 4696:Nature Reviews Genetics 4408:10.1126/science.1229277 3732:The American Naturalist 3664:Moore & Decker 2008 2367:10.1023/A:1012950826540 2233:Gould, Stephen (2001). 1934:The American Naturalist 1782:dual inheritance theory 1281:philosophy of evolution 1213:Results not replicable 1199:Drosophila melanogaster 1006:Inherited malformations 1003:of pregnant guinea pigs 992:Charles Rupert Stockard 979:Abnormalities inherited 947:Colorado potato beetles 408:) creating a ladder of 404:towards higher levels ( 12211:Social constructionism 12206:Psychological nativism 12181:Biological determinism 12129:Recent human evolution 12124:Punctuated equilibrium 11947:Behavioral epigenetics 11942:evolutionary economics 11911:Variability hypothesis 11856:Emotional intelligence 11589:Engineering psychology 11279:Evolution of the brain 10553:Punctuated equilibrium 9874:Non-adaptive radiation 9822:Evolutionary arms race 9323:cis-regulatory element 9231:Control of development 9111:Non-genetic influences 9077:evolutionary landscape 7338:Mitman, Gregg (1992). 7101:Philosophie Zoologique 7096:Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 6497:Child, Charles Manning 6455:Cannon, Herbert Graham 6255:Dobzhansky, Theodosius 5715:"Lamarckian Illusions" 5590:10.1098/rspb.2012.0273 5497:Biology and Philosophy 5251:10.1186/1745-6150-4-42 4540:(Blog). Archived from 4265:Steele, E. J. (1981). 3714:10.1002/jez.1400330107 3510:; Drummond, Frank H.; 3486:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0017 3303:10.1098/rspb.1932.0072 3262:10.1098/rspb.1930.0031 1744: 1680: 1666: 1592: 1562:epigenetic processes. 1525: 1480:Epigenetic inheritance 1466: 1415: 1390: 1368:George Gaylord Simpson 1330: 1018:Francis Bertody Sumner 982:Disputed; possibly an 939:William Lawrence Tower 904: 806:Not Lamarckism, as no 754: 743: 647: 613: 592: 583: 544: 421: 361:Darwin's half-cousin, 323: 250: 196: 56:Lamarckian inheritance 48: 12357:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 12238:Multilineal evolution 12201:Nature versus nurture 12160:Theoretical positions 12008:Functional psychology 12003:Evolutionary medicine 11978:Biological psychiatry 11686:Texting while driving 11676:Lead–crime hypothesis 11536:Cognitive development 11521:Caregiver deprivation 11032:Gene selection theory 10845:Evolutionary medicine 10719:Mendelian inheritance 10427:Biological complexity 10415:Programmed cell death 10107:Phenotypic plasticity 9827:Evolutionary pressure 9817:Evidence of evolution 9715:Timeline of evolution 9611:Mendelian inheritance 9434:Nature versus nurture 9338:Cell surface receptor 9255:Evo-devo gene toolkit 9154:Developmental biology 9092:Polygenic inheritance 9018:Quantitative genetics 8753:Waddington, Conrad H. 8499:(1st U.S. ed.). 7525:The Macmillan Company 6251:Ayala, Francisco José 6184:Yale University Press 5460:10.1534/g3.115.016725 5396:Frontiers in Genetics 5370:Why Evolution is True 5344:Why Evolution Is True 5032:MIT Technology Review 4995:10.4161/psb.5.4.10803 4290:Biological Psychiatry 3849:Physiological Reviews 2636:Zoologischer Anzeiger 1790:history of technology 1752:Further information: 1726: 1690:Further information: 1675: 1661: 1614:reverse transcription 1610:somatic hypermutation 1578:reverse transcription 1574:somatic hypermutation 1568: 1520: 1469:Further information: 1453: 1440:somatic hypermutation 1410: 1385: 1317: 1242:Herbert Graham Cannon 1100:experimental controls 1031:Inconsistent results 891: 831:genetic contamination 749: 734: 643: 630:Further information: 607:The long neck of the 606: 587: 578: 519: 512:Weismann's experiment 479:English translation: 424:Further information: 399: 310: 242:Jo. Fried. Blumenbach 205: 193:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 191: 165:somatic hypermutation 83:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 35: 12191:Cultural determinism 11998:Evolutionary biology 11983:Cognitive psychology 11931:Academic disciplines 11579:Cognitive ergonomics 11546:Language acquisition 11526:Childhood attachment 11339:Wason selection task 11233:Behavioral modernity 11022:Cognitive revolution 11005:Evolutionary thought 10819:Teleology in biology 10714:Blending inheritance 10092:Genetic assimilation 9955:Artificial selection 9694:Evolutionary biology 9343:Transcription factor 9058:Genetic assimilation 9045:Genetic architecture 8563:The Origins of Music 8033:Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 6832:Goldschmidt, Richard 6461:(Reprint ed.). 6179:Problems of Genetics 5791:Molecular Immunology 5536:"Lamarck Ascending!" 5338:(October 24, 2010). 5169:BMC Medical Genetics 3728:Griffith, Coleman R. 3635:10.1242/jeb.31.3.307 3598:10.1242/jeb.25.2.103 3566:10.1242/jeb.19.2.158 3533:10.1242/jeb.12.3.191 3383:10.1073/pnas.6.3.134 3117:(Letter to editor). 2045:Vol I, section XXXIX 1776:Within the field of 1741:genetic assimilation 1714:sexual recombination 1536:Piwi-interacting RNA 1494:patterns in DNA and 1300:genetic assimilation 1205:Directed mutagenesis 1039:, Elizabeth A. Smith 1001:alcohol intoxication 826:Acquired adaptations 632:Eclipse of Darwinism 203:wrote in 1935 that: 12258:Unilineal evolution 12023:Population genetics 11808:Sexy son hypothesis 11746:Hormonal motivation 11726:Concealed ovulation 11267:Dual process theory 11138:Parental investment 10882:Molecular evolution 10840:Ecological genetics 10709:Transitional fossil 10499:Sexual reproduction 10339:endomembrane system 10268:pollinator-mediated 10224:dolphins and whales 10002:Parental investment 9545:Georgii Karpechenko 9439:Morphogenetic field 9356:Influential figures 8368:Scientific American 7483:Morgan, Thomas Hunt 7412:. Greenwood Press. 7254:Provine, William B. 5909:2009EnvMi..11.2959R 5584:(1740): 2913–2921. 5038:on January 27, 2016 4818:10.1038/nature09491 4810:2010Natur.467..963N 4755:2009PLoSO...4.6405N 4475:Skinner, Michael K. 4400:2013Sci...339..448H 3791:1922Sci....56..676G 3706:1921JEZ....33..208M 3374:1920PNAS....6..134G 3294:1932RSPSB.112....1S 3196:The Eugenics Review 3127:1919Natur.103..344B 3077:1912Natur..89..576. 3022:Carmichael, Leonard 2721:1895JMBUK...4...53C 2671:1893JMBUK...3..111C 2468:, pp. 218, 220 2411:(October 4, 1979). 2089:1871Natur...3..502D 1850:The Textbook Letter 1729:Darwinian evolution 1226:Frederic Wood Jones 917: 871:Richard Goldschmidt 803:Epileptic offspring 763: 683:Edward Drinker Cope 656:population genetics 645:Edward Drinker Cope 599:Textbook Lamarckism 297:Darwin's pangenesis 280:. Erasmus Darwin's 66:can pass on to its 12216:Social determinism 12099:Fisher's principle 12059:Great ape language 12049:Cultural evolution 12018:Philosophy of mind 11851:Division of labour 11813:Westermarck effect 11761:Mating preferences 11671:Distracted driving 11405:Literary criticism 11262:Domain specificity 11242:modularity of mind 10855:Cultural evolution 9970:Fisher's principle 9899:Handicap principle 9889:Parallel evolution 9753:Adaptive radiation 9128:Genomic imprinting 8790:Ward, Lester Frank 8674:Edwin Mellen Press 8635:Pennisi, Elizabeth 8112:Biology in America 7992:Shipley, Arthur E. 7984:Poulton, Edward B. 7167:Ginn & Company 6860:Gould, Stephen Jay 6808:Dover Publications 6645:. Joseph Johnson. 5662:(March 27, 2015). 4946:10.1093/aob/mcm110 4641:10.1093/gbe/evv107 4564:, pp. 295–315 4544:on 9 February 2015 4495:10.1093/gbe/evv073 4190:, pp. 142–143 4178:, pp. 166–169 4089:Shapiro, Arthur M. 4055:10.1007/BF00050806 4043:Acta Biotheoretica 3954:, pp. 121–131 3931:10.1007/BF01984742 3470:Pantin, Carl F. A. 3440:McDougall, William 3343:, pp. 146–173 3177:Work," pp. 352–353 2909:, pp. 202–204 2812:, pp. 266–267 2785:, pp. 132–133 2456:, pp. 236–244 2409:Gould, Stephen Jay 2272:, pp. 170–191 2157:Biological Reviews 2071:(April 27, 1871). 1897:, pp. 245–246 1880:, pp. 177–178 1856:on 12 October 2000 1778:cultural evolution 1760:James Mark Baldwin 1745: 1667: 1593: 1467: 1461:marks, created by 1402:wrote in his book 1343:of the 1930s when 1331: 1269:Pierre-Paul Grassé 1196:Heat treatment in 1148:Conditioned reflex 915: 905: 884:Early 20th century 761: 744: 650:The period of the 648: 614: 545: 422: 324: 277:D'Alembert's Dream 197: 135:Mendelian genetics 93:, a drive towards 49: 12324: 12323: 12302:Psychology portal 12266: 12265: 12109:Hologenome theory 12079:Unit of selection 12074:Primate cognition 11988:Cognitive science 11919: 11918: 11790:Sexual attraction 11766:Mating strategies 11531:Cinderella effect 11461:Moral foundations 11365:Visual perception 11257:Domain generality 11226:Facial expression 11174:Sexual dimorphism 11133:Natural selection 11079:Hamiltonian spite 10955: 10954: 10571:Uniformitarianism 10524:Sex-determination 10029:Sexual dimorphism 10024:Natural selection 9928:Unit of selection 9894:Signalling theory 9660: 9659: 9642:Pavlovian session 9514:Nikita Khrushchev 9456: 9455: 9389:Eric F. Wieschaus 9351: 9350: 9169:Pattern formation 9073:Fitness landscape 8831:(February 2006). 8728:10.1002/hep.26240 8683:978-0-7734-8275-3 8572:978-0-262-23206-7 8540:The Future of Man 8510:978-0-06-039112-6 8435:978-1-921208-60-7 8393:978-0-262-01514-1 8337:978-0-226-14346-0 8259:(19 March 2010). 8241:(19 March 2010). 8214:978-0-8018-3888-0 8167:978-0-262-02179-1 8085:978-1-118-65099-8 8046:978-1-84844-072-2 7988:Schönland, Selmar 7955:978-0-7382-0014-9 7938:Steele, Edward J. 7913:978-1-4496-4891-6 7748:Biological Memory 7661:978-1-61148-418-2 7622:978-0-393-05981-6 7458:978-0-521-52478-0 7419:978-0-313-34155-7 7384:978-0-19-992234-5 7349:978-0-226-53236-3 7314:978-0-19-283043-2 7267:978-0-674-27226-2 7228:978-0-674-27105-0 7071:978-0-226-45010-0 7036:978-0-19-854062-5 6994:978-0-226-31882-0 6959:978-1-55111-393-7 6920:978-0-674-00613-3 6879:978-0-393-01380-1 6737:978-0-7181-3430-3 6589:978-1-84217-014-4 6550:978-0-387-75687-5 6472:978-0-8371-8173-8 6430:978-0-674-83318-0 6391:978-0-226-06867-1 6352:978-0-520-23693-6 6310:978-0-8018-4391-4 6272:978-0-520-02649-0 6225:978-0-19-921306-1 6149:978-1-4020-3256-1 6102:978-0-19-974263-9 6021:978-0-262-23229-6 5952:978-0-262-23229-6 5903:(12): 2959–2962. 5893:Rosenberg, Eugene 5286:(February 2019). 5284:Koonin, Eugene V. 5230:Koonin, Eugene V. 4851:(Press release). 4804:(7318): 963–966. 4532:(March 8, 2009). 4394:(6118): 448–452. 3785:(1459): 676–678. 3354:Guyer, Michael F. 3121:(2592): 344–345. 3026:Biological Memory 2960:by C.H. Harvey". 2849:(July 10, 1896). 2498:257, 264, 279–280 2244:978-0-09-928583-0 1304:Arthur M. Shapiro 1220:Late 20th century 1217: 1216: 1129:replicate results 1082:William McDougall 961:William E. Castle 881: 880: 506:Stephen Jay Gould 110:natural selection 74:or more recently 16:(Redirected from 12364: 12352:Biology theories 12311: 12298: 12285: 12284: 11928: 11927: 11924:Related subjects 11711:Adult attachment 11238:Cognitive module 11194: 11193: 11181:Social selection 11155:Costly signaling 11150:Sexual selection 11037:Modern synthesis 10982: 10975: 10968: 10959: 10958: 10945: 10935: 10934: 10734:Modern synthesis 10494:Multicellularity 10489:Mosaic evolution 10374:auditory ossicle 10056:Social selection 10039:Flowering plants 10034:Sexual selection 9687: 9680: 9673: 9664: 9663: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9460: 9459: 9399:William McGinnis 9368:Richard Lewontin 9363:C. H. Waddington 9235: 9234: 9212:Neutral networks 8962: 8955: 8948: 8939: 8938: 8917: 8907: 8872: 8854: 8822:Internet Archive 8815: 8784: 8765:Quadrangle Books 8748: 8730: 8721:(4): 1663–1665. 8703: 8664: 8630: 8620: 8592: 8530: 8482: 8472: 8455: 8413: 8378: 8376: 8375: 8357: 8329: 8315: 8268: 8257:Rutherford, Adam 8252: 8239:Burkeman, Oliver 8234: 8197:Bowler, Peter J. 8187: 8138:Internet Archive 8132: 8105: 8066: 8027: 8025: 8024: 7980:Weismann, August 7975: 7933: 7902:(1st ed.). 7894: 7876: 7865: 7844:(1st ed.). 7843: 7832: 7776: 7738:Internet Archive 7732: 7701: 7686:Rignano, Eugenio 7681: 7642: 7602: 7584:Internet Archive 7578: 7550:Internet Archive 7544: 7514:Internet Archive 7508: 7478: 7439: 7404: 7369: 7334: 7296: 7287: 7248: 7210: 7192:Internet Archive 7186: 7154:Internet Archive 7148: 7119:Internet Archive 7113: 7091: 7056: 7014: 6979: 6948:(2nd ed.). 6940: 6899: 6868:(1st ed.). 6855: 6827: 6791:Internet Archive 6785: 6757: 6706:Internet Archive 6700: 6671:Goldsmith, Marie 6662: 6632: 6601: 6570: 6535: 6533: 6532: 6507: 6492: 6450: 6411: 6372: 6344: 6335:Bowler, Peter J. 6330: 6297:Bowler, Peter J. 6292: 6245: 6209:Internet Archive 6203: 6174:Bateson, William 6169: 6122: 6073: 6072:, pp. 31–60 6067: 6061: 6060: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5872: 5862: 5853:(12): e1002311. 5835: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5734: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5683: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5625: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5472: 5462: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5421: 5411: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5253: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5184: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5143: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5073:(6): 1248–1256. 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5006: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4934:Annals of Botany 4925: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4898: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4855:. 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Ryan 4526: 4517: 4516: 4506: 4489:(5): 1296–1302. 4471: 4465: 4464: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4362: 4345:(5): 1496–1502. 4330: 4324: 4323: 4313: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4224: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4154:, pp. 14–60 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4101: 4085: 4076: 4059:Book reviews of 4058: 4038: 4032: 4031: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3925:(5–6): 476–494. 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3889:10.1037/h0074715 3871: 3865: 3864: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3738:(635): 524–534. 3724: 3718: 3717: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3508:Agar, Wilfred E. 3504: 3498: 3497: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3395: 3385: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3319:, pp. 69–70 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3255:(744): 318–325. 3240: 3234: 3233:, pp. 84–97 3228: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3190:(January 1924). 3188:MacBride, Ernest 3184: 3178: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3135:10.1038/103344b0 3109:(July 3, 1919). 3107:Bateson, William 3103: 3097: 3096: 3085:10.1038/089576a0 3060: 3054: 3053: 3018: 3012: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2953: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2895: 2889: 2880: 2870: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2810:Goldschmidt 1940 2807: 2801: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2706: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2282: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2203: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098:10.1038/003502a0 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041:Darwin 1794–1796 2038: 2032: 2031: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1940:(724): 417–445. 1926: 1915: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1881: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1841: 1822: 1813: 1765:modern synthesis 1606:Edward J. Steele 1570:Edward J. Steele 1267:(1853–1922) and 1234:Hermann Klaatsch 1190: 1164:, John Detlefson 1162:Coleman Griffith 1037:Michael F. Guyer 918: 914: 842:1891, 1893, 1895 764: 760: 717:modern synthesis 560:Weismann barrier 541:Weismann barrier 502:Michael Ghiselin 154: 151: 139:modern synthesis 76:soft inheritance 54:, also known as 21: 12372: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12327: 12326: 12325: 12320: 12262: 12248:Neoevolutionism 12155: 12139:Species complex 12104:Group selection 12042:Research topics 12037: 12013:Neuropsychology 11915: 11901:Substance abuse 11823:Sex differences 11817: 11731:Coolidge effect 11692: 11604:Neuroergonomics 11569: 11560: 11484: 11386: 11320:Folk psychology 11201: 11185: 11055: 11048: 10991: 10986: 10956: 10951: 10923: 10850:Group selection 10823: 10748: 10652: 10579: 10541:Tempo and modes 10535: 10390: 10294: 10111: 10070: 9946: 9939: 9916:Species complex 9729: 9720:History of life 9696: 9691: 9661: 9656: 9625:Soviet policies 9620: 9574: 9570:Nikolai Vavilov 9550:Zhores Medvedev 9540:Wacław Gajewski 9528: 9492: 9487: 9457: 9452: 9443: 9422: 9409:Sean B. Carroll 9347: 9279: 9226: 9190: 9142: 9123:Maternal effect 9106: 9039: 8976: 8966: 8925: 8920: 8875: 8827: 8788: 8757:Banton, Michael 8751: 8706: 8684: 8667: 8633: 8618:10.1038/ng.1062 8604:Nature Genetics 8596: 8573: 8555:Wallin, Nils L. 8545: 8511: 8485: 8481:(1/2): 242–254. 8470: 8464:Lamb, Marion J. 8458: 8436: 8418:Honeywill, Ross 8416: 8394: 8381: 8373: 8371: 8360: 8338: 8320:Desmond, Adrian 8318: 8271: 8255: 8237: 8215: 8195: 8188:Translation of 8168: 8151: 8147: 8145:Further reading 8142: 8115:. R.G. Badger. 8086: 8076:Wiley-Blackwell 8047: 8022: 8020: 8002:Clarendon Press 7956: 7914: 7753:Ernest MacBride 7662: 7623: 7459: 7420: 7385: 7350: 7315: 7268: 7256:, eds. (1998). 7229: 7072: 7037: 7023:Lamb, Marion J. 6995: 6960: 6950:Broadview Press 6921: 6880: 6798:Gardner, Martin 6738: 6716:Moore, James R. 6712:Desmond, Adrian 6637:Darwin, Erasmus 6590: 6551: 6530: 6528: 6505: 6473: 6463:Greenwood Press 6431: 6392: 6353: 6311: 6273: 6226: 6150: 6134:, eds. (2006). 6103: 6082: 6077: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6004:Dennett, Daniel 6002: 5998: 5983:10.2307/2405746 5964: 5960: 5953: 5936: 5932: 5890: 5886: 5839:Moran, Nancy A. 5836: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5787: 5783: 5752: 5748: 5725:(10): 566–568. 5711: 5707: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5626: 5615: 5570: 5566: 5532: 5528: 5490: 5486: 5439: 5435: 5388: 5384: 5375: 5373: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5347: 5333: 5329: 5281: 5277: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5208: 5161: 5157: 5108: 5104: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5024: 5020: 4975: 4971: 4926: 4922: 4911: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4853:Ohio University 4845: 4841: 4794: 4790: 4735: 4731: 4708:10.1038/nrg1834 4692: 4688: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4621: 4617: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4527: 4520: 4472: 4468: 4437: 4433: 4380: 4376: 4331: 4327: 4278: 4274: 4263: 4256: 4235:(2016): 1–2 4. 4225: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4111: 4106:(Book review). 4099: 4086: 4079: 4065:Ryuichi Matsuda 4045:(Book review). 4039: 4035: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3872: 3868: 3845: 3841: 3818: 3814: 3771: 3767: 3725: 3721: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3646: 3642: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3578: 3574: 3545: 3541: 3512:Tiegs, Oscar W. 3505: 3501: 3467: 3463: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3274: 3270: 3241: 3237: 3231:Cunningham 1928 3229: 3225: 3185: 3181: 3169: 3165: 3154: 3150: 3104: 3100: 3067:(Book review). 3062: 3061: 3057: 3042:10.2307/2014451 3036:(26): 718–720. 3019: 3015: 3008: 3004: 2993: 2989: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2883: 2857:(Book review). 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2763: 2761: 2748: 2744: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2651: 2647: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2351: 2347: 2324: 2317: 2306: 2302: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2231: 2227: 2215: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2153: 2149: 2110: 2106: 2083:(78): 502–503. 2069:Darwin, Charles 2066: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2039: 2035: 2020: 2006: 2002: 1987:10.2307/1005592 1968: 1961: 1927: 1918: 1910: 1901: 1893: 1884: 1876: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1842: 1825: 1814: 1803: 1798: 1774: 1756: 1750: 1694: 1688: 1671:Peter J. Bowler 1602: 1547:T. Ryan Gregory 1504:gene regulation 1477: 1448: 1428: 1365: 1337: 1312: 1288:Ryuichi Matsuda 1250:Paul Wintrebert 1222: 1184: 1117:exposed to soot 1074:Arthur Koestler 957:William Bateson 910:Eugenio Rignano 901:Arthur Koestler 886: 851:Disputed cause 729: 695:Herbert Spencer 675:plant evolution 638: 628: 623: 601: 548:August Weismann 521:August Weismann 514: 450: 428: 394: 305: 299: 267:Just So Stories 262:Rudyard Kipling 258:Pliny the Elder 238:Michael Adanson 230:Levinus Lemnius 186: 181: 152: 131:August Weismann 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12370: 12360: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12305: 12292: 12279: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12169: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12045: 12043: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11953: 11944: 11934: 11932: 11925: 11921: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11827: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11792: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11702: 11700: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11631:Mind-blindness 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11575: 11573: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11505: 11500: 11494: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11476: 11475: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11453: 11452: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11431: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11396: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11326: 11324:theory of mind 11317: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11235: 11230: 11229: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11207: 11205: 11191: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11183: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11157: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11091:Baldwin effect 11088: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11040: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11009: 11008: 11007: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10985: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10962: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10939: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10900: 10899: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10762: 10756: 10754: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10700: 10699: 10690:Charles Darwin 10687: 10686: 10685: 10673: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10628:Non-ecological 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10589: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10568: 10559: 10545: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10412: 10401: 10399: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10379:nervous system 10376: 10371: 10366: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10305: 10303: 10296: 10295: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10246: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10199: 10189: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10145: 10140: 10139: 10138: 10128: 10122: 10120: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9951: 9949: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9925: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9879:Origin of life 9876: 9871: 9866: 9864:Microevolution 9861: 9859:Macroevolution 9856: 9851: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9797:Common descent 9794: 9793: 9792: 9782: 9777: 9775:Baldwin effect 9772: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9739: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9690: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9667: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9555:Georgii Nadson 9552: 9547: 9542: 9536: 9534: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9504:Trofim Lysenko 9500: 9498: 9494: 9493: 9486: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9463: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9436: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9373:François Jacob 9370: 9365: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9298: 9293: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9241: 9239: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9102:Sequence space 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9049: 9047: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8977: 8965: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8924: 8923:External links 8921: 8919: 8918: 8890:(9): 798–803. 8873: 8845:(2): 131–132. 8829:Whitelaw, Emma 8825: 8786: 8749: 8704: 8682: 8665: 8647:(6150): 1055. 8631: 8594: 8571: 8543: 8536:Reith Lectures 8509: 8495:. Foreword by 8487:Medawar, Peter 8483: 8456: 8434: 8414: 8392: 8379: 8358: 8336: 8316: 8288:10.1086/394112 8282:(4): 417–437. 8269: 8253: 8235: 8213: 8193: 8166: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8106: 8084: 8067: 8045: 8028: 7976: 7954: 7934: 7912: 7895: 7866: 7833: 7777: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7682: 7660: 7643: 7621: 7607:Quammen, David 7603: 7586: 7552: 7516: 7479: 7457: 7440: 7418: 7405: 7383: 7370: 7348: 7335: 7313: 7301:Medawar, Peter 7297: 7288: 7266: 7249: 7227: 7211: 7194: 7158: 7157: 7156: 7092: 7070: 7057: 7035: 7015: 6993: 6980: 6958: 6941: 6919: 6900: 6878: 6856: 6828: 6794: 6762:Forel, Auguste 6758: 6736: 6728:Viking Penguin 6724:Michael Joseph 6708: 6663: 6633: 6602: 6588: 6571: 6549: 6536: 6493: 6471: 6451: 6429: 6412: 6390: 6373: 6351: 6331: 6309: 6293: 6271: 6246: 6224: 6211: 6170: 6148: 6126:Baird, Davis; 6123: 6101: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6062: 6043:(4): 493–512. 6027: 6020: 5996: 5977:(2): 110–117. 5958: 5951: 5930: 5884: 5827: 5816: 5797:(6): 667–673. 5781: 5746: 5705: 5668:Genome Biology 5660:Whitelaw, Emma 5651: 5645:978-0520063860 5644: 5613: 5564: 5542:(Book essay). 5526: 5503:(3): 415–428. 5484: 5453:(4): 477–485. 5433: 5382: 5356: 5327: 5275: 5238:Biology Direct 5221: 5206: 5155: 5126:(2): 277–287. 5102: 5049: 5018: 4989:(4): 346–348. 4969: 4940:(2): 205–217. 4920: 4869: 4839: 4788: 4729: 4702:(5): 395–401. 4686: 4675: 4664: 4615: 4586:(4): 793–805. 4566: 4554: 4518: 4466: 4447:(6): 330–336. 4431: 4374: 4325: 4296:(9): 760–769. 4272: 4254: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4168: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4093:"Book Review: 4077: 4033: 4006:(4): 713–744. 3990: 3978: 3967: 3956: 3944: 3915:Jollos, Victor 3906: 3894: 3883:(3): 469–475. 3866: 3855:(2): 224–278. 3839: 3828:(5): 292–300. 3812: 3765: 3744:10.1086/279783 3719: 3700:(1): 208–291. 3680: 3676:McDougall 1934 3668: 3656: 3640: 3629:(3): 308–321. 3609: 3592:(2): 103–122. 3572: 3559:(2): 158–167. 3539: 3526:(3): 191–211. 3499: 3461: 3450:(4): 365–395. 3431: 3419: 3407: 3368:(3): 134–136. 3345: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3268: 3235: 3223: 3202:(4): 545–555. 3179: 3171:Weinstein 1998 3163: 3148: 3098: 3055: 3013: 3002: 2987: 2974:10.1086/206715 2968:(1): 117–118. 2948: 2937: 2926: 2911: 2896: 2881: 2847:Packard, A. S. 2838: 2826: 2822:Burkhardt 1998 2814: 2802: 2787: 2775: 2771:Modern Biology 2742: 2692: 2665:(1): 111–118. 2645: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2584: 2572: 2568:Burkhardt 1995 2560: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2513: 2507:978-0520063860 2506: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2443: 2431: 2400: 2388: 2361:(3): 517–555. 2345: 2315: 2300: 2289:. Open Court. 2274: 2262: 2250: 2243: 2225: 2190: 2163:(2): 141–149. 2147: 2120:(4): 661–695. 2104: 2060: 2048: 2033: 2018: 2000: 1971:Zirkle, Conway 1959: 1946:10.1086/280617 1930:Zirkle, Conway 1916: 1899: 1882: 1867: 1823: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1773: 1770: 1754:Baldwin effect 1749: 1748:Baldwin effect 1746: 1733:Baldwin effect 1706:microorganisms 1687: 1684: 1601: 1598: 1488:Marion J. Lamb 1457:molecule with 1447: 1444: 1427: 1424: 1400:Martin Gardner 1364: 1361: 1345:Trofim Lysenko 1333:Main article: 1319:Trofim Lysenko 1311: 1308: 1265:Gaston Bonnier 1257:Edmond Perrier 1221: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1202: 1194: 1191: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1131:; implausible 1125: 1124:caused by soot 1118: 1115:Peppered moths 1112: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1004: 997: 994: 988: 987: 980: 977: 974: 971: 969:Gustav Tornier 965: 964: 955:Criticised by 953: 950: 944: 941: 935: 934: 931: 930:Claimed result 928: 925: 922: 885: 882: 879: 878: 868: 865: 862: 859: 853: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 834: 833: 827: 824: 821: 818: 816:Gaston Bonnier 812: 811: 808:use and disuse 804: 801: 790: 787: 781: 780: 777: 776:Claimed result 774: 771: 768: 728: 725: 671:George Henslow 627: 624: 622: 621:Neo-Lamarckism 619: 600: 597: 574:use and disuse 513: 510: 490: 489: 485: 477: 476: 470: 449: 446: 445: 444: 441: 438: 435: 393: 390: 363:Francis Galton 327:Charles Darwin 312:Charles Darwin 301:Main article: 298: 295: 246:Erasmus Darwin 185: 182: 180: 177: 102:Charles Darwin 60:neo-Lamarckism 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12369: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12317: 12316: 12310: 12306: 12304: 12303: 12297: 12293: 12291: 12290: 12280: 12278: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12269: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12243:Neo-Darwinism 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12228:Functionalism 12226: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12186:Connectionism 12184: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12177: 12176:indeterminism 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12040: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11933: 11929: 11926: 11922: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11896:Schizophrenia 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11881:Mental health 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11820: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11756:Mate guarding 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11716:Age disparity 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11646:Schizophrenia 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11571:Mental health 11567: 11566:Human factors 11563: 11557: 11556:Socialization 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11516:paternal bond 11513: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11481: 11478: 11474: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11381: 11380:Naïve physics 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11347: 11346:Motor control 11344: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11304:Ophidiophobia 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11294:Arachnophobia 11292: 11291: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11244: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11221:Display rules 11219: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11199: 11195: 11192: 11188: 11182: 11179: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11123:Kin selection 11121: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11042: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11017:Adaptationism 11015: 11014: 11013: 11010: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10978: 10976: 10971: 10969: 10964: 10963: 10960: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10938: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10892:Phylogenetics 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10817: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10796: 10795:Structuralism 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10770:Catastrophism 10768: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10751: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10729:Neo-Darwinism 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10643:Reinforcement 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10575:Catastrophism 10572: 10569: 10567: 10566:Macromutation 10563: 10562:Micromutation 10560: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10469:Immune system 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10406: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10393: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10329:symbiogenesis 10327: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10297: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10114: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9997:Kin selection 9995: 9993: 9992:Genetic drift 9990: 9988: 9985: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9942: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9732: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9683: 9681: 9676: 9674: 9669: 9668: 9665: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9623: 9617: 9616:Vernalization 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9596:Hybridization 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9531: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9519:Joseph Stalin 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9484: 9479: 9477: 9472: 9470: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9451: 9446: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9425: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9377:Jacques Monod 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9291:Homeotic gene 9289: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9159:Morphogenesis 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993:Reaction norm 8991: 8989: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8963: 8958: 8956: 8951: 8949: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8934: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8915: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8820: at the 8819: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8559:Merker, Björn 8556: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8531:Contains the 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8502: 8501:HarperCollins 8498: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8460:Jablonka, Eva 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8385: 8380: 8370: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8328: 8327: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8139: 8136: at the 8135: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8029: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7947: 7946:Perseus Books 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7841: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7736: at the 7735: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7585: 7582: at the 7581: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7553: 7551: 7548: at the 7547: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7515: 7512: at the 7511: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7252:Mayr, Ernst; 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7193: 7190: at the 7189: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7152: at the 7151: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7117: at the 7116: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7019:Jablonka, Eva 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6789: at the 6788: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6704: at the 6703: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6681:B. W. Huebsch 6678: 6677: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6639:(1794–1796). 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6207: at the 6206: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6132:McIntyre, Lee 6129: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6071: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5647: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5558:"A Review of 5554: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5115: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4859:on 2018-06-12 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4558: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4276: 4268: 4261: 4259: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4166:, p. 451 4165: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4130:, p. 166 4129: 4124: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3986:Boesiger 1974 3982: 3976: 3971: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3904:, p. 162 3903: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3678:, p. 180 3677: 3672: 3666:, p. 203 3665: 3660: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3514:(July 1935). 3513: 3509: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3429:, p. 330 3428: 3423: 3417:, p. 169 3416: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3337: 3331:, p. 249 3330: 3325: 3318: 3317:Blumberg 2010 3313: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3288:(774): 1–12. 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2941: 2935: 2930: 2924:, p. 219 2923: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2894:, p. 210 2893: 2888: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2861:(80): 52–54. 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2759: 2758: 2757:The Spectator 2753: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2621:, p. 167 2620: 2615: 2609:, p. 192 2608: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2582:, p. 299 2581: 2580:Raitiere 2012 2576: 2570:, p. 166 2569: 2564: 2558:, p. 343 2557: 2552: 2546:, p. 209 2545: 2540: 2534:, p. 367 2533: 2528: 2522: 2517: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2486: 2480:, p. 221 2479: 2474: 2467: 2462: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2441:, p. 216 2440: 2435: 2420: 2419: 2418:New Scientist 2414: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2308:Weismann 1889 2304: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2260:, p. 113 2259: 2254: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2221: 2209: 2201: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2019:84-7444-583-3 2015: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1981:(2): 91–151. 1980: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1914:, p. 168 1913: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645:messenger RNA 1642: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1625:DNA sequences 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1393:Peter Medawar 1389: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1353:Joseph Stalin 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1277:Henri Bergson 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263:(1846–1908), 1262: 1259:(1844–1921), 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1182:Victor Jollos 1180: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133:mutation rate 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089:Rats solving 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1057:Paul Kammerer 1055: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1010:Raymond Pearl 1008: 1005: 1002: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 985: 981: 978: 975: 972: 970: 967: 966: 962: 958: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 919: 913: 911: 902: 898: 897:midwife toads 894: 893:Paul Kammerer 890: 876: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 858: 857:Max Standfuss 855: 854: 850: 847: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 832: 828: 825: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 809: 805: 802: 799: 795: 794:sciatic nerve 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 765: 759: 756: 753: 748: 741: 737: 733: 724: 722: 721:neo-Darwinism 718: 713: 711: 707: 706:Theodor Eimer 704: 700: 699:Ernst Haeckel 696: 692: 691:Samuel Butler 688: 687:Alpheus Hyatt 684: 680: 676: 672: 669: 663: 661: 657: 653: 646: 642: 637: 633: 618: 610: 605: 596: 591: 586: 582: 577: 575: 570: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 486: 482: 481: 480: 475: 471: 469: 465: 464: 463: 461: 456: 442: 439: 436: 433: 432: 431: 427: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 398: 389: 387: 383: 379: 378: 372: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 344:somatic cells 341: 340: 334: 333: 328: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 294: 292: 289: 285: 284: 279: 278: 273: 269: 268: 263: 259: 255: 249: 248:among others. 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226:Jerome Cardan 223: 219: 215: 211: 204: 202: 201:Conway Zirkle 194: 190: 179:Early history 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 123: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 104:'s theory of 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 87:classical era 84: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 12313: 12300: 12287: 12274: 12113: 12033:Sociobiology 11891:Neuroscience 11871:Intelligence 11417:Anthropology 11370:Color vision 11355:Multitasking 11334:Flynn effect 11329:Intelligence 11311:Folk biology 11054:Evolutionary 10904:Polymorphism 10887:Astrobiology 10835:Biogeography 10790:Saltationism 10780:Orthogenesis 10774: 10765:Alternatives 10694: 10680: 10613:Cospeciation 10608:Cladogenesis 10557:Saltationism 10514:Mating types 10437:Color vision 10422:Avian flight 10344:mitochondria 10082:Canalisation 9960:Biodiversity 9705:Introduction 9605: 9591:Heritability 9509:J. D. Bernal 9413: 9306:eyeless gene 9202:Evolvability 9176:Segmentation 9053:Canalisation 9023:Heterochrony 9013:Heritability 8981:Key concepts 8887: 8883:EMBO Reports 8881: 8842: 8836: 8794: 8760: 8718: 8712: 8669: 8644: 8638: 8608: 8602: 8562: 8547:Molino, Jean 8497:Lewis Thomas 8491: 8478: 8474: 8421: 8383: 8372:. Retrieved 8366: 8325: 8279: 8273: 8265:The Guardian 8264: 8248:The Guardian 8246: 8200: 8189: 8153: 8111: 8071: 8036: 8021:. Retrieved 7996: 7941: 7899: 7872: 7839: 7792: 7788: 7747: 7707: 7689: 7647: 7611: 7590: 7557: 7520: 7487: 7444: 7409: 7374: 7339: 7304: 7292: 7257: 7218: 7198: 7162: 7125: 7100: 7061: 7026: 6984: 6945: 6905: 6864: 6835: 6802: 6765: 6719: 6675: 6667:Delage, Yves 6641: 6609: 6575: 6543:. Springer. 6540: 6529:. 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Retrieved 1854:the original 1849: 1816:Lamarck 1830 1775: 1757: 1695: 1681: 1676: 1668: 1649:retroviruses 1622: 1603: 1594: 1560: 1552: 1544: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1484:Eva Jablonka 1478: 1429: 1416: 1411: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1378: 1371: 1370:in his book 1366: 1341:Soviet Union 1338: 1321:promoted an 1296:heterochrony 1285: 1261:Alfred Giard 1254: 1245: 1230:Robert Broom 1223: 1209:orthogenesis 1207:, a form of 1197: 1167:1920 to 1925 1065:Midwife toad 1042:1918 to 1924 973:1907 to 1918 943:1907 to 1910 906: 861:1892 to 1917 807: 789:1869 to 1891 757: 755: 750: 745: 727:19th century 714: 710:orthogenesis 664: 649: 636:Orthogenesis 615: 593: 588: 584: 579: 573: 571: 564: 546: 493: 491: 478: 472: 466: 451: 429: 406:orthogenesis 375: 360: 337: 330: 325: 288:warm-blooded 281: 275: 265: 251: 206: 198: 147: 124: 113: 99: 91:orthogenesis 75: 71: 59: 55: 51: 50: 29: 12172:Determinism 12084:Coevolution 12028:Primatology 11866:Gender role 11771:Orientation 11651:Screen time 11508:Affectional 11490:Development 11169:Mate choice 11096:By-products 11064:Adaptations 11027:Cognitivism 10914:Systematics 10785:Mutationism 10603:Catagenesis 10531:Snake venom 10464:Eusociality 10442:in primates 10432:Cooperation 10360:In animals 10180:butterflies 10153:Cephalopods 10143:Brachiopods 10075:Development 10049:Mate choice 9802:Convergence 9785:Coevolution 9743:Abiogenesis 9565:Tan Jiazhen 9560:Hans Stubbe 9497:Lysenkoists 9404:Mike Levine 9313:Distal-less 9138:Polyphenism 9118:Epigenetics 8970:development 7215:Mayr, Ernst 6580:Oxbow Books 6070:Cullen 2000 5493:Haig, David 5042:November 3, 4212:Bowler 2013 4073:Leo W. Buss 3975:Cannon 1975 3480:: 247–255. 3175:Lepinotarsa 3158:, pp. 2995:Newman 1921 2922:Mitman 1992 2907:Kohler 2002 2797:, pp. 2795:Morgan 1903 2619:Kohler 2002 2532:Bowler 2003 2521:Bowler 1992 2454:Bowler 2003 2216:|work= 1895:Bowler 2003 1860:17 February 1540:Jerry Coyne 1534:system and 1529:prokaryotic 1492:methylation 1463:methylation 1432:epigenetics 1185: [ 1140:Ivan Pavlov 1127:Failure to 798:guinea pigs 740:guinea pigs 352:bloodstream 222:Roger Bacon 210:Hippocrates 157:epigenetics 153: 2000 12337:Lamarckism 12331:Categories 12119:Population 12114:Lamarckism 11960:behavioral 11938:Behavioral 11886:Narcissism 11831:Aggression 11621:Hypophobia 11611:Depression 11498:Attachment 11480:Universals 11444:Psychology 11422:Biological 11410:Musicology 11400:Aesthetics 11299:Basophobia 11106:Exaptation 11084:Reciprocal 10775:Lamarckism 10753:Philosophy 10676:David Hume 10638:Peripatric 10633:Parapatric 10618:Ecological 10598:Anagenesis 10593:Allopatric 10585:Speciation 10549:Gradualism 10474:Metabolism 10334:chromosome 10324:Eukaryotes 10102:Modularity 10019:Population 9945:Population 9906:Speciation 9884:Panspermia 9837:Extinction 9832:Exaptation 9807:Divergence 9780:Cladistics 9768:Reciprocal 9748:Adaptation 9606:Lamarckism 9533:Dissidents 9490:Lysenkoism 9382:Lac operon 9207:Robustness 9186:Modularity 9181:Metamerism 9087:Plasticity 9082:Pleiotropy 9035:Heterotopy 8714:Hepatology 8444:2011431766 8402:2010031344 8374:2015-11-05 8094:2013012756 8055:2008939772 8023:2015-10-30 7922:2011022399 7670:2012030762 7631:2006009864 7428:2007044406 7393:2014049505 7295:. Methuen. 7080:2002023331 6968:2002514564 6929:2001043556 6559:2008931291 6531:2015-10-27 6400:2012033769 6361:2002007569 6234:2010481198 6158:2006295950 6111:2010013439 5756:DNA Repair 5674:(60): 60. 5376:2015-11-04 5350:2015-11-04 5114:C. elegans 5061:C. Elegans 4863:2015-11-02 4683:Moore 2015 4548:2015-11-04 4538:Genomicron 4229:DNA Repair 4114:2015-12-11 4071:(1987) by 4063:(1987) by 3648:Hagen 2002 3603:2015-10-28 3427:Moore 2002 3341:Child 1945 3329:Young 1922 2997:, p. 2875:(1896) by 2871:Review of 2834:Forel 1934 2769:Review of 2764:2015-10-24 2594:, p. 2556:Mason 1956 2425:2015-11-09 2396:Gould 1980 2270:Gould 2002 1878:Gould 2002 1796:References 1737:Waddington 1704:with many 1664:hologenome 1652:endogenous 1582:retrovirus 1555:David Haig 1508:phenotypic 1459:epigenetic 1349:Lysenkoism 1335:Lysenkoism 1273:vitalistic 1238:bipedalism 1120:Inherited 927:Experiment 875:Ernst Mayr 820:1884, 1886 773:Experiment 612:evolution. 567:white mice 552:germ plasm 525:germ plasm 460:blacksmith 402:body plans 356:germ cells 316:pangenesis 303:Pangenesis 254:pangenesis 173:hologenome 120:pangenesis 95:complexity 52:Lamarckism 45:blacksmith 11964:cognitive 11956:Affective 11841:Cognition 11795:Sexuality 11781:Pair bond 11541:Education 11198:Cognition 11116:Inclusive 11056:processes 11044:Criticism 10909:Protocell 10760:Darwinism 10648:Sympatric 10397:processes 10285:Tetrapods 10234:Kangaroos 10160:Dinosaurs 10097:Inversion 10066:Variation 9987:Gene flow 9980:Inclusive 9790:Mutualism 9735:Evolution 9333:Morphogen 9318:Engrailed 9301:Pax genes 9222:Tinkering 9068:Epistasis 9063:Dominance 8974:phenotype 8452:746154950 8410:662152397 8354:709606191 8158:MIT Press 8102:841039552 8063:271774708 8018:488543825 7930:646112356 7813:a45000404 7799:: 45–60. 7678:806981125 7599:605547177 7505:758217701 7436:177023758 7401:894139943 7303:(1985) . 7284:503188713 7245:247687824 7217:(1997) . 7207:732176237 7137:a15000196 7098:(1830) . 7088:690162738 6852:595767401 6800:(1957) . 6764:(1934) . 6659:670735211 6567:344846261 6457:(1975) . 6408:808010092 6327:611262030 6299:(1992) . 6242:352916350 6200:809326988 6166:209927684 6119:680002156 5971:Evolution 4200:Mayr 1997 3964:Wood 2013 2295:23380098M 2218:ignored ( 2208:cite book 2142:207150548 2028:433436276 1788:. In the 1702:symbiosis 1627:from the 1553:In 2007, 1498:marks on 1496:chromatin 1292:Darwinism 1286:In 1987, 1122:mutations 999:Repeated 933:Rebuttal 921:Scientist 779:Rebuttal 767:Scientist 703:zoologist 214:Aristotle 106:evolution 80:zoologist 68:offspring 43:, that a 12233:Memetics 11993:Ethology 11951:genetics 11786:Physical 11751:Jealousy 11706:Activity 11512:maternal 11468:Religion 11456:Morality 11434:Language 11315:taxonomy 11128:Mismatch 11074:Cheating 11069:Altruism 10937:Category 10812:Vitalism 10807:Theistic 10800:Spandrel 10484:Morality 10479:Monogamy 10354:plastids 10319:Flagella 10275:Reptiles 10256:sea cows 10239:primates 10148:Molluscs 10126:Bacteria 10014:Mutation 9947:genetics 9923:Taxonomy 9869:Mismatch 9849:Homology 9763:Cheating 9758:Altruism 9586:Heredity 9579:Concepts 9524:VASKhNIL 9296:Hox gene 9284:Elements 9265:Homeobox 8914:17767188 8869:36863159 8861:16421606 8804:07037459 8792:(1891). 8773:61007932 8737:23568276 8700:40193707 8692:98048633 8661:24009370 8627:32406225 8589:44963330 8581:98054088 8549:(2000). 8527:21977349 8519:89046107 8466:(2008). 8420:(2008). 8346:89005137 8322:(1989). 8312:12954177 8304:10672643 8231:19322402 8223:89030914 8199:(1989). 8176:82010061 8121:22019903 8010:77010494 7994:(eds.). 7982:(1889). 7972:40449772 7964:98087900 7883:65014384 7854:64014636 7829:21012247 7783:(1944). 7765:26009586 7721:11026509 7688:(1906). 7639:65400177 7609:(2006). 7567:21017204 7533:17007834 7497:03027216 7485:(1903). 7475:49784849 7467:89032583 7366:25130594 7358:91045638 7331:11030267 7323:84016529 7276:98157613 7237:75042131 7175:06023318 7110:11003671 7053:30974876 7045:94032108 7025:(1995). 7011:25746714 7003:92015321 6976:46626903 6937:47869352 6888:80015952 6862:(1980). 6844:40012233 6834:(1940). 6816:57003844 6782:29326677 6774:22016399 6754:26502431 6746:92196964 6718:(1991). 6689:12031796 6673:(1912). 6651:34036671 6621:29000027 6608:(1928). 6598:47122736 6526:11852074 6518:52004656 6499:(1945). 6481:75010211 6447:32396741 6439:95010861 6369:49824702 6337:(2003). 6319:82021170 6281:73090656 6257:(eds.). 6192:13021769 6176:(1913). 6140:Springer 6057:85411375 5925:19573132 5879:26636661 5776:27449479 5762:: 1–24. 5741:26411613 5700:25853737 5636:179, 341 5608:22593110 5546:(e204). 5517:16322990 5479:25617408 5428:26442117 5322:30930513 5298:(9): 9. 5270:19906303 5201:20465829 5150:25018105 5097:22119442 5013:20118668 4964:17576658 4826:20962845 4783:19636381 4743:PLOS ONE 4724:21961242 4716:16534512 4659:26026157 4610:23908372 4580:Genetics 4513:25917417 4461:22445060 4426:23223451 4369:19193896 4320:19150054 4249:27449479 4091:(1988). 4020:20665089 3939:34126149 3919:Genetica 3807:17778266 3760:84453628 3494:84312439 3402:16576477 3218:21259774 2737:86159587 2687:84934811 2642:: 27–32. 2383:23808208 2375:11859887 2185:39953275 2177:18429766 2134:24570302 1954:84729069 1786:learning 1710:mutation 1634:antibody 1629:VDJ gene 1618:germline 1586:germline 1436:genetics 1408:(1957): 1363:Critique 1357:genetics 873:agreed; 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